Matter:- Matter is any substance that has mass and takes up some space by
its volume. Everything present around us living or non living are matter.
Characteristics of Particles of Matter
(1)They are very small in size.
(2)They have space between them.
(3)They are in constant random motion.
(4)They always attract each other.
States of matter:- There are three states of matter namelySolids, Liquids, and Gases.
Solids
Solid is one of the three fundamental states of matter. The atoms in
a solid are closely packed together leaving negligible space between
the constituent atoms. Solids have a definite shape, size, volume and
density.
Examples of solids:- metals, minerals such as quartz and mica, etc.
Liquids
Liquid is another state of a matter. A liquid can be defined as a nearly
incompressible fluid that means this state of the matter cannot be
compressed under very high pressure. Liquids don’t have a definite
shape i.e. it can take the shape of the container in which it is kept
but the volume and density remain the same.
Examples of liquids:- water, vegetable oil, mercury, etc.
Gases
Gas is also one of the states of matter. A gas can be defined as a
highly compressible fluid that means this state of matter can be
compressed to a high extent under pressure. Gases neither have a
definite shape nor have a definite volume. Since they don’t have
definite volume their density is also not definite.
Examples of gases are:- oxygen, nitrogen, helium, etc.
Change of states of matter
Matters can change from one state to another state by means of
various processes such as melting, freezing, evaporation,
condensation and sublimation.
Melting:– It is the process by which a substance changes from solid
to liquid phase. It requires the action of heat or pressure onto the
solid matter to change it to liquid.
Example:- melting of ice to form water.
Freezing:- It is the process by which a liquid matter changes to solid. It
requires cooling the liquid substance below its freezing point.
Example:- forming of ice from water.
Condensation:– It is the process by which a gaseous state changes to a
liquid state due to cooling is known as condensation.
Example:- forming of water droplets on the lid of the vessel while cooking
food.
Evaporation:- It is the process by which a liquid changes to gaseous state
below its boiling point is known as evaporation.
Example:- when an open container filled with water is kept under the sun it
dries out after sometime.
Sublimation:– It is the process by which a solid substance directly changes
to a gaseous state without going through the liquid phase is known as
sublimation.
Example:- heating of camphor(Kapoor).
Effect of temperature on the states of matter
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