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Table of Contents
NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Biology Chapter : 9 Strategies for Enhancement in Food Production Biology
Page No: 178
Exercises
Question 1.
Explain in brief the role of animal husbandry in human welfare.
Solution:
- Animal husbandry evolves new techniques and technologies for the management of livestock like buffaloes, cows, pigs, horses, cattle, sheep, camels, goats, etc., that are useful to humans.
- These methods can also be applied to rearing animals like bees, silkworms, prawns, crabs, fishes birds, pigs, cattle, sheep, and camels for their products like milk, eggs, meat, wool, silk, honey, etc.
Role of animal husbandry in human welfare is discussed as follows:
- Milk is an important product of farm animals that are consumed as such, in the form of curd, cheese, butter, ice cream, etc. Milk is the only source of animal protein for vegetarians and is a complete food. Most of the milk is obtained from cows and buffalo. Other milk-yielding animals are goat, sheep, camel, and yak.
- Egg, like milk, is also a complete food. Chicken and duck are the two major sources of the egg.
- Meat is a protein-rich diet that is obtained from all types of livestock, e.g., goat, sheep, pig, cattle, chicken, fish, etc.
- Honey is a sweet syrup obtained from the hives of the honey bee. Honey is used in sweetening various preparations.
- Fibers like wool and silk are two high-quality fibres which we get from animals. Wool is the hair of sheep, some goats, and rabbits. Silk is a product of silkworms.
- The skins of many animals are converted into hides and leather.
- Drought animals are trained to carry men and materials besides other functions, e.g., buffalo, bullock, horse, camel, ass, elephant, reindeer, yak.
- The rearing of animals provides employment to many persons.
- Animal byproducts like horns, feathers, bone, dung, and droppings are all used in developing useful products.
Question 2.
If your family owned a dairy farm, what measures would you undertake to improve the quality and quantity of milk production?
Solution:
Some of the measures to be followed for proper management of dairy farm are :
- Selection of good breeds having high milk yielding potential according to the climatic conditions of the area.
- The shed under which the cattle are kept should be well ventilated with an adequate water supply for drinking as well as for washing. Shed should have pucca floor and proper drainage channel.
- The feed of the animals should be a balanced diet with right proportions of carbohydrates, fats, proteins, and roughage and it should be given timely in good quantity.
- Cleanliness and hygiene comes first for maintaining the livestock’s health and productivity. So, washing cattle and taking precautionary measures while milking are a must.
- Inspection, keeping records of the activities and consulting a veterinary doctor for regular checkups of the livestock should be undertaken.
Question 3. What is meant by the term ‘breed’? What are the objectives of animal breeding?
Answer
A breed is a improved variety of animals within a species. It is similar in most characters such as general appearance, size, configuration, and features with other members of the same species.
For example- Jersey and Brown Swiss are foreign breeds of cattle. These two varieties of cattle have the ability to produce abundant quantities of milk which is nutritious with high protein content.
Objectives of animal breeding:
(i) To improve the desirable qualities of the animal produce
(i) To increase the yield of animals
(iii) To produce disease-resistant varieties of animals.
Question 4. Name the methods employed in animal breeding. According to you which of the methods is best? Why?
Answer
Animal breeding is the method of mating interrelated individuals. There are several methods involded in animals breeding, which can be classified into the following categories:
(i) Natural methods of breeding include inbreeding and out-breeding. Breeding between animals of the same breed is known as inbreeding, while breeding between animals of different breeds is known as out-breeding. Out-breeding of animals is of three types:
→ Out-crossing: In this type of out-breeding, the mating of animals occurs within the same breed.as they have no common ancestors up to the last 4-5 generations.
→ Cross-breeding: In this type of out-breeding, the mating occurs between different breeds of the same species, thereby producing a hybrid.
→ Interspecific hybridization: In this type of out-breeding, the mating occurs between different species.
(ii) Artificial methods of breeding include modern techniques of breeding. It involves controlled breeding experiments, which are of two types:-
→ Artificial insemination: It is a process of introducing the semen (collected from the male) into the oviduct or the uterus of the female body by the breeder. This method of breeding helps the breeder overcome certain problems faced in abnormal mating.
→ Multiple ovulation embryo technology (MOET): It is a technique for cattle improvement in which super-ovulation is induced by a hormone injection. Then, fertilization is achieved by artificial insemination and early embryos are collected. Each of these embryos are then transplanted into the surrogate mother for further development of the embryo.
The best method to carry out animal breeding is the artificial method of breeding, which includes artificial insemination and MOET technology. These technologies are scientific in nature. They help to minimize problems of normal mating and have a high success rate of crossing between mature males and females. Also, it ensures the production of hybrids with the desired qualities. This method is highly economical as a small amount of semen from the male can be used to inseminate several cattle as semen is not destroyed.
5. What is apiculture? How is it important in our lives?
Answer
(i) Apiculture is the practice of bee-keeping for the production of various products such as honey, bee’s wax, etc. Honey is a highly nutritious food source and is used as an indigenous system of medicines.
(ii) It is useful in the treatment of many diseases such as cold, flu, and dysentery.
(iii) Other commercial products obtained from honey bees include bee’s wax and bee pollen. Bee’s wax is used for making cosmetics, polishes, and is even used in several medicinal preparations.
Answer
A breed is a improved variety of animals within a species. It is similar in most characters such as general appearance, size, configuration, and features with other members of the same species.
For example- Jersey and Brown Swiss are foreign breeds of cattle. These two varieties of cattle have the ability to produce abundant quantities of milk which is nutritious with high protein content.
Objectives of animal breeding:
(i) To improve the desirable qualities of the animal produce
(i) To increase the yield of animals
(iii) To produce disease-resistant varieties of animals.
Question 4. Name the methods employed in animal breeding. According to you which of the methods is best? Why?
Answer
Animal breeding is the method of mating interrelated individuals. There are several methods involded in animals breeding, which can be classified into the following categories:
(i) Natural methods of breeding include inbreeding and out-breeding. Breeding between animals of the same breed is known as inbreeding, while breeding between animals of different breeds is known as out-breeding. Out-breeding of animals is of three types:
→ Out-crossing: In this type of out-breeding, the mating of animals occurs within the same breed.as they have no common ancestors up to the last 4-5 generations.
→ Cross-breeding: In this type of out-breeding, the mating occurs between different breeds of the same species, thereby producing a hybrid.
→ Interspecific hybridization: In this type of out-breeding, the mating occurs between different species.
(ii) Artificial methods of breeding include modern techniques of breeding. It involves controlled breeding experiments, which are of two types:-
→ Artificial insemination: It is a process of introducing the semen (collected from the male) into the oviduct or the uterus of the female body by the breeder. This method of breeding helps the breeder overcome certain problems faced in abnormal mating.
→ Multiple ovulation embryo technology (MOET): It is a technique for cattle improvement in which super-ovulation is induced by a hormone injection. Then, fertilization is achieved by artificial insemination and early embryos are collected. Each of these embryos are then transplanted into the surrogate mother for further development of the embryo.
The best method to carry out animal breeding is the artificial method of breeding, which includes artificial insemination and MOET technology. These technologies are scientific in nature. They help to minimize problems of normal mating and have a high success rate of crossing between mature males and females. Also, it ensures the production of hybrids with the desired qualities. This method is highly economical as a small amount of semen from the male can be used to inseminate several cattle as semen is not destroyed.
5. What is apiculture? How is it important in our lives?
Answer
(i) Apiculture is the practice of bee-keeping for the production of various products such as honey, bee’s wax, etc. Honey is a highly nutritious food source and is used as an indigenous system of medicines.
(ii) It is useful in the treatment of many diseases such as cold, flu, and dysentery.
(iii) Other commercial products obtained from honey bees include bee’s wax and bee pollen. Bee’s wax is used for making cosmetics, polishes, and is even used in several medicinal preparations.
(iv) As demand of honey is increasing , people have started practicing bee-keeping on a large scale. It has become an income generating activity for farmers since it requires a low investment and is labour intensive.
6. Discuss the role of fishery in enhancement of food production.
Answer
(i) Fishery is an industry devoted with catching, processing, and marketing of fishes and other aquatic animals that have a high economic value.
(ii) Some commercially important aquatic animals are prawns crabs, oysters, lobsters, and octopus.
(iii) Fisheries play an important role in the Indian economy. This is because a large part of the Indian population is dependent on fishes as a source of food, which is both cheap and high in animal protein.
(iv) A Fishery is an employment generating industry especially for people staying in the coastal areas. Both fresh water fishes (such as Catla, Rohu, etc) and marine fishes (such as tuna, mackerel pomfret, etc.) are of high economic value.
7. Briefly describe various steps involved in plant breeding.
Answer
Plant breeding is purposeful manipulation of plants species in order to create desired plants that are better suited for cultivation, give better yield and are disease restistant. various steps involved in plant breeding are as follows:
(i) Collection of genetic variability: Genetic variability from various wild relatives of the cultivated species are collected to maintain the genetic diversity of a species. The entire collection of the diverse alleles of a gene in a crop is called the germplasm collection.
(ii) Evaluation of germplasm and selection of parents: The germplasm collected is then evaluated for the desirable genes. The selected plants with the desired genes are then used as parents in plant breeding experiments and are multiplied by the process of hybridization.
(iii) Cross-hybridization between selected parents: The next step in plant breeding is to combine the desirable characters present in two different parents to produce hybrids. It is a tedious job as one has to ensure that the pollen grains collected from the male parent reach the stigma of the female parent.
(iv) Selection of superior hybrids:the selection process is crucial to the success of breeding objective and requires careful scientific evaluation of the progeny. The progenies of the hybrids having the desired characteristics are selected through scientific evaluation. The selected progenies are then self-pollinated for several generations to ensure homozygosity.
(v) Testing, release, and commercialization of new cultivars: the newly selected lines are evaluated for theire yield and other agronomic traits of quality, disease resistance, by growing them in research fields for at least three growing seasons in different parts of the country. After thorough testing and evaluation, the selected varieties are given to the farmers for growing in fields for a large-scale production.
8. Explain what is meant by biofortification.
Answer
(i) Biofortification is a process of breeding crops with higher levels of vitamins, minerals, proteins, and fat content.
(ii) This method is employed to improve public health. Breeding of crops with improved nutritional quality is undertaken to improve the content of proteins, oil, vitamins, minerals, and micro-nutrients in crops.
(iii) It is also undertaken to upgrade the quality of oil and proteins. An example of this is a wheat variety known as Atlas 66, which has high protein content in comparison to the existing wheat. In addition, there are several other improved varieties of crop plants such as rice, carrots, spinach etc. which have more nutritious value and more nutrients than the existing varieties.
9. Which part of the plant is best suited for making virus-free plants and why?
Answer
Apical and axillary meristems of plants is used for making virus-free plants. In a diseased plant, only this region is not infected by the virus as compared to the rest of the plasnt region. Hence, the scientists remove axillary and apical meristems of the diseased plant and grow it in vitro to obtain a disease-free and healthy plant. Banana, sugarcane, and potato have been obtained using this method by scientist are virus free plants.
Question 10.
What is the major advantage of producing plants by micropropagation?
Solution:
Micropropagation is the tissue culture technique used for rapid vegetative multiplication of ornamental plants and fruit trees by using small-sized explants. Because of the minute size of the propagules in the culture, the propagation technique is named micropropagation. This method of tissue culture produces several plants. Each of these plants will be genetically identical to the original plant from which explants were taken. Plants obtained by vegetative propagation of a single plant constitute a somaclonal. The members of a single somaclonal have the same genotype. It is the only process adopted by Indian plant biotechnologists in different industries mainly for the commercial production of ornamental plants like lily, orchids, Eucalyptus, Cinchona, blueberry, etc., and fruit trees like tomato, apple, banana, grapes, potato, Citrus, palm, etc.
Question 11. Find out what the various components of the medium used for propagation of an explant in vitro are?
Answer
The major components of medium used for propagation of explants in vitro are carbon sources such as sucrose, inorganic salts, vitamins, amino acids, water, agar-agar, and certain growth hormones such as auxins and gibberellins.
Question 12. Name any five hybrid varieties of crop plants which have been developed in India.
Answer
The five hybrid varieties of crop plants which have been developed in India are:
6. Discuss the role of fishery in enhancement of food production.
Answer
(i) Fishery is an industry devoted with catching, processing, and marketing of fishes and other aquatic animals that have a high economic value.
(ii) Some commercially important aquatic animals are prawns crabs, oysters, lobsters, and octopus.
(iii) Fisheries play an important role in the Indian economy. This is because a large part of the Indian population is dependent on fishes as a source of food, which is both cheap and high in animal protein.
(iv) A Fishery is an employment generating industry especially for people staying in the coastal areas. Both fresh water fishes (such as Catla, Rohu, etc) and marine fishes (such as tuna, mackerel pomfret, etc.) are of high economic value.
7. Briefly describe various steps involved in plant breeding.
Answer
Plant breeding is purposeful manipulation of plants species in order to create desired plants that are better suited for cultivation, give better yield and are disease restistant. various steps involved in plant breeding are as follows:
(i) Collection of genetic variability: Genetic variability from various wild relatives of the cultivated species are collected to maintain the genetic diversity of a species. The entire collection of the diverse alleles of a gene in a crop is called the germplasm collection.
(ii) Evaluation of germplasm and selection of parents: The germplasm collected is then evaluated for the desirable genes. The selected plants with the desired genes are then used as parents in plant breeding experiments and are multiplied by the process of hybridization.
(iii) Cross-hybridization between selected parents: The next step in plant breeding is to combine the desirable characters present in two different parents to produce hybrids. It is a tedious job as one has to ensure that the pollen grains collected from the male parent reach the stigma of the female parent.
(iv) Selection of superior hybrids:the selection process is crucial to the success of breeding objective and requires careful scientific evaluation of the progeny. The progenies of the hybrids having the desired characteristics are selected through scientific evaluation. The selected progenies are then self-pollinated for several generations to ensure homozygosity.
(v) Testing, release, and commercialization of new cultivars: the newly selected lines are evaluated for theire yield and other agronomic traits of quality, disease resistance, by growing them in research fields for at least three growing seasons in different parts of the country. After thorough testing and evaluation, the selected varieties are given to the farmers for growing in fields for a large-scale production.
8. Explain what is meant by biofortification.
Answer
(i) Biofortification is a process of breeding crops with higher levels of vitamins, minerals, proteins, and fat content.
(ii) This method is employed to improve public health. Breeding of crops with improved nutritional quality is undertaken to improve the content of proteins, oil, vitamins, minerals, and micro-nutrients in crops.
(iii) It is also undertaken to upgrade the quality of oil and proteins. An example of this is a wheat variety known as Atlas 66, which has high protein content in comparison to the existing wheat. In addition, there are several other improved varieties of crop plants such as rice, carrots, spinach etc. which have more nutritious value and more nutrients than the existing varieties.
9. Which part of the plant is best suited for making virus-free plants and why?
Answer
Apical and axillary meristems of plants is used for making virus-free plants. In a diseased plant, only this region is not infected by the virus as compared to the rest of the plasnt region. Hence, the scientists remove axillary and apical meristems of the diseased plant and grow it in vitro to obtain a disease-free and healthy plant. Banana, sugarcane, and potato have been obtained using this method by scientist are virus free plants.
Question 10.
What is the major advantage of producing plants by micropropagation?
Solution:
Micropropagation is the tissue culture technique used for rapid vegetative multiplication of ornamental plants and fruit trees by using small-sized explants. Because of the minute size of the propagules in the culture, the propagation technique is named micropropagation. This method of tissue culture produces several plants. Each of these plants will be genetically identical to the original plant from which explants were taken. Plants obtained by vegetative propagation of a single plant constitute a somaclonal. The members of a single somaclonal have the same genotype. It is the only process adopted by Indian plant biotechnologists in different industries mainly for the commercial production of ornamental plants like lily, orchids, Eucalyptus, Cinchona, blueberry, etc., and fruit trees like tomato, apple, banana, grapes, potato, Citrus, palm, etc.
Question 11. Find out what the various components of the medium used for propagation of an explant in vitro are?
Answer
The major components of medium used for propagation of explants in vitro are carbon sources such as sucrose, inorganic salts, vitamins, amino acids, water, agar-agar, and certain growth hormones such as auxins and gibberellins.
Question 12. Name any five hybrid varieties of crop plants which have been developed in India.
Answer
The five hybrid varieties of crop plants which have been developed in India are:
| Crop Plant | Hybrid Variety |
| Wheat | Sonalika and kalian sona |
| Rice | Jaya and Ratna |
| Cauliflower | Pusa shubra and Pusa snowball K-1 |
| Cowpea | Pusa komal |
| Mustard | Pusa swarnim |
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