Priyanka0 comments

NCERT MCQ CLASS-9 CHAPTER-2 | ENGLISH NCERT MCQ | | MOMENTS IMPORTANT MCQ | | THE ADVENTURES OF TOTO | EDUGROWN

In This Post we are  providing Chapter-2 The Adventures of Toto NCERT MCQ for Class 9 English which will be beneficial for students. These solutions are updated according to 2021-22 syllabus. These MCQS  can be really helpful in the preparation of Board exams and will provide you with a brief knowledge of the chapter.

NCERT MCQ ON THE ADVENTURES OF TOTO

Question 1. Why did the ticket collector call Toto a dog?
(a) because he was peeping out of the bag
(c) because of his dog like looks
(c) to fix fare
(d) All

Answer : C

Question 2. Toto was resold to the ——–
(a) Bus driver
(b) Zoo
(c) Tonga driver
(d) Friend

Answer : C

Question 3. Who was Nana?
(a) The writer’s maternal Grandfather
(b) The family donkey in Grandfather’s house
(c) Grandfather’s pet tortoise
(d) Grandfather’s pet lizard

Answer : B

Question 4. What fare did the ticket-collector charge from Grandfather as the ticket of Toto?
(a) two rupees
(b) three rupees
(c) four rupees
(d) five rupees

Answer : B

Question 5. What is this story about?
(a) humor and adventure of a naughty monkey, Toto
(b) love animals
(c) about habitats of monkeys
(d) None

Answer : A

Question 6. Toto is the name of a
(a) Rabbit
(b) Dog
(c) Monkey
(d) Cat

Answer : C

Question 7. Toto’s teeth were
(a) Pearly white
(b) Red
(c) Yellow
(d) Black

Answer : A

Question 8. Why did grandfather buy the monkey?
(a) to have a companion
(b) to help him
(c) to add to the collection of animals in zoo at his home
(d) None

Answer : C

Question 9. What kind of water did Toto like to take a bath in?
(a) cold water
(b) ice water
(c) snow water
(d) warm water

Answer : D

Question 10. How much sum was taken as a fare for Toto?
(a) Hundred rupees
(b) Three rupees
(c) Twenty rupees
(d) Two rupees

Answer : B

Question 11. —— was a great treat for Toto during cold winter.
(a) Bath
(b) Playing
(c) Eating
(d) Evening walk

Answer : A

Question 12. What had Toto done to Nana?.
(a) fastened his teeth on her ears
(b) let her loose
(c) ate all her hay
(d) made friends with her

Answer : A

Question 13. How did the ticket collector fix the fare for Toto?
(a) By calling him a dog
(b) By asking other passengers
(c) By giving him a seat
(d) By following his rule book

Answer : D

Question 14. How did Toto prove to other animals?
(a) friendly
(b) troublesome
(c) soothing
(d) careful

Answer : B

Question 15. Who had taught Toto to take a bath?
(a) writer
(b) writer’s friend
(c) his first owner
(d) grandmother

Answer : A

Read More
Priyanka0 comments

NCERT MCQ CLASS-9 CHAPTER-1 | ENGLISH NCERT MCQ | | MOMENTS IMPORTANT MCQ | | THE LOST CHILD | EDUGROWN

In This Post we are  providing Chapter-1The Lost Child  NCERT MCQ for Class 9 English which will be beneficial for students. These solutions are updated according to 2021-22 syllabus. These MCQS  can be really helpful in the preparation of Board exams and will provide you with a brief knowledge of the chapter.

NCERT MCQ ON THE LOST CHILD

Question 1.
What did the child do when he didn’t find his parents with him?
(a) He cried, ‘Father, Mother.’
(b) He ran here and there in all directions.
(c) Both a and b above.
(d) Neither a nor b.

Answer: (c) Both a and b above.

Question 2.
The child was attracted by the music of the snake-charmer, yet he moved on. Why.?
(a) His parents had forbidden him to hear such coarse music.
(b) His parents were saying, “Come, child, come.”
(c) The child was afraid of the cobra.
(d) The child did not want to be left behind.

Answer: (a) His parents had forbidden him to hear such coarse music.

Question 3.
The child asked for a garland of flowers but then he moved on without waiting for an answer. Why?
(a) He knew his parents would refuse to buy him those flowers.
(b) He knew his parents would say they were cheap flowers.
(c) Both a and b above.
(d) Neither a nor b.

Answer: (b) He knew his parents would say they were cheap flowers.

Question 4.
The child asked for burfi but then he moved on without waiting for an answer. Why?
(a) He knew his plea would not be heeded.
(b) He knew his parents were poor.
(c) He knew his parents had no money.
(d) He knew it was bad to be greedy.

Answer: (a) He knew his plea would not be heeded.

Question 5.
What was the child’s, favorite sweet?
(a) Gulab Jamun.
(b) Rosogolla.
(c)Burfi
(d) Jalebi.

Answer: (c)Burfi

Question 6.
What did the child do when he heard the cooing of doves in the grove?
(a) He started cooing like the doves.
(b) He tried to catch the doves.
(c) He ran towards his parents shouting, ‘The dove! The dove !’
(d) He told his parents that he wanted to have the dove

Answer: (c) He ran towards his parents shouting, ‘The dove! The dove !’

Question 7.
What happened as the child entered the grove?
(a) A shower of young flowers fell on him.
(b) A dove flew above his head.
(c) His father started shouting at him.
(d) His mother collected some flowers for him.

Answer: (a) A shower of young flowers fell on him.

Question 8.
What was it that attracted the child on the footpath?
(a) The butterflies.
(b) The dragon-flies.
(c) The Doves.
(d) The little insects and worms

Answer: (d) The little insects and worms

Question 9.
What did the child do as they passed by the mustard-field?
(a) He collected some flowers.
(b) He ran after butterflies and caught some of them.
(c) He would try to catch dragon-flies as one of them settled down to rest there.
(d) He lay down to rest there

Answer: (c) He would try to catch dragon-flies as one of them settled down to rest there.

Question 10.
What did the mother do when the child said, “I want that toy.”?
(a) She asked the father to buy that toy for the child.
(b) She looked at the child red-eyed.
(c) She said they had no money for the toy.
(d) She said, “Look, child, what is there before you !”

Answer: (d) She said, “Look, child, what is there before you !”

Question 11.
What did the child do when his parents said, ‘Come, child, come’?
(a) He refused to move.
(b) He hurried towards them.
(c) He looked at them angrily.
(d) He began to cry.

Answer: (b) He hurried towards them.

Question 12.
How was the little boy feeling while going to the fair?
(a) Nervous.
(b) Frightened.
(c) Sad and unhappy.
(d) Full of life and laughter.

Answer: (d) Full of life and laughter.

Question 13.
How were the people going to the festival?
(a) Going on foot.
(b) Riding on horses.
(c) Carried in bamboo and bullock carts.
(d) All the above

Answer: (d) All the above

Question 14.
What festival were the people going to celebrate?
(a) The festival of Holi.
(b) The festival of Spring.
(c) The festival of Dussehra.
(d) The festival of Diwali.

Answer: (b) The festival of Spring.

Question 15.
Name the characters in the lesson
(a) parents
(b) generous man
(c) The Lost Child
(d) All

Answer: (d) All

Read More
Priyanka0 comments

NCERT MCQ CLASS-9 CHAPTER-11 | ENGLISH NCERT MCQ | | BEEHIVE IMPORTANT MCQ | | IF I WERE U | EDUGROWN

In This Post we are  providing Chapter-11 If I Were U NCERT MCQ for Class 9 English which will be beneficial for students. These solutions are updated according to 2021-22 syllabus. These MCQS  can be really helpful in the preparation of Board exams and will provide you with a brief knowledge of the chapter.

NCERT MCQ ON IF I WERE U

Question 1:

The entrance of the cottage was in the

(a) Left

(b) In front

(c) Right

(d) Back

Answer:

(c) Right.

Question 2:

A small table was kept at the —– side of the room.

(a) Left

(b) Middle

(c) Right

(d) No table

Answer:

(a) Left.

Question 3:

—- was kept on the right side of the room.

(a) Chair

(b) Bed

(c) Table

(d) Sofa

Answer:

(b) Bed.

Question 4:

Gerrard was —- man.

(a) tall

(b) Fat

(c) Medium height

(d) Thin

Answer:

(c) Medium Height.

Question 5:

Gerrard was wearing —- shaped spectacles.

(a) Horn

(b) Cat eye

(c) Round

(d) Rectangular

Answer:

(a) Horn.

Question 6:

Gerrard said that he would reach in

(a) Two Hours

(b) Ten minutes

(c) Twenty minutes

(d) 1 Hour

Answer:

(c) Twenty minutes.

Question 7:

Another man entered with —- in the room.

(a) Vegetables

(b) Green

(c) Books

(d) Luggage

Answer:

(b) Green.

Question 8:

The intruder sat on the

(a) Floor

(b) Chair

(c) Sofa

(d) Divan

Answer:

(d) Divan.

Question 9:

The intruder wanted to kill Gerrard to talk his

(a) Money

(b) Jewellery

(c) Car

(d) Identity

Answer:

(d) Identity.

Question 10:

Gerrard’s small cottage was situated in

(a) Siberia

(b) Essex

(c) Ghana

(d) Tellex

Answer:

(b) Essex.

Question 11:

Gerrard was repeatedly calling the intruder

(a) Mr-ir

(b) Mr-in-

(c) Sir

(d) Mr-er-

Answer:

(d) Mr-er-.

Question 12:

Vincent Charles was the name of Garrard

(a) Christian

(b) Russian

(c) Chinese

(d) French

Answer:

(a) Christian.

Question 13:

A baker, green grocer and a —- used to visit the house cay Gerrard.

(a) gardener

(b) Driver

(c) Milkman

(d) Postman

Answer:

(c) Milkman.

Question 14:

Meaning of dandy bus —

(a) Big

(b) Stylish

(c) Damaged

(d) Ugly

Answer:

(b) Stylish.

Question 15:

The intruder was a

(a) Jewel Robber

(b) Murderer

(c) Business person

(d) Good soul

Answer:

(a) Jewel Robber.

Read More
Priyanka0 comments

NCERT MCQ CLASS-9 CHAPTER-10 | ENGLISH NCERT MCQ | | BEEHIVE IMPORTANT MCQ | | KATHMANDU | EDUGROWN

In This Post we are  providing Chapter-10 Kathmandu NCERT MCQ for Class 9 English which will be beneficial for students. These solutions are updated according to 2021-22 syllabus. These MCQS  can be really helpful in the preparation of Board exams and will provide you with a brief knowledge of the chapter.

NCERT MCQ ON KATHMANDU

Question 1:

Vikram Seth visited Kathmandu with Mr. ——– son and nephew.

(a) Roy

(b) Basu

(c) Shah

(d) Sen

Answer:

(c) Shah.

Question 2:

At the gate of Pashupatinath temple a group ——– were restricted to get enter into the temple.

(a) Foreigners

(b) Muslims

(c) Buddhist monks

(d) Jains

Answer:  

(a) Foreigners.

Question 3:

The group of foreigners were wearing colour clothes like sadness.

(a) Red

(b) Saffron

(c) Yellow

(d) White

Answer:

(b) Saffron.

Question 4:

The —- river is followings next to the Pashupatinath temple.

(a) Bagmati

(b) Jamuna

(c) Ganga

(d) Gomti

Answer:

(a) Bagmati.

Question 5:

In the Boudhnath temple, there is a huge — colour dome.

(a) Red

(b) White

(c) Black

(d) Brown

Answer:

(b) White.

Question 6:

A —- Market is situated next to the Boudhnath temple.

(a) Bhutanese

(b) Hindu

(c) Tibetan

(d) Crocs

Answer:

(c) Time tan.

Question 7:

The writer bought Reader’s Digest magazine with some

(a) Love story

(b) Funny story

(c) Horror story

(d) Philosophical

Answer:

(a) Love story.

Question 8:

The writer drank ——- juice with salt and chili powder.

(a) Lemon

(b) Sugar cane

(c) Apple

(d) Mango

Answer:

(a) Lemon.

Question 9:

He also drank —- to digest the food easily.

(a) Mango

(b) Coca-cola

(c) Limka

(d) Pepsi

Answer:

(b) Coca-Cola.

Question 10:

It was the month of —– when the writer returned home.

(a) January

(b) May

(c) August

(d) July

Answer:

(c) August.

Question 11:

In his adventurous route back to home the writer should take train or bus to —–

(a) Allahabad

(b) Patna

(c) Banaras

(d) Delhi

Answer:

(b) Patna.

Question 12:

The writer should sail on the Ganga and cross —- to react Allahabad.

(a) Banaras

(b) Kashi

(c) Haridwar

(d) Agra

Answer:

(a) Banaras.

Question 13:

From Agra to Delhi the writer should cross —- river.

(a) Gomti

(b) Yamuna

(c) Kabere

(d) Ganga

Answer:

(b) Yamuna.

Question 14:

Finally the writer decided to take from Kathmandu to Delhi.

(a) Bus

(b) Train

(c) Car

(d) Fight

Answer:

(d) Flight.

Question 15:

The flute seller was standing in a corner, near the

(a) hotel

(b) Bus stop

(c) Pashupatinath temple

(d) Tibetian market

Answer:

(a) Hotel.

Read More
Priyanka0 comments

NCERT MCQ CLASS-9 CHAPTER-9 | ENGLISH NCERT MCQ | | BEEHIVE IMPORTANT MCQ | | THE BOND OF LOVE | EDUGROWN

In This Post we are  providing Chapter-9 The Bond of Love NCERT MCQ for Class 9 English which will be beneficial for students. These solutions are updated according to 2021-22 syllabus. These MCQS  can be really helpful in the preparation of Board exams and will provide you with a brief knowledge of the chapter.

NCERT MCQ ON THE BOND OF LOVE

Question 1.
Was the author’s wife succeeded in getting back Baba from the zoo?
(a) Yes
(b) No
(c) Maybe
(d) Not known

Answer: (a) Yes

Question 2.
What was the author’s wife reaction when Baba was sent to the zoo?
(a) she would not eat anything
(b) she was inconsolable
(c) she wept and fretted
(d) all of the above

Answer: (d) all of the above

Question 3.
Who shot Bruno’s mother dead?
(a) narrator
(b) narrator’s son
(c) narrator’s wife
(d) one of narrator’s friend

Answer: (d) one of narrator’s friend

Question 4.
Barium carbonate was in the house to kill
(a) rats and mice
(b) dogs
(c) bears
(d) all of the above

Answer: (a) rats and mice

Question 5.
Who did the bear become very attached to?
(a) the monkey
(b) the tiger
(c) two Alsatian dogs
(d) all of the above

Answer: (d) all of the above

Question 6.
Who did the author present the sloth bear?
(a) his wife
(b) his son
(c) his daughter
(d) his friend

Answer: (a) his wife

Question 7.
What name was given to the sloth bear?
(a) Bruno his son his friend
(b)Trickle
(c) Timothy
(d) Nana

Answer: (a) Bruno

Question 8.
What did the author’s wife request the curator?
(a) to give her back her Baba
(b) to put Baba in a bigger cage
(c) to take care of Baba properly
(d) to give Baba rich food

Answer: (a) to give her back her Baba

Question 9.
What did the author’s son and the author advise his wife when Bruno was grown up?
(a) to sell him
(b) to leave him in the forest
(c) to give him to the zoo at Mysore
(d) all of the above

Answer: (c) to give him to the zoo at Mysore

Question 10.
What was the effect of barium carbonate on Bruno?
(a) he became paralyzed
(b) he was vomiting
(c) he was breathing heavily
(d) all of the above

Answer: (d) all of the above

Question 11.
Which zoo was Bruno kept in ?
(a) 87 km away at Mysore zoo
(b) in Bangalore
(c) in Karnataka
(d) none

Answer: (a) 87 km away at Mysore zoo

Question 12.
Why was Bruno Baba kept chained most of the times?
(a) he was growing too big
(b) he was becoming dangerous
(c) because of the tenants’ children
(d) none

Answer: (c) because of the tenants’ children

Question 13.
What was Bruno’s changed name?
(a) Trenno
(b) Croon
(c) Baba
(d) None

Answer: (c) Baba

Question 14.
Where did Bruno sleep during his early young days?
(a) in a den outside house
(b) in the garden
(c) in the kitchen
(d) on the beds of the narrator’s family

Answer: (d) on the beds of the narrator’s family

Question 15.
How was Bruno fed at home?
(a) milk with a bottle
(b) with grass
(c) with fodder
(d) none

Answer: (a) milk with a bottle

Read More
Priyanka0 comments

NCERT MCQ CLASS-9 CHAPTER-8 | ENGLISH NCERT MCQ | | BEEHIVE IMPORTANT MCQ | | REACH FOR THE TOP | EDUGROWN

In This Post we are  providing Chapter-8 Reach For The Top NCERT MCQ for Class 9 English which will be beneficial for students. These solutions are updated according to 2021-22 syllabus. These MCQS  can be really helpful in the preparation of Board exams and will provide you with a brief knowledge of the chapter.

NCERT MCQ ON REACH FOR THE TOP

Question 1: Santosh had —- brothers/sisters.
(a) Five brothers
(b) Four sisters
(c) Two Brothers and 1 sister
(d) Four brothers

Answer :  A

Question 2. What happened when Santosh scaled up the mount Everest for the first time?
(a) she won
(b) she hoisted the flag
(c) she became the youngest woman to achieve the feat.correct
(d) None

Answer :  C

Question 3. What does “Santosh” mean?
(a)Bravery
(b)Beautiful
(c)Educated
(d)Contentment

Answer :  D

Question 4. What is considered the roof of the world?
(a) sky
(b) stars
(c) top of Mt Everest
(d) all of the above

Answer :  C

Question 5: At the age of —- Santosh Yadav scaled Mt. Everest for the first time.
(a) Sixteen
(b) Fifteen
(c) Twenty
(d) Thirty

Answer:    C

Question 6. During her training period, as a young tennis player, Maria went to bed at
(a)7pm
(b)9pm
(c)8:30pm
(d)8pm

Answer :  D

Question 7. What is the name of Santosh Yadav’s village?
(a) Joniya
(b) Hariya
(c) Bariya
(d) Jenna

Answer :  A

Question 8: The marital age of that society was
(a) Fifteen
(b) Twelve
(c) Sixteen
(d) Eighteen

Answer:    C

Question 9. When was little Maria packed off to U.S and for what purpose and with whom?
(a) at the age of 9
(b) at the age of 14
(c) at the age of 15
(d) at the age of 10 for training in tennis with her father

Answer:    D

Question 10. Santosh went to the local village school because
(a)That was her desire
(b)To maintain the prevailing family custom
(c)To make her parents happy
(d)None of the above

Answer :  B

Question 11. Why was Santosh under pressure?
(a) she had to study
(b) her parents were asking her to get married
(c) she wanted to work
(d) none

Answer :  B

Question 12: After completing her high school study Santosh went to
(a) MP
(b)Jodhpur
(c) Jaipur
(d) New Delhi

Answer:   C

Question 13 – Why was the holy man who gave blessings to Santosh’s mother surprised?
(a) because grandmother was seeking blessing for a daughter against the common trend of son
(b) because he saw her first time
(c) because he had never seen such a woman
(d) none

Answer:   A

Question 14- When did Santosh leave home for Delhi?
(a) at the age of 10
(b) at the age of 14
(c) at the age of 15
(d) at the age of 16

Answer:   D

Question 15 – What made Santosh’s parents ready to pay her school fees at Delhi?
(a) her plan to work part time to pay her school fee to get education
(b) her shouting
(c) her tears
(d) her obstinacy

Answer:   A

Read More
Rohit0 comments

CLASS 11th CHAPTER -15 Plant Growth and Development |Biology | NCERT SOLUTION| EDUGROWN

NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Biology Chapter – 15 Plant Growth and Development includes all the important topics with detailed explanation that aims to help students to understand the concepts better. Students who are preparing for their Class 11 Biology exams must go through NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Chapter -15 Plant Growth and Development. NCERT Solutions will make you understand the topics in most simple manner and grasp it easily to perform better.

Class 11th Chapter -15 Plant Growth and Development | NCERT BIOLOGY SOLUTION |

Exercises

Page No: 253

1. Define growth, differentiation, development, dedifferentiation, redifferentiation, determinate growth, meristem and growth rate.
 
Answer
 • Growth is an irreversible permanent increase in size of an organ or its parts or even of an individual cell.

• Differentiation is the process in which the cells derived from root apical and shoot-apical meristems and cambium differentiate and mature to perform specific functions.
 
• Development is a term that includes all changes that an organism goes through during its life cycle from germination of the seed to senescence.
 
• Dedifferentiation is the process in which permanent plant cells regain the power to divide under certain conditions.
 
• Redifferentiation is the process in which de-differentiated cells become mature again and lose their capacity to divide.
 
• Determinate growth is the type of growth in which growth stops after a certain phase.
 
• Meristem are the specialised regions in the plants where active cell divisions take place.
 
• The increased growth per unit time is termed as growth rate.
 
2. Why is not any one parameter good enough to demonstrate growth throughout the life of a flowering plant?
 
Answer
Growth, at a cellular level, is principally a consequence of increase in the amount of protoplasm. Measuring the growth of protoplasm involves many parameters such as the weight of the fresh tissue sample, the weight of the dry tissue sample, the differences in length, area, volume, and cell number measured during the growth period. Hence, there cannot be one parameter good enough to demonstrate growth throughout the life of a flowering plant.
 
3. Describe briefly:
(a) Arithmetic growth
(b) Geometric growth
(c) Sigmoid growth curve
(d) Absolute and relative growth rates
 
Answer
(a) In arithmetic growth, following mitotic cell division, only one daughter cell continues to divide while the other differentiates and matures. The elongation of roots at a constant rate is an example of arithmetic growth. On plotting length of the organ against time, a linear curve is obtained. Mathematically, it is expressed as:
Lt = L0 + rt
Here, Lt is length at time ‘t’, L0 is length at time 0 and r is the rate per unit time.

(b) In most systems, the initial growth is slow and called lag phase, and it increases rapidly thereafter at an exponential rate and called log or exponential phase. Here, both the progeny cells following mitotic cell division retain the ability to divide and continue to do so. However, with limited nutrient supply, the growth slows down leading to a stationary phase. The graph of the geometric growth gives a sigmoid curve.
 
(c) A sigmoid curve is a characteristic of living organism growing in a natural environment. This curve is divided into three phases – lag phase, log phase or exponential phase of rapid growth, and stationary phase.
Sigmoid curve Graph
Exponential growth can be expressed as:
W1= W0ert
W1 = final size (weight, height, number etc.)
W0 = initial size at the beginning of the period
r = growth rate
t = time of growth
e = base of natural logarithms
 
(d) The measurement and the comparison of total growth per unit time is called the absolute growth rate. 
The growth of the given system per unit time expressed on a common basis, e.g., per unit initial parameter is called the relative growth rate.
 
4. List five main groups of natural plant growth regulators. Write a note on discovery, physiological functions and agricultural/horticultural applications of any one of them.
 
Answer
The five main groups of natural plant growth regulators are:
(i) Auxins
(ii) Gibberellic acid
(iii) Cytokinins
(iv) Ethylene
(v) Abscisic acid
A note on discovery, physiological functions and agricultural/horticultural applications of Auxins are:
 
→ Discovery: The first observations regarding the effects of auxins were made by Charles Darwin and Francis Darwin when they observed that the coleoptiles of canary grass responded to unilateral illumination by growing towards the light source (phototropism).
After a series of experiments, it was concluded that the tip of coleoptile was the site of transmittable influence that caused the bending of the entire coleoptile. Auxin was isolated by F.W. Went from tips of coleoptiles of oat seedlings.

→ Physiological Functions:
• They control plant cell-growth.
• They cause the phenomenon of apical dominance.
• They control division in the vascular cambium and xylem differentiation.
• They induce parthenocarpy and prevent abscission of leaves and fruits.

→ Horticulture Application:
• They help to initiate rooting in stem cuttings, an application widely used for plant propagation.
• 2-4 D is used weedicide to kill broadleaf, dicotyledonous weeds.
• They induce parthenocarpy in tomatoes.
• It promote flowering e.g. in pineapples.

Page No: 254

5. What do you understand by photoperiodism and vernalisation? Describe their significance.
 
Answer
 
The response of plants to periods of day/night is termed as photoperiodism. It is hypothesised that the hormonal substance responsible for flowering is formed in the leaves, subsequently migrating to the shoot apices and modifying them into flowering apices. Photoperiodism helps in studying the response of flowering in various crop plants with respect to the duration of exposure to light.

There are plants for which flowering is either quantitatively or qualitatively dependent on exposure to low temperature. This phenomenon is termed vernalisation. It refers specially to the promotion of flowering by a period of low temperature. It prevents precocious reproductive development late in the growing season, and enables the plant to have sufficient time to reach maturity.

6. Why is Abscisic acid also known as stress hormone?
 
Answer
Abscisic acid stimulates the closure of stomata in the epidermis and increases the tolerance of plants to various kinds of stresses. Therefore, it is also called the stress hormone. It promotes seed dormancy and ensures seed germination during favourable conditions. It helps seeds withstand desiccation. It also helps in inducing dormancy in plants at the end of the growing season and promotes abscission of leaves, fruits, and flowers.

7. ‘Both growth and differentiation in higher plants are open’. Comment.
 
Answer
The higher plants retain the capacity for unlimited growth throughout their life. This ability of the plants is due to the presence of meristems at certain locations in their body. The cells of such meristems have the capacity to divide and self-perpetuate. Therefore, growth in higher plants are open. Also, some of these cells always undergo differentiation after some rounds of cell division. Hence, the differentiation is also open.
 
8. ‘Both a short day plant and a long day plant can flower simultaneously in a given place’. Explain.
 
Answer
Flowering in some plants depends on relative durations of light and dark periods. The short-day plant and long-day plant can flower at the same place, provided they have been given an adequate photoperiod.
 
9. Which one of the plant growth regulators would you use if you are asked to:
(a) Induce rooting in a twig
► Auxins
 
(b) Quickly ripen a fruit
► Ethylene

(c) Delay leaf senescence
► Cytokinins

(d) Induce growth in axillary buds
► Cytokinins

(e) ‘Bolt’ a rosette plant
► Gibberellins

(f) Induce immediate stomatal closure in leaves.
► Abscisic acid
 
10. Would a defoliated plant respond to photoperiodic cycle? Why?

Answer
No, a defoliated plant will not respond to the photoperiodic cycle as leaves are the sites of perception of light/dark duration. Therefore, in the absence of leaves, the plant would not respond to light.
 
11. What would be expected to happen if:
(a) GA3 is applied to rice seedlings
(b) Dividing cells stop differentiating
(c) A rotten fruit gets mixed with unripe fruits
(d) You forget to add cytokinin to the culture medium.
 
Answer
 
(a) If GA3 is applied to rice seedlings, then the rice seedlings will show internode-elongation and increase in height.

(b) If dividing cells stop differentiating, then the plant organs such as leaves and stem will not be formed. The mass of undifferentiated cell is called callus.

(c) If a rotten fruit gets mixed with unripe fruits, then the ethylene produced from the rotten fruits will hasten the ripening of the unripe fruits.

(d) If you forget to add cytokinin to the culture medium, then cell division, growth, and differentiation will be slower.
Read More
Rohit0 comments

CLASS 11th CHAPTER -14 Respiration in Plants |Biology | NCERT SOLUTION| EDUGROWN

NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Biology Chapter – 14 Respiration in Plants includes all the important topics with detailed explanation that aims to help students to understand the concepts better. Students who are preparing for their Class 11 Biology exams must go through NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Chapter -14 Respiration in Plants. NCERT Solutions will make you understand the topics in most simple manner and grasp it easily to perform better.

Class 11th Chapter -14 Respiration in Plants | NCERT BIOLOGY SOLUTION |

Page No: 238
 
Exercises
 
1. Differentiate between
(a) Respiration and Combustion
(b) Glycolysis and Krebs’cycle
(c) Aerobic respiration and Fermentation
 
Answer

(a) Respiration and Combustion

Respiration
Combustion
It is a biochemical process.It is a physiochemical process.
It occurs inside the cells.It does not occur inside cells.
It is a biologically-controlled process.It is an uncontrolled process.
No light is producedLight may be produced
ATP is generated.ATP is not generated.
Enzymes are requiredEnzymes are not required

(b) Glycolysis and Krebs’cycle

Glycolysis
Krebs’cycle
The breakdown of glucose to pyruvic acid is called glycolysis.The further processing of pyruvic acid through aerobic route is called Krebs’ cycle.
It is a linear pathway.It is a cyclic pathway.
It occurs in the cell cytoplasm.It occurs in the mitochondrial matrix.
It occurs in all living beings.It occurs in aerobic respiration.
It generates 2 NADH2 and 2 ATP molecules on the breakdown of one glucose molecule.It produces 6 NADH2, 2 FADH2, and 2 ATP molecules on the breakdown of two acetyl-CoA molecules.
No carbon dioxide evolvedCarbon dioxide evolved

(c) Aerobic respiration and Fermentation

Aerobic respiration
Fermentation
The complete oxidation of organic substances in the presence of oxygen.The incomplete oxidation of glucose in the absence of oxygen.
It occurs in the cytoplasm and mitochondriaIt occurs in the cytoplasm
The end products are carbon dioxide and waterThe end products are ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxide
Complete oxidation of the respiratory substrate takes placeIncomplete oxidation of the respiratory substrate takes place
About 36 ATP molecules are producedOnly 2 ATP molecules are produced


2. What are respiratory substrates? Name the most common respiratory substrate.
 
Answer
A compound which is oxidized during respiration is called respiratory substrate. Glucose is the most common respiratory substrate.
 
3. Give the schematic representation of glycolysis?
Answer
 
schematic representation of glycolysis
 
4. What are the main steps in aerobic respiration? Where does it take place?
 
Answer
 
The main steps in aerobic respiration and places of their occurrence are:
→ Glycolytic breakdown of glucose in to pyruvic acid in cytoplasm.
→ Krebs cycle in matrix of mitochondria
→ Electron transport system in inner mitochondrial membrane
→ Oxidative phosphorylation in the inner mitochondrial membrane.
 
5. Give the schematic representation of an overall view of Krebs cycle.
 
Answer
 
Krebs Cycle
 
6. Explain ETS.
 
Answer
The metabolic pathway through which the electron passes from one carrier to another is called the electron transport system (ETS). It is located in the inner mitochondrial membrane. Electrons from NADH produced in the mitochondrial matrix during citric acid cycle are oxidised by an NADH dehydrogenase (complex I), and electrons are then transferred to ubiquinone located within the inner membrane. Ubiquinone also receives reducing equivalents via FADH2 (complex II) that is generated during oxidation of succinate in the citric acid cycle. The reduced ubiquinone (ubiquinol) is then oxidised with the transfer of electrons to cytochrome c via cytochrome bc 1 complex (complex III). The cytochrome c acts as a mobile carrier between complex III and cytochrome c oxidase complex, containing cytochrome a and a3, along with copper centres (complex IV).
During the transfer of electrons from each complex, the process is accompanied by the production of ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate by the action ATP synthase (complex V). The amount of ATP produced depends on the molecule, which has been oxidized. 2 ATP molecules are produced by the oxidation of one molecule of NADH. One molecule of FADH2, on oxidation, gives 3 ATP molecules.
 
7. Distinguish between the following:
(a) Aerobic respiration and Anaerobic respiration
(b) Glycolysis and Fermentation
(c) Glycolysis and Citric acid Cycle
 
Answer

(a) Aerobic respiration and Anaerobic respiration

Aerobic respiration
Anaerobic respiration
It takes place in the presence of oxygen.It takes place in the absence of oxygen.
It occurs in cytoplasm and mitochondria.It occurs in cytoplasm
The end products of aerobic respiration are carbon dioxide and water.The end products of fermentation are ethyl alcohol and carbon-dioxide.
Complete oxidation of respiratory substrate takes place.Incomplete oxidation of respiratory substrate takes place.
36-38 ATP molecules are produced.Only 2 ATP molecules are produced.

(b) Glycolysis and Fermentation

Glycolysis
Fermentation
Glycolysis occurs during aerobic and anaerobic respiration.Fermentation is a type of anaerobic respiration.
The end products of aerobic respiration is pyruvic acidThe end products of aerobic respiration is ethanol or lactic acid

(c) Glycolysis and Citric acid Cycle

Glycolysis
Citric acid Cycle
It is a linear pathway.It is a cyclic pathway.
It occurs in the cell cytoplasm.It occurs in the mitochondrial matrix.
It occurs in all living beings.It occurs in aerobic respiration.
It generates 2 NADH2 and 2 ATP molecules on the breakdown of one glucose molecule.It generates 6 NADH2, 2 FADH2, and 2 ATP molecules on the breakdown of two acetyl-CoA molecules.

8. What are the assumptions made during the calculation of net gain of ATP?
 
Answer
 
The following assumptions are made during the calculation of net gain of ATP:
• There is a sequential, orderly pathway functioning, with one substrate forming the next and with glycolysis, TCA cycle and ETS pathway following one after another.
• The NADH synthesised in glycolysis is transferred into the mitochondria and undergoes oxidative phosphorylation.
• None of the intermediates in the pathway are utilised to synthesise any other compound.
• Only glucose is being respired – no other alternative substrates are entering in the pathway at any of the intermediary stages.
 
9. Discuss “The respiratory pathway is an amphibolic pathway.”
Answer
The breaking down process occurring within the organism is known as catabolic process and the synthesis process is known as anabolism. The respiratory pathway involves both the catabolic and anabolic process, so it is referred as amphibolic pathway.
 
10. Define RQ. What is its value for fats?
 
Answer
The ratio of the volume of CO2 evolved to the volume of O2 consumed in respiration is called the respiratory quotient (RQ). The RQ for carbohydrates is 1. The RQ for fat and protein is less than 1.
For example: Calculations for a fatty acid, tripalmitin
2(C5H98O6) + 145O2 → 102 CO2 + 98 H2O
RQ = Volume of CO2 evolved/Volume of O2 consumed
      = 102 CO2/145O2 = 0.7

11. What is oxidative phosphorylation?
 
Answer
 
The generation of ATP from ADP during electron transport system by utilizing the energy obtained during oxidative reaction is called oxidative phosphorylation.
 
12. What is the significance of step-wise release of energy in respiration?
 
Answer
 
The significance of step-wise release of energy in respiration are:
→ It facilitates the utilization of the relatively higher proportion of the energy in ATP synthesis.
→ The activities of enzymes for the different steps may be enhanced or inhibited by specific compounds. This provides a mean of controlling the rate of the pathway and the energy output according to the need of the cell.
→ The same pathway may be utilized for forming intermediates used in the synthesis of other biomolecules like amino acids.
Read More
Rohit0 comments

CLASS 11th CHAPTER – 13 Photosynthesis in Higher Plants |Biology | NCERT SOLUTION| EDUGROWN

NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Biology Chapter – 13 Photosynthesis in Higher Plants includes all the important topics with detailed explanation that aims to help students to understand the concepts better. Students who are preparing for their Class 11 Biology exams must go through NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Chapter -13 Photosynthesis in Higher Plants. NCERT Solutions will make you understand the topics in most simple manner and grasp it easily to perform better.

Class 11th Chapter -13 Photosynthesis in Higher Plants | NCERT BIOLOGY SOLUTION |

Page No: 224
 
Exercises
 
1. By looking at a plant externally can you tell whether a plant is C3 or C4? Why and how?
 
Answer
 
We can’t tell whether a plant is C3 or C4 by looking at a plant externally. However, plants which which are adapted to dry climates follow the C4 pathway. Unlike C3 plants, the leaves of C4 plants have a special anatomy but this difference can only be observed at the cellular level.

2. By looking at which internal structure of a plant can you tell whether a plant is C3 or C4? Explain.
 
Answer
 
As leaves of C4 plants have a special anatomy called Kranz anatomy. This makes them different from C3 plants. Special cells, known as bundle-sheath cells, surround the vascular bundles. These cells have a large number of chloroplasts. They are thick-walled and have no intercellular spaces. Therefore, we can tell whether a plant is C3 or C4 through internal structure.
 
3. Even though a very few cells in a C4 plant carry out the biosynthetic – Calvin pathway, yet they are highly productive. Can you discuss why?
 
Answer

In C4 plants photorespiration does not occur because they have a mechanism that increases the concentration of CO2 at the enzyme site. This takes place when the C4 acid from the mesophyll is broken down in the bundle sheath cells to release CO2 that results in increasing the intracellular concentration of CO2. In turn, this ensures that the RuBisCO functions as a carboxylase minimising the oxygenase activity. Thus, the photosynthesis rate increases and make C4 plants more productive.

Page No: 225

4. RuBisCo is an enzyme that acts both as a carboxylase and oxygenase. Why do you think RuBisCo carries out more carboxylation in C4 plants?
 
Answer
 
The enzyme RuBisCo is absent from the mesophyll cells of C4 plants. It is present in the bundle-sheath cells surrounding the vascular bundles. In C4 plants, the Calvin cycle occurs in the bundle-sheath cells. The primary CO2 acceptor in the mesophyll cells is phosphoenol pyruvate -a three-carbon compound. It is converted into the four-carbon compound oxaloacetic acid (OAA). OAA is further converted into malic acid. Malic acid is transported to the bundle-sheath cells, where it undergoes decarboxylation and CO2 fixation occurs by the Calvin cycle. This prevents the enzyme RuBisCo from acting as an oxygenase.
 
5. Suppose there were plants that had a high concentration of Chlorophyll b, but lacked chlorophyll a, would it carry out photosynthesis? Then why do plants have chlorophyll b and other accessory pigments?
 
Answer
 
If there were complete absence of chlorophyll a in a plant, it would not carry out photosynthetic activity at all because chlorophyll a is the chief pigment associated with photosynthesis as it traps light. Other accessory pigments like chlorophyll b, santhophylls and carotenoids are equally essential as they also absorb light and transfer energy to chlorophyll a. They also enable a wider range of wavelength of incoming light to be utilised for photosynthesis and protect chlorophyll a from photo- oxidation.
 
6. Why is the colour of a leaf kept in the dark frequently yellow, or pale green? Which pigment do you think is more stable?
 
Answer
 
Chlorophyll or green pigment is unable to absorb energy in the absence of light therefore loses its stability. Thus, the colour of leaf changes to yellow or pale green. This shows that Carotenoids and Xanthophyll pigments are more stable.
 
7. Look at leaves of the same plant on the shady side and compare it with the leaves on the sunny side. Or, compare the potted plants kept in the sunlight with those in the shade. Which of them has leaves that are darker green? Why?
 
Answer
The plants placed in light will have darker leaves as compared to leaves of a plant placed in shade. As leaves in shade get lesser light for photosynthesis so they perform lesser photosynthesis as compared to the leaves or plants kept in sunlight. To increase the rate of photosynthesis, the leaves present in shade have more chlorophyll pigments. This increase in chlorophyll content increases the amount of light absorbed by the leaves, which in turn increases the rate of photosynthesis which makes the leaves or plants in shade greener than the leaves or plants kept in the sun.
 
8. Figure 13.10 shows the effect of light on the rate of photosynthesis. Based on the graph, answer the following questions:
(a) At which point/s (A, B or C) in the curve is light a limiting factor?

(b) What could be the limiting factor/s in region A?
(c) What do C and D represent on the curve?
 
Answer
 
Figure 13.10
 
(a) At point A
(b) Light is a limiting factor also, water, temperature, and the concentration of carbon dioxide could also be limiting factors in the region A.
(c) C represents the stage beyond which light is not a limiting factor. D represents the stage beyond which intensity of light has no effect on the rate of photosynthesis.
 
9. Give comparison between the following:
(a) C3 and C4 pathways
(b) Cyclic and non-cyclic photophosphorylation
(c) Anatomy of leaf in C3 and C4 plants
 
Answer
 
(a) C3 and C4 pathways

C3 pathways
C4 pathways
The primary acceptor of CO2  is RUBP – a five-carbon compound.The primary acceptor of CO2 is phosphoenol pyruvate – a three-carbon compound.
The first stable product is 3 phosphoglycerate.The first stable product is oxaloacetic acid.
It occurs only in the mesophyll cells of the leaves.It occurs in the mesophyll and bundle-sheath cells of the leaves.
It is a slower process of carbon fixation and photo-respiratory losses are high.It is a faster process of carbon fixation and photo-respiratory losses are low.

(b) Cyclic and non-cyclic photophosphorylation

Cyclic photophosphorylation
Non-cyclic photophosphorylation
It occurs only in photosystem I.It occurs both in photosystems I and II.
It involves only the synthesis of ATP.It involves the synthesis of ATP and NADPH2.
In this process, photolysis of water does not occur. Therefore, oxygen is not produced.In this process, photolysis of water takes place and oxygen is liberated.
In this process, electrons move in a closed circle.In this process, electrons do not move in a closed circle.

(c) Anatomy of leaf in C3 and C4 plants

Anatomy of leaf in C3
Anatomy of leaf in C4
Bundle-sheath cells are absentBundle-sheath cells are present
RuBisCo is present in the mesophyll cellsRuBisCo is present in the bundle-sheath cells.
The first stable compound produced is 3-phosphoglycerate – a three-carbon compound.The first stable compound produced is oxaloacetic acid – a four-carbon compound.
Photorespiration occursPhotorespiration does not occur
Read More
Rohit0 comments

CLASS 11th CHAPTER – 12 Mineral Nutrition |Biology | NCERT SOLUTION| EDUGROWN

NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Biology Chapter – 12 Mineral Nutrition includes all the important topics with detailed explanation that aims to help students to understand the concepts better. Students who are preparing for their Class 11 Biology exams must go through NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Chapter -12 Mineral Nutrition. NCERT Solutions will make you understand the topics in most simple manner and grasp it easily to perform better.

Class 11th Chapter -12 Mineral Nutrition | NCERT BIOLOGY SOLUTION |

Page No: 205
 
Exercises
 
1. ‘All elements that are present in a plant need not be essential to its survival’. Comment.
 
Answer
Plants tend to absorb different kinds of nutrients from soil but all of them are not essential to its survival because they do not directly involved in the composition of their body. A nutrient is inessential for a plant if it is not directly involved in the plant’s physiology and metabolism. However, if the concentration of micronutrients such as Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, Cl, etc., rise above their critical values, they appear to be toxic for the plant.

2.Why is purification of water and nutrient salts so important in studies involving mineral nutrition using hydroponics?
 
Answer
As in hydroponics, the plants are grown in a nutrient solution in the absence of soil. Since the plant roots are exposed to a limited amount of the solution, there are chances that the concentrations of oxygen and other minerals in the plant roots would reduce. Therefore, in studies involving mineral nutrition using hydroponics, purification of water and nutrient salts is essential so as to maintain an optimum growth of the plants.
 
3. Explain with examples: macronutrients, micronutrients, beneficial nutrients, toxic elements and essential elements.
 
Answer
→ Macronutrients: Elements which are present in large amounts in plant tissues are called macronutrients. They are present in plant tissues in amounts more than 10 mmole kg–1 of dry matter. Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorous, sulphur, potassium, calcium and magnesium are examples.

→ Micronutrients: Elements which are present in small amounts i.e. less than 10 mmole per kg of dry matter are called micronutrients. Iron, manganese, copper, molybdenum, zinc, copper, boron, chlorine and nickel are examples.
 
→ Beneficial Elements: The nutrients that may not be essential, but are beneficial to plants are called beneficial elements. Sodium, silicon, cobalt and selenium are examples.
 
→ Toxic elements: Any mineral ion concentration in tissues that reduces the dry weight of tissues by about 10 per cent is considered toxic. For example, when manganese is present in large amounts, it induces deficiencies of iron, magnesium, and calcium by interfering with their metabolism.

→ Essential elements: The elements which are absolutely necessary for plant growth and reproduction are called essential elements. The requirement of these elements is specific and non-replaceable. These elements are further divided into two broad categories based on their quantitative requirements.

4. Name at least five different deficiency symptoms in plants. Describe them and correlate them with the concerned mineral deficiency.
 
Answer
Five different deficiency symptoms in plants are:

→ Chlorosis is the loss of chlorophyll leads to the yellowing of leaves. It is caused by the deficiencies of nitrogen, potassium, magnesium, sulphur, iron, manganese, zinc, and molybdenum.

→ Necrosis is the death of plant tissues as a result of the deficiencies of calcium, magnesium, copper, and potassium.

→ Inhibition of cell division is caused by the deficiencies of nitrogen, potassium, sulphur, and molybdenum.

→ Delayed flowering is caused by the deficiencies of nitrogen, sulphur, and molybdenum.

→ Stunted plant growth is a result of the deficiencies of copper and sulphur.
 
5. If a plant shows a symptom which could develop due to deficiency of more than one nutrient, how would you find out experimentally, the real deficient mineral element?
 
Answer
Every element shows certain characteristic deficiency symptoms in the plants also different plants respond in different ways to the deficiency of the same nutrient. Thus, in order to identify the real deficient mineral element, we need note all the available symptoms in different parts of the plant. Then we have to compare the noted information with the available standard symptom table. 
 
6. Why is that in certain plants deficiency symptoms appear first in younger parts of the plant while in others they do so in mature organs?
 
Answer
Mobility of an element play very important role in determining whether the deficiency symptoms appear first in younger parts or older parts. Elements such as nitrogen, potassium, and magnesium are highly mobile. These elements move from the mature organs to the younger parts of a plant. Therefore, the symptoms for the deficiencies of these elements first appear in the older parts of the plant. Elements such as calcium and sulphur are relatively immobile. These elements are not transported out of the older parts of a plant. Therefore, the symptoms for the deficiencies of these elements first appear in the younger parts of the plant.
 
7. How are the minerals absorbed by the plants?
 
Answer
 
The absorption of minerals by plants takes by the roots of plants in two main phases: apoplast and symplast.
In the first phase, there is a rapid uptake of nutrients from the soil into the free spaces of plant cells. This process is passive and it usually occurs through trans-membrane proteins and ion-channels.
In the second phase, the ions are taken slowly into the inner spaces of the cells. This pathway generally involves the expenditure of energy in the form of ATP.
 
8. What are the conditions necessary for fixation of atmospheric nitrogen by Rhizobium. What is their role in N2 -fixation?
 
Answer
 
Rhizobium bacteria need symbiotic association with legume plants to carry out nitrogen fixation. Root nodules contain the necessary enzymes for nitrogen fixation and thus enable rhizobium to fix nitrogen. The enzyme nitrogenase facilitates the conversion of nitrogen into ammonia which is the first stable product of nitrogen fixation. Ammonia is then converted into glutamic acid. Glutamic acid is then utilised by plants to make amino acids which are ultimately utilised to make protein.
 
9. What are the steps involved in formation of a root nodule?
 
Answer
Nodule formation involves a sequence of multiple interactions between Rhizobium and roots of the host plant. These steps are:
→ Rhizobium bacteria contact a susceptible root hair and divides near it.
→ After successful infection, the root hairs get curled and are invaded by the bacteria.
→ This invasion is followed by the formation of an infection thread that carries the bacteria into the cortex of the root.
→ The bacteria get modified into rod-shaped bacteroides and cause inner cortical and pericycle cells to divide. Division and growth of cortical and pericycle cells lead to nodule formation.
→ The nodules finally get connected with the vascular tissues of the roots for nutrient exchange.
 
10. Which of the following statements are true? If false, correct them:
(a) Boron deficiency leads to stout axis. 
► True

(b) Every mineral element that is present in a cell is needed by the cell. 
► Every mineral element that is present in a cell is not needed by the cell.

(c) Nitrogen as a nutrient element, is highly immobile in the plants.
► Nitrogen as a nutrient element,is highly mobile in plants.

(d) It is very easy to establish the essentiality of micronutrients because they are required only in trace quantities.
► True
Read More