NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Economics Chapter 5 Consumer Rights
NCERT Solutions for Class 10 will help the students in learning complex topics and problems in an easy way. Class 10 Social Science NCERT Solutions will help students in understanding the topics in most simple manner and grasp it easily to perform better. You can study in an organized manner and set a good foundation for your future goals.
Page No: 87
Excercises
1. Why are rules and regulations required in the marketplace? Illustrate with a few examples.
Answer
Rules and regulations are required in the marketplace to protect consumers. Sellers often abdicate responsibility for a low-quality product, cheat in weighing out goods, add extra charges over the retail price, and sell adulterated/ defective goods. Hence, rules and regulations are needed to protect the scattered buyers from powerful and fewer producers who monopolise markets. For example, a grocery shop owner might sell expired products, and then blame the customer for not checking the date of expiry before buying the items.
2. What factors gave birth to the consumer movement in India? Trace its evolution.
Answer
The factors that gave birth to the consumer movement in India are manifold. It started as a “social force” with the need to protect and promote consumer interests against unfair and unethical trade practices. Extreme food shortages, hoarding, black marketing and adulteration of food led to the consumer movement becoming an organised arena in the 1960s. Till the 1970s, consumer organisations were mostly busy writing articles and holding exhibitions. More recently, there has been an upsurge in the number of consumer groups who have shown concern towards ration shop malpractices and overcrowding of public transport vehicles. In 1986, the Indian government enacted the Consumer Protection Act, also known as COPRA. This was a major step in the consumer movement in India.
3. Explain the need for consumer consciousness by giving two examples.
Answer
Consumer consciousness is being aware of your right as a consumer while buying any goods or services. Example : → It is common to see consumers bargaining with sellers for additional discounts below the MRP. → Because of conscious consumers, most of the sweet shops do not include the weight of the container when they weigh sweets. 4. Mention a few factors which cause exploitation of consumers.
Answer
Factors which cause exploitation of consumers are : → Lack of awareness of consumer rights among buyers. → Improper and inadequate monitoring of rules and regulations. → Individual purchase quantity is quite small. → Consumers are scattered over large areas.
5. What is the rationale behind the enactment of Consumer Protection Act 1986?
Answer
The rationale behind the enactment of COPRA 1986 was to set up a separate department of consumer affairs in Central and State governments and it has enabled us as consumers to have the right to represent in a consumer court.
6. Describe some of your duties as consumers if you visit a shopping complex in your locality.
Answer
Some of my duties as a consumer if I visit a shopping complex include checking expiry dates of the products I wish to purchase, paying only the maximum retail price printed on the goods, preventing shopkeepers from duping me with defective products, and registering a complaint with a consumer forum or court in case a seller refuses to take responsibility for an adulterated or flawed product.
7. Suppose you buy a bottle of honey and a biscuit packet. Which logo or mark you will have to look for and why?
Answer
We should look for Agmark symbol before buying the food items because this mark is certified by the government and assures the quality of the product.
8. What legal measures were taken by the government to empower the consumers in India?
Answer
Legal measures taken by the government to empower consumers in India are plenty. First and foremost being the COPRA in 1986. Then, in October 2005, the Right to Information Act was passed, ensuring citizens all information about the functioning of government departments. Also, under COPRA, a consumer can appeal in state and national courts, even if his case has been dismissed at the district level. Thus, consumers even have the right to represent themselves in consumer courts now.
9. Mention some of the rights of consumers and write a few sentences on each.
Answer
Some of the rights of consumers are as follows : → Right to choice — Any consumer who receives a service in whatever capacity, regardless of age, gender and nature of service, has the right to choose whether to continue to receive that service. Under this right, a consumer may also choose any one of the various brands of a product (say, a refrigerator) available in the market. → Right to redressal — Consumers have the right to seek redressal against unfair trade practices and exploitation. → Right to represent — The act has enabled us as consumers to have the right to represent in the consumer courts.
10. By what means can the consumers express their solidarity?
Answer
Consumers can express their solidarity by forming consumer groups that write articles or hold exhibitions against traders’ exploitation. These groups guide individuals on how to approach a consumer court, and they even fight cases for consumers. Such groups receive financial aid from the government to create public awareness. Participation of one and all will further strengthen consumer solidarity. 11. Critically examine the progress of consumer movement in India.
Answer
The consumer movement in India has evolved vastly since it began. There has been a significant change in consumer awareness in the country. Till the enactment of COPRA in 1986, the consumer movement did not bear much force, but ever since its inception, the movement has been empowered substantially. The setting up of consumer courts and consumer groups has been a progressive move. However, in contemporary India, the consumer redressal process is quite complicated, expensive and time-consuming. Filing cases, attending court proceedings, hiring lawyers, and other procedures make it cumbersome. In India, there are over 700 consumer groups of which, unfortunately, only about 20-25 are well-organised and functioning smoothly.
12. Match the following.
(i)
Availing details of ingredients of a product
(a)
Right to safety
(ii)
Agmark
(b)
Dealing with consumer cases
(iii)
Accident due to faulty engine in a scooter
(c)
Certification of edible oil and cereals
(iv)
District Consumer Court
(d)
Agency that develops standards for goods and services
(v)
Consumers International
(e)
Right to information
(vi)
Bureau of Indian Standards
(f)
Global level institution of consumer welfare organisations
Answer
(i)
Availing details of ingredients of a product
(e)
Right to information
(ii)
Agmark
(c)
Certification of edible oil and cereals
(iii)
Accident due to faulty engine in a scooter
(a)
Right to safety
(iv)
District Consumer Court
(b)
Dealing with consumer cases
(v)
Consumers International
(f)
Global level institution of consumer welfare organisations
(vi)
Bureau of Indian Standards
(d)
Agency that develops standards for goods and services
13. Say True or False.
(i) COPRA applies only to goods. (ii) India is one of the many countries in the world which has exclusive courts for consumer redressal. (iii) When a consumer feels that he has been exploited, he must file a case in the District Consumer Court. (iv) It is worthwhile to move to consumer courts only if the damages incurred are of high value. (v) Hallmark is the certification maintained for standardisation of jewellry. (vi) The consumer redressal process is very simple and quick. (vii) A consumer has the right to get compensation depending on the degree of the damage.
NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Economics Chapter 4 Globalisation and the Indian Economy
NCERT Solutions for Class 10 will help the students in learning complex topics and problems in an easy way. Class 10 Social Science NCERT Solutions will help students in understanding the topics in most simple manner and grasp it easily to perform better. You can study in an organized manner and set a good foundation for your future goals.
Page No: 72
Excercises
1. What do you understand by globalisation? Explain in your own words.
Answer
Globalisation means integrating the economy of a country with the economies of other countries under conditions of free flow of trade, capital and movement of persons across borders. It includes (i) Increase in foreign trade (ii) Export and import of techniques of production. (iii) Flow of capital and finance from one country to another (iv) Migration of people from one country to another.
2. What was the reason for putting barriers to foreign trade and foreign investment by the Indian government? Why did it wish to remove these barriers?
Answer
The Indian government had put barriers to foreign trade and foreign investment to protect domestic producers from foreign competition, especially when industries had just begun to come up in the 1950s and 1960s. At this time, competition from imports would have been a death blow to growing industries. Hence, India allowed imports of only essential goods. In New Economic Policy in 1991, the government wished to remove these barriers because it felt that domestic producers were ready to compete with foreign industries. It felt that foreign competition would in fact improve the quality of goods produced by Indian industries. This decision was also supported by powerful international organisations. 3. How would flexibility in labour laws help companies?
Answer
Flexibility in labour laws will help companies in being competitive and progressive. By easing up on labour laws, company heads can negotiate wages and terminate employment, depending on market conditions. This will lead to an increase in the company’s competitiveness.
4. What are the various ways in which MNCs set up, or control, production in other countries?
Answer
Multinational Corporations (MNCs) set up their factories or production units close to markets where they can get desired type of skilled or unskilled labour at low costs along with other factors of production. After ensuring these conditions MNCs set up production units in the following ways : → Jointly with some local companies of the existing country. → Buy the local companies and then expand its production with the help of modern technology. → They place orders for small producers and sell these products under their own brand name to the customers worldwide.
5. Why do developed countries want developing countries to liberalise their trade and investment? What do you think should the developing countries demand in return?
Answer
Developed countries want developing countries to liberalise their trade and investment because then the MNCs belonging to the developed countries can set up factories in less-expensive developing nations, and thereby increase profits, with lower manufacturing costs and the same sale price. In my opinion, the developing countries should demand, in return, for some manner of protection of domestic producers against competition from imports. Also, charges should be levied on MNCs looking to set base in developing nations. 6. “The impact of globalisation has not been uniform.” Explain this statement.
Answer
“The impact of globalisation has not been uniform”. It has only benefitted skilled and professional person in urban not the unskilled persons. The industrial and service sector has much gained in globalisation than in agriculture. It benefitted MNCs on domestic producers and the industrial working class. Small producers of goods such as batteries, capacitors, plastics, toys, tyres, dairy products and vegetable oil have been hit hard by competition from cheaper imports.
7. How has liberalisation of trade and investment policies helped the globalisation process?
Answer
Liberalisation of trade and investment policies has helped the globalisation process by making foreign trade and investment easier. Earlier, several developing countries had placed barriers and restrictions on imports and investments from abroad to protect domestic production. However, to improve the quality of domestic goods, these countries have removed the barriers. Thus, liberalisation has led to a further spread of globalisation because now businesses are allowed to make their own decisions on imports and exports. This has led to a deeper integration of national economies into one conglomerate whole.
8. How does foreign trade lead to integration of markets across countries? Explain with an example.
Answer
Foreign trade provides opportunities for both producers and buyers to reach beyond the markets of their own countries. Goods travel from one country to another.Competition among producers of various countries as well as buyers prevails. Thus foreign trade leads to integration of markets across countries. For example, during Diwali season, buyers in India have the option of choosing between Indian and Chinese decorative lights and bulbs. So this provides an opportunity to expand business. 9. Globalisation will continue in the future. Can you imagine what the world would be like twenty years from now? Give reasons for your answer.
Answer
After twenty years, world would undergo a positive change which will possess the following features— healthy competition, improved productive efficiency, increased volume of output, income and employment, better living standards, greater availability of information and modern technoloy. Reason for the views given above : These are the favourable factors for globalisation : → Availability of human resources both quantitywise and qualitywise. → Broad resource and industrial base of major countries. → Growing entrepreneurship → Growing domestic market.
10. Supposing you find two people arguing: One is saying globalisation has hurt our country’s development. The other is telling, globalisation is helping India develop. How would you respond to these organisations?
Answer
Benefits of globalisation of India : → Increase in the volume of trade in goods and services → Inflow of private foreign capital and export orientation of the economy. → Increases volume of output, income and employment.
Negative Impact / Fears of Globalisation. → It may not help in achieving sustainable growth. → It may lead to widening of income inequalities among various countries.→ It may lead to aggravation of income inequalities within countries.Whatever may be the fears of globalisation, I feel that it has now become a process which is catching the fancy of more and more nations. Hence we must become ready to accept globalisation with grace and also maximise economic gains from the world market. 11. Fill in the blanks.
Indian buyers have a greater choice of goods than they did two decades back. This is closely associated with the process of ______________. Markets in India are selling goods produced in many other countries. This means there is increasing ______________ with other countries. Moreover, the rising number of brands that we see in the markets might be produced by MNCs in India. MNCs are investing in India because _____________. While consumers have more choices in the market, the effect of rising _______________ and ______________has meant greater ________________among the producers.
Answer
Indian buyers have a greater choice of goods than they did two decades back. This is closely associated with the process of globalisation. Markets in India are selling goods produced in many other countries. This means there is increasing trade with other countries. Moreover, the rising number of brands that we see in the markets might be produced by MNCs in India. MNCs are investing in India because of cheaper production costs. While consumers have more choices in the market, the effect of rising demand and purchasing power has meant greater competition among the producers.
12. Match the following.
(i)
MNCs buy at cheap rates from small producers
(a)
Automobiles
(ii)
Quotas and taxes on imports are used to regulate trade
(b)
Garments, footwear, sports items
(iii)
Indian companies who have invested abroad
(c)
Call centres
(iv)
IT has helped in spreading of production of services
(d)
Tata Motors, Infosys, Ranbaxy
(v)
Several MNCs have invested in setting up factories in India for production
(e)
Trade barriers
Answer
(i)
MNCs buy at cheap rates from small producers
(b)
Garments, footwear, sports items
(ii)
Quotas and taxes on imports are used to regulate trade
(e)
Trade barriers
(iii)
Indian companies who have invested abroad
(d)
Tata Motors, Infosys, Ranbaxy
(iv)
IT has helped in spreading of production of services
(c)
Call centres
(v)
Several MNCs have invested in setting up factories in India for production
(a)
Automobiles
Page No: 73
13. Choose the most appropriate option.
(i) The past two decades of globalisation has seen rapid movements in (a) goods, services and people between countries. (b) goods, services and investments between countries. (c) goods, investments and people between countries. ► (b) goods, services and investments between countries.
(ii) The most common route for investments by MNCs in countries around the world is to (a) set up new factories. (b) buy existing local companies. (c) form partnerships with local companies. ► (b) buy existing local companies.
(iii) Globalisation has led to improvement in living conditions (a) of all the people (b) of people in the developed countries (c) of workers in the developing countries (d) none of the above ► (d) none of the above
NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Economics Chapter 3 Money and Credit
NCERT Solutions for Class 10 will help the students in learning complex topics and problems in an easy way. Class 10 Social Science NCERT Solutions will help students in understanding the topics in most simple manner and grasp it easily to perform better. You can study in an organized manner and set a good foundation for your future goals.
Page No: 52
Excercises
1. In situations with high risks, credit might create further problems for the borrower. Explain.
Answer
In situations with high risks, credit might create further problems for the borrower. This is also known as a debt-trap. Taking credit involves an interest rate on the loan and if this is not paid back, then the borrower is forced to give up his collateral or asset used as the guarantee, to the lender. If a farmer takes a loan for crop production and the crop fails, loan payment becomes impossible. To repay the loan the farmer may sell a part of his land making the situation worse than before. Thus, in situations with high risks, if the risks affect a borrower badly, then he ends up losing more than he would have without the loan.
2. How does money solve the problem of double coincidence of wants? Explain with an example of your own.
Answer
In a barter system where goods are directly exchanged without the use of money, double coincidence of wants is an essential feature. By serving as a medium of exchanges, money removes the need for double coincidence of wants and the difficulties associated with the barter system. For example, it is no longer necessary for the farmer to look for a book publisher who will buy his cereals at the same time sell him books. All he has to do is find a buyer for his cereals. If he has exchanged his cereals for money, he can purchase any goods or service which he needs. This is because money acts as a medium of exchange.
3. How do banks mediate between those who have surplus money and those who need money?
Answer
Banks keep small portion deposits as cash (15%) for themselves (to pay the depositors on demand). They use the major portion of the deposits to extend loans to those who need money. In this way banks mediate between those who have surplus money and those who need money.
4. Look at a 10 rupee note. What is written on top? Can you explain this statement?
Answer
“Reserve Bank of India” and “Guaranteed by the Government” are written on top. In India, Reserve Bank of India issues currency notes on behalf of the central government. The statement means that the currency is authorized or guaranteed by the Central Government. That is, Indian law legalizes the use of rupee as a medium of payment that can not be refused in setting transaction in India.
5. Why do we need to expand formal sources of credit in India?
Answer
We need to expand formal sources of credit in India due to:→ To reduce dependence on informal sources of credit because the latter charge high interest rates and do not benefit the borrower much. → Cheap and affordable credit is essential for country’s development. → Banks and co-operatives should increase their lending particularly in rural areas.
6. What is the basic idea behind the SHGs for the poor? Explain in your own words.
Answer
The basic behind the SHGs is to provide a financial resource for the poor through organizing the rural poor especially women, into small Self Help Groups. They also provide timely loans at a responsible interest rate without collateral. Thus, the main objectives of the SHGs are: → To organize rural poor especially women into small Self Help Groups. → To collect savings of their members. → To provide loans without collateral. → To provide timely loans for a variety of purposes. → To provide loans at responsible rate of interest and easy terms. → Provide platform to discuss and act on a variety of social issues such education, health, nutrition, domestic violence etc.
7. What are the reasons why the banks might not be willing to lend to certain borrowers?
Answer
The banks might not be willing to lend certain borrowers due to the following reasons: → Banks require proper documents and collateral as security against loans. Some persons fail to meet these requirements. → The borrowers who have not repaid previous loans, the banks might not be willing to lend them further. → The banks might not be willing to lend those entrepreneurs who are going to invest in the business with high risks. → One of the principle objectives of a bank is to earn more profits after meeting a number of expenses. For this purpose it has to adopt judicious loan and investment policies which ensure fair and stable return on the funds.
Page No: 53 8. In what ways does the Reserve Bank of India supervise the functions of Banks? Why is this necessary?
Answer
The Reserve Bank of India supervises the functions of banks in a number of ways: → The commercial banks are required to hold part of their cash reserves with their RBI. RBI ensures that the banks maintain a minimum cash balance out of the deposits they receive. → RBI observes that the banks give loans not just to profit making businesses and traders but also to small cultivators, small scale industries, small borrowers etc. → The commercial banks have to submit information to the RBI on how much they are lending, to whom, at what interest rate etc. This is necessary to ensure equality in the economy of the country and protect especially small depositors, farmers, small scale industries, small borrowers etc. In this process RBI also acts as the lender of the last resort to the banks.
9. Analyse the role of credit for development.
Answer
Cheap and affordable credit plays a crucial role for the country’s development. There is a huge demand for loans for various economic activities. The credit helps people to meet the ongoing expenses of production and thereby develop their business. Many people could then borrow for a variety of different needs. They could grow crops, do business, set up industries etc. In this way credit plays a vital role in the development of a country.
10. Manav needs a loan to set up a small business. On what basis will Manav decide whether to borrow from the bank or the moneylender? Discuss.
Answer
Manav will decide whether to borrow from the bank or the money lender on the basis of the following terms of credit: → Rate of interest → Requirements availability of collateral and documentation required by banker. → Mode of repayment. Depending on these factors and of course, easier terms of repayment, Manav has to decide whether he has to borrow from the bank or the moneylender.
11. In India, about 80 per cent of farmers are small farmers, who need credit for cultivation. (a) Why might banks be unwilling to lend to small farmers? (b) What are the other sources from which the small farmers can borrow? (c) Explain with an example how the terms of credit can be unfavourable for the small farmer. (d) Suggest some ways by which small farmers can get cheap credit.
Answer
(a) Bank loans require proper documents and collateral as security against loans. But most of the times the small farmers lack in providing such documents and collateral. Besides, at times they even fail to repay the loan in time because of the uncertainty of the crop. So, banks might be unwilling to lend to small farmers.
(b) Apart from bank, the small farmers can borrow from local money lenders, agricultural traders, big landlords, cooperatives, SHGs etc. (c) The terms of credit can be unfavorable for the small farmer which can be explained by the following – Ramu, a small farmer borrows from a local moneylender at a high rate of interest i.e. 3 per cent to grow rice. But the crop is hit by drought and it fails. As a result Ramu has to sell a part of land to repay the loan. Now his condition becomes worse than before. (d) The small farmers can get cheap credit from the different sources like – Banks, Agricultural Cooperatives, and SHGs. 12. Fill in the blanks: (i) Majority of the credit needs of the __________households are met from informal sources. (ii) __________costs of borrowing increase the debt-burden. (iii) __________issues currency notes on behalf of the Central Government. (iv) Banks charge a higher interest rate on loans than what they offer on __________. (v) __________is an asset that the borrower owns and uses as a guarantee until the loan is repaid to the lender.
Answer
(i) poor (ii) high (iii) Reserve Bank of India (iv) deposits (v) Collateral
13. Choose the most appropriate answer.
(i) In a SHG most of the decisions regarding savings and loan activities are taken by (a) Bank. (b) Members. (c) Non-government organisation. ► (b) Members.
(ii) Formal sources of credit does not include (a) Banks. (b) Cooperatives. (c) Employers. ► (c) Employers.
NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Economics Chapter 2 Sectors of the Indian Economy
NCERT Solutions for Class 10 will help the students in learning complex topics and problems in an easy way. Class 10 Social Science NCERT Solutions will help students in understanding the topics in most simple manner and grasp it easily to perform better. You can study in an organized manner and set a good foundation for your future goals.
Page No: 35
Excercises
1. Fill in the blanks using the correct option given in the bracket:
(i) Employment in the service sector _________ increased to the same extent as production. (has / has not) (ii) Workers in the _________ sector do not produce goods. (tertiary / agricultural) (iii) Most of the workers in the _________ sector enjoy job security. (organised / unorganised) (iv) A _________ proportion of labourers in India are working in the unorganised sector. (large / small) (v) Cotton is a _________ product and cloth is a _________ product. (natural / manufactured) (vi) The activities in primary, secondary and tertiary sectors are _________. (independent /interdependent) Answer
(i) has not (ii) tertiary (iii) organised (iv) large (v) natural (vi) interdependent
2. Choose the most appropriate answer.
(a) The sectors are classified into public and private sector on the basis of: (i) employment conditions (ii) the nature of economic activity (iii) ownership of enterprises (iv) number of workers employed in the enterprise ► (iii) ownership of enterprises
(b) Production of a commodity, mostly through the natural process, is an activity in ______________ sector. (i) primary (ii) secondary (iii) tertiary (iv) information technology ► (i) primary
(c) GDP is the total value of _____________ produced during a particular year. (i) all goods and services (ii) all final goods and services (iii) all intermediate goods and services (iv) all intermediate and final goods and services ► (ii) all final goods and services
(d) In terms of GDP the share of tertiary sector in 2003 is _________ (i) between 20 per cent to 30 per cent (ii) between 30 per cent to 40 per cent (iii) between 50 per cent to 60 per cent (iv) 70 per cent ► (iii) between 50 per cent to 60 per cent
Page No: 36
3. Match the following:
Problems faced by farming sector
Some possible measures
1.
Unirrigated land
(a)
Setting up agro-based mills
2.
Low prices for crops
(b)
Cooperative marketing societies
3.
Debt burden
(c)
Procurement of food grains by government
4.
No job in the off season
(d)
Construction of canals by the government
5.
Compelled to sell their grains to the local traders soon after harvest
(e)
Banks to provide credit with low interest
Answer
Problems faced by farming sector
Some possible measures
1.
Unirrigated land
(d)
Construction of canals by the government
2.
Low prices for crops
(c)
Procurement of food grains by government
3.
Debt burden
(e)
Banks to provide credit with low interest
4.
No job in the off season
(a)
Setting up agro-based mills
5.
Compelled to sell their grains to the local traders soon after harvest
(b)
Cooperative marketing societies
4. Find the odd one out and say why.
(i) Tourist guide, dhobi, tailor, potter (ii) Teacher, doctor, vegetable vendor, lawyer (iii) Postman, cobbler, soldier, police constable (iv) MTNL, Indian Railways, Air India, SAHARA Airlines, All India Radio
Answer
(i) Tourist guide He is appointed by the government, while dhobi, tailor and potter belong to the private sector.
(ii) Vegetable vendor His is the only profession that does not require a formal education.
(iii) Cobbler The rest are workers in the public sector, while his profession is part of the private sector.
(iv) SAHARA Airlines It is a private enterprise, while the rest are government undertakings.
5. A research scholar looked at the working people in the city of Surat and found the following.
Place of work
Nature of employment
Percentage of working people
In offices and factories registered with the government
Organised
15
Own shops, office, clinics in marketplaces with formal license
–
15
People working on the street, construction workers, domestic workers
–
20
Working in small workshops usually not registered with the government
–
–
Complete the table. What is the percentage of workers in the unorganised sector in this city?
Answer
Place of work
Nature of employment
Percentage of working people
In offices and factories registered with the government
Organised
15
Own shops, office, clinics in market places with formal license
Organised
15
People working on the street, construction workers, domestic workers
Unorganised
20
Working in small workshops usually not registered with the government
Unorganised
50
The percentage of workers in the unorganised sector in this city is 70%. 6. Do you think the classification of economic activities into primary, secondary and tertiary is useful? Explain how.
Answer
The classification of economic activities into primary, tertiary and secondary is useful on account of the information it provides on how and where the people of a country are employed. also this helps in ascertaining as to which sector of economic activity contributes more or less to the country’s GDP and per capita income. If the tertiary sector is developing much faster than the primary sector, then it implies that agriculture is depleting, and the government must take measures to rectify this. The knowledge that the agricultural profession is becoming unpopular or regressive can only come if we know which sector it belongs to. Hence it is necessary to classify economic activities into these there sectors for smooth economic administration and development.
7. For each of the sectors that we came across in this chapter why should one focus on employment and GDP? Could there be other issues which should be examined? Discuss.
Answer
For each of the sectors that we came across in this chapter, one should focus on employment and GDP because these determine the size of a country’s economy. A focus on employment and GDP helps determine two important things- per capita income and productivity. Hence, in each of the three sectors, employment rate and status as well as its contribution to the GDP help us understand how that particular sector is functioning and what needs to be done to initiate further growth in it. Yes, the other issues which should be examined are – → Balanced regional development → Equality in income and wealth among the people of the country. → How to eradicate poverty → Modernization of technology → Self-reliance of the country → How to achieve surplus food production in the country. 9. How is the tertiary sector different from other sectors? Illustrate with a few examples.
Answer
The tertiary sector different from other two sectors. This is because other two sectors produce goods but, this sector does not produce goods by itself. But the activities under this sector help in the development of the primary and secondary sectors. These activities are an aid or support for the production process. For example, transport, communication, storage, banking, insurance, trade activities etc. For this reason this sector is also known as service sector. 10. What do you understand by disguised unemployment? Explain with an example each from the urban and rural areas.
Answer
Disguised Unemployment is a kind of unemployment in which there are people who are visibly employed but are actually unemployed. This situation is also known as Hidden Unemployment.In such a situation more people are engaged in a work than required.For example:→ In rural areas, this type of unemployment is generally found in agricultural sector like – in a family of 9 people all are engaged in the same agricultural plot. But if 4 people are with drawn from it there will be no reduction in output. So, these 4 people are actually disguisedly employed. → In urban areas, this type of unemployment can be seen mostly in service sectors such as in a family all members are engaged in one petty shop or a small business which can be managed by less number of persons. 11. Distinguish between open unemployment and disguised unemployment.
Answer
Open Unemployment
Disguised unemployment
When a country’s labour force do not get opportunities for adequate employment, this situation is called open unemployment.
This is a kind of unemployment in which there are people who are visibly employed but actually they don’t have full employment. In such a situation more people are engaged in a work than required.
This type of unemployment is generally found in the industrial sector of our country. This is also found among the landless agricultural labourers in rural areas.
This type of unemployment is generally found in unorganized sector where either work is not constantly available or too many people are employed for the same work that does not require so many hands.
Page No: 37
12. “Tertiary sector is not playing any significant role in the development of Indian economy.” Do you agree? Give reasons in support of your answer.
Answer
No, I do not agree with the statement that tertiary sector is not playing any significant role in the development of Indian economy. The tertiary sector has contributed vastly to the Indian economy, especially in the last two decades. In the last decade, the field of information technology has grown, and consequently, the GDP share of the tertiary sector has grown from around 40% in 1973 to more than 50% in 2003.
13. Service sector in India employs two different kinds of people. Who are these?
Answer
The service sector in India employs the following two different kinds of people. They are: → The people involved in the services that may directly help in the production of goods. For example, people involved in the transportation, storage, communication, finance etc. → The people involved in such services that may not directly help in the production of goods e.g. teachers, doctors, barbers, cobblers lawyers etc. They may be termed as ancillary workers means those who give services to the primary service providers.
14. Workers are exploited in the unorganised sector. Do you agree with this view? Give reasons in support of your answer.
Answer
Yes, workers are exploited in the unorganized sector. This would be clear from the following points: → There is no fixed number of working hours. The workers normally work 10 – 12 hours without paid overtime. → They do not get other allowances apart from the daily wages. → Government rules and regulations to protect the labourers are not followed there. → There is no job security. → Jobs are low paid the workers in this sector are generally illiterate, ignorant and unorganized. So they are not in a position to bargain or secure good wages. → Being very poor they are always heavily in debt. So, they can be easily made to accept lower wages.
15. How are the activities in the economy classified on the basis of employment conditions?
Answer
On the basis of employment conditions, the activities in the economy are classified into organized and unorganized sectors. → Organized Sector This sector covers those enterprises which are registered by the government and have to follow its rules and regulations. For example, Reliance Industries Ltd., GAIL etc. → Unorganized Sector It includes those small and scattered units which are largely outside the control of the government. Though there are rules and regulations but these are never followed here. For example, casual workers in construction, shops etc. In this sector there is no job security and the conditions of employment are also very tough.
16. Compare the employment conditions prevailing in the organised and unorganised sectors. Answer
The employment conditions prevailing in the organised and unorganised sectors are vastly different. The organised sector has companies registered with the government and hence, it offers job security, paid holidays, pensions, health and other benefits, fixed working hours and extra pay for overtime work. On the other hand, the unorganised sector is a host of opposites. There is no job security, no paid holidays or pensions on retirement, no benefits of provident fund or health insurance, unfixed working hours and no guarantee of safe work environment.
17. Explain the objective of implementing the NREGA 2005.
Answer
The objective of implementing the NREGA 2005 are: → To increase the income and employment of people. → Every state/region can develop tourism, regional craft, IT etc. for additional employment. → The central government made a law implementing the right to work in 200 districts. → NREGA aims to provide employment of 100 days. If it fails to do so, it will give unemployment allowances to the people.
19. Discuss and fill the following table giving one example each from your area.
Well-managed organisation
Badly-managed organisation
Public sector
Private sector
Answer
Well-managed organisation
Badly-managed organisation
Public sector
Delhi Metro Rail Corporation
Air India
Private sector
Reliance Mobile
Satyam
20. Give a few examples of public sector activities and explain why the government has taken them up.
Answer
A few examples of public sector activities are provision of water, electricity and some modes of transport. The government has taken these up because water and power are needed by everyone. If the work of providing electricity and water is left to private enterprises, the latter might exploit this opportunity and sell these at rates which the masses cannot afford. Hence, to ensure that basic amenities like water and power are available for all, the government supplies these at low and affordable rates.
21. Explain how public sector contributes to the economic development of a nation.
Answer
In the following ways Public sector contributes to the economic development of a nation: → It promotes rapid economic development through creation and expansion of infrastructure. → It creates employment opportunities. → It generates financial resources for development. → It is ensuring equality of income, wealth and thus, a balanced regional development. → It encourages development of small, medium and cottage industries. → It ensures easy availability of goods at moderate rates. → Contributes to community development i.e. to the Human Development Index (HDI) via health and educational services.
22. The workers in the unorganised sector need protection on the following issues: wages, safety and health. Explain with examples.
Answer
The workers in the unorganised sector need protection:→ Wages: Labourers who are employed as repair person, vendor etc. do not have fixed income. They nearly manage to earn their living. They are not employed all through the year. → Safety: Workers in unorganized sector are not provided with safe drinking water or clean environment. Eg., Working in mining, chemical industries is hazardous. → Health: Leave not granted in case of sickness. Medical facilities are not offered, Eg., Construction workers.
23. A study in Ahmedabad found that out of 15,00,000 workers in the city, 11,00,000 worked in the unorganised sector. The total income of the city in this year (1997-1998) was Rs 60,000 million. Out of this Rs 32,000 million was generated in the organised sector. Present this data as a table. What kind of ways should be thought of for generating more employment in the city?
Answer
–
Organised Sector
Unorganised Sector
Total
No. of workers
4,00,000
11,00,000
15,00,000
Income (Rs)
32,000 million
28,000 million
60,000 million
It is clear that while a larger portion of workers is working in the unorganized sector, the per capita earning of those in the organized sector is more. The government should encourage the entrepreneurs in the unorganized sector to change them into the organized sector. Moreover, government should introduce some incentives so that more industries could be opened up in the organized sector.
24. The following table gives the GDP in Rupees (Crores) by the three sectors:
Year
primary
secondary
tertiary
2000
52,000
48,500
1,33,500
2000
8,00,500
10,74,000
38,68,000
(i) Calculate the share of the three sectors in GDP for 2000 and 2013. (ii) Show the data as a bar diagram similar to Graph 2 in the chapter. (iii) What conclusions can we draw from the bar graph? Answer
(iii) We can draw the conclusion that the share of the tertiary sector in the GDP has increased by 10%, while that of the primary sector has almost halved. The secondary sector has grown by about 2% in the last 13 years.
NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Economics Chapter 1 Development Economics
NCERT Solutions for Class 10 will help the students in learning complex topics and problems in an easy way. Class 10 Social Science NCERT Solutions will help students in understanding the topics in most simple manner and grasp it easily to perform better. You can study in an organized manner and set a good foundation for your future goals.
Page No: 16
Exercises
1. Development of a country can generally be determined by (i) its per capita income (ii) its average literacy level (iii) health status of its people (iv) all the above ► (iv) all the above
2. Which of the following neighbouring countries has better performance in terms of human development than India? (i) Bangladesh (ii) Sri Lanka (iii) Nepal (iv) Pakistan ► (ii) Sri Lanka
3. Assume there are four families in a country. The average per capita income of these families is Rs 5000. If the income of three families is Rs 4000, Rs 7000 and Rs 3000 respectively, what is the income of the fourth family? (i) Rs 7500 (ii) Rs 3000 (iii) Rs 2000 (iv) Rs 6000 ► (iv) Rs 6000
4. What is the main criterion used by the World Bank in classifying different countries? What are the limitations of this criterion, if any?
Answer
Per Capita Income is the main criterion used by the World Bank in classifying different countries.The limitation of this criterion are: → It doesn’t show distribution of income. → It also ignores other factors such as infant mortality rate, literacy level, healthcare, etc.
5. In what respects is the criterion used by the UNDP for measuring development different from the one used by the World Bank?
Answer
World bank only uses per capita income for measuring development while UNDP uses many other factors like infant mortality, healthcare facility education level which help in improving the quality of life and helps in making the citizens more productive.
6. Why do we use averages? Are there any limitations to their use? Illustrate with your own examples related to development.
Answer
We use averages because they are useful for comparing differing quantities of the same category. For example, to compute the per capita income of a country, averages have to be used because there are differences in the incomes of diverse people. However, there are limitations to the use of averages. This does not show distribution of thing between people. For an example, if a country has very high per capita income then we can’t say that citizen living in that country are very rich because we are not knowing about the distribution of wealth in that country. Some people might be richer while other people are very poorer in that country.
7. Kerala, with lower per capita income has a better human development ranking than Punjab. Hence, per capita income is not a useful criterion at all and should not be used to compare states. Do you agree? Discuss.
Answer
No, I do not agree with the statement that per capita income is not a useful criterion at all. Kerala, with lower per capita income has a better human development ranking than Punjab because, human development ranking is determined using a combination of factors such as health, education, and income. So, this does not imply that per capita income is not useful. Rather, per capita income is one of the development factors and can not be neglected. The World Bank uses per capita income as the criterion for measuring development and comparing states. But this criterion has certain limitations because of which determination of Human Development Index (HDI) is done using this criterion along with some other development factors like health, education etc.
8. Find out the present sources of energy that are used by the people in India. What could be the other possibilities fifty years from now?
Answer
The present sources of energy that are used by the people of India are electricity, coal, crude oil, cowdung and solar energy. Other possibilities fifty years from now, could include ethanol, bio-diesel, nuclear energy and a better utilisation of wind energy, especially with the imminent danger of oil resources running out.
9. Why is the issue of sustainability important for development?
Answer
The issue of sustainability is important for development because development must be in tandem with the future. If natural resources are not sustained, then development will stagnate after a point of time. Exploiting resources unethically will ultimately undo the development that a country may have achieved. This is because in the future, those resources will not be available for further progress.
Page No: 17
10. “The Earth has enough resources to meet the needs of all but not enough to satisfy the greed of even one person”. How is this statement relevant to the discussion of development? Discuss.
Answer
“The Earth has enough resources to meet the needs of all but not enough to satisfy the greed of even one person”. This statement is relevant to the discussion of development since both resources and development go hand in hand. For the sustainability of development, the maintenance of resources is also crucial. As the statement claims, the Earth has enough resources- renewable and non-renewable to satisfy everyone’s needs; however, these need to be used with a view to keep the environment protected and clean so that a balance of production and use is maintained, and shortages are avoided.
11. List a few examples of environmental degradation that you may have observed around you.
Answer Few examples of environmental degradation: → Deforestation → Soil erosion → Falling levels of ground water → Depletion of the ozone layer and combustion from automobiles causing extreme air pollution → Water Pollution
12. For each of the items given in Table 1.6, find out which country is at the top and which is at the bottom.
TABLE 1.6 SOME DATA REGARDING INDIA AND ITS NEIGHBOURS FOR 2017
Country
Gross National income (GNI) per capita (2011 PPP US$)
Life Expectancy at birth (2017)
Mean Years of Schooling of People aged 25 and above (2017)
HDI Rank in the World (2018)
Sri LankaIndiaMyanmarPakistanNepal Bangladesh
11,3266,3535,5675,3312,4713,677
75.568.866.766.670.672.8
10.96.44.95.24.95.8
76130148150149136
Answer
(i) Per Capita Income in US$: Top country – Sri Lanka; Bottom country – Myanmar (ii) Life Expectancy at birth: Top country – Sri Lanka; Bottom country – Myanmar (iii) Literacy Rate for 15+ yrs population: Top country – Sri Lanka; Bottom country – Bangladesh (iv) Gross Enrolment Ratio for three levels: Top country – Sri Lanka; Bottom country – Pakistan(v) HDI Rank in the world: Top country – Sri Lanka; Bottom country – Nepal 13. The following table shows the proportion of undernourished adults in India. It is based on a survey of various states for the year 2001. Look at the table and answer the following questions.
State
Male (%)
Female (%)
KeralaKarnatakaMadhya Pradesh
8.51728
102128
All Sates
20
23
(i) Compare the nutritional level of people in Kerala and Madhya Pradesh.
(ii) Can you guess why around 40 per cent of people in the country are undernourished even though it is argued that there is enough food in the country? Describe in your own words. Answer
(i) The nutritional level of people of Kerala is quite higher than the people – both males and females of Madhya Pradesh. Their ratio of the under-nourished is less than that of Madhya Pradesh.
(ii) There is enough food in the country, even then 40% of the people in the country are undernourished because: → A large number of people are so poor that they cannot afford nutritious food. → In most of the states, the Public Distribution System (PDS) does not function properly and the poor people cannot get cheap food items. → There is lack of educational and health facilities in many parts of the country. So many people remain backward and poor. As such, they are unable to get nutritious food.
NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Geography Chapter 7 Life Lines of National Economy
NCERT Solutions for Class 10 will help the students in learning complex topics and problems in an easy way. Class 10 Social Science NCERT Solutions will help students in understanding the topics in most simple manner and grasp it easily to perform better. You can study in an organized manner and set a good foundation for your future goals.
Page No: 92
Multiple choice questions
(i) Which two of the following extreme locations are connected by the east-west corridor? (a) Mumbai and Nagpur (b) Silcher and Porbandar (c) Mumbai and Kolkata (d) Nagpur and Siligudi ► (b) Silcher and Porbandar
(ii) Which mode of transportation reduces trans-shipment losses and delays? (a) Railways (b) Roadways (c) Pipeline (d) Waterways ► (c) Pipeline
(iii) Which one of the following states is not connected with the H.V.J. pipeline? (a) Madhya Pradesh (b) Maharashtra (c) Gujarat (d) Uttar Pradesh ► (b) Maharashtra
(iv) Which one of the following ports is the deepest land-locked and well-protected port along the east cost? (a) Chennai (b) Paradwip (c) Tuticorin (d) Vishakhapatnam ► (d) Vishakhapatnam
(v) Which one of the following is the most important modes of transportation in India? (a) Pipeline (b) Railways (c) Roadways (d) Airways ► (b) Railways
(vi) Which one of the following terms is used to describe trade between two or more countries? (a) Internal trade (b) International trade (c) External trade (d) Local trade► (b) International trade
2. Answer the following questions in about 30 words.
(i) State any three merits of roadways.
(ii) Where and why is rail transport the most convenient means of transporation?
(iii) What is the significance of the border roads?
(iv) What is meant by trade? What is the difference between international and local trade?
Answer
(i) Merits of roadways: → They are cheaper than railways in terms of construction costs. → Roads can go through dissected and undulating land areas and through steep mountains. → They are economical as loading costs are low and door-to-door service can be availed of. (ii) In the northern plains, rail transport is the most convenient mode of transportation. This is because this region has vast level lands that are good for laying tracks, and huge population and high agricultural productivity, making rail transport a profitable venture. (iii) Border roads are strategically important as they improve accessibility to areas like the northern and north eastern border areas which have a difficult terrain. (iv) Trade is the movement of goods and services between regions for economic gain. Trade between two or more countries is termed as international trade, while trade occurring in a region within the same country is called local trade.
Page No: 93
3. Answer the following questions in about 120 words.
(i) Why are the means of transportation and communication called the lifelines of a nation and its economy?
(ii) Write a note on the changing nature of the international trade in the last fifteen years.
Answer
(i) The means of transportation and communication are called the lifelines of a nation and its economy due to the reasons given below: → The means of transportation and communication help in the production and movement of goods and services. → Transport helps in the development of communication . Various means of communication help us in interacting with other in all the parts of the world It has brought the world closer. → Transport like railways help us in conducting various activities like business, sight seeing, pilgrimage and transportation of goods over longer distances. → Pipelines are used for transporting crude oil and natural gas to refineries and factories. → Water provide the cheapest means of transport and is useful for international trade. → Air transport provides the fastest, most comfortable mode of transport. Thus, it is clear that there are many advantages of transportation and communication. These means help in the development of the country. So they are called the lifelines of a nation and its economy.
(ii) The changing nature of the international trade for India, in the last fifteen years, has been impressive. Exchange of information and knowledge has surpassed exchange of goods and commodities. Through its advanced software knowledge and excellence in the field of information technology, India has emerged as a viable contender at the international level and is earning huge amounts of foreign exchange through the same. Tourism too has added to India’s upgraded position in international trade. In 2004, there was a 23.5% increase in foreign tourist arrivals as against the number in 2003. Thus, international trade for India has undergone a cognisable change in the past fifteen years.
Quiz Drive
1. Northern terminal of the North-south corridor. 2. The name of National Highway No.2. 3. The headquarter of the southern railway zone. 4. The rail gauge with a track width of 1.676 m. 5. The southern terminal of the National Highway No.7. 6. A Riverine Port.7. Busiest railway junction in Northern India.Answer
1.Srinagar 2. Grand Trunk Road 3. Chennai 4. Broad gauge 5. Kanyakumari 6. Kolkata Port Trust 7. Mughalsarai
NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Geography Chapter 6 Manufacturing Industries
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Page No: 79
Multiple choice questions
(i) Which one of the following industries uses limestone as a raw material. (a) Aluminium (b) Cement (c) Sugar (d) Jute ► (b) Cement
(ii) Which one of the following agencies markets steel for the public sector plants? (a) HAIL (b) SAIL (c) TATA Steel (d) MNCC ► (b) SAIL
(iii) Which one of the following industries uses bauxite as a raw material? (a) Aluminium (b) Cement (c) Jute (d) Steel ► (a) Aluminium
(iv) Which one of the following industries manufactures telephones, computer, etc? (a) Steel (b) Electronic (c) Aluminium (d) Information Technology ► (b) Electronic
Answer the following briefly in not more than 30 words.
(i) What is manufacturing?
(ii) Name any three physical factors for the location of the industry.
(iii) Name any three human factors for the location of an industry.
(iv) What are basic industries? Give an example.
(v) Name the important raw materials used in the manufacturing of cement?
Answer (i) Manufacturing is the process in which goods are produced after processing the various raw materials. (ii) Three physical factors for the location of the industry are:→ Availability of raw material. → Suitable climate. → Availability of water and power supply. (iii) Three human factors for the location of an industry are→ Availability of cheap labour→ Availability of services such as consultants and financial advice→ Availability of Market (iv) Basic industries are those which supply their raw materials to industries which manufacture other goods. An example is the iron and steel industry which supplies steel to the automobile industry. (v) The important raw materials used in the manufacturing of cement are: limestone, silica, alumina and gypsum. 3. Write the answers of the following questions in 120 words.
(i) How are integrated steel plants different from mini steel plants? What problems does the industry face? What recent developments have led to a rise in the production capacity?
(ii) How do industries pollute the environment?
(iii) Discuss the steps to be taken to minimise environmental degradation by industry?
Answer (i) Integrated Steel Plants are large plants which handle everything in one complex – from putting together raw material to steel making, rolling and shaping. Mini Steel Plants are smaller, have electric arc furnaces, use mainly steel scrap and sponge iron as inputs. They have re-rollers that use steel ingots as well. They produce mild and alloy steel of given specifications. Problems of Steel Industry: → High costs and limited availability of coking coal. → Lower productivity of labour. → Irregular supply of power. → Poor infrastructure.
Following are some recent developments that have led to a rise in the production capacity: → Liberalisation → Foreign direct investments (FDI) with the efforts of private entrepreneurs. → Improvement in production process by the use of newer technologies. (ii) Industries are responsible for four types of pollution – air, water, land, and noise pollution. Following are the various reasons: → Air pollution is caused by the presence of high proportion of undesirable gases, such as sulphur dioxide and carbon monoxide. → Water pollution is caused by organic and inorganic industrial wastes and effluents discharged into rivers. → Thermal pollution of water occurs when hot water from factories and thermal plants are drained into rivers and ponds before cooling. → Wastes from nuclear plants cause cancer, birth defects and miscarriages. → Dumping of wastes especially, glass, harmful chemicals, industrial effluents, packaging, salts and other garbage render the soil useless. → Noise pollution is caused due to industrial and construction activities, factory equipment, generators, electric saws, drills and other machineries.
(iii) The steps to be taken to minimize environmental degradation by industry are: → To control water pollution, industrial effluents need to be treated on all three levels (primary, secondary and tertiary); the use of water for processing should be minimised via reuse and recycling; rainwater can be harvested to meet water requirements, and ground water usage should be regulated by law. → For the minimisation of air pollution, smoke stacks should be fitted to factories with electrostatic precipitators, fabric filters, scrubbers and inertial separators. Also, smoke can be reduced by using oil or gas instead of coal. → Noise pollution can be controlled by fitting generators with silencers, redesigning machinery to reduce noise, and using earplugs and earphones besides other noise absorbing material.
Activity
Give one word for each of the following with regard to industry. The number of letters in each word are hinted in brackets.
(i) Used to drive machinery (5) P………………………
(ii) People who work in a factory (6) W……………………..
(iii) Where the product is sold (6) M……………………..
(iv) A person who sells goods (8) R………………………
(v) Thing produced (7) P………………………
(vi) To make or produce (11) M……………………..
(vii) Land, Water and Air degraded (9) P………………………
Answer (i) Power (ii) Worker (iii) Market (iv) Retailer (v) Product (vi) Manufacture (vii) Pollution
NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Geography Chapter 5 Minerals and Energy Resources
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Page No: 63
Multiple choice questions
(i) Which one of the following minerals is formed by decomposition of rocks, leaving a residual mass of weathered material? (a) coal (b) bauxite (c) gold (d) zinc ► (b) bauxite
(ii) Koderma, in Jharkhand is the leading producer of which one of the following minerals? (a) bauxite (b) mica (c) iron ore (d) copper ► (b) mica
(iii) Minerals are deposited and accumulated in the stratas of which of the following rocks? (a) sedimentary rocks (b) metamorphic rocks (c) igneous rocks (d) none of the above ► (a) sedimentary rocks
(iv) Which one of the following minerals is contained in the Monazite sand? (a) oil (b) uranium (c) thorium (d) coal ► (c) thorium Page No: 64
2. Answer the following questions in about 30 words.
(i) Distinguish between the following in not more than 30 words. (a) Ferrous and non-ferrous minerals (b) Conventional and non-conventional sources of energy.
(ii) What is a mineral?
(iii) How are minerals formed in igneous and metamorphic rocks?
(iv) Why do we need to conserve mineral resources? Answer
(i) (a)
Ferrous minerals
Non-ferrous minerals
Metallic minerals which contain iron are called ferrous minerals, e.g. iron ore, manganese, nickel, cobalt, etc.
Metallic minerals which do not contain iron are called non-ferrous minerals, e.g. copper, bauxite, tin, etc.
(b)
Conventional Sources of Energy
Non-conventional Sources of Energy
Conventional sources of energy are those sources which have been use since the early times.
Non-conventional sources of energy have generally been identified in the recent past.
They are exhaustible except hydro-energy.
They are inexhaustible.
They cause pollution when used as they emit smoke and ash.
Generally these are pollution-free.
Their generation and use involve huge expenditure.
Low expenditure required.
Very expensive to maintain, store, transmit as they are carried over long distances through transmission grids.
Less expensive due to local use and easy maintenance.
Examples are – coal, natural gas, water, fire-wood.
Examples are – geothermal energy, solar energy, wind energy, tidal energy, biogas energy, nuclear energy.
(ii) A mineral is a homogeneous, naturally occurring substance with a definable interior structure.
(iii) In igneous and metamorphic rocks, molten/liquid and gaseous minerals are forced upwards into the cracks. They then solidify and form veins or lodes.
(iv) It takes millions of years for the formation of minerals. Compared to the present rate of consumption, the replenishment rate of minerals is very slow. Hence, mineral resources are finite and non-renewable. Due to this, it is important that we conserve the mineral resources.
3. Answer the following questions.
(i) Describe the distribution of coal in India.
(ii) Why do you think that solar energy has a bright future in India?
Answer
→ The major resources of metallurgical coal belong to the Gondwana age and are located mainly in the north eastern part of the peninsula. → Rich reserves of coal are found in the Damodar Valley region in the states of West Bengal and Jharkhand. Raniganj in West Bengal and Jharia and Bokaro in Jharkhand are important coalfields. One third of the total production comes from here. → Coal is also found in the Godavari, Mahanadi, Son and Wardha valleys. Korba in Chhattisgarh, Singrauli and Penah-kanhan valley in Madhya Pradesh, Talcher in Orissa, Kamptee and Chandrapur in Maharashtra and Singareni of Andhra Pradesh are important coal mines. → Tertiary coal occur in the north eastern states of Meghalaya, Assam, Arunachal Pradesh and Nagaland. → Principal lignite reserves are found in Neyveli in Tamil Nadu. (ii) Solar energy has a bright future in India because – → India being a tropical country receives sunlight in abundance throughout the year. → Solar plants can be easily established in rural and remote areas. → It will minimize the dependence of rural households on firewood and dunk cakes which in turn will contribute to environmental conservation and adequate supply of manure in agriculture.
NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Geography Chapter 4 Agriculture Geography
NCERT Solutions for Class 10 will help the students in learning complex topics and problems in an easy way. Class 10 Social Science NCERT Solutions will help students in understanding the topics in most simple manner and grasp it easily to perform better. You can study in an organized manner and set a good foundation for your future goals.
Page No: 48
Multiple choice questions
(i) Which one of the following describes a system of agriculture where a single crop is grown on a large area? (a) Shifting Agriculture (b) Plantation Agriculture (c) Horticulture (d) Intensive Agriculture ► (b) Plantation Agriculture
(ii) Which one of the following is a rabi crop? (a) Rice (b) Gram (c) Millets (d) Cotton ► (b) Gram
(iii) Which one of the following is a leguminous crop? (a) Pulses (b) Jawar (c) Millets (d) Sesamum ► (a) Pulses
(iv) Which one of the following is announced by the government in support of a crop? (a) Maximum support price (b) Minimum support price (c) Moderate support price (d) Influential support price ► (b) Minimum support price
2. Answer the following questions in 30 words.
(i) Name one important beverage crop and specify the geographical conditions required for its growth.
(ii) Name one staple crop of India and the regions where it is produced.
(iii) Enlist the various institutional reform programmes introduced by the government in the interest of farmers.
(iv) The land under cultivation has got reduced day by day. Can you imagine its consequences?
Answer
(i) Tea is an important beverage crop. This plant grows well in tropical or sub tropical climates, and deep and fertile well-drained soil which is rich in humus and organic matter.
(ii) Rice is a staple food crop of India. It grows in the plains of north and north-east India, coastal areas and the deltaic regions.
(iii) The various institutional reform programmes introduced by the government for the benefit of farmers are: → Crop insurance against drought, flood, fire etc. → Minimum Support Price policy. → Subsidy on agricultural inputs and resources such as power and fertilisers. → Kissan Credit Card and Personal Accident Insurance Scheme.
(iv) A declining area of land under cultivation coupled with increasing population have many consequesnces. These are: → Food shortage for the rising population. → Rise in price of food grains. → Unemployment and loss of livelihood for farmers. → Shortage of supply of raw material for agro-industries. → Adverse affect on export trade as agricultural products comprise a major section of international trade.
3. Answer the following questions in about 120 words.
(i) Suggest the initiative taken by the government to ensure the increase in agricultural production.
(ii) Describe the impact of globalisation on Indian agriculture.
(iii) Describe the geographical conditions required for the growth of rice.
Answer
Various initiative taken by the government to ensure the increase in agricultural production are: → Collectivisation, consolidation of holdings, cooperation and abolition of Zamindari etc. were given priority to bring about institutional reforms in the country after independence. → Land Reform was the main focus of our ‘First Five Year Plan’.→ The Green Revolution was based on the use of package technology and the White Revolution were some of the strategies initiated to improve the lot of Indian agriculture. → Minimum Support Price policy, provision for crop insurance, subsidy on agricultural inputs and resources such as power and fertilizers, Grameen Banks, Kissan Credit Card and Personal Accident Insurance Scheme are also some of the reforms bought by Indian Government.
(ii) The impact of globalisation on Indian agriculture has been felt since colonial times. Raw cotton and spices were important export items from India. In 1917, Indian farmers revolted in Champaran against being forced to grow indigo in place of foodgrains, in order to supply dye to Britain’s flourishing textile industry. Thus, globalisation has had its boons and banes for Indian agriculture. Post liberalisation, Indian farmers face new challenges in the form of competition from highly subsidised agriculture of developed nations. This prompts the need for making Indian agriculture successful and profitable by improving the conditions of small and marginal farmers, countering the negative effects of Green Revolution, developing and promoting organic farming, and diversifying cropping pattern from cereals to high-value crops. (iii) The geographical conditions required for growth of rice are as follows : → It is a kharif crop and requires hot and humid climate for cultivation. Temperature above 25°C and high humidity with annual rainfall above 100 cm are favourable for growth of rice. → Rich alluvial soils of the floodplains and deltaic areas which are renewed every years are ideal for rice cultivation. → Rice requires abundant rainfall or good water supply through irrigation and flooded fields during the earlier part of its growing season in June-July. → Plenty of cheap labour as most of the farming involves manual labour.
Project Work
2. On an outline map of India show wheat producing areas.
Answer
3. Solve the puzzle by following your search horizontally and vertically to find the hidden answers.
1. The two staple food crops of India. 2. This is the summer cropping season of India. 3. Pulses like arhar, moong, gram, urad contain… 4. It is a coarse grain. 5. The two important beverages in India are… 6. One of the four major fibers grown on black soils. Answer
NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Geography Chapter 3 Water Resources Geography
NCERT Solutions for Class 10 will help the students in learning complex topics and problems in an easy way. Class 10 Social Science NCERT Solutions will help students in understanding the topics in most simple manner and grasp it easily to perform better. You can study in an organized manner and set a good foundation for your future goals.
Page No: 33
Multiple choice questions
(i) Based on the information given below classify each of the situations as ‘suffering from water scarcity’ or ‘not suffering from water scarcity’. (a) Region with high annual rainfall. (b) Region having high annual rainfall and large population. (c) Region having high annual rainfall but water is highly polluted. (d) Region having low rainfall and low population.
Answer
(a) Not suffering from water scarcity (b) Suffering from water scarcity (c) Suffering from water scarcity (d) Not suffering from water scarcity
(ii) Which one of the following statements is not an argument in favour of multi-purpose river projects? (a) Multi-purpose projects bring water to those areas which suffer from water scarcity. (b) Multi-purpose projects by regulating water flow help to control floods. (c) Multi-purpose projects lead to large scale displacements and loss of livelihood. (d) Multi-purpose projects generate electricity for our industries and our homes.► (c) Multi-purpose projects lead to large scale displacements and loss of livelihood.
(iii) Here are some false statements. Identify the mistakes and rewrite them correctly. (a) Multiplying urban centres with large and dense populations and urban lifestyles have helped in proper utilisation of water resources. (b) Regulating and damming of rivers does not affect the river’s natural flow and its sediment flow. (c) In Gujarat, the Sabarmati basin farmers were not agitated when higher priority was given to water supply in urban areas, particularly during droughts. (d) Today in Rajasthan, the practice of rooftop rainwater water harvesting has gained popularity despite high water availability due to the Rajasthan Canal. Answer
(a) Multiplying urban centres with large and dense populations and urban lifestyles have caused the over exploitation of water resources. (b) Regulating and damming of rivers affect their natural flow and causes the sediment to settle at the bottom of the reservoir. (c) In Gujarat, the Sabarmati basin farmers were agitated when higher priority was given to water supply in urban areas, particularly during droughts. (d) Today in Rajasthan, the practice of rooftop rainwater harvesting is on the decline due to the Rajasthan canal. 2. Answer the following questions in about 30 words.
(i) Explain how water becomes a renewable resource.
(ii) What is water scarcity and what are its main causes?
(iii) Compare the advantages and disadvantages of multi-purpose river projects. Answer
(i) Water is a renewable resource as it is renewed by water cycle itself, where three processes take place as evaporation, condensation and precipitation. This process of water cycle is never ending and hence, water is a renewable resource.
(ii) Water scarcity or water stress occurs when water availability is not enough to match the demand for water. It is caused by an increase in population, growing demand for water, and unequal access to it.
(iii) Multipurpose river projects help in irrigation, electricity production, flood control, inland navigation and fish breeding. However, the reservoirs destroy local flora and fauna. Many native villages are submerged, and people lose their livelihood, with little or no hope of rehabilitation.
3. Answer the following questions in about 120 words.
(i) Discuss how rainwater harvesting in semi-arid regions of Rajasthan is carried out.
(ii) Describe how modern adaptations of traditional rainwater harvesting methods are being carried out to conserve and store water.
Answer
(i) Houses in the semi arid regions of Rajasthan have traditionally constructed tanks for storing drinking water. They are big and are a part of the well-developed rooftop rainwater harvesting system. The tanks are constructed inside the main house or the courtyard, and are connected to the sloping roofs of the houses through a pipe. The rain falling on the rooftop travels down and is stored in the tanks. The first spell of rain is not collected as this water cleans the roof and the pipes. The rainwater from the subsequent spells is collected. This water is used till the next rainy season, and is a reliable source of water even after other sources have dried up. The tanks also help in cooling the houses as rooms built around them have generally low temperatures due to conduction.
(ii) Traditional methods of rainwater harvesting like ‘the rooftop method’ are becoming popular in India. In Gendathur village, Mysore, about 200 households have adopted the rooftop rainwater harvesting method, thereby making the village rich in rainwater. The state of Tamil Nadu has made it compulsory for all the houses to have rooftop rainwater harvesting structures. Defaulters are severely punished.
