NCERT MOST IMPORTANT QUESTIONS CLASS – 12 | GEOGRAPHY INDIA- PEOPLE AND ECONOMY IMPORTANT QUESTIONS | CHAPTER- 12 | MIGRATION : TYPES , CAUSES AND CONSEQUENCES | EDUGROWN |

In This Post we are  providing  CHAPTER 12 MIGRATION : TYPES , CAUSES AND CONSEQUENCES NCERT MOST IMPORTANT QUESTIONS for Class 12 GEOGRAPHY INDIA- PEOPLE AND ECONOMY which will be beneficial for students. These solutions are updated according to 2021-22 syllabus. These MCQS  can be really helpful in the preparation of Board exams and will provide you with a brief knowledge of the chapter

NCERT MOST IMPORTANT QUESTIONS ON MIGRATION : TYPES , CAUSES AND CONSEQUENCES

Question 1.
Explain the main reasons for the migration of males and females separately in India. All Indio 2014
Answer:
The main reasons for the migration of males and females separately in India are as follows:

• They migrate mainly because of employment/work. Only 2% of males migrate because of marriage (only in Meghalaya).
• About 65% of women migrate because of marriage. Only 3% of women migrate for employment.

Question 2.
Explain any three push factors that have caused rural to urban migration in India.
OR
Explain any three ‘push factors’ which compel the people to migrate from one area to another area in India.
Answer:
Push factors are those that force people to leave their place of residence or origin. Push factors may include:

1. Poverty and hunger are one of the main reasons in push factors of migration.
2. When people do not find means of livelihood in their home villages, they are pushed out to the nearby or distant towns.
3. Political disturbances and inter-ethnic conflicts drive people away from their homes.

Question 3.
Why do people migrate? State the four streams of migration in India. All India 2012
Answer:
People migrate from one place to another mainly due to poverty, poor economic activity, lack of basic infrastructure like health care, education, etc. Apart from these factors, natural disasters like Tsunami, earthquake, etc and war or local conflicts are also strong reasons for migration.

The four streams of migration are:

• Rural to Rural
• Rural to Urban
• Urban to Rural
• Urban to Urban

Question 4.
How is migration a response to the uneven distribution of opportunities over a space? Explain the economic consequences of migration in India.
Answer:
Migration is the permanent or semi-permanent change of a person’s place of residence. The main cause for male migration is unemployment. People migrate for work and employment. The main cause for female migration is marrige. About 65% for female move out from their parental house following their marriages. Migration act as agents of social change.

The new ideas related to new technologies, family planning, girls education, etc get diffused from urban to rural areas through them. Migration leads to inter-mixing of people from diverse cultures. It widen up the mental horizon of people at large.
For economic consequences of migration,

Consequences of migration are discussed below:
Positive

1. Remittances are imported for the economy of a country as migrants sent remittances to their family members for food, repayment of loans/debts, treatment, marriages, children’s education, agricultural inputs, construction of houses, etc.
2. Green revolution in the rural areas of Punjab, Haryana, Western Uttar Pradesh was a success because of the migrants from rural areas of Eastern Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh and Odisha.

Negative

1. Overcrowding due to unregulated migration.
2. Development of unhygenic slums in industrially developed states like Maharashtra, Gujarat, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and Delhi.

Question 11.
Explain why the causes of male and female migration are different in India. Find out the environmental consequences of migration. (Delhi 2016)
OR
Explain with examples any three environmental consequences of migration of people in India. (Delhi 2000)
Answer:
Causes of male and female migration are different in India as according to census 2001, about 65% of women migrate because of marriage. Only 3% of women migrate for employment. Whereas the majority of 38% of males migrate because of employment/work. Only 2% of males migrate because of marriage, (mainly in Meghalaya).

There are some environmental consequences of migration, which have degraded the quality of life especially in urban areas which are:

• Over crowding of people, due to rural-urban migration, has put pressure on existing social and physical infrastructure.
• Unplanned growth of cities and development of illegal and unhygenic slums result of a this.
• Cities are facing some major environmental problems like over use depletion of natural resources, pollution of ground water, air pollution, noise pollution, disposal of sewage and management of solid wastes.

Question 5.
Examine the economic and social consequences of migration in India.
Answer:
For economic consequences of migration,
Consequences of migration are discussed below:
Positive

1. Remittances are imported for economy of a country as migrants sent remittances to their family members for food, repayment of loans/debts, treatment, marriages, children’s education, agricultural inputs, construction of houses, etc.
2. Green revolution in the rural areas of Punjab, Haryana, Western Uttar Pradesh was a success because of the migrants from rural areas of Eastern Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh and Odisha.

Negative

1. Overcrowding due to unregulated migration.
2. Development of unhygenic slums in industrially developed states like Maharashtra, Gujarat, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and Delhi.

Social consequences of migration are discussed below:
Positive

1. Migrants work as an agent of social change. They diffuse new ideas of science and technology, family planning, girl’s education, etc from one place to another place.
2. People also bring different cultures with them which help to break the narrow considerations and broaden up the mental horizon of the people.

Question 6.
Define the term migration. Explain the social and environmental consequences of migration in India.
Answer:
The movement of population from one place to another is known as migration. Migration may be permanent or temporary. When people migrate permanently from one place to another is called as permanent migration. On the other hand, temporary migration may be annual, seasonal, or daily. Census of India determines the migration by place of birth or residence.

For social and environmental consequences,

Migration is the movement of people from one place in the world to another for the purpose of taking up permanent or semi-permanent residence.
For economic consequences of migration,

Consequences of migration are discussed below:
Positive

1. Remittances are imported for the economy of a country as migrants sent remittances to their family members for food, repayment of loans/debts, treatment, marriages, children’s education, agricultural inputs, construction of houses, etc.
2. Green revolution in the rural areas of Punjab, Haryana, Western Uttar Pradesh was a success because of the migrants from rural areas of Eastern Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh and Odisha.

Negative

1. Overcrowding due to unregulated migration.
2. Development of unhygienic slums in industrially developed states like Maharashtra, Gujarat, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and Delhi.

The demographic consequences are both positive as well as negative:
Positive

1. Migration leads to redistributing of the population within a country.
2. The process of urbanisation is dependent on rural-urban migration. Thus, it gives acceleration to urbanisation as well as industrialisation.

Negative

1. Imbalance in an age of sex composition are also brought in the recipient areas,
2. Aged skill selective out-migration from rural areas have an adverse effect on the rural demographic structure.
3. Imbalance in demographic structure.
4. Age and skill selective out-migration created an imbalance in the demographic structure of rural areas.
5. Age and sex-composition are seriously affected in states of Uttarakhand, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh and Eastern Maharashtra due to migration.
6. The same situation happens in the recipient states.

Question 7.
Examine any five push factors that cause migration of population in India. Delhi 2013
Answer:
Push factors are those that force people to leave their place of residence or origin. Push factors may include:

• The abject poverty and hunger is one of the main reasons in push factors of migration.
• When people do not find means of livelihood in their home villages, they are pushed out to the nearby or distant towns.
• Political disturbances and inter-ethnic conflicts drive people away from their homes.
• Environmental problems and natural disasters like drought, floods etc often are caused the loss of money, homes and jobs and render people helpless.
• When a place is having heavy population pressure on land resources, then finally the natural resources tend to exhaust in near future overused by population and became extinct, which ultimately forced people to move from that place to another place.

Question 8.
What is migration? What are the four streams of migration in India? Write the main features of each?
Answer:
Migration is the movement of people from one place in the world to another for the purpose of taking up permanent or semi-permanent residence.
The four streams of internal migration in India with their features are as follows

Rural to Rural In this stream, people move from a rural area to another rural area in India. The short distance of this stream is dominated by females because of marriage. Male migrants are less in this streams About 64% of females migrate in India because of marriage.

Rural to Urban In this stream, people move from a rural area to urban area. Most rural-urban migrants are males. They migrate because of work and employment. Urban areas attract them by opportunities existing in those areas. Another reason is education. Female migration for education is less.

Urban to Urban In this stream, people usually move out from a small urban area to large urban area to gain more opportunities. Millions of people in India migrate from small cities to large metropolitan cities for higher wages and salary

Urban to Rural In this stream, people move from urban area to rural area. In India,’ this type of migration is usually done by retired and old age people due to overcrowding, pollution and others.

Data Based Questions

Question 9.
Study the given diagram, showing intra state migration streams in India and answer the questions that follow.

(i) Which migration stream shows the highest number of migration both male and female categories?
(ii) Why does this migration stream show the highest migration in both categories? Give one reason for each.
(iii) Why do female migrants dominate in all four streams of migration? Give two reasons.
Answer:
(i) Rural to rural stream shows the highest numbers of migration in both male and female categories.
(ii) Rural to rural stream has the highest numbers of a female because of marriage. While male had the highest number because of work.
(iii) Female migrants dominate in all four streams of migration because of:

• Marriage
• Move with household
• Better education
• High wages
• Better opportunities

Question 10.
Study the diagram given below and answer the questions that follow.

(i) Which are the four streams of migration in India?
(ii) What is the common feature shown among all the migration stream?
(iii) In which stream is the number of female migrants is the highest? Give the main reason for it.
Answer:
(i) Rural to Rural (R-R), Rural to Urban (R-U), Urban to Rural (U-R), and Urban to Urban (U-U) are four streams of migration in India.
(ii) The common feature is the dominance of female migrants in all the streams.
(iii) Rural to rural stream has highest numbers of female because of marriage.