CHAPTER 9 : Globalisation NCERT SOLUTION CLASS 12TH POLITICAL SCIENCE | EDUGROWN NOTES

Short Answer Type Questions:

Q1. What is worldwide interconnectedness? What are its components?

Answer

Worldwide interconnectedness means that the different countries are interconnected with each other as a result of flows among countries. This contains three components:
1. Capital Flow: It is the flow of resources through loans or business investments among the countries.
2. Trade Flows of Goods: It refers to exchange of goods among countries.
3. Labour Flow: It refers to ‘Brain drain’ by creating favourable conditions for employment.

Q2. How has technology contributed to globalisation?

Answer
The technology remains a critical element to globalisation. The invention of telegraph, the telephone, and the microchip in more recent times has revolutionised communication between different parts of the world. The ability of ideas, capital, commodities and people to move more easily from one part of the world to another has been made possible largely by technological advances.

Q3. Critically evaluate the impact of the changing role of state in the developing countries in the light of globalisation?
Answer

• Globalisation results in an erosion of state capacity, that is, the ability of government to do what they do.
• All over the world, the old ‘welfare state’ is now giving way to a more minimalist state that performs certain core functions such as the maintenance of law and order and the security of its citizens.
• State withdraws from many of its earlier welfare functions directed at economic and social well-being. In place of the welfare state, it is the market that becomes the prime determinant of economic and social priorities.
• The entry and the increased role of multinational companies all over the world leads to a reduction in the capacity of governments to take decisions on their own.

Q4. What are the economic implications of globalisation? How has globalisation impacted on India with regard to this particular dimension?

Answer

Economic aspects of globalisation shapes a large part of the content and direction of contemporary debates surrounding globalisation. Economic globalisation is related to the distribution of economic gains, i.e. who gets the most from globalisation and who gets less, indeed who loses from it.
Positive Implications of Economic Globalisation:
• It involves greater economic flows among various countries.
• It has enhanced trade in commodities among countries.
• The restrictions on the imports and movement of capital have also been reduced.
• This has spread internet and computer related services across national boundaries.

Negative Implications of Economic Globalisation:
• Economic globalisation has created diverse opinion all over the world as to benefit only a small section of society.
• It does not have equality at par the movement of people across the globe i.e. developed countrieshave carefully guarded their borders with visa policies to ensure job security to their own citizens.
• It has created disparities among states also by making the rich more richer and the poor more poorer.

Impact of Globalisation on India
• It led to the creation of many new jobs in the MNCs like cell phones, FMCG etc. but these jobs are concentrated more in the services sector.
• India companies are joining hands with many MNCs and also many Indian companies itself became MNCs such as Reliance Indutries, TATA etc.
• Globalisation provided a wide range of choice in selecting goods to consumers.

Q5. Do you agree with the argument that globalisation leads to cultural heterogeneity?

Answer

While cultural homogenisation is an aspect of globalisation, the same process also generates precisely the opposite effect. It leads to each culture becoming more different and distinctive. This phenomenon is called cultural heterogenisation. All cultures accept outside influences all the time. Sometime external influences enlarge the choices or modify our culture without overwhelming the traditions. Thus, it would be correct to say that globalisation leads to cultural heterogeneity.

Q6. How has globalisation impacted on India and how is India in turn impacting on globalisation?

Answer

Impact of Globalisation on India:
• It led to the creation of many new jobs in the MNCs like cell phones, FMCG etc.
• India is playing a crucial role among developing countries in trade and commerce by making some companies multinational themselves such as Tata, Reliance etc.
• It has invited inflow of private foreign capital and export oriented activities. India in turn impacting:After the financial crisis of 1991, Indian economy was liberalised to attract foreign direct investment.
• India introduced new trade policy reforms to remove tariffs and restrictions imposed on imports.
• Under industries, it abolished licensing system exempting few specified industries only.
• Banking operations by private sectors were permitted to expand in the country.

Long Answer Type Questions:

Q1. Explain globalisation. How has technology contributed in promoting globalisation? 
Answer: Globalisation as a concept fundamentally deals with flows. These flows could be of various kinds — ideas moving from one part of the world to another, capital shunted between two or more places, commodities being traded across borders, and people moving in search of better livelihoods to different parts of the world. The crucial element is the ‘worldwide interconnectedness’ that is created and sustained as a consequence of these constant flows.
While globalisation is not caused by any single factor, technology remains a critical element. There is no doubt that the invention of the telegraph, the telephone and the microchip in more recent years has revolutionised communication between different parts of the world. When printing initially came into being it laid the basis for the creation of nationalism. So also today we should expect that technology will affect the way we think of our personal but also our collective lives.
The ability of ideas, capital, commodities and people to move more easily from one part of the world to another has been made possible largely by technological advances. The pace of these flow may vary.

Q2. Explain any three benefits of globalisation with examples.
Answer: 1. Economic Benefits
1. It involves greater economic flows among various countries.
2. It has enhanced trade in commodities among countries.
3. The restrictions on the imports and movement of capital have also been reduced.
4. This has spread internet and computer related services across national boundaries.
2. Technological Benefits
Technical equipments as telephone, internet, telephone and microchip have contributed to globalisation by exchanging ideas, capitals and people to make convenient to move from one place to another at a fast pace to stimulate the process of globalisation.
3. Political Benefits
1. The primary status remains unchallenged on the basis of political community.
2. To some extent developing countries have received a boost to become more powerful and strong.

Q3. Assess any three basics on which globalisation is being resisted in India.
Answer: Resistance to globalisation in India has come from different quarters:
1. Left using protests to economic liberalisation was voiced through political parties as well as through forum like the Indian Social Forum.
2. Trade Unions and farmer’s interests have also organised protests against MNCs.
3. The patenting of certain plants like Neem by American and European firms has also generated protests.
4. Resistance has come from political parties also in the form of objecting to various cultural influences like availability of foreign T.V. channels provided by cable networks, celebration of Valentine’s Day and Westernisation of dress code.

Q4. How do the critics view the process of globalistion?
Answer: Globalisation has invited some strong criticisms also despite its positive impacts. Its critical arguments can be categorized as:
1. Economic 2. Political
3. Cultural
1. Economic:
(a) Reduction in subsidies on mass consumption goods to make foreign creditors powerful.
(b) It has grown disparity between the rich and the poor nations by making the rich more richer and the poor more poorer.
(c) Even states have also created the same disparities between developed and developing nations.
2. Political:
(a) Welfare functions of the state has been reduced.
Picture Based Questions
(b) Sovereignty of states has been affected.
(c) States have become weak to take their own decisions.
3. Cultural:
(a) People lose their age old values and traditions.
(b) The world begins to look more like the dominant power over less powerful society.
(c) It leads to shrinking of rich cultural heritage of the entire globe.