In This Post we are providing Chapter- 9 STRATEGIES FOR ENHANCEMENT FOR FOOD PRODUCTION NCERT MOST IMPORTANT QUESTIONS for Class 12 BIOLOGY which will be beneficial for students. These solutions are updated according to 2021-22 syllabus. These MCQS can be really helpful in the preparation of Board exams and will provide you with a brief knowledge of the chapter.
NCERT MOST IMPORTANT QUESTIONS ON STRATEGIES FOR ENHANCEMENT FOR FOOD PRODUCTION
1.What measures would you undertake to improve the quality & quantity of milk production?
Ans.The quality & quantity of milk production depends on three factors :-
- Genetic makeup.
- Nutrition &
- Environment
Thus, the following steps should be taken to improve management of livestock :-
a.SHEDS :- Sheds should be neat & clean, well – ventilated with pucca floor & will drained channel.
b.BALANCED DIET :- a balanced feed consists of appropriate quantities of carbohydrates, proteins, vitamins, minerals & water. The feed consists of two main components :-
i.Roughage – include fodder, hay, straw & Silage.
ii.Concentrates – broken forge crops, grams, cereals, mullets, cotton, seeds.
a.CLEAN WATER :
b.HEALTH CARE:- It requires regular inspection with proper record keeping.
2.What is “tissue culture”. What are the steps involved in tissue culture?
Ans.“Tissue culture is an experimental process through which a mass of cells (callus) is produced froman explant tissue & used directly to regenerate plant It invoices following steps :-
- Selection of an elite plant
- Preparation of suitable culture media
- Sterilisation of an explant & inoculation on culture media under controlled temp ~ 250 c in light
- Callus induction in explant.
- Organogenesis :- a high cytokine : auxin ratio induce Shoot formation while high auxin : cytokinin ratio induce root formation.
- Acclamatization :- test tube rooted plantlets are first subjected to acclimatization in green house & then transferred to the field.
3.What are the measures that need to be taken for effective poultry farm management?
Ans.i) It requires a crowd – free, rainproof, well ventilated & protected brood house.
ii).Brood house should be clean & disinfected.
iii).Good drainage system.
iv).Proper fed & clean & fresh drinking water.
v).Proper light management for optimum egg production.
vi).Poultry are more sensitive to heat so, measures should be adopted to overcome heat shock.
a).Sheds should be covered with grass or low vegetation.
b).Provide sprinklers on roof.
c).Maximum Ventilation.
vii)Disease – free & suitable breeds should be selected for breeding.
4.The steps in a programme are :-
Collection of germplasm, crossbreeding the selected parents, selection superior recombinant progeny & Testing, releasing & marketing new cultivars?
i) What is this programme related to?
ii) Name two special qualities as the basis of selection of progeny.
iii) What was the outcome of the programme?
iv) What is the popular term given to this outcome? Also name the India Scientist who is credited with chalking out of this programme.
v) Among the above – mentioned step which is the most crucial step of this programme& why?
Ans. i). Plant breeding.
ii). Disease resistance & yield.
iii). Production of improved varieties.
iv). The popular term give to this outcome is HYBRID. Dr. S. Swamminathan is credited with chalking out of this programme.
v). Selection of superior progeny is the most crucial step of this programme because it yields plants thatare superior to both parents & are then self – pollinated for several generations.
5. What is apiculture? What are the requirements to consider for bee–keeping?
Ans.The culturing of honey bees for the production of honey or beewax is called Apiculture.
Bee – keeping can be practised in any area where there is sufficient bee pastures of some wild shrubs, fruits orchards & cultivated crops. The following points are important for successful bee – keeping :-
- Knowledge of nature & habits of bee.
- Selection of suitable location of keeping beehives.
- Catching & hiving of swarms.
- Management of beehives during different seasons.
- Handling & collection of honey &beewax.
6.What are the major steps involved in Plant breeding?
Ans.The major steps involved in plant breeding are :-
i). Collection of varieties :- collection & preservation of all the different wild varieties, species & relatives ofthe cultivates species.
ii). Evaluation & Selection of Parents :- Germplasm collected is evaluated to identify plants with desirablecharacter. The selected plants are multiplied & used.
iii). Hybridisation of Selected Parents :- The selected parents are hybridized so that the traits in them can becombined in the hybrid progeny.
iv). Selection & Testing of Superior Recombinants :- Individuals with desired combination of characters haveto be selected from among the progeny. Such hybrids are superior to both the parents.
v). Testing, Release & commercialization of New cultivars :-
Evaluation is done by growing these plants in the research field & recording their performance under ideal conditions of irrigation, fertilizers & other crop practices. The selected plants are then tested in the farmer’s field for at least three growing seasons. The material thus selected is certified & released as a variety.
7. Does apiculture offer multiple advantages to farmers? List its advantages, if it is located near a place of commercial flower cultivation. Name the most common species of bee which is reared in India.
Ans. Apiculture or Bee-Keeping is the maintenance of hives of honeybees for the production of honey. Apiculture is beneficial for farmers in many ways. Honey bee also produces beewax which is used in industries, such as in preparation of cosmetics and polishes of various kinds. If Bee keeping is practiced in any area the commercial flowers are cultivated, it will be beneficial in the following ways.
(i) Bees are pollinators of many crop species including flowering crops such as sunflower.
(ii) It improves the honey yield, because honeybees collect the nectar from flowers for making honey.
Apis indica is the msot common species whch is reared in India.
8. What is somatic hybridisation? Describe the various steps in producing somatic hybrids from protoplasts. Mention any two uses of somatic hybridisation.
Ans. Somatic Hybridisation : The process of fusing protoplasts of Somatic cells derived from different varieties or species of plants to produce a hybrid.
Steps :
(i) Removal of cell wall of fusing cells by digestion with a combination of pectinase and cellulase to form protoplasts.
(ii) Fusion between protoplasts of selected parents is induced by the use of poly ethylene glycol (PEG).
(iii) The resulted product is cultured on a suitable medium to regenerate cell walls.
(iv) The cells obtained begin to divide to produce plantlets called somatic hybrids.
Uses/Applications :
(i) Somaclonal variations can be created
(ii) Lines or varieties/species of plants which can not be sexually hybridised, they can be hybridised.
(iii) Allopolyploids can be raised by the method.
9.What do you mean by “Out – breeding”. What are the different methods employed for out breeding.
Ans. Breeding between the unrelated ale & female animals is called Outbreeding. It can be done in following ways:-
i)OUT CROSS :- The mating of animals within the same breed but do not have any common ancestor on either side of their pedigree for 4-6 generation is called an out cross. It is the best method of breeding of animals that are below average in milk production, growth rate of beef cattle etc.
ii)CROSS–BREEDING :- It is a cross between superior males of one breed & Superior females of another breed. It allows the desirable qualities of two different breeds to be combined & are used for commercial production eg . Hisardale, a new breed of sheep is developed by crossing bikaneri ewes & Marino rams.
iii)INTERSPECIFIC HYBRIDISATION :- male & female animals of two different related species are mated so, that progeny may combine desirable features of both parents eg. mule is produced by crossly donkey & a female house.
10.What is somatic hybridization – Explain the steps involved in the production of somatic hybrids?
Ans. Somatic hybridization is the process of fusing protoplasts of somatic cells derived from twodifferent varieties or species of a plant on a suitable nutrient culture medium under sterilecondition. One example of somatic hybrid is topato produced by fusion of protoplast of tomato &potato.
Somatic hybridization involves the following steps:-
I).Isolation of protoplast from two different varieties of plants – each having a desirable character,
II). Fusion of cytoplasm of two protoplast results in coalescence of cytoplasm. The nuclei of twoprotoplasts may or may not fuse together even after fusion of cytoplasm, fusion of protoplast requires a suitable agent called fusogen eg. PEG or polyethylene glycol.
III). Under favourable conditions, hybrid protoplast synthesise new cell wall around it. Hybrid cellfunctions as a single cell & then undergo sustained division to form callus.
IV). The regenerated callus is transferred to a new culture plates containing suitable culture
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