1. Construct an angle of 90° at the initial point of the given ray. [CBSE-15-6DWMW5A] Answer.
2. Draw a line segment PQ = 8.4 cm. Divide PQ into four equal parts using ruler and compass. [CBSE-14-ERFKZ8H], [CBSE – 14-GDQNI3W], [CBSE-14-17DIG1U] Answer.Steps of construction :
Draw a line segment PQ = 8.4 cm.
With P and Q as centres, draw arcs of radius little more than half of PQ. Let his line intersects PQ in M.
With M and Q as centres, draw arcs of radius little more than half of MQ. Let this line intersects PQ in N.
With P and M as centres, draw arcs of radius little more than half of PM. Let this line intersects PQ in L. Thus, L, M and N divide the line segment PQ in four equal parts.
3. Draw any reflex angle. Bisect it using compass. Name the angles so obtained. [CBSE-15-NS72LP7] Answer.
4. Why we cannot construct a ΔABC, if ∠A=60°, AB — 6 cm, AC + BC = 5 cm but construction of A ABC is possible if ∠A=60°, AB = 6 cm and AC – BC = 5 cm. [CBSE-14-GDQNI3W] Answer. We know that, by triangle inequality property, construction of triangle is possible if sum of two sides of a triangle is greater than the third side. Here, AC + BC = 5 cm which is less than AB ( 6 cm) Thus, ΔABC is not possible. Also, by triangle inequality property, construction of triangle is possible, if difference of two sides of a triangle is less than the third side Here, AC – BC = 5 cm, which is less than AB (6 cm) Thus, ΔABC is possible.
5. Construct angle of [5212]0 using compass only. [CBSE-14-17DIG1U] Answer.
SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS TYPE-I 6. Using ruler and compass, construct 4∠XYZ, if ∠XYZ= 20° [CBSE-14-ERFKZ8H] Answer.
7. Construct an equilateral triangle LMN, one of whose side is 5 cm. Bisect ∠ M of the triangle. [CBSE March 2012] Answer. Steps of construction :
Draw a line segment LM = 5 cm.
Taking L as centre and radius 5 cm draw an arc.
Taking M as centre and radius draw an other arc intersecting previous arc at N.
Join LN and MN. Thus, ΔLMN is the required equilateral triangle.
Taking M as centre and any suitable radius, draw an arc intersecting LM at P and MN at Q.
Taking P and Q as centres and same radii, draw arcs intersecting at S.
Join MS and produce it meet LN at R. Thus, MSR is the required bisector of ∠M.
8. Construct a A ABC with BC = 8 cm, ∠B= 45° and AB – AC = 3.1 cm. [CBSE-15-NS72LP7] Answer.
9. Construct an isosceles triangle whose two equal sides measure 6 cm each and whose base is 5 cm. Draw the perpendicular bisector of its base and show that it passes through the opposite vertex [CBSE-15-6DWMW5A] Answer. Steps of construction :
Draw a line segment AB = 5 cm.
With A and B as centres, draw two arcs of radius 6 cm and let they intersect each other in C.
Join AC and BC to get ΔABC.
With A and B as centres, draw two arcs of radius little more than half of AB. Let they intersect each other in P and Q. Join PQ and produce, to pass through C.
10. Construct a right triangle whose base is 8 cm and sum of the hypotenuse and other side is 16 cm. Answer. Given : In ΔABC, BC = 8 cm, ∠B= 90° and AB + AC = 16 cm. Required : To construct ΔABC. Steps of construction:
Draw a line segment BC = 8 cm.
At B, Draw ∠CBX = 90°.
From ray BX, cut off BE = 16 cm.
Join CE .
Draw the perpendicular bisector of EC meeting BE at A.
Q3: A field is in the Shape of a Trapezium whose parallel sides are 22 m and 10 m. The non-parallel sides are given as 13 m and 14 m. Find the area of the field.
Solution:
Draw a line segment BE line AD. Then, draw a perpendicular on the line segment CD from point B
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Now, it can be seen that the quadrilateral ABED is a parallelogram. So,
We also know that the area of ΔBEC = (½) × EC × BF
56 cm2 = (½) × 12 × BF
BF = 56 x 2 /12cm
= 9.3 cm
So, the total area of ABED will be BF × DE i.e. 9.3 × 10 = 93 m2
∴ Area of the field = 93 + 56 = 149 m2
Q4: Find the Area of the Triangular field of sides 55 m, 60 m, and 65 m. Find the cost of laying the grass in the triangular field at the rate of Rs 8 per m2.
Solution:
Given that
Sides of the triangular field are 50 m, 60 m and 65 m.
Cost of laying grass in a triangular field = Rs 8 per m2
Q.6Find the area of a triangle whose two sides are 18 cm and 10 cm and the perimeter is 42cm.
Solution:
Assume that the third side of the triangle to be “x”.
Now, the three sides of the triangle are 18 cm, 10 cm, and “x” cm
It is given that the perimeter of the triangle = 42cm
So, x = 42 – (18 + 10) cm = 14 cm
∴ The semi perimeter of triangle = 42/2 = 21 cm
Using Heron’s formula,
Area of the triangle,
= √[s (s-a) (s-b) (s-c)]
= √[21(21 – 18) (21 – 10) (21 – 14)] cm2
= √[21 × 3 × 11 × 7] m2
= 21√11 cm2
Q.7: The sides of a triangle are in the ratio of 12: 17: 25 and its perimeter is 540cm. Find its area.
Solution:
The ratio of the sides of the triangle is given as 12: 17: 25
Now, let the common ratio between the sides of the triangle be “x”
∴ The sides are 12x, 17x and 25x
It is also given that the perimeter of the triangle = 540 cm
12x + 17x + 25x = 540 cm
=> 54x = 540cm
So, x = 10
Now, the sides of the triangle are 120 cm, 170 cm, 250 cm.
So, the semi perimeter of the triangle (s) = 540/2 = 270 cm
Using Heron’s formula,
Area of the triangle
= 9000 cm2
Q.8: A field is in the shape of a trapezium whose parallel sides are 25 m and 10 m. The non-parallel sides are 14 m and 13 m. Find the area of the field.
Solution:
First, draw a line segment BE parallel to the line AD. Then, from B, draw a perpendicular on the line segment CD.
Now, it can be seen that the quadrilateral ABED is a parallelogram. So,
AB = ED = 10 m
AD = BE = 13 m
EC = 25 – ED = 25 – 10 = 15 m
Now, consider the triangle BEC,
Its semi perimeter (s) = (13+ 14 + 15)/2 = 21 m
By using Heron’s formula,
Area of ΔBEC =
= 84 m2
We also know that the area of ΔBEC = (½) × CE × BF
84 cm2 = (½) × 15 × BF
=> BF = (168/15) cm = 11.2 cm
So, the total area of ABED will be BF × DE, i.e. 11.2 × 10 = 112 m2
∴ Area of the field = 84 + 112 = 196 m2
Q.9: A rhombus-shaped field has green grass for 18 cows to graze. If each side of the rhombus is 30 m and its longer diagonal is 48 m, how much area of grass field will each cow be getting?
Solution:
Draw a rhombus-shaped field first with the vertices as ABCD. The diagonal AC divides the rhombus into two congruent triangles which are having equal areas. The diagram is as follows.
Consider the triangle BCD,
Its semi-perimeter = (48 + 30 + 30)/2 m = 54 m
Using Heron’s formula,
Area of the ΔBCD =
= 432 m2
∴ Area of field = 2 × area of the ΔBCD = (2 × 432) m2 = 864 m2
Thus, the area of the grass field that each cow will be getting = (864/18) m2 = 48 m2
Q.10: Find the cost of laying grass in a triangular field of sides 50 m, 65 m and 65 m at the rate of Rs 7 per m2.
Solution:
According to the question,
Sides of the triangular field are 50 m, 65 m and 65 m.
Cost of laying grass in a triangular field = Rs 7 per m2
Let a = 50, b = 65, c = 65
s = (a + b + c)/2
⇒ s = (50 + 65 + 65)/2
= 180/2
= 90.
Area of triangle = √(s(s-a)(s-b)(s-c))
= √(90(90-50)(90-65)(90-65))
= √(90×40×25×25)
= 1500m2
Cost of laying grass = Area of triangle ×Cost per m2
If a wooden box of dimensions 8 m x 7 m x 6 m is to carry boxes of dimensions 8 cm x 7 cm x 6 cm, then find the maximum number of boxes that can be carried in the wooden box. [CBSE-14-GDQNI3W] Answer.
Question 2
. Two cubes of edge 6 cm are joined to form a cuboid. Find the total surface area of the cuboid. [CBSE-15-NS72LP7] Answer. When two cubes are joined end to end, then Length of the cuboid = 6 + 6 = 12 cm Breadth of the cuboid = 6 cm Height of the cuboid = 6 cm Total surface area of the cuboid = 2 (lb + bh + hi) = 2(12 x6 + 6×6 + 6×12) = 2(72 + 36 + 72) = 2(180) = 360 cm2
Question3
. Calculate the edge of the cube if its volume is 1331 cm3. [CBSE-15-6DWMW5A] Answer.
Question.4
If in a cylinder, radius is doubled and height is halved, then find its curved surface area. Answer.
Question 5. The radii of two cylinders of the same height are in the ratio 4 :5, then find the ratio of their volumes. Answer.
Question 6. Find the area of the sheet required to make closed cylindrical vessel of height 1 m and diameter 140 cm. Answer.
Question 9. Find the volume of cone of radius r/2 and height ‘2h’. Answer.
10. How many balls, each of radius 2 cm can be made from a solid sphere of lead of radius 8 cm ? [CBSE-14-17DIG1U] Answer.
(a) Why are angiosperms so called ? In which structures do the seeds develop ? Why are cotyledons considered an important part of seed ? (b) Differentiate between the two categories of angiosperms giving an example of each. [SAII – 2014] Answer. (a) Angiosperms are so called because these plants have covered seeds. Seeds develop within ovary which later modify into fruit. Cotyledons are considered an important part of seed as these are seed leaves. In many instances, they emerge and become green when the seed germinates. (b) The angiosperms are divided into two categories depending upon the number of cotyledons present in the seeds: (i) Monocot — Plants having single cotyledon, e.g., Paphiopedilum, maize. (ii) Dicot — Plants having two cotyledons, e.g., Ipomoea, sunflower.
Question.2 (a) Identify the organism shown in the picture and write the common name and scientific name of the organism. (b) Name its phylum and kingdom. (c) Which organ of digestive system normally harbours this organism ?
Answer. (a) It is Ascaris.Common name is Roundworm.Scientific name is Ascaris lumbricoides. (b) Phylum — Nematoda and Kingdom-Animalia. (c) Small intestine (an organ of digestive system) normally harbours this organism.
Question.3 (a) Identify three features possessed by all chordates. (b) Name the classes of vertebrates which have the following characteristics: (1) Animals that have streamlined body and gills for breathing. (2) Animals that are found both on land and in water. (3) Animals that have mammary glands for the production of milk to nourish their young ones. Answer. (a) Features of chordates:
They have notochord.
They have a dorsal hollow nerve chord.
They are triploblastic.
They have paired gill pouches.
They are coelomate.
(b)
Pisces
Amphibians
Mammals.
Question.4
What is the criterion for classification of organisms as belonging to kingdom Monera or Protista? [SAII – 2011] Answer .Criterion for classification of organisms belonging to kingdom Monera: (i) These organisms do not have a defined nucleus or organelles, nor do any of them show multicellular body designs. (ii) Some of them have cell walls while some do not have. The mode of nutrition of organisms in this group can be either by synthesizing their own food (autotrophic) or getting it from the environment (heterotrophic). (iv) This group includes bacteria, blue-green algae or cyanobacteria and mycoplasma. Criterion for classification of organisms belonging to kingdom Protista: (i) This group includes many kinds of unicellular eukaryotic organisms. (ii) Some of these organisms use appendages, such as hair-like cilia or whip-like flagella for moving around. (iii) Their mode of nutrition can be autotrophic or heterotrophic. (iv) This group includes unicellular algae, diatoms and protozoans.
Question.5
How do poriferan animals differ from coelenterate animals ? [SAII -2011] Answer.
Question.6
How do annelid animals differ from arthropods ? [SAII -2014] Answer.
Question.7
What are the differences between amphibians and reptiles ? [SAII – 2011] Answer.
Question.8 What are the differences between animals belonging to the Aves group and those in the Mammalia group ? [SAII- 2011] Answer.
Question.9 What are the advantages of classifying organisms ? Answer. The importance of classification is :
It provides us an information regarding the diversity of plants and animals.
It provides insight into the origin of organism and interrelationship between them.
It makes the study of wide variety of organisms.
It helps in understanding the evolution of organisms. –
Various fields of applied biology like agriculture, environmental biology etc., also depends t upon correct identification and classification of pest, disease, vector etc.
It serves as a base for the development of other biological sciences like biogeography and ecology.
The science of classification thus contributes to a larger extent in advancing knowledge in most of the other disciplines of biology.
Question.10 What are the major divisions in the plantae ? What is the basis for these divisions ? [SAII – 2014] Answer. The major divisions in the kingdom plantae are : (i) Thallophyta (ii) Bryophyta (iii) Pteridophyta (iv) Gymnosperms (v) Angiosperms. The basis of these divisions are : (a) Whether the plant body has well differentiated, distinct components. (b) Whether the differentiated plant body has special tissues for the transport of water and other substances within it. (c) The ability to bear seeds. (d) Whether the seeds are enclosed within fruits.
Important Link
Quick Revision Notes :Diversity in Living Organisms
Question 1. Describe the circumstances which were responsible for the Russian Revolution. Answer: The circumstances which were responsible for the Russian Revolution as given below :
The Russian peasantry was in a miserable condition. The farmers could not get even two square meals a day. Their land holdings were very small and they had to pay heavy taxes.
The Russian as well as the foreign capitalist industrialists exploited the workers by taking 12-14 hours of work and paying very low wages to them. The workers had no right to form trade unions or seek reforms. They led a miserable life.
The Tsar Nicholas II was a despotic and autocratic ruler. He enjoyed unlimited powers and rights. The people of the higher strata enjoyed great privileges. The bureaucracy was corrupt and inefficient. The common people who suffered most, were fed up with the absolute rule of the Tsar and wanted to get rid of him.
Karl Marx propagated ‘Scientific Socialism’. He strongly opposed capitalism which meant untold exploitation of the common men.
Question 2. Explain in brief Lenin’s contribution to the Russian Revolution of 1917. Answer:
Lenin had played an important part in the Russian Revolution of 1917. It is true that after the fall of Tsar, Lenin led the revolutionaries. Really, it was the beginning of the revolution.
The Provisional Government, under the leadership of Kerenskii, could not implement the demand of the people and failed.
Under Lenin’s leadership, the Bolshevik Party put forward clear policies to end the war, transfer the land to the peasants and advance the slogan ‘All power to the Soviets’.
He had described the Russian empire as a Prison of Nations and had declared that . no genuine democracy could be established unless all the non-Russian people were given equal rights.
Question 3. What were the main objectives of the Russian Revolutionaries ? Answer: The main objectives of the Russian Revolutionaries were :
The Tsar had thrown Russia into the First World War to fulfil his imperialistic desires. It was the demand of the revolutionaries that Russia should withdraw from the war. So, it withdrew from the First World War in 1917 after the Revolution.
After the Revolution, the land was given to the tillers. The landlords had to give the land to the government. Kolkhoz and Sovkhoj farms were established. In Kolkhoz farms, the peasants worked collectively.
The revolutionaries had demanded an improvement in the conditions of the industrial workers. They demanded better wages, good working conditions and removal of exploitation. After 1917, the industries were nationalised and the dream of workers was fulfilled.
The next aim of the revolutionaries was that the non-Russians should be given equal status. Lenin believed that without this status these people could never become real Russians.
Question 4. How Lenin’s name became inseparable from the Russian Revolution ? Answer: Lenin’s name became inseparable from the Russian Revolution :
After completing his education, he joined the Communist Revolutionary Party and started spreading revolutionary ideas among the workers. He favoured the workers. He also favoured the setting up of the new society based on the principles of socialism of Karl Marx.
He set up a Communist Government in place of the despotic rule in Russia. Therefore, Lenin’s name became inseparable from the Russian Revolution.
Lenin united the peasants and workers under the Bolshevik Party and directed the revolution against the Provisional Government.
Efforts were made to set up a Socialist Government on the basis of principles of Karl Marx. The private property was confiscated. Lenin took the land from the landlords and distributed it among the peasants. The Government nationalised all the factories and handed over their management to the workers. All debts were remitted. The property of the Church was also confiscated.
Question 5. What was the impact of the Russian Revolution on Russia ? Answer: The impact of the Russian Revolution on Russia were :
The Revolution put an end to autocratic monarchy in Russia. The Tsarist empire was transformed into a new state known as the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics or the Soviet Union.
The most important result of the Bolshevik Revolution was the establishment of a Socialist Government in Russia. All the means of production were brought under state control. Banks, mines, factories, railways, telephones, etc. all were declared as government property and the property of the Church was nationalised. Work became an essential requirement for every person. The non-working person was not entitled to vote.
The condition of the Russian mass had become miserable due to the First World War. The prime need of the Russian mass was food, not expansion.
As a result of the Bolshevik Revolution, the government took all the means of production under its control and nationalised all small and big industries. Hence, within a few years Russia emerged as a powerful industrial state. With the growth of industrial and agricultural production, poverty started disappearing and the country moved on to the path of prosperity.
Question 6. What was the global impact of the Russian Revolution ? Answer: The global impact of the Russian Revolution were :
The Bolshevik Revolution helped in the spread of Socialist and Communist ideas all over the world. Communist Governments were established in many European countries.
Most of the Bolshevik leaders believed that a series of revolutions will sweep other countries of the world along with revolution in Russia. Many non-Russians from outside the USSR participated in the conference of the people of the east and the Bolshevik-founded Comintern, an international union of Pro-Bolshevik socialist parties.
The Bolshevik government ‘granted freedom to all its colonies immediately after coming to power. Thus, the new Soviet State came forward as a friend of the subjugated people and proved to be a source of great inspiration to the freedom movements of various Asian and African countries.
By the end of the 20th century, the international reputation of the USSR as a socialist country had declined through it was recognised that socialist ideals still enjoyed respect among its people.
Question 7. How did Russia’s participation in the World War cause the fall of the Tsar ? Answer: (a) The war was initially popular, and people rallied around Tsar Nicholas II. (b) As the war continued, support became thin and Tsar’s popularity declined. Anti-German sentiments became high. (c) The Tsarina Alexandra’s German origins and poor advisers, especially a monk called Rasputin, made the autocracy unpopular. (d) Defeats were shocking and demoralising. Russia’s armies lost badly in Germany and Austria between 1914 and 1916. There were over 7 million casualties by 1917. (e) The destruction of crops and buildings led to over 3 million refugees in Russia. The situation discredited the government and the Tsar. Soldiers did not wish to fight such a war.
Question 8. Explain the main effects of the First World War on the industries in Russia. Answer: Effects of the First World War on the industries in Russia were :
Russian industries were very few and the country was cut off from other suppliers of industrial goods by German control of the Baltic Sea.
Industrial equipment disintegrated more rapidly in Russia than elsewhere in Europe.
By 1916 railway lines began to break down. Able bodied men were called up to the war.
As a result, there were labour shortages and small workshops producing essential commodities were shut down.
Large supplies of grain were sent to feed the army. For the people in the cities, bread and flour became scarce. By the winter of 1916, riots at bread shops were common.
Question 9. Differentiate between the ideas of the liberals and radicals in Europe. Answer: (a) The liberals did not believe in universal franchise. In contrast, radicals wanted a nation in which government was based on most of a country’s population. (b) Liberals felt men of prosperity mainly should have the vote. They did not want the vote for women. On the other hand, the radicals supported women’s suffragette movements and opposed the privileges of great landowners and wealthy factory owners. (c) Radicals were not against the existence of private property but disliked concentration of property in the hands of a few.
Question 10. Which basic principles, ideas and values had the Russian Revolution for rest of the world ? Answer: The basic principles, ideas and values had the Russian Revolution for rest of the world : (a) Economic equality (b) Social Equality (c) Socialism (d) Anti-capitalism. (e) International fraternity of all the peasants, craftsmen and workers.
Important Link
Quick Revision Notes :Socialism in Europe and the Russian Revolution
NCERT Solution :Socialism in Europe and the Russian Revolution
MCQs: Socialism in Europe and the Russian Revolution
Explain the factors which led to the rise of Hitler in Germany. Answer:
The factors which led to the rise of Hitler in Germany were :
Germany was compelled to sign the treaty by which she had to pay a huge war indemnity. This treaty created the feeling of dissatisfaction among the people of Germany. The Weimar Republic was regarded as a symbol of national disgrace. Hitler assured the Germans about the restoration of the old prestige, so they became his followers.
Germany had to face a Great Economic crisis after the First World War. Many soldiers were no more in service, so they became unemployed. Trade and commerce were ruined. In 1929, there was, however, a great slump in Europe. Germany was in the grip of unemployment and starvation. The prices rose and the value of money fell.
The Germans had no faith in democracy. It was against their culture and tradition. They, at once, gave support to a strong man of action like Hitler who could turn their dreams into reality.
Question 2. What were the provision of the famous Enabling Act ? Answer: On 3 March 1933, the famous Enabling Act was passed. The provisions of the Enabling Act were given below :
This Act established dictatorship in Germany. It gave Hitler all powers to sideline Parliament and rule by decree.
All political parties and trade unions were banned except for the Nazi Party and its affiliates. The state established complete control over the economy, media, army and judiciary.
Special surveillance and security forces were created to control and order society in ways that the Nazis wanted.
Question 3. What promises did Hitler make to the German people ? How did he mobilise them ? Answer: Hitler was a powerful speaker. His passion and his words moved people. He promised to build a strong nation, undo the injustice of the Versailles Treaty and restore the dignity of the German people.
He promised employment for those looking for work, and a secure future for the youth. He promised to weed out all foreign influences and resist all foreign ‘conspiracies’ against Germany.
Hitler devised a new style of politics. He understood the significance of rituals and spectacle in mass mobilisation. Nazis held massive rallies and public meetings to demonstrate the support for Hitler and instil a sense of unity among the people. The Red banners with the Swastika, the Nazi salute, and the ritualised rounds of applause after the speeches were all part of this spectacle of power.
Question 4. From whom did Hitler borrow his racist ideology ? Explain. Answer: (a) Hitler borrowed his racist ideology from thinkers like Charles Darwin and Herbert Spencer. (b) Darwin was a natural scientist who tried to explain the creation of plants and • animals through the concept of evolution and natural selection. Darwin never advocated human intervention in what he thought was a purely natural process of selection. (c) Herbert Spencer later added the idea of survival of the fittest. According to this idea, only those species survived on earth that could adapt themselves to changing climatic conditions. However, his ideas were used by racist thinkers and politicians to justify imperial rule over conquered peoples.
Question 5. Describe the effect of Great Economic depression on Germany ? Answer: The effect of Great Economic depression on Germany were :
The German economy was the worst hit by the Great Economic depression. By 1932, industrial production was reduced to 40% of the 1929 level. Workers lost their jobs or were paid reduced wages.
The number of unemployed touched an unprecedented 6 million. Men could be seen on streets with placards saying,’ Willing to do any work’. As jobs disappeared, youth took to criminal activities, and total despair became common place.
There were deep anxieties and fears in people. The middle classes, especially salaried employees and pensioners, saw their savings diminish when the currency lost its value.
The large mass of peasantry was badly affected by a sharp fall in agricultural prices.
Question 6. What steps were taken by Adolf Hitler for the destruction of democracy ? Answer: The following steps were taken by Hitler for the destruction of democracy :
A mysterious fire that broke out in the German Parliament building in February, 1933 indefinitely suspended civic rights. It is said that the fire was broken out by Hitler’s supporters, while Hitler blamed his political enemies for it. The Fire Decree of 28 February, 1933 indefinitely suspended civic rights such as freedom of expression, speech, press and assembly that had been guaranteed by the Weimar Constitution.
After that Adolf Hitler turned on his enemy, i.e., the Communists of Germany, most ‘ of the communists were quickly packed off to the newly established concentration camps.
The repression of the Communists was severe. Their membership was in thousands. They were, however, only one among the 52 types of victims persecuted by the Nazis across the country.
On 3rd March, 1933, the famous Enabling Act was passed. This Act established dictatorship in Germany. It gave Adolf Hitler all political and administrative powers to sideline German Parliament and rule by decree.
Question 7. What were the main effects of Nazi rule on Germany ? Answer: The victory of Nazism produced far reaching effects on Germany :
Hitler tried to pull his country out of the Economic Crisis that had befallen on Germany as a result of her defeat in the First World War. Different types of industries were set up to provide work to the workmen. Trade was encouraged with the same aim in mind.
Hitler inspired to make Germany a powerful country and enhanced his military power in all possible ways.
All political parties except the Nazi Party were banned. And, then a Reign of Terror was let loose in Germany. Assassinations of anti-Nazi leaders took place on a large scale.
The Communist Parties were also banned.
Trade unions were suppressed.
Question 8. What did Hitler do to overcome the economic crisis that badly hit the German economy ? Answer: After establishing his dictatorship in Germany,he took major steps towards the economic reconstruction. Hitler assigned the responsibility of economic recovery to the economist Hjalmar Schacht who aimed at full production and full employment through a state-funded work-creation programme.
In foreign policy also, Hitler acquired quick successes. He pulled out of the League of Nations in 1933, reoccupied the Rhineland in 1936, and integrated Austria and Germany in 1938 under the slogan, One people, One empire, and One leader.
He then went on to wrest German speaking Sudentenland from Czechoslovakia and gobbled up the entire country. In all of this he had the unspoken support of England, which had considered the Versailles verdict too harsh. These quick successes at home and abroad seemed to reverse the destiny of the country.
Hitler chose war as the way out of the approaching economic crisis. Resources were to be accumulated through expansion of territory. In September 1939, Germany invaded Poland. This started a war with France and England. In September 1940, a Tripartite Pact was signed between Germany, Italy and Japan, strengthening Hitler’s claim to , international power.
Hitler now moved to achieve his long-term aim of conquering Eastern Europe. He wanted to ensure food supplies and living space for Germans. He attacked the Soviet Union in June 1941. In this historic blunder Hitler exposed the German western front to British aerial bombing and the eastern front to the powerful Soviet armies.
Question 9. Why is Nazism considered a calamity not only for Germany but for the entire Europe ? Answer: Nazi ideology specified that there was racial hierarchy and no equality between people. (a) The blond, blue-eyed Nordic German Aryans were at the top, while the Jews were located somewhere on the lowest rung of the ladder. (b) The number of people killed by Nazi Germany was 6 million Jews, 200,000 Gypsies, 1 million Polish civilians, 70,000 Germans. (c) Nazism glorified the use of force and brutality. It ridiculed internationalism, peace and democracy. (d) Nazi Germany became the most dreaded criminal state. Hitler chose war as the way out of approaching the economic crisis. (e) Germany invaded Poland. This started a war with France and England in September 1940.
Question 10. Explain the impact of the First World War on European society and polity. Answer: The First World War left a deep imprint on European society and polity. It had a devastating impact on the entire continent. (a) In society, soldiers were ranked higher than civilians. Trench life of the soldiers was glorified by the media. The media glorified trench life. (b) Politicians and publicists laid great stress on the need for men to be aggressive and masculine. (c) Aggressive war propaganda and national honour occupied centre stage in the public sphere. (d) Popular support grew for conservative dictatorships that had recently come into being. (e) Democracy as a young and fragile idea could not survive the instabilities of interwar Europe.
Important Link
Quick Revision Notes :Nazism and the Rise of Hitler
Question 1. What is deforestation ? Why is it considered harmful ? Answer: (a) The disappearance of forests is referred to as deforestation. Forests are cleared for industrial uses, cultivation, pastures and fuelwood. (b) Clearing of forests is harmful as forests give us many things like paper, wood that makes our desks, tables, doors and windows, dyes that colour our clothes, spices in our food, gum, honey, coffee, tea and rubber. Forests are the home of animals and birds. They preserve our ecological diversity and life support systems. That is why deforestation considered harmful.
Question 2. What are the new development in forestry ? Answer: Since the 1980s, governments across Asia and Africa have begun to see that scientific forestry and the policy of keeping forest communities away from forests has resulted in many conflicts. Conservation of forests rather than collecting timber has become a more important goal.
In many cases, across India, from Mizoram to Kerala, dense forests have survived only because villages protected them in sacred groves known as sarnas, devarakudu, kan, rai, etc.
Some villages have been patrolling their own forests, with each household taking it in turns, instead of leaving it to the forest guards. Local forest communities and environmentalists today are thinking of different forms of forest management.
Question 3. Why did the people of Bastar rise in revolt against the British ? Answer:
They revolted because the British Government tried to reserve the forests which deprived the people of their rights to collect forest proc cts and to practise shifting cultivation.
Moreover, people were suffering from increased land rents and frequent demands for free labour and goods by colonial officials.
People of Bastar cannot collect forest products.
The terrible famines of 1839-1900 and 1907-1908 forced them to revolt against British authorities.
Question 4. How did the spread of railways from the 1850s in India, create a new demand for timber ? Answer: The spread of railways from the 1850s created a new demand. Railways were essential for colonial trade and for the movement of imperial troops. To run locomotives, wood was needed as fuel, and to lay railway lines sleepers were essential to hold the tracks together. Each mile of railway track required between 1,760 and 2,000 sleepers.
From the 1860s, the railway network expanded rapidly. The length of the railway tracks increased tremendously. As railway tracks increased, the need of timber also increased. More and more trees were felled. Contracts were given to individuals to supply timber. These contractors cut down trees indiscriminately. Railway tracks were soon devoid of forests.
Question 5. What was the Blandongdiensten system ? Answer: The Dutch wanted timber from Java for ship-building and railways. In 1882, 280,000 sleepers were exported from Java alone. However, all this required labour to cut the trees, transport the logs and prepare the sleepers. The Dutch first imposed rents on land being cultivated in the forest and then exempted some villages from these rents if they worked collectively to provide free labour and buffaloes for cutting and transporting timber. This was known as the blandongdiensten system.
Question 6. Give any three reasons why cultivation expanded rapidly in the colonial period. Answer: Cultivation expanded rapidly in the colonial period because :
The British encouraged the cultivation of commercial crops like jute, sugar, wheat and cotton.
They tried to increase the yield of agricultural products.
They tried to increase their revenue and enhance the income of the state.
Question 7. Why did commercial forestry become important during the British rule ? Answer: The commercial forestry become important during the British rule because :
By the early nineteenth century, oak forests in England were disappearing. This created a problem of timber supply for the Royal Navy.
English ships could not be built without a regular supply of strong and durable timber neither could imperial power be protected and maintained without ships.
For above both factors, before 1850, the commercial forestry was considered important in India. By the 1820s, search parties were sent to explore the forest . resources of India. These parties gave a green signal for commercial forestry in India. Within a decade, trees were being felled on a massive scale and large quantities of timber were being exported from India.
The spread of railway from the 1850s created a new demand for wood. In India the colonial government felt that railways were essential for effective colonial internal administration, colonial trade and for the quick movement of imperial troops. To run locomotives, wood was needed as fuel and to lay railway lines, sleepers were also essential to hold the track together.
Question 8. How are forests useful for the villagers ? Answer: The forests useful for the villagers as :
In forest areas, people use forest products—roots, leaves, fruits and timbers—for many things. Fruits and roots are nutritious and good for health, especially during the monsoons before the harvest has come in.
Herbs are used for medicine, wood for agricultural implements like yokes and ploughs, bamboo makes excellent fences and is also used to make baskets and umbrellas.
A dried scooped-out gourd can be used as a portable water bottle. Almost everything is available in the forest-leaves can be stitched together to make disposable plates and cups, the siadi (Baubinia uablii) creeper can be used to make ropes, and the thorny bark of the semur (silk-cotton) tree is used to grate vegetables.
Oil for cooking and lighting lamps can be taken by pressing the fruit of the mahua tree.
Question 9. Where is Bastar located ? How did the people by Bastan react against the British forest policies ? Answer: Bastar is situated in the southern part of Chhattisgarh and borders Odisha, Andhra Pradesh and Maharashtra. The river Indrawati flows from east to west across Bastar. The central part of Bastar is a plateau. To the north of this plateau is the Chhattisgarh plain and to its south is the Godavari plain.
The people of Bastar were very worried when the colonial government proposed to reserve two-thirds of the forest in 1905, and stop shifting cultivation, hunting and collection of forest produce.
People began to gather and-‘discuss these issues in their village councils, in bazaars and at festivals or wherever the headmen and priests of several villages were assembled.
In 1910, mango boughs, a lump of earth, chillies and arrows, began circulating between villages. These were messages inviting villagers to rebel against the British.
Every village contributed something to the rebellion expenses. Bazaars were looted, the houses of officials and traders, schools and police stations were burnt and robbed, and grain redistributed.
Most of those who were attacked were in some way associated with the colonial state and its oppressive laws.
Question 10 Mention the causes of deforestation in India under the colonial rule. Answer: During the colonial rule deforestation was more systematic and extensive. In the colonial period, cultivation expanded rapidly for various reasons.
The British encouraged the production of commercial crops like jute, sugar, wheat and cotton. The demand for these crops increased in the 19th century and forests were cleared to meet the foodgrains and raw materials needed for industrial growth in Europe where foodgrains were needed to feed the growing urban population and raw materials were required for industrial production.
The spread of railways from 1850 created a new demand. To run locomotives, wood was needed as fuel and to lay railway lines sleepers were necessary to hold the tracks together. From the 1860s, the railway network expanded rapidly. By 1890, about 25,500 km of track had been laid.
The government gave out contracts to individuals and the contractors began cutting the trees rapidly. Forests around the tracks disappeared.
Large areas of natural forests were cleared for tea, coffee and rubber plantations to meet Europe’s growing need for these commodities.
Important Link
Quick Revision Notes :Forest Society and Colonialism
Question 1. Who are nomadic pastoralists ? Answer:
Nomads are people who do not live at one place but move from one area to another to earn their living.
In many parts of India, we can see nomadic pastoralists on the move with their herds of goats and sheep, or camels and cattle.
They move place to place in search of new pastures for their herds of goats and sheep.
Question 2. What happened to the animal’s stock when pasture lands were turned into cultivated lands ? Answer: As pasturelands disappeared under the plough, the existing animal stock had to feed on whatever grazing land remained. This led to continuous intensive grazing of these pastures. Usually nomadic pastoralists grazed their animals in one area and moved to another area. These pastoral movements allowed time for the natural restoration of vegetation growth. When restrictions were imposed on pastoral movements, grazing lands came to be continuously used and the quality of pastures declined. This in turn created a further shortage of forage for animals and the deterioration of animal stock. Underfed cattle died in large numbers during scarcities and famines.
Question 3. What do you know about the lifestyle of Gujjars of Garhwal and Kumaun ? Answer:
In Garhwal and Kumaun, the Gujjar cattle herders came to the dry forests of the bhabar in the winter, and went to the high meadows, the Bugyals, in summer.
Many of them were originally from Jammu and came to the UP hills in the 19th century’ in search of good pastures.
This pattern of cyclical movement between summer and winter pastures was typical of many pastoral communities of the Himalayas.
Question 4. Describe the life of pastoralists inhabiting the mountains of India. Answer: (a) The Gujjar Bakarwals of Jammu and Kashmir, the Gaddi shepherds of Himachal Pradesh, the Gujjar cattle herders of Garhwal and Kumaun, the Bhotiyas, the Sherpas and Kinnauris move annually between their summer and winter grazing grounds governed by the cycle of seasonal movements. (b) They adjust their movements to seasonal changes and make effective use of available pastures in different places. When pastures are exhausted or unstable in one place they move their herds to new areas.
Question 5. Discuss the main features of the pastoral nomads of Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh. Answer:
In Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh, we found the dry central plateau covered with stone and grass inhabited by cattle, goat and sheep herders.
The Gollas herded cattle and the Kurumas and Kurubas reared sheep and goats and sold woven blankets. They lived near the woods, cultivated small patches of land, engaged in a variety of petty trades and took care of their herbs.
The pastoral nomads of these two southern states lived near the forests, cultivated small patches of land, engaged themselves in different petty trades and took care of the herds.
Question 6. Name the pastoral communities of Africa. Where are they found ? What are their occupations ? Answer:
The Bedouins, Berbers, Maasai, Somali, Boran and Turkana are some of the pastoral communities of Africa.
Most of them are found in semi-arid grasslands or arid deserts where rainfed agriculture is difficult.
They raise cattle, camels, goats, etc. and sell their products like milk and meat. Others earn their living through trade and transport. Some of then combine pastoral activity with agriculture while still others do a variety of odd jobs to supplement their meagre and uncertain earnings.
Question 7. Under colonial rule, what were the changes in the life of pastoralists ? Answer: Following were the changes that took place in the life of pastoralists under the colonial rule :
Under colonial rule, the life of pastoralists changed dramatically. Their grazing grounds shrank.
The revenue they had to pay was increased.
Their movements were regulated.
Their agricultural stock declined and their trades and crafts were adversely affected. (Any three points)
Question 8. What factors had to be kept in mind by the pastoralists in order to survive ? Answer: Following factors had to be kept in mind by pastoralists in order to survive :
They had to judge how longtfie herds could stay in one area and know where they could find water and pasture.
They needed to calculate the timing of their movements, and ensure that they could move through different territories.
They also had to set up a relationship with farmers on the way, so that the herds could graze in harvested fields and manure the soil.
They also had to combine a range of different activities-cultivation, trade and herding-to make their living. (Any three points)
Question 9. How did the Forest Acts change the life of pastoralists ? Answer: The Forest Acts change the life of pastoralists in the following ways : (a) Forest Acts were enacted to protect and preserve forests for timber which was of commercial importance. (b) They were now prevented from entering many forests that had earlier provided valuable forage for their cattle. Even in the areas they were allowed entry, their movement were regulated. (c) They were issued permits which monitored their entry into and exit from forests. They could not stay in the forests as much as they liked because the permit specified the periods in which they could be legally within a forest. If they overstayed they were liable to fives.
Question 10. What was the impact of frequent drought on the pasture lands of Maasai community ? Answer: Drought affects the life of pastoralists everywhere. When rains fail, and pastures are dry, cattle are likely to starve unless they can be moved to areas where forage is available. But from the colonial period, the Maasai were bound down to a fixed area, confined within a reserve, and prohibited from moving in search of pastures. They were cut off from the best grazing lands and forced to live within a semi-arid tract prone to frequent droughts.
Since they could not shift their cattle to places where pastures were available, large numbers of Maasai cattle died of starvation and disease in these years of drought. An enquiry in 1930 showed that the Maasai in Kenya possessed 720,000 cattle, 820,000 sheep and 171,000 donkeys. In just two years of severe drought, 1933 and 1934, over half the cattle in the Maasai Reserve died.
Important Link
Quick Revision Notes : Pastoralists in the Modern World
Question 1. Why were the farmers and landlords of England greatly alarmed in 1830 ? Answer:
The landlords and farmers were greatly alarmed because they were receiving threatening letters from a mysterious person called Swing. Most of these letters were signed in the name of captain swing.
The people were angry because the landlords began to use threshing machine leading to the unemployment of labourers and loss of their livelihood.
In 1830, a threshing machine was destroyed. There were riots which also alarmed the farmers.
Question 2. Explain any three reasons f§*r the increasing demand for the production of wheat in the nineteenth century USA. Answer: Three reasons for the increasing demand for the production of wheat in the nineteenth century USA were :
From the late nineteenth century, there was a dramatic expansion of wheat production in the USA. The urban population in the USA was growing and the export market was becoming ever bigger.
As the demand for wheat increased, wheat prices rose, encouraging the farmers to grow wheat.
The spread of the railways made it easier to transport the grain from wheat-growing regions to the eastern coast for export.
During the First World War, when Russian supplies of wheat was cut off and the USA, had to feed Europe, US President Wilson called upon the farmers to respond to the need of the time. (Any three points)
Question 3. Which innovations helped farmers to increase agricultural production in England ? Answer: Food-grain production was made possible not by any radical innovations in agricultural technology, but by bringing new lands under cultivation. Landlords sliced up pasturelands, carved up open fields, cut up forest commons, took over marshes, and turned larger and larger areas into agricultural fields.
Farmers at this time continued to use the simple innovations in agriculture that had become common by the early eighteenth century. It was in about the 1660s that farmers in many parts of England began growing turnip and clover. They soon discovered that planting these crops improved the soil and made it more fertile.
Question 4. State any three features of the ‘Open Field’ system which prevailed in England in the 18th and early 19th century. Answer: Three features of the Open Field were :
Before this period, in large parts of England, the countryside was open. It was not partitioned into enclosed lands privately owned by landlords.
Peasants cultivated on strips of land around the village they lived in. Every peasant had a mix of good and bad land.
Beyond the strips of cultivation lay the common land. All villagers had access to the common. Here they pastured their cows and grazed sheep, collected food, fuel and fodder and a variety of fruits. They fished in the rivers and ponds and hunted rabbits in common forests.
For the poor, the common land was very necessary for survival. It supplemented their meagre income, sustained their cattle and helped them tide over bad times when the crops failed. (Any three points)
Question 5. Which system was introduced by the British to make the unwilling cultivators produce opium ? How did this system work ? Answer: The unwilling cultivators were made to produce opium by the British through a system of advances. In the rural areas of Bengal and Bihar, there were many poor peasants. They never had enough to survive. It was difficult for them to pay rent to the landlord or to buy food and clothing. The government’s opium agents advanced money to them through the headmen of their village. They felt tempted to accept it, hoping to meet their immediate needs and pay back the loan later. But the loan tied the peasant to the headmen and through him to the government. By taking the loan the cultivator was forced to grow opium on a specified area of land and hand over the produce to the agents once the crop had been harvested.
Question 6. Discuss why the British Parliament passed the Enclosure Acts. Answer: Till the middle of the eighteenth century the Enclosure Movement proceeded very slowly. The early enclosures were usually created by individual landlords. They were not supported by the state or the Church. After the mid-eighteenth century, however, the Enclosure Movement swept through the countryside, changing the English landscape forever. Between 1750 and 1850, 6 million acres of land was enclosed. The British Parliament no longer watched this progress from a distance. It passed 4,000 Acts legalising these Enclosures.
Question 7. Why did the whole region of the Great Plains become a dust bowl ? Answer: When wheat cultivation had expanded dramatically in the early 20th century, zealous farmers had recklessly uprooted all vegetation, and tractors had turned the soil over, and broken the sod into dust.
The whole region had become a dust bowl. In the 1930s, terrifying dust storms began to blow over the southern plains of America. Black blizzards rolled in, very often 7,000 to 8,000 feet high, rising like monstrous waves of muddy water. The American dream of a land of plenty had turned into a nightmare.
Question 8. ‘The conflict between the British government, peasants and local traders continued as long as opium production lasted.’ Explain. Answer: By 1773, the British government in Bengal had established a monopoly to trade in opium. No one else was legally permitted to trade in the product. By the 1820s, the British found to their horror that opium production in their territories was rapidly declining, but its production outside the British territories was increasing.
It was being produced in Central India and Rajasthan, within princely states that were not under British control. In these regions, local traders were offering much higher prices to peasants and exporting opium to China. In fact, armed bands of traders were found carrying on the trade in the 1820s. To the British this trade was illegal: it was smuggling, and it had to be stopped. Government monopoly had to be retained.
It therefore instructed its agents posted in the princely states to confiscate all opium and destroy the crops. This conflict between the British government, peasants and local traders continued as long as opium production lasted.
Question 9. What were the consequences of expansion of wheat agriculture in the Great plains ? Answer: The consequences of expansion of wheat agriculture in the Great plains were :
As the skies darkened, and .(he dust swept in, people were blinded and choked.
Cattle were suffocated to death, their lungs caked with dust and mud.
Sand buried fences, covered fields, and coated the surfaces of rivers till the fish died.
Dead bodies of birds and animals were strewn all over the landscape.
Tractors and machines that had ploughed the earth and harvested the wheat in the 1920s were now clogged with dust, damaged beyond repair. (Any three)
Question 10. Discuss the westward expansion of the white settlers in America. How did it lead to a destruction of American Indians ? Answer: (a) After the American War of Independence from 1775 to 1783 and the formation of the United States of America, the white Americans began to move westward. By the time Thomas Jefferson became President of the USA in 1800, over 700,000 white settlers had moved on to the Appalachian plateau through the passes. Seen from the east coast, America seemed to be a land of promise. Its wilderness could be turned into cultivated fields. (b) The westward expansion of settlers in the USA led to a complete destruction of American Indians who were pushed westwards, down the Mississippi river, and then further west. (c) Numerous wars were waged in which Indians were massacred and many of their villages burnt. The Indians resisted, won many victories in wars, but were ultimately forced to sign treaties, give up their land and move westward.
Question 1. When were the first laws of cricket drawn up? Mention any three such laws. Or Mention the first written Laws of Cricket’ drawn up in 1744. [CBSE March 2011,13,15] Or Describe the first written laws of cricket. [CBSE March 2011] Answer: The first written laws of cricket were drawn in 1774.
The principals shall choose from amongst the gentleman present two umpires who shall absolutely decide all disputes.
Stumps must be 22 inches high and the bail across them six inches.
Balls must be between 5 to 6 ounces.
Question 2. Mention any three peculiarities of Test Cricket. Or Why is cricket called a peculiar game? Give any three reasons. [CBSE 2014] Answer:
A match can go on for five days and still end in a draw.
No specification regarding the size or shape of the ground.
There were no limits on the shape or size of the bat.
Question 3. “Cricket has changed with changing times and yet fundamentally remained true to its origin in rural England”. Justify by giving examples. Answer:
No specification for ground: Even after more than 300 years of its origin still there is no specification regarding the measurement of the playing ground.
Equipments: Cricket’s most important tools are all made of natural, pre-industrial materials. The bat is s made of wood as are the stumps and bails. The ball is made with leather, twine and cork. Even today, both bat and ball are hand-made, not industrially manufactured. The material of the bat changed slightly over time. Once it was cut out of a single piece of wood. Now it consists of two pieces, the blade which is made out of the wood of the willow tree and the handle which is made out of cane that became available as European colonialists and trading companies established themselves in Asia. Unlike golf and tennis, cricket has refused to remake its tools with industrial or man-made materials: plastic, fibre glass and metal have been firmly rejected.
Protective equipment: Some of its equipments have changed with the changing time like gloves, helmet and pads. They all are manufactured by machines.
Question 4. ‘The organisation of cricket in England reflected the nature of English society’. Explain. Answer:
The English society at that time was divided into the rich and the poor. Similarly, there was also a division in cricket. The rich players who played for leisure were called amateurs and the poor who played for livings were called professionals.
As most of the administrative laws were favouring the rich class, Similarly most of the cricket laws Were in favour of the batsmen as Amateurs tended to be the batsmen.
Most of the hard work was done by the poor, similarly, in cricket, fielding and bowling was done by the professionals.
Only the rich were having the right to lead, similarly, in cricket only the batsmen were made the captain.
Question 5. Mention any three features of post packer game of cricket. Answer:
Cricket became a marketable game.
Colored dress, protective helmets, field restrictions, cricket under lights, became a standard part of the post Oackergame.
Television coverage beamed cricket into small towns and villages.
Question 6. ‘Cricket in India was organised on the principle of race and religion.’ Justify. Or How was the cricket used by the Britishers to spread their policy of racism? Answer:
When there was a quarrel between the Bombay Gymkhana and the Parsi cricketers over the use of public park, the Britishers favoured the Bombay. Gymkhana.
They regarded religious comm¬unities as separate national-iris. That is why they used to approve applications for clubs on the basis of community.
They encouraged pentangular tournament as it was based on comm¬unities.
The first class cricket was also organised on communal and racial fines. The teams that played colonial India’s greatest and most famous first-class cricket tournament did not represent regions, but religious communities.
Question 7. ‘The centre of gravity in cricket has shifted away from the old Anglo- Australian axis.’ Justify by giving examples. [CBSE 2015] Answer:
The cricket headquarters has been shifted from London to tax free Dubai.
England and Australia have lost their veto power right.
Innovations like IPL, doosra and reverse swing have mainly come from the subcontinental teams of India, Pakistan and Sri Lanka.
India has the largest viewership for the game amongst the cricket playing nations and the largest market in the world.
Question 8. Explain the journey of cricket progress in India. Answer:
(i) Cricket at initial stage: Cricket in colonial India was organised on the principle of race and religion. The first record we have of cricket being played in India is from 1721, an account of recreational cricket played by: England sailors in Cambay.
(ii) The Cricket Clubs: The first Indian club, the Calcutta Cricket Club, was established in 1792. Through the eighteenth century, cricket in India was almost wholly a sport played by British military men and civil servants in all-white clubs and gymkhanas.
(iii) Cricket by Parsis: Parsis were the first to play cricket in India. They were close to Britishers because of their interest in trade and western education. They founded the Oriental Cricket Club in Bombay in 1848 and later on Parsi Gymkhana.
(iv) Clubs by other communities: The establishment of the Parsi Gymkhana became a precedent for other Indians who in turn established clubs based on the idea of religious community. By the 1890s, the Hindus and Muslims were busy gathering funds and support for a Hindu Gymkhana and an Islam Gymkhana. The British did not consider colonial India as a nation.
(v) Quadrangular Tournament: This history of gymkhana cricket led to the first-class cricket being organised on communal and racial lines. The teams that played colonial India’s greatest and most famous first-class cricket tournament did not represent regions, as teams in today’s Ranji Trophy currently do, but religious communities. The tournament was initially called the Quadrangular, because it was played by four teams: the Europeans, the Parsis, the Hindus and the Muslims. It later became the Pentangular when a fifth team was added, namely, the Rest, which comprised all the communities left over, such as the Indian Christians.
Question 9. What changes were brought by (MCC) Marylebone Cricket Club-in cricket laws in the later half of the 18th century? [CBSE 2015] Or Mention any three changes brought about in the game of Cricket by the MCC’s revision of the laws during the second half of the 18th century. [CBSE March 2011] Answer:
It was decided to pitch the ball in the air instead of rolling it along the ground. It gave the bowlers the options of length, deception through the air and increase in the pace.
The curved bat was replaced by the straight one.
The weight of the ball was limited to 51/2 to 53/4 ounces, while the width of the bat was limited to four inches.
In 1774, the first leg before wicket law was published.
At about the same time, a third stump became common.
By 1780, three days had become the length of major matches.
Question 10. “The social and economic history of England in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, cricket’s early years, shaped the game and gave cricket its unique nature.” Explain. [CBSE 2014] Answer:
Cricket and rural life: Cricket’s connection with a rural past can be seen in the length of a Test match. Originally, cricket matches had no time limit. The game went on for as long as it took to bowl out a side twice. The rhythms of village life were slower and cricket’s rules were made before the Industrial Revolution.
Size of ground and the common land: In the same way, cricket’s vagueness about the size of a cricket ground is a result of its village origins! Cricket wag originally played on country commons, unfenced land that was public property. The size of the commons varied from one village to another, so there were no designated boundaries or boundary hits.
Cricket’s tools: Cricket’s most important tools are all made of natural, pre-industrial materials. The bat is made of wood as are the stumps and the bails. The ball is made with leather, twine and cork.
Division of the players: Cricket players were also divided on their social and economic status. The rich who could afford to play it for pleasure were called amateurs and the poor who played it for a living were called professionals.
Cricket and the British Empire : Team sport like cricket and rugby were not treated as just as outdoor play, but as an organised way of teaching English boys the discipline, the importance of hierarchy, the skills, the codes of honour and, the leadership qualities that helped them build and run the British empire.
