NCERT Most Important Question & Solutions For Class-10 Ch 1 Development (Economics)|Class-10 Social Science | Extra Questions | EduGrown

 

8.Why do we use averages? Are there any limitations to their use? Illustrate with your own examples related to development.

Answer

We use averages because they are useful for comparing differing quantities of the same category. For example, to compute the per capita income of a country, averages have to be used because there are differences in the incomes of diverse people. However, there are limitations to the use of averages. This does not show distribution of thing between people. For an example, if a country has very high per capita income then we can’t say that citizen living in that country are very rich because we are not knowing about the distribution of wealth in that country. Some people might be richer while other people are very poorer in that country.

 

9.Find out the present sources of energy that are used by the people in India. What could be the other possibilities fifty years from now?

Answer

The present sources of energy that are used by the people of India are electricity, coal, crude oil, cowdung and solar energy. Other possibilities fifty years from now, could include ethanol, bio-diesel, nuclear energy and a better utilisation of wind energy, especially with the imminent danger of oil resources running out.

 

10.Why is the issue of sustainability important for development?

Answer

The issue of sustainability is important for development because development must be in tandem with the future. If natural resources are not sustained, then development will stagnate after a point of time. Exploiting resources unethically will ultimately undo the development that a country may have achieved. This is because in the future, those resources will not be available for further progress.

 

Few examples of environmental degradation:
→ Deforestation
→ Soil erosion
→ Falling levels of ground water
→ Depletion of the ozone layer and combustion from automobiles causing extreme air pollution
→ Water Pollution

 

 

 

13. Define Sustainability of Development

 

14.Explain old and new concepts of Economic Development? 

Answer:
In ancient time a special place was given to materialistic prosperity under economic development at global level. The mercentile thinkers of Germany and France considered gold and silver as the basis of development. The concept of development kept on changing with time.

According to classical economist Adam Smith, economic development is the increase in. goods and services of a country. Karl Marks considered economic development as the establishment of socialism J.S. Mill’s opinion about economic development is totally different. He considered economic development as to follow the principle of cooperation for welfare of people and economic development.

Among the new economists Paul Albert considers economic development as the increase in real national income by use of all productive resources by a country. While in the opinion of Williamson and Bustricks development is the increase in the per capita income of the people of a country. The opinion of D. Bright Singh is different from all these, in that economic development involves not only increase in money income but also improvement in social welfare. Prof. Amirtya Sen, honored by Nobel Prize has also given special importance to social welfare.

Meir and Baldwin has defined economic development as “Economic development is a process whereby an economy’s real national income increases over a long period of time.”

15.Distinguish between developed and developing economies?
Answer:
Developed Economy:

• This economy is economically sound. Its people have higher standard of living.
• The main occupation of people is industry.
• Modern technology is used.

Developing Economy:

• This economy is not financially sound. The standard of living of general masses is lower.
• The main occupation of people is agriculture.
• Generally old techniques of production are used.

16.State the success and failures of planning of India? 
Answer:
The following are the factors of success:

1. Increase in National and Per Capita Income:
At the current prices the national income of India was only 9142 crore in 195051 which rose up to 28,46,762. In similar manner, during this period the per capita income increased from Rs. 255 to Rs. 25,716. Thus it is clear that the national income as well as per capita income both increased rapidly during the period of the planning.

2. Increase in Rate of Saving and Investment:
Some portion of the national income is invested (used for production) for the economic development. In each plan high targets of saving and investments were fixed for this which have nearly been achieved too. The gross saving and investment rates in the year 1950 – 51 (on current prices) were only 8.9 and 8.7 per cent of gross national product which increased to 32.4 and 33.8 percent in the year 2005 – 06.

3. Development in Agriculture Sector:
Agricultural production has increased extensively due to economic planning. The production of food grains increased to 2083 lakh tonnes in the year 2005-06 which was only 508 lakh tonnes in 1950 – 51. During this period as a result of green revolution high yielding seeds, chemical, fertilizer, pesticides, irrigation facilities etc. were expanded. Along with this in agricultural sector infrastructure developed too.

4. Industrialisation:
There has been a remarkable increase in industrial sector through five years plAnswer:Today India has become the tenth largest industrial country of the world. India’s progres can be estimated by the fact that the contribution of India b manufactured goods in the foreign trade is gradually increasing. Iro: and steel, engineering, goods, chemical and cement etc.

5. Education and Health:
At the beginning of planning, there were 27 universities, but now they are 389 in number, the literacy rate of the country in 1950-51 was 16.6 per cent which increased upto 64.8 percent in 2001.

Failures are as follows:

1. Slow Progress in per Capita Income:
In spite of economic planning in India, the growth in per capita income has been very slow. Still today 21 per cent of population in India is living below poverty line.

2. Regional Imbalance:
As a result of planning, the regional imbalance in the country should have decreased, but there has been no significant change. Uttar Pradesh, Orrisa, Bihar, etc. states are still backward states while the states of Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, West Bengal, Punjab, Haryana, etc. are included under the category of comparatively developed states.

3. Increase in Prices:
The prices are continuously increasing since the period of planning. On the basis of 1993-94, the whole sale price index, number has risen to 2079 in December 2006. It is estimated that during the period of planning the prices increased near about 27 times.

4. Increase in Unemployment:
An important objective of economic planning was to reduce unemployment. But the unemployment kept on increasing a.t the end of each plan. In the beginning of first five year plan, where 33 lakh people were unemployed which is now estimated to about 4 crore.