Answer: (d) Lemon
Explanation:
Spinach and tomato are herbs while mango is a tree. So lemon is a shrub.

Answer: (a) Tree
Explanation:
Herb has a soft stem while shrubs have thin stem.

Answer: (d) Nodes
Explanation:
Nodes are found on stem.

Answer: (b) peepal
Explanation:
In peepal, reticulate venation.

Answer: (c) Both (a) and (b)
Explanation:
Leaves perform both functions.

Answer: (a) parallel venation, fibrous roots
Explanation:
Plants with parallel leaf venation have fibrous roots while plants with reticulate leaf venation have taproots.

Answer: (c) stamens
Explanation:
Stamen is male reproductive part.

Answer: (b) Ovary style and stigma

Answer: (b) Wheat
Explanation:
Wheat roots spread out in the soil.

Answer: (d) transpiration
Explanation:
The process of losing water by leaves is called transpiration.

Answer:

Answer: narrow tubes

Answer: midrib

Answer: veins

Answer: rashes and itching

Answer: different

Important Questions

Question 1.
What are herbs?
Answer:
The small plants with soft/tender, green, short stem are called herbs. Herbs hardly attain height more than 1.5 metres. Their stems are not woody and can be bent. A herb may or may not have branches, e.g., tomato, mint, paddy, etc.

Question 2.
With the help of diagrams, tabulate the differences between a shrub and a tree, based on the properties of the stem.
Answer:

Shrub	Tree
More branches arise from the base of stem. The stem is hard and thin.	The branches arise from the stem. The stem is hard, thick and woody.

Question 3.
Look carefully at the plants shown in Fig. 7.17 and identify their type. Are they herbs, shrubs or trees? Are they similar in shape? Which category has the biggest plants and which has the smallest?

Answer:
Close look of these plants make it clear that these plants are not of the same type.
Plants and are small and have soft and thin stem. These are called herbs.

Plant has many branches arising from the base and its stem is thin but hard. It is a shrub.

Plant is tall. Its stem is thick and hard, it is a tree.

Question 4.
From the members of the various groups given below, find the odd one out.

1. Coriander (dhania), mint (pudina), jamun, grass.
2. Rose, mehndi, guava, morepankh.

Answer:

1. Jamun (Jamun is a tree while others are herbs).
2. Guava (Guava is a tree while others are shrubs).

Question 5.
You are shown three branches of a rose in Fig. 7.18 one will help you best to recognize the plant?

Answer:
(c) A branch with leaves and flowers

Question 6.
What are climbers and creepers? Give some examples.
Answer:
In some plants like grape vines, money plant, bean stalk, gourd plants, etc., the stem is so weak that it cannot hold it straight. They either stand up with some support or they just spread on the ground. In the first condition, the plants are called climbers and in second condition, they are called creepers or runners.

Question 7.
Pitcher plant has green leaves which can prepare food by photosynthesis then why does it eat insects?
Answer:
Pitcher plant eats insects to get nitrogenous compounds which it neither synthesizes nor can absorb from the soil.

Question 8.
What are weeds?
Answer:
The unwanted plants that grow in the field with the main crops or in their surroundings are called weeds.
Weeds are the plants which are not grown by the farmers, e.g., grass.

Stem

Question 1.
What is a stem?
Answer:
The part of the plant which generally grows above the ground level and bears leaves, flowers and fruits is called a stem.

Question 2.
Do you agree that stem is like a two way street?
Answer:
Yes. Stem carries the water absorbed by the roots to the leaves and also the food prepared by the leaves to the roots

Question 3.
Look carefully on the stem arising from various plants growing around you. Based on your observation, fill the following Table 7.1:

Answer:

Question 4.
What are the modification of stem?
Answer:
Stem is modified to perform certain special functions:

• Storage of food
• Storage of water
• Provide support
• To make food
• Multiplication or reproduction.

Question 5.
What are nodes and internodes?
Answer:
Nodes: The point where the leaf arises on the stem. They are attached to the stem by a stalk.
Internodes: The portion of the stem between the two nodes.

Leaf

Question 1.
Define petiole and lamina.
Answer:
The part of leaf which is attached to the stem is called petiole and the broad green part of the leaf is called lamina.

Question 2.
Draw a labelled diagram of the external structure of a leaf.
Answer:

Question 3.
What are veins?
Answer:
There are some lines on the leaf called veins.

Question 4.
What is midrib?
Answer:
There is a thick vein in the middle of the leaf called midrib.

Question 5.
What do you mean by

1. leaf venation
2. reticulate venation, and
3. parallel venation?

Answer:

1. Leaf venation: The design made by veins in a leaf is called leaf venation.
2. Reticulate venation: If the design is net-like on both sides of midrib, the venation is called reticulate venation.
3. Parallel venation: In the leaves of grass, the veins are parallel to one another. This is called parallel venation.

Question 6.
Explain the main functions of leaf.
Answer:
There are following two main functions of leaf:

• Transpiration: The extra water comes out of the leaves through stomata in the form of vapour. This process is called transpiration.
• Photosynthesis: The process by which leaves prepare their food from water and carbon dioxide in the presence of sunlight and a green-coloured substance i.e., chlorophyll is called photosynthesis.

Question 7.
Why are leaves generally green?
Answer:
The green colour of leaves is because of the presence of chlorophyll.

Question 8.
What are the modifications seen in a pitcher plant?
Answer:
In a pitcher plant, the lamina is modified into a pitcher and apex into its lid.

Question 9.
Select leaves showing reticulate venation and those showing parallel venation from the list given below and write them in the tabular form:
Peepal, neem, grass, mustard, methi, dhania (coriander), rose, tulsi, mango, sugarcane, maize, mint, wheat, rice.
Answer:

Activity 3.
Put a leaf under a white sheet of paper or a
sheet in your notebook. Hold it in place as shown in the figure. Hold your pencil tip sideways and rub it on the portion of the paper having the leaf below it. Did you get an impression wuth some lines in it? Are they similar to those on the leaf?

Yes, an impression with some lines in it is on the leaf. obtained. They are similar to those

Root

Question 1.
What are lateral roots?
Answer:
The smaller roots that grow on the main taproot are called lateral roots.

Question 2.
Why roots are modified?
Answer:
Certain plants have modified roots to perform specific functions:

• Storage roots, e.g., carrot, radish
• Supporting roots, e.g., banyan, rubber
• Climbing roots, e.g., money plant
• Parasitic roots, e.g., dodder
• Breathing roots, e.g., mangroves.

Question 3.
Explain the difference between taproots and fibrous roots with the help of diagrams.
Answer:

Taproots	Fibrous Roots
There is only one main and long root from which small roots grow.	There is no main root. Many roots are grown together from the base of the stem in the form of bundle.
These roots go deep into the soil to more depth.	These roots do not go very deep.
These roots cannot be separated from soil easily.	These roots are easily separated from the soil.
Found in the plants like weeds having reticulate venation in leaves.	Found in the plants like grasses having parallel venation in leaves.

Question 4.
What are the main functions of roots?
Answer:
Main functions of roots are:

• Roots absorb water and minerals from soil for the other parts of the plants.
• Roots hold the plant firmly to the soil.
• Some roots transform to store food, e.g., radish.
• Roots of leguminous plants contain symbiotic bacteria which add the fertility of soil by fixing atmospheric nitrogen into nitrates.

Question 5.
Identify the structure seen in Fig. 7.22 and write three sentences about it.

Answer:
This is a fibrous root. It has the following features:

• Roots are grown from the base of the stem.
• These roots do not go very deep into the soil.
• These roots are found in the plants having parallel venation in leaves, e.g., grasses.

Question 6.
How do you identify the root system of a plant without pulling it out of soil?
Answer:
By looking at the venation of the leaves, we can identify the root system of a plants. Plants with leaves having parallel venation have fibrous root and leaves having reticulate venation have taproot.

Question 7.
Uproot few different plants around you and study them. In Table 7.2 given below note the various parts seen in the different plants.
Table 7.2

Answer: