Class X: Chapter 1 (Resources and Development)

NCERT Most Important Question & Solutions For Class-10 Chapter-1 Resources and Development (Geography) | Extra Question

The start of class 10 marks the beginning of the foundation for class 11 and class 12. It is very important study the basics in order to understand each and every chapter properly. In this page, we have provided all the important question for cbse class 10 that could be asked in the examination. Students also need to study the ncert solutions for class 10 in order to gain more knowledge and understanding the lessons. Questions and Answers are way to learn the new things in a proper way. NCERT textbooks downloads for class 10 in pdf are also available for the students if they need more help. By downloading these books, they can study from it. Our experts also prepared revision notes for class 10 so that students should see the details of each and every chapters. Class 10 important questions are the best to revise all the chapters in the best way.

1.What do you mean by ‘international resources’?

Answer

The oceanic resources beyond 200 nautical miles of the Exclusive Economic Zone are international resources.

2.What are the factors which help in the formation of soil?

Answer

Relief, parent rock or bedrock, climate, vegetation and other forms of life and time are important factors in the formation of soil.

3. What is Agenda 21?

Answer

Agenda 21 is the declaration signed by world leaders in 1992 to combat environmental damage, poverty, disease through global co-operation on common interests, mutual needs and shared responsibilities.

4.What is resource planning? Give three phases of resource planning.
Answer

Resource planning is proper and judicious planning of resources.
The phases of resource planning are:
• Identification and inventory of resources across various regions of the country. It involves surveying, mapping, qualitative and quantitative estimation and measurement of the resources.
• Evolving a planning structure, endowed with appropriate technological skill and institutional set up for implementing resource development plans.
• Matching the resource development with overall national development plans.
 
5.Define resources. How are resources classified?

Answer

Anything which can be used to satisfy our needs is technologically accessible, economically feasible and culturally acceptable can be termed as ‘Resource’.
The resources can be classified into various categories:
• On the basis of origin – biotic and abiotic
• On the basis of exhaustibility – renewable and non-renewable
• On the basis of ownership – individual, community, national and international
• On the basis of status of development – potential, developed stock and reserves.
 
6.Describe any three steps that can be taken to solve the problem of land degradation?

Answer

Three steps that can be taken to solve the problem of land degradation:
• Afforestation and proper management of grazing.
• Planting of shelter belts of plants and control on over grazing.
• Proper management of waste lands and control of mining activities.
 
7.Describe any three main characteristics of the arid soil of India.

Answer

Three characteristics of Arid soils in India are:
(i) These soils range from red to brown in color.
(ii) These soils are generally sandy in texture and saline in nature.
(iii) The lower horizons of the soil are occupied by Kankar because of the increasing calcium content downwards.
 
8.Describe the type of resources classified on the basis of exhaustibility.

Answer

The resources on the basis of exhaustibility are classified into two categories:
• Renewable Resources: The resources which can be renewed or reproduced by physical, chemical or mechanical processes are known as renewable or replenishable resources. For example, solar and wind energy, water, forests and wildlife, etc.
• Non-Renewable Resources: These resources take millions of years in their formation. Minerals and fossil fuels are examples of such resources. Some of the resources like metals are recyclable and some like fossil fuels cannot be recycled and get exhausted with their use.
 
9.Describe the steps to control soil erosion in hilly areas?

Answer

The soil erosion in hilly areas can be controlled by:
• Contour ploughing: Ploughing along the contour lines can decelerate the flow of water down the slopes.
• Terrace cultivation: Steps can be cut out on the slopes making terraces which restricts erosion.
• Strip cropping: Large fields are divided into strips and strips of grass are left to grow between the crops.
 
10.Why is resource planning essential?

Answer

It is essential to have resource planning because:
• Resources are limited in supply.
• Resources are unevenly distributed over the surface of the earth.
• Exploitation and over utilisation of resources must be checked.
 
11.What is soil? Analyse the factors which help in the formation of soil.

Answer

The uppermost layer of earth is called soil. It is the most important renewable natural resource. It is the medium of plant growth and supports different types of living organisms on the earth.
The four main factors which help in the formation of soil are:
• Relief, parent rock or bed rock, climate, vegetation and other forms of life and time are important factors in the formation of soil.
• Various forces of nature such as change in temperature, actions of running water, wind and glaciers, activities of decomposers etc. contribute to the formation of soil.
• Chemical and organic changes which take place in the soil are equally important.
 
12.Explain the classification of resources on the basis of ownership.

OR

Provide a suitable classification for resources on the basis of ownership. Mention main features of such resources.

Answer

Classification of resources on the basis of ownership:
• Individual Resources: Resources which are owned privately by individuals such as plots, houses, plantation, pasture lands, ponds etc.
• Community Owned Resources: Resources which are accessible to all the members of the community such as grazing grounds, burial grounds, village ponds etc.
• National Resources: All the resources within the political boundaries and oceanic area upto 12 nautical miles (22.2 km) from the coast termed as territorial water and resources therein belong to the nation.
• International Resources: The oceanic resources beyond 200 nautical miles of the Exclusive Economic Zone belong to open ocean and no individual country can utilise these without the concurrence of international institutions.
 
13.(i) Name three states having black soil and the crop which is mainly grown in it.

(ii) What type of soil is found in the river deltas of the eastern coast? Give three main features of this type of soil.

(iii) What steps can be taken to control soil erosion in the hilly areas?

(iv) What are the biotic and abiotic resources? Give some examples.

Answer

(i) Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh are states having black soil.
Cotton is mainly grown in black soil.

(ii) Alluvial Soil is found in the river deltas of the eastern coast.
Three features of alluvial soil:
→ Alluvial soils are very fertile.
→ They are ideal for growing sugarcane, wheat and paddy.
→ The regions of alluvial soils are intensively cultivated and densely populated.

(iii) In hilly areas, soil erosion can be controlled by ploughing across contour-lines, making use of terrace farming techniques and using strips of grasses to check soil erosion by wind and water.

(iv) Biotic Resources: The resources which are obtained from the biosphere and have life are called Biotic Resources. For example, animals and plants including human beings.
Abiotic Resources: The resources which are composed of non-living things are called Abiotic Resources. For example, water, minerals, metals, wind, solar energy etc.
 
14.(i) Explain land use pattern in India and why has the land under forest not increased much since 1960-61?

(ii) How have technical and economic development led to more consumption of resources?

Answer

(i) Land resources in India are primarily divided into agricultural land, forest land, land meant for pasture and grazing, and waste land. Waste land includes rocky, arid and desert areas, and land used for other non-agricultural purposes such as housing, roads and industry. According to the recent data, about 54% of the total land area is cultivable or fallow, 22.78% is covered by forests, and 3.38% is used for grazing. The rest is waste land, with traces of miscellaneous cultivation.
The land under forest has not increased since 1960–61 because in the post-independence era demand for more land to expand agriculture, mainly after Green Revolution, developmental works and infrastructural facilities, led to clearance of forests areas. Industrialisation and urbanisation also decreased the forest area. Thus, land under forest has increased by only about 4% since 1960-61.
 
(ii) Technical and economic development have led to more consumption of resources on account of various factors such as:
→ Technological development provides sophisticated equipments. As a result, production increases ultimately leading to consumption of more resources.
→ Technological development also leads to economic development. When the economic condition of a country rises, the needs of people also rise. It again results into more consumption of resources.
→ Economic development provides favourable environment for the development of latest technologies. It helps to make or convert various materials found around us into resources. Finally, it results into the consumption of new available resources too.
 
15. Define Classification of Resources
Answers
 
The resources can be classified as:
→ On the basis of origin – biotic and abiotic
→ On the basis of exhaustibility – renewable and non-renewable
→ On the basis of ownership – individual, community, national and international
→ On the basis of status of development – potential, developed stock and reserves.
 
On the Basis of Origin
 
• Biotic Resources: These are obtained from biosphere and have life such as human beings, flora and fauna, fisheries, livestock etc.
 
• Abiotic Resources: All those things which are composed of non-living things are called abiotic resources. For example, rocks and metals.
 
On the Basis of Exhaustibility
 
• Renewable Resources: The resources which can be renewed or reproduced by physical, chemical or mechanical processes are known as renewable resources. For example, solar and wind energy, water, forests and wildlife, etc.
 
• Non-Renewable Resources: The resources once consumed cannot be replaced are known as non-renewable resources. These resources take millions of years in their formation.For example: Oil, Coal etc.
 
On the Basis of Ownership
 
• Individual Resources: The resources owned privately by individuals are called Individual resources. For example: Plot, houses etc. owned by a person.
 
• Community Owned Resources: The resources which are accessible to all the members of the community. For example: Public parks, picnic spots owned by a community.
 
• National Resources: The resources which come under nation are known as National Resources. Technically, all the resources belong to the nation.
 
• International Resources: The resources lying beyond 200 kms of Exclusive Economic Zone in the oceans are called International Resources. No one can use these resources without the permission of international institutions.
 
On the Basis of the Status of Development
 
• Potential Resources: Resources which are found in a region, but have not been utilised. For example: the regions Rajasthan and Gujarat have enormous potential for the development of wind and solar energy.

• Developed Resources: Resources which are surveyed and their quality and quantity have been determined for utilisation.
 
• Stock: The resources that have been surveyed, but cannot be used due a lack of technology. For example: water is a compound of two inflammable gases; hydrogen and oxygen, which can be used as a rich source of energy but we don’t have technical know-how to use them.

• Reserves: The resources that have been surveyed and we can use them with present technology but their use has not been started are known as Reserves. For example: the water in the dams, forests etc.
 
16. Write Classification of Soils
 
On the basis of the factors responsible for soil formation, colour, thickness, texture, age, chemical and physical properties, the soils of India can be classified in different types:
 
• Alluvial Soils:
→ Entire northern plains are made of alluvial soil.
→ Also found in the eastern coastal plains particularly in the deltas of the Mahanadi, the Godavari, the Krishna and the Kaveri rivers.
→ Fertile soil therefore, fit for agriculture purpose.
→ Regions of alluvial soils are intensively cultivated and densely populated.
→ Rich in potash, phosphoric acid and lime which are ideal for the growth of sugarcane, paddy, wheat and other cereal and pulse crops.
 
• Black Soil:
→ Black in colour and are also known as regur soils.
→ Ideal for growing cotton and is also known as black cotton soil.
→ Found in the plateaus of Maharashtra, Saurashtra, Malwa, Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh also along the Godavari and the Krishna valleys.
→ Made up of extremely fine i.e. clayey material. 
→ Well-known for their capacity to hold moisture.
→ Rich in calcium carbonate, magnesium, potash and lime.
 
• Red and Yellow Soils:
→ Found in the areas of low rainfall in the eastern and southern parts of the Deccan plateau. 
→ Also found in parts of Odisha, Chhattisgarh, southern parts of the middle Ganga plain and along the piedmont zone of the Western Ghats. 
→ Develop a reddish colour due to diffusion of iron in crystalline and metamorphic rocks.
 
• Laterite Soils:
→ Develops in areas with high temperature and heavy rainfall.
→ Found in Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Madhya Pradesh, and the hilly areas of Odisha and Assam.
→ Suitable for cultivation with adequate doses of manures and fertilizers.
→ Low Humus content because decomposers, like bacteria, get destroyed due to high temperature.
 
• Arid Soils:
→ Found in the western parts of Rajasthan.
→ After proper irrigation these soils become cultivable.
→ Lacks humus and moisture because dry climate, high temperature make evaporation faster.
→ Salt content is very high and common salt is obtained by evaporating the water.
 
• Forest Soils:
→ Found in the hilly and mountainous areas where sufficient rain forests are available.
→ Feature differs based on location. 
→ Loamy and silty in valley sides and coarse grained in the upper slopes.
→ Silt in the lower parts of the valleys particularly on the river terraces and alluvial fans are fertile.

1.How is land distributed amongst the farmers of Palampur?


Answer:
In Palampur, about one-third of the 450 families are landless, i.e., 150 families. Most of them are dalits, and have no land for cultivation.

240 families cultivate small plots of land less than 2 hectares in size. Cultivation of such plots doesn’t bring adequate income to the farmer’s family.

On the other hand, more than half the area of the village is covered by plots that are quite large in size.
In Palampur, there are 60 families of medium and large farmers who cultivate more than 2 hectares of land. A few of the large farmers have land extending over 10 hectares or more.

2.What are the ill effects of the Green Revolution?


Answer:
The ill effects of the Green Revolution are :

  • The Green Revolution is associated with the loss of soil fertility due to increased use of chemical fertilizer.
  • Continuous use of groundwater for tubewell irrigation has led to the depletion of the water-table.
  • Environmental resources like soil fertility and groundwater, are built up over years. Once destroyed, it is very difficult to restore them.
  • Modern farming methods used under the Green Revolution have overused the natural resources base. Maximum forestland was converted into agricultural land.
  • The Green Revolution was limited only up to few states like Punjab and Haryana.

3.What are the features of traditional methods of farming?


Answer:
The features of traditional methods of farming are :

  • Traditional seeds are used in this farming.
  • Irrigation depends upon monsoons.
  • Wooden tools and equipment are used.
  • Bullock carts are used to plough land.
  • The production is done for family use.
  • Manure and cow dung are used to increase the fertility of the soil.

4.What is meant by the Green Revolution? Mention some of its important features.


Answer:

  • The Green Revolution in the late 1960s introduced the Indian farmer to cultivation of wheat and rice using High Yielding Varieties (HYVs) of seeds. Compared to the traditional seeds, the HYV seeds promised to produce much greater amounts of grain on a single plant.
  • As a result, the same piece of land would now produce far larger quantities of foodgrains than was possible earlier.
  • HYV seeds, however, needed plenty of water and also chemical fertilizers and pesticides to produce best results. Higher yields were possible only from a combination of HYV seeds, irrigation, chemical fertilisers, pesticides, etc.
  • Farmers of Punjab, Haryana and Western Uttar Pradesh were the first to try out the modem farming method in India. The farmers in these regions set up tubewells for irrigation, and made use of HYV seeds, chemical fertilizers and pesticides in farming.
  • Some of them bought farra-machinery like tractors and threshers, which made ploughing and harvesting faster. They were rewarded with high yields of wheat.

5.Differentiate between fixed capital and working capital.


Answer:
Both fixed capital and working capital come under the category of physical capital which is one of the four requirements for production of goods and services.

(i) Fixed Capital :

  • It includes fixed factors of production which are used for years.
  • Tools and machines range from very simple tools such as a farmer’s plough to sophisticated machines such as generators, turbines, etc.
  • It includes tools, machines, buildings, computers, etc.

(ii) Working Capital :

  • It includes variable factors of production which are needed to be arranged every time at the time of production.
  • Whatever money and raw material are required for production, are included in it.
  • It is required to be arranged according to the desired production.

6.How can you say that Palampur is a well-developed village?


Answer:
Palampur is a well-developed village because :

  • This village has about 450 families belonging to several different castes. The 80 upper caste families own the majority of land in the village. Their houses, some of them quite large, are made of brick with cement plastering.
  • The SCs (dalits) comprise one-third of the population and live in one corner of the village and in much smaller houses, some of which are of mud and straw.
  • Most of the houses have electric connections. Electricity powers all the tubewells in the fields and is used in various types of small business.
  • Palampur has two primary schools and one high school. There is a primary health centre run by the government and one private dispensary where the sick are treated.

7.How is the required capital in farming arranged?


Answer:

  • Most small farmers have to borrow money to arrange for the capital. They borrow from large farmers or the village moneylenders or the traders who supply various inputs for cultivation. The rate of interest on such loans is very high. They are put to great distress to repay the loan.
  • In contrast to the small farmers, the medium and large farmers have their own savings from farming. They are, thus, able to arrange for the capital needed.

8.What do you mean by physical capital? What are the items that come under physical capital?


Answer:
Physical capital includes the variety of inputs required at every stage during production. The following items come under the category of physical capital:
(a) Tools, machines, buildings: Tools and machines range from very simple tools such as a farmer’s plough to sophisticated machines such as generators, turbines, computers, etc. Tools, machines, building can be used in production over many years.
(b) Raw materials and money in hand: Production requires a variety of raw materials such as the yarn used by the weaver and the clay used by the potter. Also, some money is always required during production to make payments and buy other necessary items. Raw materials and money in hand are called working capital.

9.Describe transportation, a non-farming activity in village Palampur, in detail.
Answer:

  • There are varieties of vehicles on the road connecting Palampur to Raiganj.
  • Rickshawallahs, tongawallahs, jeep, tractor, truck drivers and people driving the traditional bullock cart and bogey are people in the transport services.
  • They ferry people and goods from one place to another, and in return get paid for it. The number of people involved in transport has grown over the last several years.

10.Discuss dairy farming, a non-farming, activity in village Palampur, in detail.
Answer:
Dairy is a common activity in many families of Palampur. People feed their buffalos on various kinds of grass, the jowar and bajra that grow during the rainy season. The milk is sold in Raiganj, the nearby large village.
Two traders from Shahpur town have set up collection cum chilling centers at Raiganj from where the milk is transported to far away towns and cities.

11.What was the major disadvantage associated with HYV seeds? Explain.
Answer:
The biggest disadvantage associated with HYV seeds is the requirement of plenty of water and chemical fertilisers and pesticides to produce best results. Higher yields are possible only from combination of HYV seeds, irrigation, chemical fertilisers, pesticides, etc. Chemical fertilisers and pesticides degrade our environment by killing necessary bacteria in soil. Poor farmers can not afford HYV seeds due to increased requirement of fertilisers and machinery. New machinery replaced manual labour leading to unemployment and rural-urban migration.

12.Mention the main features of the Green Revolution.
Answer:
The main features of Green Revolution are :

  • Increase in the production of wheat and rice.
  • Use of chemical fertilizers.
  • Use of insecticides and pesticides.
  • Use of High Yielding Varieties (HYVs) of seeds.
  • Mechanisation of agriculture. (Any three)

13.What are the essential four requirements for production?
Answer:
The essential four requirements for production of goods and services are :

  • Land, and other natural resources like water, forests, minerals.
  • Labour, i.e., people who will do the work. Each worker is providing the labour necessary for production.?
  • The third requirement is physical capital, i.e., variety of inputs required at every stage during production.
  • The fourth requirement is knowledge and enterprise to be able to put together land, labour and physical capital and produce an output.

14.Every village in India is surveyed once in ten years during the Census and some of the details are presented in the following format. Fill up the following based on information on Palampur.

a. LOCATION:
b. TOTAL AREA OF THE VILLAGE:
c. LAND USE (in hectares):


Cultivated Land
 Land not available for cultivation (Area covering dwellings, roads, ponds, grazing ground)
Irrigated
Unirrigated
–
–
26 hectares

d. FACILITIES:
Educational
–
Medical
–
Market
–
Electricity Supply
–
Communication
–
Nearest Town
–

Answer

a. LOCATION: Bulandshahar district, Western Uttar Pradesh
b. TOTAL AREA OF THE VILLAGE: 226 hectares
c. LAND USE (in hectares):

Cultivated Land
 Land not available for cultivation (Area covering dwellings, roads, ponds, grazing ground)
Irrigated
Unirrigated
200 hectares
–
 26 hectares


d. FACILITIES:

Educational 2 primary schools and 1 high school
Medical 1 primary health centre and 1 private dispensary
Market Raiganj and Shahpur
Electricity Supply Most of the houses have electric connections. Electricity powers all the tube wells in the fields and is used in various types of small businesses.
Communication Well-connected with neighbouring villages and towns. 3 kms from Raiganj. All-weather road connects it to Raiganj and further on to Shahpur. Many kinds of transport like bullock carts, tongas, bogeys, motorcycles, jeeps, tractors and trucks are present.
Nearest Town Shahpur

15.Why are the wages for farm labourers in Palampur less than minimum wages?

Answer

Farm workers at Palampur village get lower wages than the minimum wages fixed by the government. The minimum wages for a farm labourer is fixed at Rs 115 per day. But farm labourers get only Rs 70 – 80. This happens because of heavy competition for work among the farm labourers at Palampur village.

16.On what terms did Savita get a loan from Tejpal Singh? Would Savita’s condition be different if she could get a loan from the bank at a low rate of interest?

Answer

Savita required money for buying seeds, fertilisers and pesticides, and water for irrigation. She also needed money for repairing her farm instruments. So, she decided to borrow money from Tejpal Singh, a large farmer in her village. Tejpal Singh agreed to give the loan of Rs. 3000 at an interest rate of 24 per cent for four months. He also got her to agree to work on his field during the harvest season for Rs. 35 a day.

Savita’s condition would have been better if she could get a loan from the bank. The bank would have provided her the loan at a low rate of interest. Moreover, Savita could have devoted more time on her own field instead of working for Tejpal Singh as farm labourer.
 

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