Answer: (d) Lemon
Explanation:
Spinach and tomato are herbs while mango is a tree. So lemon is a shrub.

Answer: (a) Tree
Explanation:
Herb has a soft stem while shrubs have thin stem.

Answer: (d) Nodes
Explanation:
Nodes are found on stem.

Answer: (b) peepal
Explanation:
In peepal, reticulate venation

Answer: (c) Both (a) and (b)
Explanation:
Leaves perform both functions.

Answer: (a) parallel venation, fibrous roots
Explanation:
Plants with parallel leaf venation have fibrous roots while plants with reticulate leaf venation have taproots.

Answer: (c) stamens
Explanation:
Stamen is male reproductive part.

Answer: (b) Ovary style and stigma

Answer: (b) Wheat
Explanation:
Wheat roots spread out in the soil.

Answer: (d) transpiration
Explanation:
The process of losing water by leaves is called transpiration.

Answer: narrow tubes

Answer: midrib

Answer: veins

Answer: rashes and itching

Answer: different

Answer: transpiration

Important Questions

Question 1.
Visit a pond and make a list of animals found inside the water.
Answer:
The animals like frogs, fish, molluscs and certain insects are found inside the water. Protozoans like amoeba and turtles, water spiders, water skaters, dragon flies, king fishers, ducks and many other types of animals are inhabiting the ponds.

Question 2.
Name some plants which live in dry areas.
Answer:
Plants like cactus, munj, kaner, accacia (keekar), seesam, etc., live in dry areas.

Question 3.
Mention a few aquatic plants found in a pond.
Answer:
Water hyacinth, hydrilla, spirogyra, water lily, lotus, lemna, etc.

Question 4.
Name the places of living of following plants:

1. Cactus
2. Hydrilla

Answer:

1. Cactus: Desert
2. Hydrilla: Pond.

Habitat and adaptation

Question 1.
What is adaptation?
Answer:
The change in specific features or certain habits, which enables a plant or an animal to live in its surroundings is called adaptation.

Question 2.
What is habitat?
Answer:
The surrounding where organisms survive, flourish and reproduce is called a habitat.

Question 3.
What are aquatic habitats?
Answer:
Habitats of plants and animals that live in water are called aquatic habitat. ‘

Question 4.
What are terrestrial habitats? Give examples.
Answer:
The plants and animals that live on land are said to five in terrestrial habitats. ‘
For example, forests, grasslands, deserts, coastal and mountain region.

Question 5.
What are biotic components?
Answer:
The living things such as plants and animals in a habitat are its biotic components.

Question 6.
Explain abiotic components.
Answer:
Various non-living things such as rocks, soil, air and water in a habitat constitute its abiotic components.

Question 7.
Define ecology.
Answer:
The study of relationship between living organisms and their surroundings is called ecology.

Question 8.
Why does a fish have slippery scales on its body?
Answer:
A fish has slippery scales on its body. These scales protect the fish and also help in easy movement through water.

A journey through different habitats

Question 1.
Out of desert and aquatic plants, whose roots are almost absent?
Answer:
Aquatic plants.

Question 2.
Give three main adaptive features in desert plant.
Answer:

1. Well-developed root systems.
2. Leaves are either very small or converted to spines.
3. Stem is green and fleshy in some plants.

Question 3.
What adaptation of desert animals protect themselves from deficiency of water?
Answer:
Animals living in hot places such as desert, for example, snakes, desert rats and lizards are not able to get sufficient water. So these animals have thick skin, which prevents evaporation. Since they do not sweat, they can survive without water for longer period.

Question 4.
What is the ultimate source of energy for every ecosystem? Which biotic component can trap solar energy and how?
Answer:
Sun is the ultimate source of energy. Green plants are capable to trap solar energy by leaves in the process called photosynthesis, using water and C02 in the presence of sunlight.

Question 5.
Mountain is special terrestrial habitat where temperature is very low and most of the areas are covered with snow. What is flora and fauna of this habitat at higher altitudes?
Answer:
Flora: Grasses, mosses and lichens.
Fauna: Snow bear, fox, water fowl, musk deer, wolf.
Snow leopards, yak and mountain goats.

Question 6.
Why do camels have long legs?
Answer:
Long legs of camels help them to lift their body above the ground. Thus, they are able to avoid direct contact with the hot ground.

Question 7.
What are nocturnal animals? Give two examples of nocturnal animals.
Answer:
Some animals are active during night time. These are called nocturnal animals. e.g., bats, cockroaches and owls.

Question 8.
If strong winds blow only in one direction, what will be the effect on trees?
Answer:
Trees will bend in direction of wind and attain typical shape.

Question 9.
Why head and snout of snake is tapering?
Answer:
It is adapted to burrowing and digging habit.

Question 10.
Which plants have leaves without pores?
Answer:
Underwater plants.

Question 11.
Plants in hilly areas have to bear high speed winds and cold. Which adaptation best helps them to face such conditions?
Answer:
Tall, thin and straight trunk with needle-shaped leaves.

Question 12.
Give one example of

1. free floating plant
2. plants without root.

Answer:

1. Lotus
2. Ceratophyllum.

Question 13.
Name the respiratory organ in

1. terrestrial animals
2. aquatic animals (fish)

Answer:

1. Lungs
2. Gills.

Question 14.
How do the skins of animals living in cold places protect them from cold conditions?
Answer:
The skin of animals like walrus, seals and penguins are thick and protect them from cold. Another way of protection from cold is by having thick fur.

Question 15.
How is a fish adapted to live in water?
Answer:
Fish has the following adaptations to live in water:

• In all the fish, the head and tail portions are smaller than the middle portion, that is, the body tapers at both the ends. This shape of the body provides least resistance to the fish when they swim in water.
• Skin of fish is covered with scales. These scales are slippery, the slippery scales help the fish in swimming.
• We have lungs, which is an organ for respiration. Similarly, fish has gills for respiration. It utilises oxygen dissolved in water and releases carbon dioxide into the water.

Question 16.
What is the adaptation mechanism of chameleon?
Answer:
It changes its colours to suit with its surroundings.

Question 17.
What do you mean by camouflage?
Answer:
Camouflage is the ability of an organism to blend in with its surroundings.

Question 18.
What is known as ‘Lungs of the world’?
Answer: Amazon Rainforest is known as ‘Lungs of the world’.

Question 19.
What are blowholes?
Answer:
The organs by which dolphin or whales breathe are called blowholes or nostrils.

Question 20.
Differentiate between diurnal and nocturnal animals.
Answer:
Diurnal animals: Animals which are active during the day time.
Nocturnal animals: Some animals like earthworms and cockroaches are active at night.

Question 21.
Define predators and prey.
Answer:
Predators: The animals which kill other animals for their food are called predators. Prey: The animals which’ are killed by predators for their food are called prey.

Characteristics of the living beings

Question 1.
What is life?
Answer:
It is easy to say that this object is living and this is non-living, but it is difficult to say what is life. Life is the sum total of all the activities shown by a living object and the activities taking place inside its body.

Thus life is the process seen only in living objects in the form of growth, movement, feeding or eating, sensitivity, respiration, excretion and reproduction.

Question 2.
List the important characteristics of living things, which differentiate them from non-living things.
Answer:

Question 3.
What are the main characteristics of living objects?
Answer:

• Living objects need water, air and food for their survival.
• They show feeding, movement, respiration, excretion, growth, sensitiveness and reproduction.
• They have a definite life span.
• All living things are made up of cells.

Question 4.
Indicate which of the following are living and which are non-living: buffalo, grass, grasshopper, table, aeroplane, pencil, bicycle, crow, banyan tree.
Answer:
Living things:

1. Buffalo
2. Grass
3. Grasshopper
4. Crow
5. Banyan

Non-living things:

1. Table
2. Aeroplane
3. Pencil
4. Bicycle
5. tree

Question 5.
Name any four single-celled living organisms.
Answer:

1. Amoeba
2. Paramecium
3. Bacteria and
4. Yeast.

Question 6.
What is reproduction?
Answer:
It is a process by which living organism gives birth to the next generation of its own kind. ‘

Question 7.
What are the different types of reproduction?
Answer:

1. Asexual reproduction.
2. Sexual reproduction.

Question 8.
What do you mean by vegetative propagation in plants?
Answer:
It is a process of growing plants from any vegetative part of plant like leaf, stem, root, etc.

Question 9.
What do you understand by life cycle and life span of a living thing?
Answer:
Life cycle: Life cycle is the series of changes in the life of an organism including reproduction. All the living things have a life cycle. The single cell or unicellular organisms, change into multicellular organism. The multicellular organisms also start their life from a single cell.

Life span: All the living things start their lives from birth. These living things grow into adults, remain alive for a certain period of time and finally die. The time period for which living things remain alive is called its life span. All the living things have a definite life span (Fig. 9.5).

Question 11.
Name the type of locomotion in following animals:
fish, earthworm, cow, birds, frog
Answer:

Question 12.
Why bacteria and viruses are considered as ‘Immortal’?
Answer:
Bacteria and viruses neither grow old nor die. Their growth remains continued for ever. They may survive a million years or even more if frozen or buried under salt. If they are buried in non-living environment, they stop growing but do not die. Whenever they get favourable conditions, they start growing again. Hence they are considered as ‘immortal’.

Question 13.
What is stimulus?
Answer:
The change in environment that makes an organism to react or produce a change in its activities is called stimulus.

Question 14.
What is the role of decomposers?
Answer:
Decomposers maintain the balance of nutrients in the soil by decomposing dead plants and animals present in the soil. Hence, it is clear that the biotic and abiotic components of nature are interdependent.

Question 15.
Write the differences between respiration and breathing.
Answer:
Respiration: It is the process through which living things utilise oxygen to release the energy stored in food they eat.
Breathing: During breathing, when we inhale, air rich in oxygen moves from outside of our body to inside. When we breathe out, the air rich in carbon dioxide moves from inside of our body to outside.

Question 16.
Differentiate between locomotion and movement.
Answer:
Locomotion: It is the movement of an organism, bodily from one place to another. It involves the whole body as in walking, running, etc.
Movement: It is the change in the position of any part of the body with respect to its axis, e.g., shaking of head.

Question 17.
What do you mean by acclimatisation?
Answer:
Acclimatisation refers to the small changes in an organism over a short period to adjust to a new surrounding.