Table of Contents
Short Answer Type Question:
Q.1 What are the objectives of preparing financial statements?
ANSWER: The following are the objectives of preparing financial statements.
1. To ascertain profit earned or loss incurred by a business during an accounting period. This is estimated by preparing Trading and Profit and Loss Account.
2. To ascertain the true financial position of a business. This is reflected by the Balance Sheet.
3. To enable comparison of current year’s performance with that of the previous year’s, i.e., intra-firm comparisons. Also, to compare own performance with that of the other firms in the same industry, i.e., inter-firm comparisons.
4. To assess the solvency and credit worthiness of the business
5. To provide various provisions and reserves to meet unforeseen future conditions and to toughen the financial position of the business
6. To provide vital information to facilitate various users of accounting information in decision making process.
Q.2 What is the purpose of preparing trading and profit and loss account?
ANSWER: The purposes of preparing Trading Account are:
1. To calculate gross profit earned or gross loss incurred during an accounting period
2. To estimate the cost of goods sold
3. To record direct expenses (i.e., expenses incurred on the purchases and manufacturing of goods)
4. To measure the adequacy and reasonability of direct expenses incurred by comparing purchases with direct expenses incurred
5. To compare the realised efficiency and performance with the desired or proposed targets
The purposes of preparing Profit and Loss Account are:
1. To calculate net profit or net loss
2. To ascertain net profit ratio and to compare this year’s net profit ratio with that of the desired and proposed target in order to assess the efficiency and effectiveness
3. To measure the adequacy and reasonability of indirect expenses incurred by ascertaining ratio between indirect expenses and net profit
4. To compare current year’s actual performance with desired and planned performance
5. To provide various provisions and reserves to meet unforeseen future conditions and to toughen the financial position of the business
Q.3 Explain the concept of cost of goods sold?
ANSWER: Cost of goods sold (COGS) is the cost of merchandise that is sold to the customers. It includes cost of raw materials purchased, direct expenses incurred, value of opening stock, i.e., the value of the last year’s unsold stock and excludes closing stock if any, i.e., the value of current year’s unsold stock. The formula to calculate COGS is:
Cost of Goods Sold = Opening Stock + Purchases + Direct Expenses − Closing Stock
Q.4 What is a balance sheet? What are its characteristics
ANSWER: Balance Sheet is a statement prepared to ascertain values of assets and liabilities of a business on a particular date. It is called Balance Sheet as it contain balances of real and personal accounts, which are not closed on a particular date.
Characteristics of Balance Sheet
1. It is a statement of assets and liabilities.
2. The total of Assets side must be equal to Liabilities sides.
3. It is prepared at a particular date.
4. It helps in ascertaining the financial position of the business.
Q.5 Distinguish between capital and revenue expenditure and state whether the following statements are items of capital or revenue expenditure
(a) Expenditure incurred on repairs and whitewashing at the time of purchase of an old building in order to make it usable.
(b) Expenditure incurred to provide one more exit in a cinema hall in compliance with a government order.
(c) Registration fees paid at the time of purchase of a building
(d) Expenditure incurred in the maintenance of a tea garden which will produce tea after four years.
(e) Depreciation charged on a plant.
(f) The expenditure incurred in erecting a platform on which a machine will be fixed.
(g) Advertising expenditure, the benefits of which will last for four years.
ANSWER:
| Basis of Difference | Capital Expenditure | Revenue Expenditure |
| Meaning | It is incurred to increase the earning capacity of a business. | It is incurred to maintain the earning capacity of a business. |
| Purpose | It is incurred to acquire fixed assets to carry out operations. | It is incurred to conduct day to day activities. |
| Benefits | The benefits of such expenditures can be availed for more than one year. | The benefits of such expenditures can only be availed for one year. |
| Nature | It is non-recurring by nature. | It is generally recurring in nature. |
| Shown | Capital expenditure is shown in the assets side of the Balance Sheet. | Revenue expenditure is shown in the debit side of the trading and Profit and Loss Account. |
(a) Capital expenditure
(b) Revenue expenditure
(c) Capital expenditure
(d) Capital expenditure
(e) Revenue expenditure
(f) Capital expenditure
(g) Deferred revenue expenditure
Q.6 What is an operating profit?
ANSWER: Operating profit is a profit earned though normal activities of a business. It is the excess of gross profit over operating expenses. In other words, it is the excess of operating revenue over operating cost. It is also termed as earning before interest and tax (EBTI). It does not include incomes and expenses that are not related to main course of the business.
It is calculated by following formulae:
Operating Profit = Gross Profit − Operating Expenses
Or,
Operating Profit = Sales − Operating Cost
Operating Profit = Sales − COGS − Operating Expenses
Operating expenses include office and administrative expenses, selling and distribution expenses, discount, bad debts, etc.
Long Answer Type Question:
Q.1What are financial statements? What information do they provide?
Answer: Every business firm wants to know its financial position at the end of an accounting period. In order to assess its financial position,
profit earned or loss incurred during an accounting period, the book value of its assets and liabilities is to be ascertained. In order to
serve this purpose, financial statements are prepared. Financial statements are the statements showing profitability and financial
position of a business at the end of the year. It includes:
- Income statements, viz., Trading and Profit and Loss Account, which represents direct and indirect expenses incurred to
generate revenues. On one hand, trading account discloses either gross profit or gross loss, on the other hand, profit and loss
account discloses either net profit or net loss. - Statement of financial position, viz., Balance Sheet, which enlists the book value of all the assets and liabilities of the firm.
Balance Sheet discloses the true financial position, solvency and credit worthiness of the business.
The information provided by the financial statements is in the form of gross profit or gross loss, net profit or net loss and book value
of the assets and their liabilities. The value and relevance of the information provided by the financial statements varies from one
user of accounting information to another. Various users of accounting information can be explained graphically as below. - Internal: Internal users are those persons who are directly related to the business. For example, owners, management,
employees, workers, etc.
a. Owners: The information required by owners about profit earned or loss incurred during an accounting period. This information is
provided by the financial statements in form of gross (net) profit or gross (net) loss.
b. Management: Financial statements provide vital information to the management for decision making, designing policies and
future plans. There are various parameters such as ratio of direct (indirect) expenses to gross (net) profit, by the help of which
management can check the adequacy, control and relevance of various expenses incurred and plans and policies implemented.
c. Employees and workers: They expect bonus at the year end, which is directly related to the profit of that particular period. The
net profit as disclosed by the profit and loss account forms the basis of this expectation. - External: External users are those persons and institutions that are indirectly related to the business. For example, government,
tax authorities, investors, etc.
a. Government: Government needs information in order to ascertain various macroeconomic variables, such as national income,
GDP, employment opportunities generated, etc.
b. Tax authorities: Tax department is interested in knowing the actual sales, production, turnovers and exports and imports by the
business. Tax department levies various taxes, such as income tax, VAT, excise tax, etc. The information disclosed by the financial
statements form the basis of estimation of the tax dues of the business.
c. Investors: Financial statements help to know about the earning capacity, scope and potential to grow and to assess financial
position of the business. It also helps in knowing various investments made by the business and also investments made by the
organisations and individuals in the business. This information helps the investors to assess and determine whether investments by
them will be fruitful or not.
d. Bank and other financial institutions: Financial statements provide information to banks and other financial institutions, such
as LIC, GIC, etc., about the credit worthiness, solvency and repaying capacity of the business.
e. Creditors: Financial statements provide information to the creditors about the goodwill of the business and its credit worthiness
and repaying capacity.
Q.2 What are closing entries? Give four examples of closing entries.
Answer :The balances of all nominal accounts are transferred to the Trading and Profit and Loss Account. The entries required for such
transfers are termed as closing entries.
The examples of closing entries are given below.
- Closing entries to transfer the following items to the debit side of trading account from Trial Balance:
Trading A/c Dr.
To Opening Stock A/c
To Purchase A/c
To Wages A/c
To Carriage A/c
To All Other Direct Expenses A/c
(Transferred debit balances to Trading Aaccount) - Closing entries to transfer the following items to the credit side of trading account from Trial Balance:
Sales A/c Dr.
Closing Stock A/c Dr.
To Trading A/c
(Transferred credit balances to Trading Account) - Closing entries to transfer the following items to the debit side of Profit and Loss Account from Trial Balance:
Profit and Loss A/c Dr.
To Salaries
To Rent
To Bad Debts
To All in Direct Expenses
(Transferred debit balances to Profit and Loss Account) - Closing entries to transfer the following items to the credit side of Profit and Loss Account from Trial Balance:
Commission Received A/c Dr.
Interest Received A/c Dr.
All Other Indirect Income A/c Dr.
To Profit and Loss A/c
(Transferred credit balances
to Profit and Loss Account)
Q.3 Discuss the need of preparing a balance sheet.
Answer :The needs to prepare a Balance Sheet are given below.
- It helps in determining the nature and book value of various assets, such as fixed assets, investments, current assets, etc. at the
end of an accounting period. - It helps in ascertaining the nature and amount of various liabilities like long term liabilities, current liabilities, provisions, etc., which
a business owes. - It discloses important information about capital invested in a business. The additional capital invested during the accounting
period, drawings of the owners and profit (or loss) added to (or deducted from) the capital of the business. - It helps in assessing the solvency of a business.
- It discloses the true financial position of a business at a particular point of time.
- It lays down the basis for maintaining new books for next accounting period.
Q.4 What is meant by Grouping and Marshalling of assets and liabilities? Explain the ways in which a balance sheet may be
Answer : The rationale behind preparing financial statements is to present a summarised version of all
financial activities in such a manner that all users can interpret and understand the information
easily, appropriately and also take decisions accordingly.
Grouping of assets and liabilities: Grouping means showing similar assets and liabilities under
a single head. For example, all assets that can be used for more than a year are clubbed together
under the heading ‘fixed assets’, for example, building, furniture, machinery, etc.
Marshalling of asset and liabilities: When assets and liabilities are shown in a particular order
of liquidity or permanence, they are said to be marshalled.
- In order of liquidity: Liquidity means convertibility into cash. Assets that can be converted
into cash in least possible time, i.e., more liquid assets are recorded first, followed by the lesser
liquid assets. In a balance sheet, cash in hand is recorded at first and goodwill at last. In the same
way, liabilities that are to be paid first, i.e., high priority liabilities are recorded first, followed by
the lower priority ones. In a balance sheet, current liabilities are recorded first and then the long
term liabilities and capital at the last.
Balance Sheet of………………, as on…………….
Liabilities Amount
Rs Assets Amount
Rs
Current Liabilities: Current Assets:
Bills Payable – Cash in Hand –
Sunday Creditors – Cash at Bank –
Bank Overdraft – Bills Receivable –
Long Term Loans – Debtors –
Capital: Closing Stock –
Opening balance – Long Term Investments
Add: Net Profit – Fixed Assets:
Less: Drawings – – Furniture –
Plant and Machinery –
Land and Building –
Goodwill –
- –
- In order of permanence: It is just the reverse of the above method. In this, assets and
liabilities are arranged in their reducing level of permanence. The assets with higher degree of
permanence are recorded first, followed by the assets with lower degree of permanence. For
example, goodwill, land and building have the highest degree of permanence and hence are
recorded at the top, whereas, cash at bank and cash in hand are recorded at the bottom. In the
same way, liabilities are shown according to their life in the business. Liabilities with higher
level of permanence like, capital is recorded at the top and other liabilities with lower
permanence are recorded at the bottom.
Balance Sheet of………………, as on…………….
Liabilities
Amount
Rs Assets
Amount
Rs
Capital: Fixed assets:
Opening Balance – Goodwill –
Add: Net profit – Land and Building –
Less: Drawings
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