CHAPTER 10 : Human Settlements NCERT SOLUTION CLASS 12TH GEOGRAPHY | EDUGROWN NOTES

Short Answer Type Questions:

Q1.Give the census definition of urban settlements in India.
Answer:
The census of India 1991 defines urban settlements as

• All places which have municipality, corporation, cantonment board or notified town area committee.
• Have a minimum population of 5000.
• At least 75% of male workers are engaged in non agricultural pursuits.
• Density ‘of population of at least 400 person per square kilometre.

Q2.What are the criteria of classifying rural settlement of the world?
Answer:
Rural settlements may be classified on a number of criteria.
On the basis of setting the main types are:

• Plain village
• Plateau village
• Coastal village
• Forest village
• Desert village

On the basis of function:

• Farming village
• Fisherman village
• Lumberjack villages
• Pastoral villages

On the basis of forms or shapes of the settlements. These may be a number of geometric forms and shapes such as:

• Linear
• Rectangular
• Circular
• Star like
• T and Y shaped village
• Double village etc.

Q3.Compare the settlements pattern of the world on the basis of shape.
Answer:
Settlements may be classified by their shape, pattern, types. The major types classified by shape are

• Compact or nucleated settlements: These settlements are those in which large nuber of houses are built very close to each other. Communities are closely knit and share common occupations. Such settlements develop along river valleys and fertile plains.
• Dispersed settlements: In this type of settlement, houses are spaced apart from each other and often interspersed with fields. A cultural feature such as a place of worship or market binds the settlement together.

Q4.With example show the significance of location for urban center.
Answer:
Location of urban centers is examined with reference to their functions. Example; The requirements of a holiday resort are quite different from that of a military center, sea port or a mining town. Strategic towns require sites offering natural defence, mining towns require the presence of economically valuable minerals where ports require a harbour etc. Earlier urban settlements were based on the availability of water, fertile land and building material. Today, modern technology plays a significant role in locating urban settlements far away from the source of these materials
eg. piped water can be supplied to a distant settlement away from the source. Today apart from site, situation plays an important role in the expansion of the town.
eg. centers located closer to transport links have experienced rapid development.

Q5.What is a healthy city?
Answer:
As per the suggestions of World Health Organisation, a healthy city must have:

• A clean and safe environment
• Meets the basic needs of all its inhabitants.
• Involves the community in local government.
• Provides easily accessible health service.

Q6.What is meant by urban strategy?
Answer:
The United Nations Development Programme has outlined the following priorities as part of it’s urban strategy.

• Increasing shelter for the poor.
• Provision of basic services such as education, primary health care, clean water and sanitation.
• Improving women’s access to basic services and governmental facilities.
• Upgrading energy use and alternative transport system.
• Reducing air pollution.

Q7.“There is no consensus on what exactly defines a village or a town.” Justify the statement with examples.
Answer:
Settlement is classified into urban and rural, but there is no consensus:

• Population size is small in rural settlements than urban settlements. But it is not universally applied because many villages of India and China have population exceeding that of some towns of Western Europe and the United States.
• People living in villages pursued agriculture or other primary activities, but presently in developed countries, large sections of urban populations prefer to live in villages even though they work in the city.
• Petrol pumps are considered as a rural function in the United States while it is an urban function in India.
• Facilities available in the villages of developed countries may be considered rare in villages of developing and less developed countries.

Q8.How are urban settlements classified around the world?
Or
What are the three common bases of classifying a settlement as urban around the world?
Or
What are the criteria for classification of urban settlements of the world?
Answer:
Urban settlements are classified on the basis of its size of the population, occupational structure and administration.

• Population size: In India, a settlement having population of more than 5000 persons is called urban. In Japan, it is 30,000 persons whereas in Sweden it is 250 persons. The cut off figure depends on the density of population in the country.
• Occupational structure: Besides population size, occupation is also taken as a criterion. In India, if more than 75 per cent of workforce is engaged in non-agricultural activities then the settlement is called as urban. Other countries have their own criteria for e.g. in Italy it is 50 per cent.
• Administrative structure: In India, a settlement is classified as urban if it has a municipality, cantonment board or a notified area. In Brazil, any administrative center is termed as urban irrespective of its population.

Q9.Explain the role of site and situation in determining the location and expansion of towns.
Answer:
Location of urban centers is influenced by their functions. Site refers to the actual piece of ground on which the settlement is built. Situation refers to the location of the settlement in relation to the surrounding areas.

• Strategic towns require sites offering natural defense.
• Mining towns require the presence of economically valuable minerals.
• Industrial towns generally need local energy supplies or raw materials.
• Tourist centers require attractive scenery, or a marine beach, a spring with medicinal water or historical relics.

Q10.State any four important functions of urban centers.
Answer:
The important centers are:

• The earlier functions of towns were related to administration, trade, industry, defence and religion.
• Today, towns perform multiple functions such as, recreational, residential, transport, mining, manufacturing and the activities related to information technology.
• Some towns are known for their functions. For example, Sheffield as an industrial city, London as a port city, Chandigarh as an administrative city.
• Large cities have a rather greater diversity of functions.

Q11.Explain the town planning of Addis Ababa. –
Answer:
The name of Ethiopian capital Addis Ababa means “the new flower’. As the name indicates (Addis means New and Ababa means Flower). It is a ‘new’ city.

• Establishment: It was established in 1878.
• Road: The road pattern bears the influence of the local topography. The roads radiate from the government headquarters Piazza, Arat and Amist Kilo roundabouts.
• Markets: Mercato has markets which grew with time and is supposed to be the largest market between Cairo and Johannesburg.
• Infrastructure: A multi-faculty university, a medical college, a number of good schools makes Addis Ababa an educational centre. It is also the terminal station for the Djibouti-Addis Ababa rail route. Bole airport is a relatively new airport.
• Growth: The city has witnessed rapid growth because of its multi- functional nature. It is a large nodal centre located in the centre of Ethiopia.

Q12.What is sub-urbanization? Mention the causes of sub-urbanization.
Answer:
It is a new trend of people moving away from congested urban areas to cleaner areas outside the city in search of a better quality of living. Causes of sub urbanization:

• Congestion in urban areas.
• Deterioration in civic amenities.
• Unhealthy environmental conditions.
• High rate of land.

Q13.What are cultural towns? Do they perform some other functions also? Mention.
Answer:
Places of pilgrimage are considered cultural towns. For example; Jerusalem, Mecca, Jagannath Puri and Varanasi etc. These urban centres are of great religious importance. Additional functions which the cities perform are health and recreation (Miami and Panaji), industrial (Pittsburgh and Jamshedpur), mining and quarrying (Broken Hill and Dhanbad) and transport (Singapore and Mughal Sarai).

Q14.Towns and cities of developed and developing countries reflect marked differences in planning and development. How?
Answer:
Towns and cities of developed and developing countries reflect marked differences in planning and development. While most cities in developed countries are planned, most urban settlements of developing countries have evolved historically with irregular shapes. For example, Chandigarh and Canberra are planned cities, while smaller towns in India have evolved historically from walled cities to large urban sprawls.

Long Answer Type Questions:

Q1.List the factors that affect the location of rural settlements of the world.
Answer:
The rural settlements of the world are influenced by the following factors:

Water supply: usually rural settlements are located near water bodies like rivers, lakes for easy access. Since water is essential for survival, so the need for water forces people to settle people on swamps or floodplains. Water bodies provide people water for drinking, cooking, washing and as well as to irrigate farmland, fishing activity and for transportation.

Land: People settle near fertile lands like the rolling meadows in Europe and low lying areas and river valleys and coastal plains of South East Asia for rice cultivation.

Upland: Higher grounds which are not prone to flooding is another factor which influences location of rural settlements.

People generally avoid the low lying river basins and choose to settle on diy points that is terraces and levees. In tropical countries people build their houses on stills to protect themselves from flood, insects and animal pests.

Building material: The availability of building materials that is wood, stone near settlement is another advantage. Early villages were build in forest clearings where wood was easily available. In African Savanna, the building material was mud bricks and Eskimos in polar areas use ice blocks to construct igloos.

Defense: In order to avoid political instability, hostility of neighboring groups, villages were build on defensive hills and islands. Example; In Nigeria inselbergs act as good defensive site. In India forts are build on high grounds.

Planned Settlements: These are build by governments where they provide shelter, water and other infrastructures. Example; The scheme of villagisation in Ethiopia, and canal colonies in Indira Gandhi canal command area.

Q2.Classify the rural settlements of the world on the basis of forms or shapes of the settlements.
Or
Explain different types of rural settlement patterns on the basis of the shapes of the settlements.
Answer:
Rural settlements of the world can be classified on the basis of forms or shapes of settlements as

• Linear: In such settlements, houses are located along a road, railway line, river, canal edge or a valley or along a levee.
• Rectangular pattern: Such pattern of rural settlements are found in plain areas or wide inter montane valleys. The roads are rectangular and cut each other at right angles.
• Circular pattern: These develop around lakes, tanks and sometimes a village is planned in such a way that the central part remains open and is used for keeping the animals to protect them from wild animals.
• Star like pattern: Where several roads converge, star shaped settlements develop by the houses build along the roads.
• T-shaped, Y-shaped, cross-shaped or cruciform settlement: T-shaped settlements develop at tri-junctions of road, while Y-shaped settlements emerge at the place where two roads converge on the third one and houses are built along these roads. Cruciform settlements develop on the cross roads and houses extend in all four direction.
• Double village: These village extend on both sides of river where there is a bridge or a ferry.

Q3.List the problem of rural settlement of the world in the developing countries.
Answer:
Rural settlements in developing countries are large in number and lack basic infrastructural facilities. Some of them are as under:

• Inadequate supply of water specially in the mountainous and arid areas walk long distances to fetch drinking water.
• Countries of South Asia face drought and flood very often which leads to water borne diseases like jaundice, cholera and aridity leads to crop failure due to lack of irrigation.
• Absence of toilet and garbage disposal * facilities cause health related problems.
• The houses made up of mud, wood, thatch get damaged easily during heavy rains and floods and lack ventilation. They include animal shed and storing area as well.
• Unmetalled roads during rainy season cut off the settlement and pose serious difficulties.
• The villages generally lack adequate health and educational infrastructure for their population, especially in areas of dispersed settlements.

Q4.Classify urban settlements of the world on basis of size and the services available and functions rendered.
Answer:
Depending on the basis of the size and the services available functions rendered, urban centres of the world are classified as town, city, million city, conurbation and megalopolis.

Town: The concept of town is understood with reference to village. Population size is not the only criteria. In the towns specific functions like manufacturing, retail and wholesale trade and professional services exist.

City: A city is regarded as a leading town and are much larger than the other regional towns and have a greater number of economic functions. Cities generally have transport terminals, financial institutions and regional administrative offices.

Million Cities: When the population of a city crosses the one million mark , it is designated as a million city. The number of million cities in the world has been increasing. London first reached the million mark followed by Paris and New York.

Conurbation: The term was coined by Patrick Geddes in 1915 and apply to a large area of urban development that resulted from the merging of originally separate towns and cities. Example; Greater London, Manchester, Tokyo, Chicago, etc.

Megalopolis: It is a Greek word meaning great city, was popularized by Jean Gottman (1957) and signifies super metropolitan region extending as union of conurbations. The urban landscape stretching from Boston in the North to south of Washington in South in USA is an example. Mega city or megalopolis is a general term for cities together their suburbs with a population of more than 10 million. New York was the first to attain.

Q5.Give the broad functional classification of towns of the world.
Answer:
Inspite of towns performing multiple functions, we refer and classify them according to their dominant function. Example; We think of London as a port city, Chandigarh as an administrative town. Large cities are multi functional and gradually develop new functions over time. Towns and cities are classified into following categories.

• Administrative towns: National capitals which house the administrative offices of central governments such as New Delhi, Canberra, Beijing, etc. are called administrative towns. Provincial towns can also have administrative function. Example; Victoria, Albany.
• Trading and commercial towns: Agricultural market towns, such as, Winnipeg and Kansas city; banking and financial centres like Frankfurt and Amsterdam; large inland centres like Manchester and St. Louis; and transport nodes such as Lahore, Baghdad and Agra have been important trading centres.
• Cultural towns: Places of pilgrimage such as Jerusalem, Mecca, Varanasi etc. are considered cultural towns. These urban centres are of great religious importance. Additional functions which the cities perform are health and recreation (Miami and Panaji), industrial (Pittsburgh and Jamshedpur), mining and quarrying (Broken hill and Dhanbad) and transport (Singapore and Mughal Sarai).

Q6.What is the basic difference between towns and villages?
Answer:

Towns	Villages
In towns the main occupation of the people is related to secondary and tertiary sectors.	In the villages most of the people are engaged in primary occupations such as agriculture, fishing, lumbering, mining, animal husbandry, etc.

Q7.Distinguish between rural and urban settlements
Answer:

Rural settlements	Urban settlements
(i) These types of settlements are chiefly concerned with primary activities such as agriculture, mining, fishing, forestry etc.	(i)   These types of settlements are nodal in character and have secondary and tertiary activities.
(ii) Most of the people of rural settlements are engaged in agricultural activities	(ii)   The chief occupation of the people of urban areas is non-agricultural i.e. industry, trade and services.
(iii) The major function of rural settlement is agriculture and each settlement specializes in various activities.	iii)The major functions of urban areas are trades and commerce, transport and communication, mining and manuf acturing, defence, administration, cultural and recreational activities.
(iv)  Population density is small and the settlement size is small.	(iv) Population density is high and the settlement size is large.

Q8.Differentiate between compact and dispersed settlements.
Answer:

Compact or nucleated settlements	Dispersed settlements
(i) In it, a large number of houses are built very close to each other.(ii) Compact settlements develop along river valley and fertile plains.(iii) Communities are closely knit and share common occupations.	(i) In it, houses are spaced far apart and often interspersed with fields.(ii) They are normally found on hills, plain and high lanes.(iii)Cultural feature such as a place of worship or a market, binds the settlement together.