NCERT MOST IMPORTANT QUESTION CLASS – 12 | POLITICAL SCIENCE PART-B POLITICS IN INDIA NCERT MOST IMPORTANT QUESTION | CHAPTER- 12 | POLITICS IN PLANNED DEVELOPMENT | EDUGROWN |

In This Post we are  providing  CHAPTER 12 POLITICS IN PLANNED DEVELOPMENT NCERT MOST IMPORTANT QUESTIONS for Class 12 POLITICAL SCIENCE PART-B POLITICS IN INDIA SINCE INDEPENDENCE which will be beneficial for students. These solutions are updated according to 2021-22 syllabus. These MCQS  can be really helpful in the preparation of Board exams and will provide you with a brief knowledge of the chapter.

NCERT MOST IMPORTANT QUESTIONS ON POLITICS IN PLANNED DEVELOPMENT

Question 1.
Critically examine the major outcomes of the Indian model of a mixed economy.
Answer:

1. The foundations of India’s future economic growth were laid.
2. Mega dams like Bhakhra-Nangal and Hirakund for irrigation and power generation were undertaken.
3. Abolition of the colonial system of Zamindari.
4. The tenants who worked on someone else’s land were given greater legal security against eviction.

Question 2.
Describe the strategy adopted by the Government of India to promote the Green Revolution.
Answer:
In the 1960s, India was facing a food crisis due to many reasons. India was dependent on the U.S.A. for food which was putting many limitations on India’s policies. Indian Government decided to make India self-sufficient in food. Hence the government adopted a new strategy for agriculture in order to increase food production. Since the mid-1960s, the traditional agricultural practices were gradually replaced by modern technology.

The use of high-yielding variety seeds and the increased use of fertilizers and irrigation are simply called Green Revolution or modern agricultural technology. As a result of the Green Revolution, the area under improved seeds has gone up from about 15 million hectares during 1970-71 to nearly 75 million hectares in 1995-96. The new varieties are of a short term duration and consequently, instead of growing one crop, two crops and sometimes even three crops are grown.

Question 3.
Write a note on the mixed economy.
Answer:
The economy is generally considered of two types. One is a capitalist economy and the other is a socialist economy. A mixed economy is based on the co-existence of these two types of economy.

In most of the poor countries of the world, a mixed economy prevails. A mixed economy is an economy where there is public and private ownership of the means of production. Production is undertaken for both welfare and profit motive. Production in the private sector is a for-profit motive while in the public sector, it is for a welfare motive. Thus, the pattern of mixed economy is the co-existence of public and private sector units.

Question 4.
Examine the major outcomes of the Green Revolution.
Answer:

1. The major achievement of the Green Revolution was to boost the production of major cereals viz wheat and rice.
2. As a result of the Green Revolution, the crop pattern in India has undergone significant changes.
3. The green revolution largely increased the growth of the local manufacturing sector which created new jobs and contributed to the country’s GDP.
4. India became self-sufficient in food and India was in a position to pay back all loans it had taken from the World Bank for the purpose of the Green Revolution.

Question 5.
List any two merits and two demerits of the Green Revolution.
Answer:
Merits of Green Revolution

1. The major achievement of the Green Revolution was to boost the production of major cereals viz wheat and rice.
2. As a result of the Green Revolution, the crop pattern in India has undergone significant changes.
3. The green revolution largely increased the growth of the local manufacturing sector which created new jobs and contributed to the country’s GDP.
4. India became self-sufficient in food and India was in a position to pay back all loans it had taken from the World Bank for the purpose of the Green Revolution.

Demerits of Green Revolution

1. Green Revolution had widened the gap between poor and small farmers and rich landlords.
2. Green Revolution has proved beneficial to the medium category peasants because they can receive the advantage of mediation between small farmers and rich landlords.

Question 6. State any two differences between the First Five Year Plan and the Second Five Year Plan. (C.B.S.E. 2013)
Answer:

1. In the First Five Year Plan, priority was given to the development of agriculture. The target of increased production of food grains, jute, and cotton was mainly achieved by bringing more land under cultivation. But in the Second Five Year Plan (1956-61), the top priority was accorded to the setting up of ‘Socialistic Pattern of Society’ on the basis of Industrial Policy statement 1956. In the Second Plan, the major thrust was to accelerate the process of industrialization by laying emphasis on basic and heavy industries.
2. The success of the First Five Year Plan was primarily due to a good harvest in the last two years of the plan. During the Second Five Year Plan, prices increased by 30% against a decline of 13% during the First Plan.

Question 6.
Describe briefly the composition and four functions of the Planning Commission of India.
Or
How was the Planning Commission of India set up? Mention its scope of work.
Answer:
The Planning Commission at the center is the apex body in the planning machinery of the country. The Planning Commission was set up in March 1950 by a resolution of the Government of India. In 1950, Planning Commission was set up under the chairmanship of Prime Minister Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru.

Organization of Planning Commission: The composition of the Planning Commission has kept on changing according to the requirements of the time and whims of the government. The first Planning Commission consisted of a Chairman, a Deputy Chairman and five members. The Prime Minister is the Chairman and the Planning Minister is the Deputy Chairman. First Planning Commission was essentially composed of politicians.

Later on, Pt. Nehru added certain members from the public such as administrators, economists, and technical experts. Thug, the Planning Commission came to combine the political and non-political men. In addition to Chairman and Deputy Chairman, there are ten to twelve other members. Among them, there are five to six ministers, e.g., Minister for Human Resources Development, Finance Minister, Home Minister, Minister of Agriculture, and Minister of State for Planning. Besides, there are a few more members.

The Commission is divided into three major parts:
(a) Programme Advisors
(b) General Secretariat and
(c) Technical Division.

Functions of the Planning Commission

The resolution which created the Planning Commission mentioned the following functions of the Planning Commission :

1. Assessment of Country’s Resources. To assess the material, capital, and human resources of the country, including technical personnel, and to investigate the possibilities of augmenting such of those resources as are found to be deficient in relation to the nation’s requirements.
2. Formulation of Plans. To formulate a plan for the most effective and balanced utilization of the country’s resources.
3. Determine Priorities. To define the stages of the Plan and propose the allocation of resources on the determination of priorities. The Ninth Plan has given priorities to the power sector, transport, and communications.
4. To indicate the factors which are tending to retard economic development and determine the conditions in view of the current social and political situation should be established for the successful execution of the plan.
5. To suggest machinery for securing the successful implementation of each stage of the plan.
6. To appraise from time to time the progress made in the execution of each stage of the plan and to recommend necessary adjustments in policy and measures as may be necessary for the light of such appraisal.
7. To make such interim recommendations on the basis of the prevailing economic conditions, current policies, etc., as may appear to be appropriate.
8. To examine such specific problems as may be referred to it for advice by the Central and State Governments.

Besides the above-mentioned functions, another most important task of the Planning Commission is that of formulating the plans for development and assessment of their performance. Originally, Planning Commission was set up as an expert advisory body only. But with the passage of time, the Planning Commission has built for itself a status of high prestige and commanding influence; In view of the enormous increase in the powers of the Planning Commission, it has come to be known as the Economic Cabinet.

In January 2015, NITI Aayog was established in place of the Planning Commission.

Question 7.
Elaborate any three arguments are given by the critics against the mixed model of the economy adopted by India.
Answer:
Following are the arguments given by the critics against the mixed model of the economy adopted by India.

1. Critics argue that the planners have not provided sufficient space for the private sector to grow.
2. Enlarge public sector have their own interests as they invested more and they create hurdles for the private small sectors.
3. State policies also put restrictions on the export items and domestic market due to lesser competition do not have the incentive to improve their products. The state instead of helping the poor, help the private sector to make more profit and thus create a new ‘middle class’ with high salaries and perks.

Question 8.
Write a note on Niti Aayog.
Answer:
Niti Aayog with a new structure and focus on a policy is the replacement of 64 years old planning commission, which was seen as a vestige of the socialist era. The replacement of the Planning Commission with the new institution more relevant and responsive to the present economic needs and climate in the country had long been demanded and expected. Since 1990, the Government had been dismissive of the Planning Commission, because after the dismissal of licensed government this commission was working like an advisory-board only.

Former Prime minister Rajiv Gandhi had called the commission a bunch of jokers. Even Manmohan Singh and former planning commission Deputy Chairman like K.C. Pant tried some attempts to explore some changes. Former Centre-minister, Kamal Nath named this commission as ‘ArmChair Advisor’ and Parking plot for bureaucrats. Arun Maria, a member of the Planning Commission who headed the Boston Consulting Group (BCG) in India, recommended the changes in the structure, role function, and resources.

Narendra Modi, as the Chief-minister Gujrat had many times pointed the short-comings of the planning commission that is why in May 2014, Narendra Modi led the National Democratic Alliance government to announce the replacement of the 65 years old planning commission with a new institution called Niti Aayog. He called upon an important meeting of Chief-ministers in Delhi on 7 December 2014 and stressed upon greater participation of the state governments in policy-making stressing on India’s diversity and plurality, the Aayog will foster a spirit of co-operative federalism with the sole principle of developing a pro-people, pro-active and participative development agenda stressing on empowerment and equality.

Composition of Niti Aayog Niti Aayog-National Institution for transforming, India is composed to ensure greater participation of state governments in policy making-thus fostering co-operative federalism-and will be more attuned to the nation’s contemporary needs.

1. Chairperson- Prime-minister
2. Vice-Chair-person- Nominated by the prime- minister
3. Chief-Executive officer (C.E.O.) – nominated by prime-minister.
4. Governing Council-Chief ministers and Lt. Governors of Union Territories.
5. Regional Council (formed on a need basis)- Chief Ministers and Lt. Governors of Union-Territories
6. Full time-members- Maximum five-members.
7. Short term members- Two ex-officio-members
8. Ex-officio members-Four central ministers Special Invitees- Experts, specialists, practitioners with domain knowledge.

On January 5, 2015, the great economist Arvind Panagariya was appointed as Vice-chairman of the Niti Aayog and then Sindu Shree Khullar was appointed as the first CEO of the Niti Aayog. On December 29, 2015. Sh. Amitabh Kant appointed as CEO of Niti Aayog after the retirement of Sindushree Khullar on 5th August 2017. Sh Rajiv Kumar appointed as vice-chairman of Niti Aayog.

Departments

• It works like an assembly of interstates problems and their relations etc.
• It checks and plans long-term plans.
• Thirdly, it deals with direct benefit, transfer, and UIDAI.

Aims of Objectives: The objectives of the new body is to evolve a shared vision of national development priorities sectors and strategies. Being an incubator of ideas for effective governance would be the core mission of NITI Aayog. following are the objectives of the new national agenda’.

1. Recommend strategical and technical advice on elements of policy and economic matters.
2. Develop a mechanism for village level plans and aggregate these progressively at higher levels of government.
3. Serve as a ‘think-tank’ a directional and policy dynamo for the government and will provide suggestions for the economy including the private sector.
4. Create a knowledge, innovation, and entrepreneurial support system for national and international experts and other partners.
5. Offer a platform for the country’s development agendas.
6. Focus on the technology of implementation of programs and initiatives.

Working: National Institution for Transforming India is-

1. To evolve a shared vision of national development priorities sectors and strategies with the active involvement of states in the light of national objectives.
2. To foster co-operative feudalism through structured support initiatives and mechanisms with the states on a continuous basis, recognizing that strong states make a strong nation.
3. To develop mechanisms to formulate credible plans at the village level and aggregate these progressively at the higher levels of government.
4. To ensure, on areas that are specifically referred to it, that the interest of national security are incorporated in economic strategy and policy.
5. To pay special attention to the sections of our society that may be at risk of benefiting adequately from economic progress.

Niti Aayog will work under the supervision of chief-ministers and specialists in different fields. Aayog will ensure greater participation of state- governments in policy-making thus fostering co-operative federalism-and will be more attuned to the nation’s contemporary needs.

The first meeting of Niti-Aayog took place on 6th Feb 2015 and was attended by prime-minister, Narendra Modi, finance minister Arun Jaitly and vice-chairman Sh Arvind Panagariya. Other full-time members V.K. Saraswat, Nitin Gadkari, Thawar Chand Gehlot, G.N. Vajpayee, Rajiv Kumar, Rajiv Lal, R. Vaidyanathan Parath Sarthi Soam, Subeer Gokarn, Mukesh Burani, etc. also attended the meeting.

The second meeting of Niti Aayog took place on 15th July 2015, in which PM desired that center and states must move together to end poverty, states units should be the focus of all developments as a part of team India. The council held consultations on the Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation, and Resettlement Act. The Prime-minister welcomed and thanked the chief minister for their participation and suggestions for the development of rural areas and greater prosperity for the farmers. He also asked for suggestions for the success of Betti Bachao, Betti Paradao Plan, Smartcity, Digital India, Skill India, Make in India Swach Bharat, etc. plannings.

The opposition criticized the decision to establish NITI Aayog calling it a gin mickey and renamed it as Anati ordurniti Aayog. However, the working of a new institution can be judged only after it has functioned for a sufficiently long time. The efficiency of the Niti Aayog will depend crucially on the quality of experts and how they are allowed to work, Also-the success of the ‘Niti Aayog’ lies in restoring the balance between the technical and political (federal) drivers of the planning process.

It is much too early to think on talk in terms of administrative capacities unless, it trickles down, achache din’ will hardly be felt by the common man. Niyat and Niti’ are inextricably intertwined, the best that can be said for the Aayog is that we should give it sufficient’ time to reveal itself and the out¬come contingent on it. The Aayog’s functioning could make or break the economic development of India in the future.

Question 9.
What was Green Revolution? Examine any two positives and two negative consequences of the Green Revolution.
Answer:
In the 1960s, India was facing a food crisis due to many reasons. India was dependent on the U.S.A. for food which was putting many limitations on India’s policies. Indian Government decided to make India self-sufficient in food. Hence the government adopted a new strategy for agriculture in order to increase food production. Since the mid-1960s, the traditional agricultural practices were gradually replaced by modern technology.

The use of high-yielding variety seeds and the increased use of fertilizers and irrigation are simply called Green Revolution or modern agricultural technology. As a result of the Green Revolution, the area under improved seeds has gone up from about 15 million hectares during 1970-71 to nearly 75 million hectares in 1995-96. The new varieties are of a short term duration and consequently, instead of growing one crop, two crops and sometimes even three crops are grown.

The major benefits of the Green Revolution were experienced mainly in northern and northwestern India. Unprecedented enthusiasm has prevailed among farmers in Punjab, Haryana, Delhi, Rajasthan, and Western U.P. for the new wheat variety seeds and a situation developed in which the demand for seeds by farmers exceeded the supply.

Economic Results/Positive Consequences of the Green Revolution.

1. The major achievement of the Green Revolution was to boost the production of major cereals viz wheat and rice.
2. As a result of the Green Revolution, the crop pattern in India has undergone significant changes.
3. The green revolution largely increased the growth of the local manufacturing sector which created new jobs and contributed to the country’s GDP.
4. India became self-sufficient in food and India was in a position to pay back all loans it had taken from the World Bank for the purpose of the Green Revolution.
5. Green Revolution has helped the growth of capitalist farming in India and has led to the concentration of wealth in the hands of the top 10 percent of the rural population.

Political Results of the Green Revolution.

1. India became self-sufficient in food and thus India’s prestige increased in the world, especially in the third world.
2. Green Revolution was a big factor in making Smt. Indira Gandhi and Congress Party more powerful.

Two Negative Consequences of Green Revolution
(i) Green Revolution led to the concentration of wealth in the hands of the top 10 percent of the rural population. The green revolution had widened the gap between poor and small farmers and rich landlords.
(ii) Green Revolution has proved beneficial to the medium category peasants because they could receive the advantage of mediation between small farmers and rich landlords.

Question 10.
Assess any six outcomes of planning in India.
Answer:
After independence, India adopted economic planning for the development of the people of India. In fact, there was a consensus on the planned development.

For planned development, Planning Commission was set up in March 1950 by a simple resolution of the Government of India. The Planning Commission opted for Five Year Plans. The First Five Year Plan was started in 1951 with the main emphasis on agriculture including investment in Dam and irrigations. The Second Five Year Plan (1956-1961) stressed mainly heavy industries. Rapid industrialization was the main aim of the Second Five Year Plan. Following are the outcomes of planning in India:

1. Through planning the foundations of India is future economic growth were laid.
2. Some of the heavy industries were Started.
3. Planning enhances the economic growth of the country.
4. Land Reforms lake place through planning.
5. Through planning the growth of manufacturing was increasing.
6. India becomes self-sufficient in food.

im-1

im-2