Answer: (‘WZ-1’, ‘,’, ‘New Ganga Nagar,New Delhi’)
x. print(myAddress.index(‘Agra’))
Answer: ValueError: substring ‘Agra’ not found
Programming Problems
1. Write a program to input line(s) of text from the user until enter is pressed. Count the total number of characters in the text (including white spaces),total number of alphabets, total number of digits, total number of special symbols and total number of words in the given text. (Assume that each word is separated by one space).
Answer: Function to count characters, alphabets, digits, special symbols and total number of words
def counter(string):
alpha = 0
space = 0
digit = 0
symbol = 0
noofchars = len(string)
for ch in string:
if ch.isalpha():
alpha = alpha + 1
elif ch.isdigit():
digit = digit + 1
elif ch.isspace():
space = space + 1
else:
symbol = symbol + 1
print("Number of characters : ", noofchars)
print("Number of alphabets : ", alpha)
print("Number of digits : ", digit)
print("Number of symbols : ", symbol)
print("Number of spaces : ", space)
print("Number of words : ", space + 1)
sentence = input("Enter a sentence : ")
counter(sentence)
Output :
Enter a sentence : hello 259 & how ^ you @; , Number of characters : 26 Number of alphabets : 11 Number of digits : 3 Number of symbols : 5 Number of spaces : 7 Number of words : 8
2. Write a user defined function to convert a string with more than one word into title case string where string is passed as parameter. (Title case means that the first letter of each word is capitalised)
Enter a sentence : my cs tutorial dot in My Cs Tutorial Dot In
3. Write a function deleteChar() which takes two parameters one is a string and other is a character. The function should create a new string after deleting all occurrences of the character from the string and return the new string.
Answer: Function to Delete Specified Character from a String
def deleteChar(string, character):
newstring = ""
for ch in string:
if ch != character:
newstring += ch
return newstring
string = input("Enter a string : ")
char = input("Enter character want to delete : ")
newstr = deleteChar(string, char)
print("After deleting, string is =>")
print(newstr)
Output:
Enter a string : hello my dear students Enter character want to delete : e
After deleting, string is => hllo my dar studnts
4. Input a string having some digits. Write a function to return the sum of digits present in this string.
Answer:Function to return the sum of digits present in this string
def sumofdigits(string):
sum = 0
for ch in string:
if ch.isdigit():
sum = sum + int(ch)
return sum
string = "my 23 cs 85 tutorial25"
print("Sum of digits ", sumofdigits(string))
Output:
Sum of digits 25
5. Write a function that takes a sentence as an input parameter where each word in the sentence is separated by a space. The function should replace each blank with a hyphen and then return the modified sentence.
Answer: Function to replace each space of sentence with hyphen.
#Question 5 : replace space with hypen
def replacespace(sentence):
newstr =""
for ch in sentence:
if ch.isspace():
newstr = newstr + "-"
else:
newstr = newstr + ch
return newstr
sentence = input("Enter a sentence : ")
newsentence = replacespace(sentence)
print(newsentence)
Method – II
#Method - II Using String Functiondef replacespace2(sentence):
return sentence.replace(' ','-')
sentence = input("Enter a sentence : ")
newsentence = replacespace2(sentence)
print(newsentence)
Class 11 Computer Science Ch 7 Functions in Python NCERT Book Exercise Solution
Chapter – 7 : Functions in Python
• In programming, functions are used to achieve modularity and reusability.
• Function can be defined as a named group of instructions that are executed when the function is invoked or called by its name. Programmers can write their own functions known as user defined functions.
• The Python interpreter has a number of functions built into it. These are the functions that are frequently used in a Python program. Such functions are known as built-in functions.
• An argument is a value passed to the function during function call which is received in a parameter defined in function header.
• Python allows assigning a default value to the parameter.
• A function returns value(s) to the calling function using return statement.
• Multiple values in Python are returned through a Tuple.
• Flow of execution can be defined as the order in which the statements in a program are executed.
• The part of the program where a variable is accessible is defined as the scope of the variable.
• A variable that is defined outside any particular function or block is known as a global variable. It can be accessed anywhere in the program.
• A variable that is defined inside any function or block is known as a local variable. It can be accessed only in the function or block where it is defined. It exists only till the function executes or remains active.
• The Python standard library is an extensive collection of functions and modules that help the programmer in the faster development of programs.
• A module is a Python file that contains definitions of multiple functions.
• A module can be imported in a program using import statement.
• Irrespective of the number of times a module is imported, it is loaded only once.
• To import specific functions in a program from a module, from statement can be used.
NCERT Book Exercise Solution – Ch 7 : Functions
1. Observe the following programs carefully, and identify the error:
a) Identify the error
def create (text, freq):
for i in range (1, freq):
print text
create(5) #function call
Answer: –Error 1 : print text :- in this statement () is missing. Correct statement is print(text)
Error 2 : create(5) in this statement missing of one argument.
Correct statement is
create(5, ‘mycstutorial.in’)
b) Identify the error:
from math import sqrt,ceil
def calc():
print cos(0)
calc() #function call
Answer: – Missing of parentheses () in print statement.
Invalid call of cos() function. Function cos() not imported.
Answer: – Function call statement is written wrong.
It should be
message = greet()
2. How is math.ceil(89.7) different from math.floor(89.7)?
Answer: – math.ceil(x) vs math.floor(x)
math.ceil(x) : Return the ceiling of x, the smallest integer greater than or equal to x.
math.floor(x) : Return the floor of x, the largest integer less than or equal to x.
math.ceil() vs math.floor()
3. Out of random() and randint(), which function should we use to generate random numbers between 1 and 5. Justify.
Answer: –randint() function of random module returns the number between start to end.
Example :
4. How is built-in function pow() function different from function math.pow() ? Explain with an example.
Answer: –pow() is an built-in function while math.pow() function defined under the math module. Both function is used to calculate x**y i.e. x raised to power y.
When x and y are integer and given as argument to pow() and math.pow() :
pow( x, y) function returns the value as integer type, while math.pow(x, y) function returns float type value.
pow() vs math.pow()
5. Using an example show how a function in Python can return multiple values.
Answer: – A function in python can return multiple values in the form of tuple.
123456789
defcalcsquare(x, y, z):t =x**2, y**2, z**2returntsq =calcsquare(3,4,5)print(sq)a, b, c =calcsquare(3,4,5)print(a, b, c)
6. Differentiate between following with the help of an example:
a) Argument and Parameter
Answer: –Argument : Variable / Value / Expression which is written inside the parenthesis at the time of function call to passed to the function is called Argument.
Parameter: Variable written inside the parenthesis in the function header is called parameter.
An argument is a value passed to the function during the function call which is received in corresponding parameter defined in function header.
0102030405060708091011
#function headerdefsumSquares(n): #n is the parametersum=0fori inrange(1,n+1):sum=sum+iprint("The sum of first",n,"natural numbers is: ",sum)num =int(input("Enter the value for n: "))#num is an argument referring to the value input by the usersumSquares(num) #function call
b) Global and Local variable.
Answer: – A variable that has global scope is known as a global variable and a variable that has a local scope is known as a local variable.
Global Variable : In Python, a variable that is defined outside any function or any block is known as a global variable. It can be accessed in any functions defined onwards. Any change made to the global variable will impact all the functions in the program where that variable can be accessed.
Local Variable : A variable that is defined inside any function or a block is known as a local variable. It can be accessed only in the function or a block where it is defined. It exists only till the function executes.
Output:
Accessing num = 5 num reassigned = 10 Accessing num outside myfunc1 10
Question 2. What is the purpose of range() function? Give one example.
Answer:
Function range() is used for creating a list containing the integer values in sequence from start value to stop value. Sometimes it is used for generating the number sequentially in for loop.
Example:
Question 3. Differentiate between break and continue statements using examples.
Answer:
Break Statement
Continue Statement
Break statement is to break the loop.
Continue statement is used to to continue the loop
Break statement is used with switch statement
Continue statement is not used with switch statements
Keyword: break
Keyword: continue
Question 4. What is an infinite loop? Give one example.
Answer:
Infinite loop execute when while condition never become false
If condition remain true. the loop will never get terminated.
The control enters in loop and keeps repeating the same block code and loop never end.
Example:
a = 1
while a==1:
b = input(“what’s your birthdate?”)
print(“your birthdate is ”, b)
Output:
What’s your birthdate?
13
your birthdate is 13
What’s your birthdate?
14
your birthdate is 14
What’s your birthdate?
15
your birthdate is 15
What’s your birthdate?
16
your birthdate is 16
:
:
:
Question 5. Find the output of the following program segments:
(i) a = 110
while a > 100:
print(a)
a -= 2
Output: 110
108
106
104
(ii) for i in range(20,30,2):
print(i)
Output: 20 22 24 26 28
(iii) country = ‘INDIA’
for i in country:
print (i)
Output:
I N D I A
(iv) i = 0; sum = 0
while i < 9:
if i % 4 == 0:
sum = sum + i
i = i + 2
print (sum)
Output: 12
v) for x in range(1,4):
for y in range(2,5):
if x * y > 10:
break
print (x * y)
Output:
2 3 4 4 6 8 6 9
(v) var = 7
whilevar> 0:
print (‘Current variable value: ‘, var)
var = var -1
if var == 3:
break
else:
if var == 6:
var = var -1
continue
print (“Good bye!”)
Output:
Current variable value: 7 Current variable value: 5 Good bye! Current variable value: 4
Programming Exercises
Question 1. Write a program that takes the name and age of the user as input and displays a message whether the user is eligible to apply for a driving license or not. (the eligible age is 18 years).
Answer:
Question 2. Write a function to print the table of a given number. The number has to be entered by the user.
Answer:
Question 3. Write a program that prints minimum and maximum of five numbers entered by the user.
Answer:
Question 4. Write a program to check if the year entered by the user is a leap year or not.
Question 5. Write a program to generate the sequence: –5, 10, –15, 20, –25….. upto n, where n is an integer input by the user.
Question 6. Write a program to find the sum of 1+ 1/8 + 1/27.
Answer:
Question 7.Write a program to find the sum of digits of an integer number, input by the user.
Answer:
Question 8. Write a function that checks whether an input number is a palindrome or not. [Note: A number or a string is called palindrome if it appears same when written in reverse order also. For example, 12321 is a palindrome while 123421 is not a palindrome]
Program:
rev = 0 n = int(input(“Enter the number: “)) temp = n
if(n == rev): print(“The number is a palindrome.”) else: print(“The number is not a palindrome.”)
output:
Enter the number: 5665
The number is a palindrome.
Question 9. Write a program to print the following patterns
Answer:
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
Question 10:Write a program to find the grade of a student when grades are allocated as given in the table below. Percentage of the marks obtained by the student is input to the program.
Percentage of Marks
Grade
Above 90%
A
80% to 90%
B
70% to 80%
C
60% to 70%
D
Below 60%
E
Answer:
Program:
OUTPUT:
n = float(input(‘Enter the percentage of the student: ‘))
NCERT Solutions Class 11 Computer Science Chapter 5 Getting Started with Python
Question 1. Which of the following identifier names are invalid and why?
i Serial_no. v Total_Marks
ii 1st_Room vi total-Marks
iii Hundred$ vii _Percentage
iv Total Marks viii True
Answer:
i) Serial_no. :- Invalid
Reason- (.) is not allowed in identifier
ii) 1st_Room :- Invalid
Reason- identifier can’t start with number
iii) Hundred$ :- Invalid
Reason- We can’t use special symbol $ in identifier
iv) Total Marks :- Invalid
Reason- We can’t use space between in identifier
v) Total_Marks :- Valid
Reason- We can use underscore between in identifier
vi) total-Marks :- Invalid
Reason- We can’t use hyphen between in identifier
vii) _Percentage:- Invalid
Reason- Identifier can’t begin with underscore
viii) True :- Invalid
Reason- We can’t use keyword as a identifier
Question 2. Write the corresponding Python assignment statements:
a) Assign 10 to variable length and 20 to variable breadth.
b) Assign the average of values of variables length and breadth to a variable sum.
c) Assign a list containing strings ‘Paper’, ‘Gel Pen’, and ‘Eraser’ to a variable stationery.
d) Assign the strings ‘Mohandas’, ‘Karamchand’, and ‘Gandhi’ to variables first, middle and last.
e) Assign the concatenated value of string variables first, middle and last to variable fullname. Make sure to incorporate blank spaces appropriately between different parts of names.
Answer:
a) Assign 10 to variable length and 20 to variable breadth.
length = 10
breadth = 20
b) Assign the average of values of variables length and breadth to a variable sum.
Sum = (length + breadth)/2
c) Assign a list containing strings ‘Paper’, ‘Gel Pen’, and ‘Eraser’ to a variable stationery.
Stationary=[‘Paper’ , ‘Gel Pen’ , ‘Eraser’
d) Assign the strings ‘Mohandas’, ‘Karamchand’, and ‘Gandhi’ to variables first, middle and last.
first = ‘Mohandas’
middle= ‘Karamchand’
last= ‘Gandhi’
e) Assign the concatenated value of string variables first, middle and last to variable fullname. Make sure to incorporate blank spaces appropriately between different parts of names.
fullname = first +” “+ middle +” “+ last
Question 3. Write logical expressions corresponding to the following statements in Python and evaluate the expressions (assuming variables num1, num2, num3, first, middle, last are already having meaningful values):
a) The sum of 20 and –10 is less than 12.
b) num3 is not more than 24.
c) 6.75 is between the values of integers num1 and num2.
d) The string ‘middle’ is larger than the string ‘first’ and smaller than the string ‘last’.
e) List Stationery is empty.
Answer:
STATEMENT
LOGICAL EXPRESSIONS
The sum of 20 and –10 is less than 12.
(20 + (-10)) < 12
num3 is not more than 24.
num3 <= 24 or not(num3 > 24)
6.75 is between the values of integers num1 and num2.
(6.75 >= num1) and (6.75 <= num2)
The string ‘middle’ is larger than the string ‘first’ and smaller than the string ‘last’.
(middle > first) and (middle < last)
List Stationery is empty.
len(Stationery) == 0
Question 4. Add a pair of parentheses to each expression so that it evaluates to True.
a) 0 == 1 == 2
b) 2 + 3 == 4 + 5 == 7
c) 1 < -1 == 3 > 4
Answer:
EXPRESSION
EXPRESSION WITH PARENTHESIS
0 == 1 == 2
(0 == (1 == 2))
2 + 3 == 4 + 5 == 7
(2 + (3 == 4 )+ 5) == 7
1 < -1 == 3 > 4
(1 < -1 ) == (3 > 4)
Question 5. Write the output of the following:
a) num1 = 4
num2 = num1 + 1
num1 = 2
print (num1, num2)
b) num1, num2 = 2, 6
num1, num2 = num2, num1 + 2
print (num1, num2)
c) num1, num2 = 2, 3
num3, num2 = num1, num3 + 1
print (num1, num2, num3)
Answer:
a) num1 = 4
num2 = num1 + 1
num1 = 2
Output: 2,5
b) num1, num2 = 2, 6
num1, num2 = num2, num1 + 2
print (num1, num2)
Output: 6,4
c) num1, num2 = 2, 3
num3, num2 = num1, num3 + 1
print (num1, num2, num3)
Output: error
Question 6. Which data type will be used to represent the following data values and why?
a) Number of months in a year
b) Resident of Delhi or not
c) Mobile number
d) Pocket money
e) Volume of a sphere
f) Perimeter of a square
g) Name of the student
h) Address of the student
Answer:
DATA VALUES
DATA TYPES
REASON
Number of months in a year
Integer
Number of months contain only number values (integer).
Resident of Delhi or not
Boolean
It gives the answer in the form of true and false
Mobile number
Integer
Mobile number only contain integer number value
Pocket money
Float
Money can be count as 100rs 50 paisa(100.50)
Volume of a sphere
Float
The volume can be calculated in the decimal point
Perimeter of a square
Float
The perimeter can be calculated in the decimal point
Name of the student
String
Name is a set of character, hence data type of name of student is string
Address of the student
String
Address is a set of character, hence data type of address of student is string
Question 7. Give the output of the following when num1 = 4, num2 = 3, num3 = 2
a) num1 += num2 + num3
print (num1)
b) num1 = num1 ** (num2 + num3)
print (num1)
c) num1 **= num2 + num3
d) num1 = ‘5’ + ‘5’
print(num1)
e) print(4.00/(2.0+2.0))
f) num1 = 2+9*((3*12)-8)/10
print(num1)
g) num1 = 24 // 4 // 2
print(num1)
h) num1 = float(10)
print (num1)
i) num1 = int(‘3.14’)
print (num1)
j) print(‘Bye’ == ‘BYE’)
k) print(10 != 9 and 20 >= 20)
l) print(10 + 6 * 2 ** 2 != 9//4 -3 and 29
>= 29/9)
m) print(5 % 10 + 10 < 50 and 29 <= 29)
n) print((0 < 6) or (not(10 == 6) and
(10<0)))
Answer:
a) num1 += num2 + num3
print (num1)
Output:9
b) num1 = num1 ** (num2 + num3)
print (num1)
Output:1024
c) num1 **= num2 + num3
Output:1024
d) num1 = ‘5’ + ‘5’
print(num1)
Output:55
e) print(4.00/(2.0+2.0))
Output:1.0
f) num1 = 2+9*((3*12)-8)/10
print (num1)
Output:27.2
g) num1 = 24 // 4 // 2
print(num1)
Output:3
h) num1 = float(10)
print (num1)
Output:10.0
i) num1 = int(‘3.14’)
print (num1)
Output: error
j) print(‘Bye’ == ‘BYE’)
Output: False
k) print(10 != 9 and 20 >= 20)
Output:True
l) print(10 + 6 * 2 ** 2 != 9//4 -3 and 29
>= 29/9)
Output: True
m) print(5 % 10 + 10 < 50 and 29 <= 29)
Output: True
n) print((0 < 6) or (not(10 == 6) and
(10<0)))
Output: True
Question 8. Categorise the following as syntax error, logical error or runtime error:
a) 25 / 0
b) num1 = 25; num2 = 0; num1/num2
Answer:
a) 25 / 0 :- Runtime Error, because of divisible by zero
b) num1 = 25; num2 = 0; num1/num2 :- Runtime Error, because of divisible by zero
Question 9. A dartboard of radius 10 units and the wall it is hanging on are represented using a two-dimensional coordinate system, with the board’s center at coordinate (0,0). Variables x and y store the x-coordinate and the y-coordinate of a dart that hits the dartboard. Write a Python expression using variables x and y that evaluates to True if the dart hits (is within) the dartboard, and then evaluate the expression for these dart coordinates:
a) (0,0)
b) (10,10)
c) (6, 6)
d) (7,8)
Question 10. Write a Python program to convert temperature in degree Celsius to degree Fahrenheit. If water boils at 100 degree C and freezes as 0 degree C, use the program to find out what is the boiling point and freezing point of water on the Fahrenheit scale. (Hint: T(°F) = T(°C) × 9/5 + 32)
Answer:
deffar_conv(t):
x=t*9/5 + 32
return x
print(far_conv(100))
Question 11. Write a Python program to calculate the amount payable if money has been lent on simple interest. Notes Ch 5.indd 117 08-Apr-19 12:35:13 PM 2020-21 118 Computer Science – Class xi Principal or money lent = P, Rate of interest = R% per annum and Time = T years. Then Simple Interest (SI) = (P x R x T)/ 100. Amount payable = Principal + SI. P, R and T are given as input to the program.
Answer:
principal=int(input(“P=”))
rate=int(input(“I=”))
time=int(input(“T=”))
defamount_pay(principal,rate,time):
simple_intrest=(principal*rate*time)/100
TOTAL_amount=Print+simple_intrest
returnTOTAL_amount
print(“Total Payble amount”)
print(amount_pay(principal,rate,time))
Question 12.Write a program to calculate in how many days a work will be completed by three persons A, B and C together. A, B, C take x days, y days and z days respectively to do the job alone. The formula to calculate the number of days if they work together is xyz/(xy + yz + xz) days where x, y, and z are given as input to the program.
Answer:
x=int(input(“x=”))
y=int(input(“Y=”))
z=int(input(“Y=”))
defwork_days(x,y,z):
days=x*y*z/(x*y+y*z+z*x)
return days
print(“Work will complet(in days)”)
print(work_days(x,y,z))
Question 13. Write a program to enter two integers and perform all arithmetic operations on them.
Answer:
a=int(input(“Enter First Number: “))
b=int(input(“Enter Second Number: “))
defAddtion(a,b):
returna+b
def subtraction(a,b):
return a-b
def multiplication(a,b):
return a*b
def division(a,b):
return a/b
print(“Addtion of {0} & {1} is : “.format(a,b))
print(Addtion(a,b))
print(“subtraction of {0} & {1} is : “.format(a,b))
print(subtraction(a,b))
print(“multiplicationof {0} & {1} is : “.format(a,b))
print(multiplication(a,b))
print(“division of {0} & {1} is : “.format(a,b))
print(division(a,b))
Question14. Write a program to swap two numbers using a third variable.
Answer:
first_number=int(input(“Enter First Number: “))
second_number=int(input(“Enter Second Number: “))
def swap(first_number,second_number):
third_variable=first_number
first_number=second_number
second_number=third_variable
returnfirst_number,second_number
print(swap(first_number,second_number))
Question 15. Write a program to swap two numbers without using a third variable.
Question 16. Write a program to repeat the string ‘‘GOOD MORNING” n times. Here ‘n’ is an integer entered by the user.
Answer:
n=int(input(“Enter Number: “))
fori in range(n):
print(“GOOD MORINING “)
Question 17. Write a program to find average of three numbers.
Answer:
x=int(input(“Enter First Number: “))
y=int(input(“Enter Second Number: “))
z=int(input(“Enter Third Number: “))
def average(x,y,z):
avg=x+y+z/3
returnavg
print(“Average : “)
print(average(x,y,z))
Question 18. The volume of a sphere with radius r is 4/3πr3. Write a Python program to find the volume of spheres with radius 7cm, 12cm, 16cm, respectively.
Answer:
defvolume_sphere(r):
pi=3.1415926535897931
volume=4.0/3.0*pi* r**3
return volume
print(“volume of spheres with radius 7cm”)
print(volume_sphere(7))
print(“volume of spheres with radius 12cm”)
print(volume_sphere(12))
print(“volume of spheres with radius 16cm”)
print(volume_sphere(16))
Question 19. Write a program that asks the user to enter their name and age. Print a message addressed to the user that tells the user the year in which they will turn 100 years old.
Answer:
fromdatetime import datetime
name = input(‘Name \n’)
age = int(input(‘Age \n’))
defhundred_year(age):
hundred = int((100-age) + datetime.now().year)
return hundred
x=hundred_year(age)
print (‘Hello %s. You will turn 100 years old in %s.’ % (name,x))
Question 20. The formula E = mc2 states that the equivalent energy (E) can be calculated as the mass (m) multiplied by the speed of light (c = about 3×108 m/s) squared. Write a program that accepts the mass of an object and determines its energy.
Answer:
m=int(input(“Enter Mass in Kg: “))
def Einstein(m):
c=299792458
e= m*c**2
return e
print(“Equivalent energy (E): “)
print(Einstein(m))
Question 21. Presume that a ladder is put upright against a wall. Let variables length and angle store the length of the ladder and the angle that it forms with the ground as it leans against the wall. Write a Python program to compute the height reached by the ladder on the wall for the following values of length and angle:
a)16 feet and 75 degrees
b)20 feet and 0 degrees
c)24 feet and 45 degrees
d)24 feet and 80 degrees
Answer:
import math
defheight_reched(length,degrees):
radian=math.radians(degrees)
sin=math.sin(radian)
height=round(length*sin,2)
return height
print(” height reached by the ladder on the wall for the length is 16 feet and 75 degrees “)
print(height_reched(16,75))
print(” height reached by the ladder on the wall for the length is 20 feet and 0 degrees “)
print(height_reched(20,0))
print(” height reached by the ladder on the wall for the length is 24 feet and 45 degrees “)
print(height_reched(24,45))
print(” height reached by the ladder on the wall for the length is 24 feet and 80 degrees “)
1. Write pseudocode that reads two numbers and divide one by another and display the quotient.
2. Two friends decide who gets the last slice of a cake by flipping a coin five times. The first person to win three flips wins the cake. An input of 1 means player 1 wins a flip, and a 2 means player 2 wins a flip. Design an algorithm to determine who takes the cake?
3. Write the pseudocode to print all multiples of 5 between 10 and 25 (including both 10 and 25).
4. Give an example of a loop that is to be executed a certain number of times.
5. Suppose you are collecting money for something. You need 200 in all. You ask your parents, uncles and aunts as well as grandparents. Different people may give either 10, 20 or even 50. You will collect till the total becomes 200. Write the algorithm.
6. Write the pseudocode to print the bill depending upon the price and quantity of an item. Also print Bill GST, which is the bill after adding 5% of tax in the total bill.
7. Write pseudocode that will perform the following: a) Read the marks of three subjects: Computer Science, Mathematics and Physics, out of 100 b) Calculate the aggregate marks c) Calculate the percentage of marks
8. Write an algorithm to find the greatest among two different numbers entered by the user.
9. Write an algorithm that performs the following: Ask a user to enter a number. If the number is between 5 and 15, write the word GREEN. If the number is between 15 and 25, write the word BLUE. if the number is between 25 and 35, write the word ORANGE. If it is any other number, write that ALL COLOURS ARE BEAUTIFUL.
10. Write an algorithm that accepts four numbers as input and find the largest and smallest of them.
11. Write an algorithm to display the total water bill charges of the month depending upon the number of units consumed by the customer as per the following criteria: • for the first 100 units @ 5 per unit • for next 150 units @ 10 per unit • more than 250 units @ 20 per unit Also add meter charges of 75 per month to calculate the total water bill .
12. What are conditionals? When they are required in a program?
13. Match the pairs
Answer:
14. Following is an algorithm for going to school or college. Can you suggest improvements in this to include other options? Reach_School_Algorithm a) Wake up b) Get ready c) Take lunch box d) Take bus e) Get off the bus f) Reach school or college
15. Write a pseudocode to calculate the factorial of a number ( Hint: Factorial of 5, written as 5! =5 × 4× 3× 2×1) .
16. Draw a flowchart to check whether a given number is an Armstrong number. An Armstrong number of three digits is an integer such that the sum of the cubes of its digits is equal to the number itself. For example, 371 is an Armstrong number since 33 + 73 + 1**3 = 371.
17. Following is an algorithm to classify numbers as “Single Digit”, “Double Digit” or “Big”. Classify_Numbers_Algo INPUT Number IF Number < 9 “Single Digit” Else If Number < 99 “Double Digit” Else “Big” Verify for (5, 9, 47, 99, 100 200) and correct the algorithm if required
18. For some calculations, we want an algorithm that accepts only positive integers upto 100.
Accept_1to100_Algo INPUT Number IF (0<= Number) AND (Number <= 100) ACCEPT Else REJECT a) On what values will this algorithm fail? b) Can you improve the algorithm?
NCERT Solutions Class 11 Computer Science Chapter 3 Emerging Trends
Question 1: List some of the cloud-based services that you are using at present.
Answer:
Platform as a Service (PaaS) –
It is use for performing Online Coding.
Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) –
It is a web services. Ex. Amazon web service
Software as a Service (SaaS) –
SaaS is web based software. Ex . Google map
Question 2: What do you understand by the Internet of Things? List some of its potential applications.
Answer:
Internet of things are related with the human, object, things, animals, car, door, etc. The all things, objects, or living things are immerse with sensor, software, hardware or network for exchanging a data between other devices via same network. With the help of IOT now we can convert our all daily appliances to smart appliances.
List some of its potential applications:
Health care (patient monitoring system, hand sanitizations)
Industry (Facility management, quality control)
Domestic appliances (Automatic power off/on control , door locker)
Agriculture (smart farm by using IOT sensor)
Transportation (Vehicle tracking)
Question3. Write short notes on the following:
a) Cloud Computing
b) Big data and its Characteristics
Answer:
a) Cloud computing:
Cloud computing is a service which is used to send data over the internet or cloud.
Simply, cloud is a service provider. There are so many Cloud Service Provider Companies are there. Some of them provide free service and some are paid. We can also stored the the data in our cloud.
Basically, internet and cloud is somewhat same. There are three types of cloud services are there:
SaaS: Software as a service provides services via internet for distribution. With the help of Saas an independent one can interacts with the other clients for administrate the application.
Paas: With the help of Platform as a service we can able to perform developing running, debugging like coding operation. Paas is generally used for online coding.
Iaas: Infrastructure as service provide a web service throughout the internet . Example: Amazon web service
b) Big data and its Characteristics: As a name suggest it is about huge data manipulation including both structured and unstructured. By using big data we can increase the quality of a data, optimize the data, and manipulate data easily. We know that, in todays, we are all exchanging a data through mobile via internet. In result, the large volume of data is generated and it may be critical also. This data is known as big data. The unstructured data like social media post, chat massages, images, etc. with big volume are very fluently managed by the specialized tools of big data. Following are the characteristics of big data:
1) Volume: We know that the big data itself is huge in size. Volume of a big data is related with the size of data 2) Velocity: The velocity of big data is directly related with how much data is created And getting structured in a stroke from different sources. 3) Verity: When we browsing, searching or do internet surfing. At that we are dealing with different types of data like music, images, text, videos etc. Some of them are structured, semi structured or unstructured. Big data can daily with different type of verities of data. 4) Veracity:
It is defined a correctness of data. The data which will be stored, it must be meaningful. Because interpreting incorrect data may cause wrong result.
Question 4. Explain the following along with their applications.
a) Artificial Intelligence
b) Machine Learning
Answer:
a) Artificial Intelligence:
In general term, AI is defined as to make a machine smart as it can do the task better than human. AI means to put a human intelligent into machine. Ai works like a human being. We have to trained our machine with information and knowledge. And machine also learnt from them. As well as from its past experience. As named suggest, we have to put intelligent artificially into the machine Here are the some example of AI:
Siri
Google voice
Alexa,Etc
b)Machine Learning
Machine learning is a part or application of artificial intelligence. Machine learning provide ability to teach, learn, expertise the machine without any human efforts. Four basic steps are there for building a machine learning application:
Select and prepare :
Firstly, we have to prepare a training dataset with respective data for particular machine learning model.
Choose an algorithm:
Then we have to choose a appropriate algorithm. It tells as how our machine learning model processes our model flow. There are two types of algorithms: Labeled and unlabeled
Training:
It is all about the checking, running, comparing and adjusting a result with the required output.
Improving the model:
The last step is improving quality, correctness, efficiency of a model with respect to time and size.
Question 5. Differentiate between cloud computing and grid computing with suitable examples.
Answer:
Cloud computing
Grid computing
Cloud computing is client server architecture
Grid computing is distributed server architecture
In cloud computing, resources are used in centralized pattern
In grid computing, resources are used in collaborative pattern
Cloud service is a paid service
grid service is a free service
It is more flexible
It is less flexible
Example: Salesforce, hubspot
Example: Bluegrid, DISCOM
Question 6. Justify the following statement: “Storage of data is cost-effective and time saving in cloud computing.”
Answer:
While working on internet or any system, we create different types of files and folders, etc. This data is stored in our local hard disk. But now a days the volume of data are increased day by day. At the time our local hard disks and a primary storage is not sufficient for storage. And when you go for purchasing external memory or external disk for storing a data, it requires lot of money. When this type of situation occurs, to overcome the situation we can use cloud computing. In cloud computing we have to just purchase a service not storage. So it will be effective than previous. In cloud computing we just need internet service and revenant data. Hence storage data is cost effective and time saving in cloud computing.
Question 7. What is on-demand service? How it is provided in cloud computing?
Answer:
On-demand service is like a gate and drop service. Whenever the customer required cloud service for particular time he or she can purchase it and whenever the task is completed, he or she can drop the service. On demand service provides services to the customer or client according to their needs. Example: If a company XYZ want a service for a particular project and for a particular time only. At that time they would be purchase this service and dropout after the completion of project.
Question8. Write examples of the following:
a) Government provided cloud computing platform
b) Large scale private cloud service providers and the services they provide
Answer:
a) Government provided cloud computing platform : MeghRaj is cloud service which is provided by government.
b) Large scale private cloud service providers and the services they provide : the most commonly large scale private cloud platform is AWS. Amazon Web Service is Iaas (Infrastructure as a service) cloud platform
Question9. A company interested in cloud computing is looking for a provider who offers a set of basic services, such as virtual server provisioning and on demand storage that can be combined into a platform for deploying and running customized applications. What type of cloud computing model fits these requirements?
a) Platform as a Service
b) Software as a Service
c) Application as a Service
d) Infrastructure as a Service
Answer: “Infrastructure as a service” provides a platform for deploying and running customized application.
Question10. If the government plans to make a smart school by applying IoT concepts, how can each of the following be implemented in order to transform a school into IoT-enabled smart school?
a) e-textbooks
b) Smart boards
c) Online Tests
d) Wifi sensors on classrooms doors
e) Sensors in buses to monitor their location
f) Wearables (watches or smart belts) for attendance monitoring.
Answer:
e-textbooks : By using IOT we can available digital book to student for get access from anytime and anywhere.
Smart boards: With the help of IOT we can make a school board work like a tablet. Instead of chalk we can use wireless pen and our hand as a duster.
Online Tests: We can take test virtually. And observe the student via camera and facial We can also check the answer digitally.
Wifi sensors on classrooms doors: With the help of IOT we can make our door smart. For example, whenever the student enters in classroom, automatically his/her attendance noted.
Sensors in buses to monitor their location: for the safety purpose of student w can track the student via GPS sensor which is monitarized by their parents.
Wearables (watches or smart belts) for attendance monitoring: with the help of wireless sensor, we can track the attendance of students through their watches. Whenever the student enters in classroom the attendance will get marked.
Question 11. Five friends plan to try a startup. However, they have a limited budget and limited computer infrastructure. How can they avail the benefits of cloud services to launch their startup?
Answer:
Cloud service applies charges only for service no for storage and resource. Once we purchase any service, it will be for a lifetime. And we can store a large amount of data into it. Infrastructure as a service is a best service for a startup plans
Question 12. Governments provide various scholarships to students of different classes. Prepare a report on how blockchain technology can be used to promote accountability, transparency and efficiency in distribution of scholarships?
Answer:
Question 13. How are IoT and WoT related?
Answer:
IOT is a internet of thing which is related with things like object which we will use daily. And WoT is web of things which is responsible to connect those IOT things to the web and communicate with the help of various devices like sensor.
Question 14. Match the columns:
Column A
Column B
1. You got a reminder to take medication
A. Smart Parking
2. You got an SMS alert that you forgot to lock the door
B. Smart wearable
3. You got an SMS alert that parking space is available near your block
C. Home Automation
4. You turned off your LED TV from your wrist watch
D. Smart Health
Answer:
1. You got a reminder to take medication
D. Smart Health
2. You got an SMS alert that you forgot to lock the door
C. Home Automation
3. You got an SMS alert that parking space is available near your block
A. Smart Parking
4. You turned off your LED TV from your wrist watch
NCERT Solution Class 11 Computer Science Chapter 1 – Computer System
1.) Name the software required to make a computer functional. Write down its two primary services?
Ans: To make a computer functional operating system is required. The two services of primary services:
1) Operating system provides services for building and running the application.
2) Operating system provide user interface to the user for enable interaction between computer and user.
2.) How does the computer understand a program written in high level language?
Ans: Computer understands only machine level language (0 and 1). High level language is a simple English type language written in some symmetric format. To convert high level language into machine language there is need of compiler which can be understood by computer.
3.) Why is the execution time of the machine code less than that of source code?
Ans: We know that computer readable language is machine language. So there is no need to convert machine language whereas Source codes are written in high level language. So there is need to convert it into machine language first. Hence, the execution time of machine language is less than source code.
4.) What is the need of RAM? How does it differ from ROM?
Ans: RAM (random access memory) is used for quickly accessing a data. RAM is a temporary storage memory and it stores the active using data. Whereas ROM is a read only memory and it is a permanent storage device. Data in RAM is erased when power goes off whereas in ROM data remain as it is.
5.) What is the need for secondary memory?
Ans: Secondary memory provides a large storage facility as well as it is very cheap .There is a need of secondary storage because it is a permanent storage device. Unlike ROM and RAM secondary memory doesn’t have limited storage.
6.) How do different components of the computer communicate with each other?
Ans: Component of a computer communicate with each other with the help of system bus. System bus provides the facility to transfer the data as well as memory address between one component to another.
7.) Draw the block diagram of a computer system. Briefly write about the functionality of each component.
Ans:
INPUT UNIT :
Input unit has following function:
Input unit takes a data instruction from the user for further processing.
We know that computer understand machine language. Input unit converts the data to the machine language (machine readable form)
They are various types of input devices are available like keyboard, scanner, mouse, touch screen devices, etc.
CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT:
CPU i.e. Central processing unit is responsible for performing all tasks of computer. CPU is like a heart of computer.CPU consists of 3 units:
Primary memory
Control unit
Arithmetic logic unit
ALU:
Arithmetic and logical unit responsible for performing all arithmetic operation like addition, subtraction, multiplication and division .It also responsible for conduct merging, sorting like all sorting techniques .All the calculations of the data perform by ALU.
Control unit:
Control unit is used to control the signals. Control unit receives the instruction, data, and information from input devices and converts it into control signals.
Primary memory:
There are two types of primary memory
RAM
ROM
RAM:
RAM means random access memory.
It is a volatile storage.
The data stored in RAM temporary.
RAM stores the data of active task.
ROM :
ROM mans read only memory.
The data stored in ROM is permanent.
It cannot be erased during the power cut off.
It is a non volatile memory.
OUTPUT UNIT:
An output device is one of the components of computer. output devices is responsible to convert machine code into the human readable form. Monitor, printer etc. are output devices. The output given by the computer can be in any type like text, graphics, audio, video etc
8.) What is the primary role of system bus? Why data bus is is bidirectional while address bus is unidirectional?
Ans : To transfer the data, address, control signal between the computer there is a need of system bus. With the help of system bus components of a computer can communicate with each other. Data bus is bidirectional because of two-way transfer process. IT transfers the data among CPU,memory and other peripheral devices. Address bus is unidirectional because whenever the data written in the memory, CPU placed the data on data bus. After that address bus provide specific address to write the data.
9.) Differentiate between proprietary software and freeware software. Name two software for each type.
Ans:
Proprietary software
Freeware software
Proprietary software is software which is not available freely or publically.
Freeware software are available anywhere publically.
To get Proprietary software there is a need of authenticate license
To get freeware software there is no need of authenticate license
To get Proprietary software we must have to pay for it
free software are free of charge
Example: adobe flash player, winRAR
Example: Linux, vlc player
10.) Write the main difference between microcontroller Notes and microprocessor. Why do smart home appliances have a microcontroller instead of microprocessor embedded in them?
Ans:
MICRO CONTROLLER
MICRO PROCESSOR
Micro controller used for perform particular task
Micro processor used for intensive processing
Micro controller does not have capacity to perform multiple task
Micro processor have capacity to perform multiple task
Size of micro controller: 8bit,16 bit,32 bit
Size of micro processor: 64 bit,32 bit
Micro controller is cheaper in cost
Micro processor is expensive
MICRO CONTROLLER consumed less power
MICRO processor consumed more power
Application: microwave oven
Application: computer, laptop
Smart home appliances have a micro controller because it consumed less electricity. As well as it is very low in cost. Microcontroller requires very less space, it does not require CPU and other peripheral devices.
11.) Mention the different types of data that you deal with while browsing the Internet.
Ans:
Different types of data while browsing the Internet:
Structured: the data which is stored in most organized way is known as structured data
Unstructured: the data which is not stored in organized way is known as unstructured data
Semi structured: the data lies in between the structured and unstructured data is known as semi structured data
12.) Categories the following data as structured, semi structured and unstructured:
Newspaper
Cricket Match Score
HTML Page
Patient records in a hospital
Ans:
STRUCTURED
SEMI STRUCTURED
UNSTRUCTURED
Patient record in hospitalCricket match score
Html page
newspaper
13.) Name the input or output device used to do the following:
a) To output audio
b) To enter textual data
c) To make hard copy of a text file
d) To display the data or information
e) To enter audio-based command
f) To build 3D models
g) To assist a visually-impaired individual in entering data
Ans:
a) To output audio – Speaker
b) To enter textual data – Keyboard
c) To make hard copy of a text file – Printer
d) To display the data or information – Monitor
e) To enter audio-based command – Mic
f) To build 3D models – 3D Printer
g) To assist a visually-impaired individual in entering data – Braille keyboards
14.) Identify the category (system, application, programming tool) of the following software:
NCERT Solutions for Class XI Antaral Hindi Chapter 3 -Awara Maseeha
अंतराल भाग -1 आवारा मसीहा (निम्नलिखित प्रश्नों के उत्तर एक या दो पंक्तियों में दीजिए )
प्रश्न 1:”उस समय वह सोच भी नहीं सकता था कि मनुष्य को दुख पहुँचाने के अलावा भी साहित्य का कोई उद्देश्य हो सकता है।” लेखक ने ऐसा क्यों कहा? आपके विचार से साहित्य के कौन-कौन से उद्देश्य हो सकते हैं? उत्तर : शरतचंद्र के बचपन में उन्हें साहित्य दुखदायी लगता था। विद्यालय में उन्हें सीता-वनवास, चारू-पाठ, सद्भाव-सद्गुण तथा प्रकांड व्याकरण जैसी साहित्यिक रचनाएँ पढ़नी पड़ती थी। शरतचंद्र को ये अच्छी नहीं लगती थीं। पंडित जी द्वारा रोज़ परीक्षा लिए जाने पर उन्हें मार भी खानी पड़ती थी। अतः अपने बचपन में साहित्य उन्हें दुखदायी लगा। यही कारण है कि लेखक ने ऐसा कहा। हमारे विचार से साहित्य के बहुत से उद्देश्य हो सकते हैं। वे इस प्रकार हैं- • साहित्य मनुष्य के मनोरंजन का बहुत उत्तम साधन है। इसको पढ़ने से समय अच्छा व्यतीत होता है। • यदि मनुष्य अच्छा साहित्य पढ़ता है, तो मनुष्य का ज्ञान बढ़ाता है। उसकी सोच को नई दिशा मिलती है। • साहित्य में इतिहास संबंधी बहुत से तथ्य विद्यमान होते हैं। साहित्य के माध्यम से इतिहास की सही जानकारी मिलती है। • साहित्य के माध्यम से मनुष्य अपने देश, गाँव, समाज इत्यादि के समीप आ जाता है। उसमें विद्यमान सामाजिक मान्यताओं, विषमताओं, कमियों, खुबियों इत्यादि को जाना जा सकता है।
प्रश्न 2:पाठ के आधार पर बताइए कि उस समय के और वर्तमान समय के पढ़ने-पढ़ाने के तौर-तरीकों में क्या अंतर और समानताएँ हैं? आप पढ़ने-पढ़ाने के कौन से तौर-तरीकों के पक्ष में हैं और क्यों? उत्तर : उस समय और आज के समय में पढ़ाई के तरीकों में समानताएँ इस प्रकार हैं ।- (क) पहले और आज के समय में अनुशासन का कढ़ाई से पालन करवाया जाता है। बच्चों को ज्ञान देने के स्थान पर जीविका के साधन उपलब्ध करवाने पर अधिक ध्यान दिया जाता है। यही कारण है कि उसे रटाया जाता है। (ख) पहले बच्चों की प्रतिदिन परीक्षा लेने का प्रावधान था। वह आज भी देखने को मिलता है। क्लास टेस्ट, एफ.ए.-1, एफ.ए.-2, एफ.ए.-3, एफ.ए.-4, एस.ए.-1 और एस.ए.-2 इत्यादि टेस्ट बच्चों को देने पड़ते हैं। इस तरह का दबाव बच्चों को पढ़ाई से दूर करता है और पढ़ाई का डर उनके मन में भर देता है। (ग) उस समय विद्यालय में पढ़ाई को महत्व दिया जाता था। खेलकूद आदि महत्वपूर्ण नहीं थे। पहले के समय और आज के समय में पढ़ाई के तरीकों में अंतर इस प्रकार हैं- (क) पहले बच्चों की प्रतिभा और रुचि पर ध्यान नहीं दिया जाता था। सबको सम्मान रूप से एक ही चीज़ पढ़ाई जाती थी। परन्तु आज ऐसा नहीं है। बच्चों की रुचि तथा योग्यता को देखकर उसे आगे बढ़ाया जाता है। आरंभिक शिक्षा बेशक एक-सी हो लेकिन आगे चलकर बच्चे के पास अपना मनपसंद विषय लेने का अधिकार होता है। (ख) पहले के समान आज शारीरिक दंड नहीं दिया जाता है। अब बच्चों को प्रेम से समझाया जाता है। (ग) अब खेलकूद, कला आदि को भी शिक्षा के समान प्राथमिकता दी जाती है।
प्रश्न 3:पाठ में अनेक अंश बाल सुलभ चंचलताओं, शरारतों को बहुत रोचक ढंग से उजागर करते हैं। आपको कौन सा अंश अच्छा लगा और क्यों? वर्तमान समय में इन बाल सुलभ क्रियाओं में क्या परिवर्तन आए हैं? उत्तर : पाठ शरतचंद्र की बहुत-सी बाल सुलभ चंचलताओं और शरारतों से भरा पड़ा है। उनका तितली पकड़ना, तालाब में नहाना, उपवन लगाना, पशु-पक्षी पालना, पिता के पुस्तकालय से पुस्तकें पढ़ना और पुस्तकों में दी गई जानकारी का प्रयोग करना। एक बार तो उन्होंने पुस्तक में साँप के वश में करने का मंत्र तक पढ़कर उसका प्रयोग कर डाला। शरतचंद्र द्वारा उपवन लगाना और पशु-पक्षी पालने वाला अंश अच्छा लगा। यह ऐसा अंश है, जो आज के बच्चों में दिखाई नहीं देता है। शरतचंद्र जैसे कार्यों को करके हम प्रकृति के समीप आते हैं। इससे हमारा पशु-पक्षियों के प्रति प्रेमभाव बढ़ता है। आज इमारतों के जंगल में बच्चों को ऐसे कार्य करने के लिए ही नहीं मिलते हैं। आज के समय में बाल सुलभ क्रियाओं में बहुत परिवर्तन आएँ हैं। बच्चे प्रकृति के समीप कम और गेजेट्स के समीप पहुँच गए हैं। उनके हाथ में बचपन से ही ये आ जाते हैं। इनमें वे विभिन्न प्रकार की शरारतें करते दिख जाते हैं। वे इसका दुरुप्रयोग कर रहे हैं। यह उनके सही नहीं है। समय बदल रहा है और आधुनिकता का ये जहर बच्चों के बचपन को निगल रहा है।
प्रश्न 4:नाना के घर किन-किन बातों का निषेध था? शरत् को उन निषिद्ध कार्यों को करना क्यों प्रिय था? उत्तर : शरद के नाना बहुत सख्त थे। उनका मानना था कि बच्चों कार्य बस पढ़ना होना चाहिए। अतः उन्होंने बच्चों को बहुत-सी बातें करने से साफ़ मना किया हुआ था। उसमें तालाब में नहाना, पशु तथा पक्षियों को पालना, बाहर जाकर खेलना, उपवन लगाना, घूमना, पतंग, लट्टू, गिल्ली-डंडा तथा गोली इत्यादि खेल खेलना तक निषिद्ध था। जो उनकी बातें नहीं मानता था, उसे बहुत कठोर दंड दिया जाता था। शरत् स्वभाव से स्वतंत्रतापूर्वक जीने का इच्छुक था। नाना की सख्ती और रोक उसे बंधन लगती थी। वह एक विद्रोही के समान सब बंधनों को तोड़ता था। इसके लिए हिम्मत की आवश्यकता होती है और जो उसमें बहुत थी।
प्रश्न 5:आपको शरत् और उसके पिता मोतीलाल के स्वभाव में क्या समानताएँ नज़र आती हैं? उदाहरण सहित स्पष्ट कीजिए। उत्तर : शरत् के अंदर अपने पिता मोतीलाल के स्वभाव की बहुत समानताएँ विद्यमान थीं। वे इस प्रकार हैं- • शरत् पिता के समान साहित्य पढ़ने और लिखने का शौकीन था। उसने अपने पिता के पुस्तकालय की सभी पुस्तकें पढ़ ली थीं। • उनके पिता स्वभाव से स्वतंत्र व्यक्ति थे, शरत् भी ऐसा ही था। उसने कभी बंधकर रहना नहीं सीखा था। अतः नाना के हज़ार बंधन उसे रोक नहीं पाए। • शरत् तथा उसके पिता सभी लोगों को समान दृष्टि से देखते थे। उनके लिए कोई बड़ा-छोटा नहीं था। • उसका सौंदर्य बोध पिता के समान ही था। जो उनके लेखन में स्पष्ट रूप से झलकता है। • वह पिता के समान यायावार प्रकृति के व्यक्ति था। एक स्थान पर टिकना उसके लिए संभव नहीं था।
प्रश्न 6:शरत् की रचनाओं में उनके जीवन की अनेक घटनाएँ और पात्र सजीव हो उठे हैं। पाठ के आधार पर विवेचना कीजिए। उत्तर : शरत् की रचनाओं में जिन घटनाओं का उल्लेख हुआ है, वे सच में उनके जीवन की अनेक घटनाएँ और पात्र हैं। उन्होंने अपने जीवन में जो भोगा, जिन लोगों को पाया, जो अनुभव प्राप्त किया उसे अपनी रचनाओं में उतार डाला। ये ऐसा विवरण है, जिनसे हमें शरत् के जीवन का परिचय मिल जाता है। उसके मन तथा जीवन की थाह मिल जाती है। नीचे दी जानकारी से वह स्पष्ट हो जाएगा- (क) शरत् ने बचपन में बाग से बहुत आम चुराकर खाए थे। यदि कभी पकड़े जाते, तो मिलने वाली सज़ा से भागे नहीं बल्कि किसी वीर के समान उसे भोगा था। उनके पात्र देवदास, श्रीकांत, दर्दांतराम और सव्यसाची शरत के जीवन की झलक देते हैं। (ख) शरत् स्वभाव से अपरिग्रही था। उसे जो मिलता था, वह दूसरों में बाँट देता था। इस कारण शरतचंद्र की पात्र ‘बड़ी बहू’ बहुत परेशान थी। (ग) साँप को वश में करने की कला को उन्होंने अपने पिता के पुस्तकालय में एक पुस्तक से सीखा था। वैसे तो यह बात सत्य नहीं थी परन्तु अपनी रचना ‘श्रीकांत’ तथा ‘विलासी’ रचना में इस विद्या के विषय में उन्होंने बताया है। (घ) उनके पिता घर-जँवाई बनकर रहे थे। अतः ‘काशीनाथ’ का पात्र काशीनाथ ऐसा ही व्यक्ति था, जो घर-जँवाई बनकर रहता है। (ङ) उनकी माता द्वारा अपने पति को काम न किए जाने पर ठेस पहुँचाना और पिता मोतीलाल का इस बात पर घर से निकल जाना। इसी घटना का वर्णन उन्होंने ‘शुभदा’ के हारान बाबू के रूप में किया है। (च) शरत की मित्र धीरू थी। दोनों में बहुत गहरी मित्रता था। धीरू के चरित्र को उन्होंने ‘पारो’ (देवदास), ‘माधवी’ (बड़ी दीदी) तथा ‘राजलक्ष्मी’ (श्रीकांत) के रूप में चित्रण किया है। (छ) उनकी रचना में एक विधवा स्त्री का उल्लेख मिलता है। उसके बहनोई तथा देवर की उस पर बुरी दृष्टि है। उसने एक बार बीमार शरत् की सहायता की थी। वह इन दो राक्षसों से स्वयं को बचाना चाहती थी। अतः जब ठीक होकर शरत् घर को जाने लगे, तो वह उनके पीछे चल पड़ी। उसे खोजते हुए दोनों राक्षस आ गए और शरत् को मारकर उसे बलपूर्वक अपने साथ ले गए। ‘चरित्रहीन’ रचना में इसी घटना का उल्लेख मिलता है। (ज) ‘शुभदा’ में उन्होंने अपनी गरीबी का भयानक और मार्मिक चित्रण किया है। इस आधार पर हम कह सकते हैं कि शरत् की रचनाओं में उनके जीवन की अनेक घटनाएँ और पात्र सजीव हो उठे हैं।
प्रश्न 7: ”जो रुदन के विभिन्न रूपों को पहचानता है वह साधारण बालक नहीं है। बड़ा होकर वह निश्चय ही मनस्तत्व के व्यापार में प्रसिद्ध होगा।” अघोर बाबू के मित्र की इस टिप्पणी पर अपनी टिप्पणी कीजिए। उत्तर : अघोर बाबू के मित्र ने जो टिप्पणी की वह बालक के भाव व्यापार को समझने की क्षमता के आधार पर की थी। अघोर बाबू के मित्र जानते थे कि साहित्य सृजन के लिए मनुष्य का अति संवेदनशील होना आवश्यक है। शरत् में यह गुण विद्यमान था। छोटे से ही उनमें संवेदनशीलता का गुण आ गया था। वह अपने आस-पास के वातावरण तथा परिवेश का सूक्ष्म निरीक्षण करने में दक्ष थे। अतः अघोर बाबू जानते थे कि जिस बालक में इस प्रकार की क्षमता इस समय मौजूद है, तो आगे चलकर यह बालक मनस्तत्व के व्यापार में प्रसिद्ध होगा। ऐसा बालक उस संवेदना को पूर्णरूप से कागज़ में पात्रों के माध्यम से उकेर पाएगा। उनका यह कथन आगे चलकर सत्य भी सिद्ध हुआ। उनकी प्रत्येक रचना इस बात का प्रमाण है।
NCERT Solutions for Class 11th: पाठ 2 – हुसैन की कहानी अपनी ज़बानी
1. लेखक ने अपने पाँच मित्रों के जो शब्द-चित्र प्रस्तुत किए हैं, उनसे उनके अलग-अलग व्यक्तित्व की झलक मिलती है। फिर भी वे घनिष्ठ मित्र हैं, कैसे?
उत्तर
लेखक ने अपने पाँच मित्रों के जो शब्द-चित्र प्रस्तुत किए हैं, उसके अनुसार पाँचों के स्वभाव अलग-अलग हैं, किंतु इससे उनकी मित्रता पर कभी फर्क नहीं पड़ा क्योंकि उन सब में कलाकार की सोच विद्यमान थी| पाँचों की मित्रता स्वार्थ पर आधारित नहीं थी इसलिए वे घनिष्ठ मित्र थे।
2. ‘प्रतिभा छुपाये नहीं छुपती’ कथन के आधार पर मकबूल फिदा हुसैन के व्यक्तित्व पर प्रकाश डालिए।
उत्तर
लेखक को अपने दादा से विशेष लगाव था जिसका प्रमाण इस घटना से मिलता है कि जब लेखक के दादाजी की मृत्यु हुई तो वह अपने दादाजी के कमरे में ही बंद रहने लगा। वह अपने दादाजी के बिस्तर पर उनकी भूरी अचकन ओढ़कर – इस प्रकार सोता था मानो वह अपने दादाजी से लिपटकर सोया हुआ है।
3. ‘लेखक जन्मजात कलाकार है।’-इस आत्मकथा में सबसे पहले यह कहाँ उद्घाटित होता है?
उत्तर
“लेखक जन्मजात कलाकार है,” ‘इस बात का पता इस पाठ में उस समय चलता है जब बड़ौदा के बोर्डिंग स्कूल में जथा उस समय उसके ड्राइंग के शिक्षक मास्टर मोहम्मद अतहर ने ब्लैक बोर्ड पर सफेद चॉक से एक बड़ी-सी चिड़िया बनाई और लड़कों से कहा कि ‘अपनी-अपनी स्लेट पर इस चिड़िया की नकल करो।’ मकबूल फिदा हुसैन ने उस चिड़िया को बिल्कुल उसी तरह से बना दिया जैसे मास्टर मोहम्मद अतहर ने ब्लैक बोर्ड पर बनाई थी।
4. दुकान पर बैठे-बैठे भी मकबूल के भीतर का कलाकार उसके किन कार्यकलापों से अभिव्यक्त होता है?
उत्तर
मकबूल फिदा हुसैन को पेंटिंग से बहुत लगाव था। जब कभी वह दुकान पर बैठते तो वहाँ भी कुछ-न-कुछ ड्राइंग बनाते रहते थे। पेंटिंग से उसका प्यार इतना अधिक था कि हिसाब की किताब में दस रुपये लिखता था तो ड्राइंग की कॉपी में बीस चित्र बना देता था। कान के सामने से अकसर चूँघट ताने गुजरने वाली एक मेहतरानी का स्केच, गेहूँ की बोरी उठाए मजदूर की पेंचवाली पगड़ी का स्केच, पठान की दाढ़ी और माथे पर सिजदे के निशान, बुरका पहने औरत और बकरी के बच्चे का वह स्केच बनाया करता था। अपनी पहली ऑयल पेंटिंग भी उसने दुकान पर रहकर ही बनायी थी।
5. प्रचार-प्रसार के पुराने तरीकों और वर्तमान तरीकों में क्या फ़र्क आया है? पाठ के आधार पर बताएँ।
उत्तर
प्रचार-प्रसार के पुराने तरीकों और वर्तमान तरीकों में बहुत अंतर आया है। किसी वस्तु का प्रचार के लिए ढोल-नगाड़े आदि बजाकर उसके विषय में घोषणा की जाती थी। एक व्यक्ति रिक्शा, ताँगे आदि में बैठ जाता था और उस वस्तु का पोस्टर लगाकार ढोल बजाते हुए जोर-जोर से उसके विषय में बताता था। कुछ लोग घर-घर जाकर अपनी वस्तु का विज्ञापन किया करते थे। कई बार नुक्कड़ों पर नाटक आदि के माध्यम से भी वस्तु का विज्ञापन किया जाता था। अब किसी भी वस्तु का प्रसार-प्रचार अखबार, मैगजीन, रेडियो, टेलीविज़न, इंटरनेट और मोबाइल फोन ने विज्ञापन को कई गुना तीव्र एवं प्रभावशाली बना दिया है।
6. कला के प्रति लोगों का नजरिया पहले कैसा था? उसमें अब क्या बदलाव आया है?
उत्तर
पहले लोग कला को राजे-महाराजे और अमीरों का शौक मानते थे। गरीब व्यक्ति तो इस विषय में सोच भी नहीं सकता था। उस समय कला आम आदमी का पेट नहीं भर सकती थी। यह केवल समय काटने का साधन थी।लेकिन समय बदला है। आज कला तथा कलाकार का सम्मान किया जाता है। अब तो शिक्षा में भी इसे अभिन्न बना दिया गया है। आज यह जीविका का मज़बूत साधन है। अब कलाकृतियाँ बड़े घरों की ही नहीं, आम घरों के दीवारों की शोभा बनने लगी हैं।
7. मकबूल के पिता के व्यक्तित्व की तुलना अपने पिता के व्यक्तित्व से कीजिए?
