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A New and Divided Nation

• Due to partition, 8 million refugees had come into India from what was now Pakistan.

• There was about 500 princely states each ruled by a maharaja or a nawab, each of whom had to be persuaded to join the new nation.

• There were divisions between high castes and low castes, between the majority Hindu community and Indians who practised other faiths.

A Constitution is Written

• Between December 1946 and November 1949, three hundred Indians had a series of meetings and decided on the formation of the Indian Constitution on 26 January, 1950.

• The features of Indian Constitution:
→ The adoption of universal adult franchise.
→ Guaranteed equality before the law to all citizens, regardless of their caste or religious affiliation.
→ Offered special constitutional rights to the poorest and the most disadvantaged Indian citizens along with the former Untouchables, the adivasis or Scheduled Tribes were also granted reservation in seats and jobs.

• The Constituent Assembly spent many days discussing the powers of the central government versus those of the state governments.

• The Constitution sought to balance claims by providing three lists of subjects: 
→ Union List (subjects such as taxes, defence and foreign affairs): Centre
→ State List (subjects such as education and health): States
→ Concurrent List (subjects such as forests and agriculture): The Centre and the states

• Another major debate in the Constituent Assembly concerned language which ended with Hindi would be the “official language” of India, English would be used in the courts, the services, and communications between one state and another.

• Dr. B.R. Ambedkar was the chairman of the Drafting Committee and under his guidance the document was finalised.

How were States to be Formed?

• A States Reorganisation Commission was set up, which submitted its report in 1956, recommending the redrawing of district and provincial boundaries to form compact provinces of Assamese, Bengali, Oriya, Tamil, Malayalam, Kannada and Telugu speakers respectively.

• The large Hindi-speaking region of north India were broken up into several states.

• In 1960, the bilingual state of Bombay was divided into separate states for the Marathi and Gujarati speakers.

• In 1966, the state of Punjab was divided into Punjab and Haryana, the former for the Punjabi speakers and the latter for the rest.

Planning for Development

• In 1950, the government set up a Planning Commission to help design and execute suitable policies for economic development.

• In 1956, the Second Five Year Plan was formulated which focused strongly on the development of heavy industries such as steel, and on the building of large dams.

The Nation, Sixty Years On

• On 15 August 2007, India celebrated sixty years of its existence as a free nation.

• That India is still united, and that it is still democratic.

• As many as thirteen general elections have been held since Independence, as well as hundreds of state and local elections. 

• There is a free press, as well as an independent judiciary.

• On the other hand, despite constitutional guarantees, the Untouchables or, as they are now referred to, the Dalits, face violence and discrimination.

• The Constitution recognises equality before the law, but in real life some Indians are more equal than others.

UNIT 5 – GENERAL INSURANCE……………………………………………………………………………. ……122
5.1. General Insurance – Meaning………………………………………………………………………………124
5.2. Importance of General Insurance ………………………………………………………………………..124
5.3. Types of General Insurance Policies ……………………………………………………………………..126
5.4. Fire Insurance…………………………………………………………………………………………………..129
5.5. Marine Insurance ……………………………………………………………………………………………..133
5.6. Motor Vehicle Insurance…………………………………………………………………………………….141
5.7. Health Insurance ………………………………………………………………………………………………144
5.8. Theft & Burglary Insurance …………………………………………………………………………………153
5.9. Procedure for taking Fire Insurance Policy …………………………………………………………….154
5.10. Procedure for taking Marine Insurance Policy…………………………………………………….156

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Video lecture UNIT 5 – GENERAL INSURANCE

UNIT 4 – LIFE INSURANCE PRODUCT……………………………………………………………………………103
4.1. Life Insurance – Meaning ……………………………………………………………………………………104
4.2. Features of Life Insurance…………………………………………………………………………………..104
1.3. Advantages of Life Insurance ………………………………………………………………………………105
4.4. Importance of Life Insurance Policies……………………………………………………………………107
4.5. Types of Life Insurance Policies……………………………………………………………………………107
4.6. Procedure of taking Life Insurance Policies ……………………………………………………………113
4.7. Nomination and Assignment of Life Insurance Policies…………………………………………….114

Life Insurance is a financial cover for a contingency or risk linked with human life such as
loss of life by death, disability, accident etc. The risk to human life is due to natural factors or
causes related to various types of accidents. When human life is lost or a person is disabled
permanently or temporarily there is a loss of income to the entire household.

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Video Lectures UNIT 4 – LIFE INSURANCE PRODUCT Notes

UNIT 3 – UTILITY SERVICES OF A BANK
3.1. Remittance through Bank Drafts
3.2. E Banking
3.3. Internet Banking
3.4. Safe Deposit Lockers

A Demand Draft is a cheque that contains an order of one branch of a bank (Drawer branch)
directing another branch of the same bank (Drawee branch) to pay on demand a certain sum
of money to a specified beneficiary (Payee). A Demand Draft may be crossed also with an
Account payee instrument, meaning thereby that its amount may be credited to the account of
the payee and it cannot be encashed over the counter by the payee.

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Video Lectures UNIT 3 – UTILITY SERVICES OF A BANK

UNIT 2 – LENDING FUNCTIONS OF A BANK
2.1. Types of Advances- Secured & Unsecured
2.2. Loans: Short, Medium and Long Term
2.3. Methods of Granting Advances

A Bank is a financial institution / financial intermediary that accepts deposits and channels
those deposits into lending activities. It is done either directly by lending to the needy
borrowers or indirectly by investing is the capital markets instruments. Thus a bank
intermediates between customers who have surpluses of funds and customers who need funds.

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Video lectures UNIT 2 – LENDING FUNCTIONS OF A BANK

UNIT 1 – LAWS RELATING TO NEGOTIABLE INSTRUMENTS (NIS)
1.1. Introduction to Negotiable Instruments
1.2. Types of Negotiable Instruments
1.3. Parties to the bill of exchange
1.4. Crossing of Cheques

The word “Negotiable” means Transferable by Delivery” and “Instrument” means a written
document by which a ‘right’ is created by one person in favour of other person. Thus,
negotiable instrument means “a document transferable by delivery”.
The Negotiable Instruments Act has not defined the term negotiable instrument. It only
names three Negotiable Instruments in Sec. 13. These are:
 Cheques
 Promissory Notes (PN)
 Bills of Exchange (BE)

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Video lecture Unit-1 Laws related to negotiable Instrument

Chapter 1 वह चिड़िया जो Class 6 Summary

Chapter 2 बचपन Class 6 Summary

Chapter 3 नादान दोस्त Class 6 Summary

Chapter 4 चाँद से थोड़ी सी गप्पें Class 6 Summary

Chapter 5 अक्षरों का महत्व Class 6 Summary

Chapter 6 पार नज़र के Class 6 Summary

Chapter 7 साथी हाथ बढ़ाना Class 6 Summary

Chapter 8 ऐसे ऐसे Class 6 Summary

Chapter 9 टिकट अलबम Class 6 Summary

Chapter 10 झाँसी की रानी Class 6 Summary

Chapter 11 जो देखकर भी नहीं देखते Class 6 Summary

Chapter 12 संसार पुस्तक है Class 6 Summary

Chapter 13 मैं सबसे छोटी होऊँ Class 6 Summary

Chapter 14 लोकगीत Class 6 Summary

Chapter 15 नौकर Class 6 Summary

Chapter 16 वन के मार्ग में Class 6 Summary

Chapter 17 साँस साँस में बांस Class 6 Summary

A boy who came to live with his grandparents became the owner of a large old banyan tree that housed squirrels, snails and butterflies. A squirrel became his friend on the tree. They became so friendly that the squirrel started taking tit bits of food from his hand. In spring, the tree was the noisiest place in the garden with a variety of birds chirruping on it.  The boy made a rough platform on which he used to sit and read adventurous books during hot summers. From here, he also watched the world under the tree. One day he watched a fight between a mongoose and a cobra while sitting on the tree Because of the hot summer  everyone was indoors. The boy was thinking of going to the pond and have a swim with the buffaloes and Ramu. Suddenly,  a huge black cobra and a mongoose came out. The cobra was aware of the superb fighting skills of the mongoose. However, the cobra was no less. He was also fast and had sharp fangs of deadly poison. None of them knew that the boy was watching them. Other than the boy, two other spectators, a myna and a crow were also watching them from the clump of cactus. The mongoose opened the attack. The crow and the myna also joined them in the fight and attacked at each other in the air but returned safely to the cactus twice. The third time, the myna returned safely but the crow was hit  by the cobra. The injured crow fell on the ground. The fight between the mongoose and the snake was still continued. Finally,  the mongoose defeated the snake. The snake resigned and stopped struggling. The mongoose dragged and pushed it  inside the bushes. The myna was watching all this. It gave a congratulatory shrill and flew away.
 

Lesson Explanation of The Banyan Tree

The fight of the cobra and the mongoose is a classic drama often seen in India, and the outcome is largely the same. The mongoose is not immune to the venomous bite, but is faster and quicker in motion than the snake. The cobra assumes a posture of defence and attempts to reach the animal by a sweeping strike, but the quick-moving mongoose jumps out of reach and comes at the snake from another direction, before the snake can get into striking position again. This constant movement tires and discourages the snake, and the mongoose is finally able to leap in close and bury its teeth in the snake’s neck, usually severing the joints of its vertebrae.

Desert Animals Summary will throw light on the life of desert animals. Moreover, it explains how they use different unique ways for adapting to the harsh atmosphere in the deserts. It begins by telling us how deserts are the driest places on earth. The animals living in deserts have to develop their capacity to adapt. For instance, gerbils spend the hottest part of the day in their underground burrows. Similarly, to get water in their mouth, the darkling beetles catch the drops of moisture on their lights and lift them into the air. Moreover, the Rocky deserts of America have ‘Rattle Snake’. Another animal living in the desert is a mongoose. Further, there are camels who have long shaggy coats for keeping warm in winter and shorter, tidier coats in the summer for keeping cool. Further, it explains their ability to survive for many days without food and water.

Desert Animals Summary in English 

The chapter begins by telling us how deserts are the driest places on earth. There are certain types of animals which survive in the desert. They make use of different places methods for coping up with the harsh climate of the desert.

Desert Animals summary begins by telling us about Gerbils. In order to survive the hottest part of the day, they stay in the underground burrows to cool down. Similarly, Darkling beetles catch drops of moisture on their legs.

They do this to lift the legs in the air till the drops of water start to trickle down into their mouths. On the other hand, Camels obtain water from desert plants. Further, it tells us about snakes which live in the desert.

The Rocky Deserts of America have frightening rattler. It can strike with a lightning speed. The snake can avoid people if it can but it coils when anyone threatens it in order to bite. These snakes feed on a variety of prey comprising of mice.

Further, it tells us how snakes do not eat more than once a week. However, some of them like pythons are able to survive for a year or more without eating anything. Furthermore, other animals present in the desert are mongooses.

They prefer hunting together. However, they have to be cautious of dangerous predators. The food they eat is beetles and other small creatures. In order to warn each other, they use a special alarm call if they look at something suspicious.

After that, you will learn how female mongooses have their kittens at around the same time. A whole group in a den raises them. Moreover, they are quite famous snake-killers. Because of their fast reactions, they are able to dodge each time a snake strikes.

As a result, the snake gets tired so the mongoose quickly dives in for a kill. Another animal which lives in the desert is the camel. The man was able to tame them a long time ago. Further, camel gets water from the desert plants.

They are able to survive without drinking water for up to ten months. Moreover, a thirsty camel is able to drink as much as thirty gallons of water within just ten minutes. There are two types of camels. They are dromedary and bacteria.

The former ones have one hump while the latter has two. Their humps are filled with fat which assists them in surviving for a lot of days without any food as well as water.

Conclusion of Desert Animals Summary

Desert Animals Summary explains to us the lifestyle of the animals living in the desert. Moreover, it enables us to understand how they are able to survive the harsh conditions in the desert. All in all, it teaches us how we must also learn how to adjust according to the situations in our life.