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In This Post we are  providing  CHAPTER 19 PLANNING AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN INDIAN CONTEXT NCERT MOST IMPORTANT QUESTIONS for Class 12 GEOGRAPHY INDIA- PEOPLE AND ECONOMY which will be beneficial for students. These solutions are updated according to 2021-22 syllabus. These MCQS  can be really helpful in the preparation of Board exams and will provide you with a brief knowledge of the chapter

NCERT MOST IMPORTANT QUESTIONS ON PLANNING AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN INDIAN CONTEXT

Question 1.
How has the introduction of Indira Gandhi canal irrigation in the drylands of Rajasthan influenced the environmental conditions of the region positively? Explain in any three points.
Answer:
The positive impacts of Indira Gandhi canal irrigation on the environmental conditions of the dryland area of Rajasthan are as follow:

1. CAD programmes (Command Area Development) i.e. afforestation and pastures programs developed the desertic area into Greenland.
2. An increase in agriculture, livestock productivity and intensity of cropping also have been recorded.
3. Commercial crops i.e. wheat, rice,
   cotton, groundnut replaced the drought-resistant crops like gram, bajra and jowar.

Question 2.
Write in brief about the physical setting of Bharmaur region.
Answer:
Bharmaur region lies (between 32° 1T N and 32°41′ N latitudes and 76°22′ E and 76°53‘ E longitudes. It is spread over an area of about 1818 sq km. This region is the homeland of the Gaddi tribal community and surrounded by lofty mountains on all sides.

It has Pir Panjal in the North and Dhaula Dhar in the South. In the east, the extension of Dhaula converges with Pir Panjal near Rohtang Pass. The river Ravi and its tributaries, the Budhil and Bundchen, carve out deep gorges here and divide the region into the four Physiographic divisions such as:

1. Holi
2. Khani
3. Kugti
4. Tundah areas

Bharmaur experiences freezing weather conditions and snowfall in winter. Its mean monthly temperature in January remains 4°C and on July 26°C.

Question 3.
Development is a multi-dimensional concept and signifies the positive, irreversible transformation of the economy, society and environment. Support the statement with suitable arguments from India. (HOTS; Delhi 2010)
Answer:
Development is a dynamic concept that used to describe the state of particular societies and the process of changes experienced by them. In early human history, the main criteria of determination of a society’s state were the interaction processes between human societies and their biophysical environment.

Societies helped in the development of various levels of technology and institutions upon which human environment processes depend. These have helped in increasing the pace of human-environment interaction, therefore the momentum generated and festinated technological progress and transformation and creation of the institution.

After the period of World war II, development and economic growth considered as one concept. But due to unequal distribution, a faster rate of growth in poverty is experienced by even the developed nations having high economic growth. Then redistribution with growth and equity broaden the term development in 1970.

Now the concept of development not only restricted to the economic sphere alone but also incorporates balance and equality among people in term of welfare and quality of life of people health, education and other facilities, equal opportunity to all and ensuring political and civil rights.

Hence, the concept of development has become multi-dimensional and stands for the positive, irreversible transformation of the economy, society and environment.

Question 4.
“Hill Area Development Programmes in India were drawn keeping in view their topographical ecological, social and economic conditions”. Support this statement with a suitable explanation. (HOTS; All India 2010)
Answer:
Yes it is true, that Hill Area Development Programmes in India were drawn keeping in view their topographical, ecological, social and economic conditions because the main objectives of these programmes were on to the development of:

1. Horticulture
2. Plantation agriculture
3. Animal Husbandry
4. Poultry
5. Forestry
6. Small scale and village industry.

By this, exploitation of local resources may become possible.
The programme was recommended by the National Committee on the Development of Backward Area (1981), which set a criterion that the hill areas having a height above 600 m and not covered under tribal sub-plan be treated as backward hill areas. The programme covers all the hilly districts of Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Mikir Hill and North hills of Assam, Darjiling district of West Bengal and Nilgiri district of Tamil Nadu. It was started in the Fifth Five Year Plan.

Question 5.
Explain any five measures necessary for the promotion of sustainable development in ‘Indira Gandhi Canal Command Area’.
OR
Describe any five measures needed for the promotion of sustainable development in the ‘Indira Gandhi Canal Command Area’.
Answer:
Measures for promotion of sustainability in ‘Indira Gandhi Canal Command Area’ are as follows:

1. Rigorous implementation of water management policy is the first and foremost requirement of this project.
2. Adoption of plantation crops such as citrus fruits, instead of water-intensive crops.
3. In order to reduce the conveyance loss of water, few important programmes shall be taken into account such as the CAD (Command Area Development) programmes i.e.
   • the lining of watercourses.
   • land development and levelling.
   • Warabandi system (means equal distribution of canal water in the command area of the outlet).
4. The areas should be reclaimed that got affected by waterlogging and soil salinity.
5. Promoting eco-development in the fragile environment especially in stage II command area through afforestation, shelter belt, plantation and pasture development activities.
6. To promote social sustainability by providing financial and institutional support for land cultivation to the land allottees of poor background.
7. Other sectors of the economy in addition to agriculture, animal husbandry and allied activities should be encouraged for attaining economic sustainability.

Question 6.
Describe five main points of the integrated tribal development project implemented in Bharmaur region. (All India 2008)
Answer:
Following steps are taken for the attainment of tribal sub-plan strategy:

1. Improving the quality of life of the Gaddis and narrowing the gap in the level of development between Bharmaur and other districts of Himachal Pradesh.
2. The highest priority was on the development of transport and communications, agriculture and attired activities as well as social and community services.
3. Improvement in the basic infrastructure of health care facilities, potable water supply, schools, transport and communication, training, marketing, credit and electricity supply, e.g. villages located along the river Ravi in Holi and Khani areas are main beneficiaries of infrastructural development.
4. Employment generation through agricultural allied activities like horticulture, animal husbandry and cottage industry.
5. The Gaddis had traditionally subsistence agriculture cum-pastoral economy, later on, during the last three decades of the twentieth century, pulses and other cash crops became one of the main crops of this region.

Question 7.
Give a brief account of the two stages of the Indira Gandhi Canal Project. (All India 2008)
Answer:
Two stages of the Indira Gandhi Canal Project are as follows:
Stage I of Indira Gandhi Canal Command Area
This Command area covers Ganganagar, Hanumangarh and Northern part of Bikaner districts. Its culturable command area is 5.53 lakh hectares along with gentle undulating topography. An irrigation system was introduced in this stage in the early 1960s.

State II of Indira Gandhi Canal Command Area
This stage II covers 14.10 lakh hectares culturable land of Bikaner, Jaisalmer, Barmer, Jodhpur, Nagaur and Chum districts. Hot desert with shifting sand dunes and temperature soaring to 50° C in summers are the main characteristics of the region.

Question 8.
How would you define ecological, social and economic sustainabilities? Explain in brief. (All Indio 2008)
Answer:
Ecological, social and economic sustainabilities are as follows:

Ecological Sustainability
It means using our natural resources wisely in the short term so that these resources are available in the long term.

Social Sustainability
The ability of a community to develop processes and structures which not only meet the needs of its current members but also support the ability of future generations to maintain a healthy community.

Economic Sustainability
The use of various strategies for employing existing resources optimally, so that a responsible and beneficial balance can be achieved over the longer term.

Question 9.
Suppose you have given the power to modify the planning process. How would you use this power wisely and what would be your plan? Explain with reason

Answer:
If I had some power to modify the present planning process, I would have broadened the planning process by adding some important terms such as equity, sustainability and empowerment. These are described below:

Equity
It means making equal access to opportunities available to everybody. The opportunities available to people must be equal irrespective of their gender, race, income and caste.

Sustainability
It refers to continuity in the availability of opportunities. This means that each generation must have the same opportunities, therefore we must use our environmental, financial and human resources in such a way that our future generations are not deprived off these opportunities.

Empowerment
It refers to have the power to make choices. Such power comes from increasing freedom and capability. Good governance and people-oriented policies are required to empower people. The empowerment of social and economically disadvantaged groups are of special importance.

Question 10.
Explain in brief the meaning and purpose of Target Area Programme with suitable examples from India.Answer:
The core focus of planning or process must be on economically backward areas. It is not obvious that resource-rich regions are wealthy from all spheres because there is a requirement of technology, investment and resources simultaneously, for better economic development. In spite of having one and a half decades experience of the planning process, there are still regional imbalances found in economic development which is lagging behind the economic sector. In order to combat both regional and social disparities, the planning commission introduced the target area and target group approach to planning.

Some of the examples of these are as follows:

Target Area Programme

• Command Area Development Programme.
• Drought Prone Area Development Programme.
• Desert Development Programme.
• Hill Area Development Programme.

Target Group Programmes

• The Small Farmers Development Agency (SFDA).
• Marginal Farmers Development Agency (MFDA).

As part of target area planning in the Eighth five-year plan, special programmes were designed to develop infrastructure in hill areas. North Eastern states tribal areas and backward areas integrated tribal development project of Bharmaur region in Himachal Pradesh, Indira Gandhi Canal Command Area Project in Rajasthan are some examples of such programmes.

In This Post we are  providing  CHAPTER 18 MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES NCERT MOST IMPORTANT QUESTIONS for Class 12 GEOGRAPHY INDIA- PEOPLE AND ECONOMY which will be beneficial for students. These solutions are updated according to 2021-22 syllabus. These MCQS  can be really helpful in the preparation of Board exams and will provide you with a brief knowledge of the chapter

NCERT MOST IMPORTANT QUESTIONS ON MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES

Question 1.
Explain with examples the factors that helped in the development of Hoogli Industrial region.
Or
Explain any five factors responsible for the development of Hoogli Industrial region.
Answer:
Hoogli region is located along the Hoogli river to a distance of 100 kms. The following factors favour the development of the Hoogli region.

• Opening of coal fields of Damodar Valley.
• Opening of rich port of Kolkata along the Hoogli river.
• Location of petroleum refinery at Haldia.
• Roads and railways provides subsequante lines to the great benefit of the region.

Question 2.
Study the following diagram and answer the questions that follow:
(10.1) Identify and name the steel plant shown in this diagram.
(10.2) Name the mining fields which supply coal and limestone to this plant.
(10.3) Mention the source of water for this plant.

Answer:
(10.1) Jamshedpur steel plant
(10.2) Coal from Jharia, limestone from Birmitrapur
(10.3) Water from rivers Subarnarekha and Kharkai

Question 3.
Explain the locational factors of Industries with the help of suitable examples.
Or
Explain five main geographical factors influencing location of industries giving suitable examples from Indian industries.
Or
Why do large scale industries choose different location? Explain any four factors which influence the industrial location.
Answer:
Manufacturing. Manufacturing is a secondary process of transforming raw materials into finished products. The raw materials of agriculture, forests, minerals are changed into new products. For example, clay is changed into pottery, timber is changed into furniture, etc.

These manufactured goods are more useful and valuable than the raw material. The location of manufacturing industries depends on a number of physical and socio-economic factors. These factors are called the basis of industries. No single factor decides the location of industries.

Geographical Factors

(1) Nearness to raw materials. Large quantities of raw materials are needed for industries. Therefore, industries are located near the source of raw materials. The industries are located near mines, forests, farms and seas. It saves the cost of transportation. Sugar mills are located in the areas where sugarcane is produced. Iron and steel industry uses bulky raw materials.

Steel centres are developed where coal and iron are easily available. Industries producing perishable goods (meat, fish and dairy products) are located near the areas of their production. Example. Jute mills in West Bengal and Cotton Textile mills in Maharashtra are located due to the availability of the raw materials.

(2) Power resources. Coal, oil and water-power are the main sources of power. Most of the industries are located around coal-fields. The industrial regions of Damodar Valley (India), Ruhr Valley (West Germany) depends upon coal. Some industries use large amount of electricity.

Such industries like Chemical Industries, Aluminium Industries and Paper Industry are located near hydro-electric stations. Petro-chemical Industries use large quantities of Petroleum. Example. Iron and Steel centres in India are located near Jharia and Raniganj coal fields. Chemical fertiliser plant is located at Nangal where cheap water power is available from Bhakra Project.

(3) Means of Transportation. Modern industries need cheap, developed and quick means of transportation. Water-transport is the cheapest means of transport. Cheap means of transportation are required for the movement of workers, raw materials and machinery to the factories. Manufactured goods should be sent to the market at low cost. Example. Delhi is the nodal point of transport and industries concentrated around it.

(4) Climate. Stimulating climate increases the efficiency of the labourers. Certain industries require special type of climate. Cotton Textile industry requires humid climate, Film industry needs good weather with clear blue sky. Areas with favourable climate become huge markets.

Example. Mumbai is the leading centre of Cotton Textile due to wet coastal climate. Dry climate has led to the location of Aircraft Industry at Bengaluru (India) and California (U.S.A.).

Non-Geographical factors

(5) Cheap land. Heavy industries need cheap level land. Steel industry at Jamshedpur is located in a broad river-valley.

(6) Capital. Large amount of capital is invested in many industries. Many industries have been located in big cities like Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata. Many banks and companies provide capital in these areas.

(7) Skilled labour. Cheap and skilled labour is essential for the location of the industries. Areas of dense population provide cheap and large labour force. Engineering industries need skilled labour. Cotton Textile industry in Lancashire, Glass industry in Ferozabad, Sports goods industry in Jalandhar are located due to the availability of the skilled labour. The Swiss are known for watch making, the British for specialised cotton textiles, the Japanese for electronic goods and Varanasi is known for Silk embroidery.

(8) Government policies. Most of the industries are located with government aid. Government policies may encourage or discourage the industries in an area. Government may offer cheap land, reduce taxes, help in providing machinery and transport. Bhilai and Rourkela tea plants were set up to develop tribal area.

(9) Nearness to market. Industries are located near the market for their manufactured goods. Urban and industrial centres with dense population provide a large market. Market is based on demand and the purchasing power of the people. Countries of Asia do not make a huge market because the people cannot afford to buy goods. Dairy Industry is located near the ready markets of towns. Light Engineering industries are located near the big factories which require these goods.

(10) Early start. Momentum of an early start leads to the location of an industry such as cotton textile in Mumbai.

(11) Defence. Some industries are located with a military motive such as Aircraft industry at Bengaluru.

(12) Historical Factors. Historical accident may bring an industry to a new location such as Automobile Industry at Detriot in U.S.A., Lock Industry at Aligarh.

(13) Other Factors. Some secondary factors also help in the location of industries such as availability of water, technical knowledge, political factors, etc. The location of industries keep on changing. A good location, today may become a bad location tomorrow.

Question 4.
Describe the location and development of Iron and Steel Industry in India.
Answer:
Iron and steel industry is the basis of modern industrialisation. It is the foundation of modern machines, tools, transportation (rail, road, water, air). It is used in making super structures, bridges, tanks, agricultural implements and many products of daily use. It has great strength, toughness, elasticity and low cost of production. The production and consumption of steel is the index of the nconomic development of country.

Ours is truly an ‘Age of Steel.’
Factors for the location of Iron and Steel industry.

• Raw Materials. Iron and steel industry needs the bulky raw materials of manganese, limestone and scrap iron.
• Coking coal. Coking coal or charcoal is required for smelting of iron ore.
• Cheap land. Modern steel plants, furnaces require cheap level land.
• Market. The products of iron and steel industry demand a big consumer market.
• Capital. Iron and steel industry requires huge capital. Lack of capital is a main obstacle to this industry in the developing countries.
• Other Factors. Iron and steel industry needs cheap transport, skilled labour and modern techniques.

The first modern steel plant was established in 1907 at Sakchi (Jamshedpur) in Jharkhand, by Jamshedji Tata. India produces the cheapest steel in the world. India has large reserves of high grade iron- ore, coking coal and limestone. These raw materials are found close to each other. India produces 340 lakh tons of steel. With the establishment of new steel plants, it is expected to reach 500 lakh tons of steel.

Iron steel industry

Centres of Production.

I. Damodar Valley. This region has TISCO (Tata Iron and Steel Company) steel plant at Jamshedpur and IISCO (India Iron and Steel Company) steel plant at Kulti-Burnpur.

Geographical Factors for location.

• Availability of iron ore from Singhbhum region.
• Coking coal from Jharia and Raniganj.
• Limestone, Manganese and Quartz are available nearby.
• Damodar, Subamrekha, Kharkai provide water and sand.
• Cheap labour from densely populated states of Bihar and West Bengal.
• Facilities of cheap transport and port of Kolkata.

II. Visvesvaraya Iron and Steel Limited. This steel plant is located at Bhadravati (Karnataka). It produces alloy and special steel. Iron ore is obtained from Babaudan Hills, charcoal from Kadur forests, water power from Jog Falls, limestone from Bhandigudda mines.

III. Steel Centres in Public Sector. Four steel plants have been developed in the public sector, under HSL (Hindustan Steel Limited) with the collaboration of some foreign countries.

Bhilai (Chhattisgarh)—with the help of Russia.

• Vishakhapatnam (Andhra Pradesh)
• Salem (Tamil Rourkela (Odisha)—By German Firm Krupps- Demag.
• Durgapur (West Bengal)—With British aid.
• Bokaro (Jharkhand)—With Russian help.

Geographical factors for location:

• Bhilai gets iron ore from Dhalli Rajhara hills; coal from Korba and Jharia coal fields; manganese from Balaghat ranges and limestone from Nandani mines.
• Durgapur gets iron ore from Singbhum; coal from Raniganj; lime stone from Gangpur and water from D.V.C.
• Rourkela gets iron from Bonai; coal from Jharia and Raniganj, limestone from Birmittrapur.
• Bokaro, an ore based steel plant gets coal from Jharia; iron from Keonjhar and water power from D.V.C.

IV. New Steel Plants. The Govt, has set up new steel plants at:

(i) Vishakhapatnam (Andhra Pradesh)
(ii) Salem (Tamil Nadu)
(iii) Vijayanagar (Near Hospet, Karnataka)
The capacity of the different steel plants is being expanded. The production of pig iron and steel is being increased by setting up new mini plants based on scrap iron. At present there are 169 mini steel plants in India. India exports about 20 lakh tonnes of steel every year earning a foreign exchange of ₹ 2000 crores. In 1973, SAIL (Steel Authority of India Limited) has been established for the better management of these steel plants.

Question 5.
Describe the location and development of Cotton Textile Industry in India.
Answer:
Cotton Textile Industry
Cotton textile industry is one of the oldest industries in India. Spinning and weaving were the earliest crafts of primitive man. The industry owes its rapid development due to Industrial revolution, Many spinning and weaving machines were invented, These inventions changed this industry from a household to mill industry.

India has a glorious part of cotton textile industry. The first cotton mill was established in 1854 in Mumbai. A large home market, manufacturing of textile machinery and abundant supply of cotton have led to the growth of this industry in India. There are


about 1824 textile mills scattered over 80 towns and the annual production of cloth is about 3000 crore metres. India is the second largest producer of cotton textile in the world.

Distribution of Cotton Textile Industry :

(i) Maharashtra. Mumbai is the oldest centre of cotton textile industry in India. Mumbai is known as “Cotton Polis of India.” Nagpur, Pune, Sholapur, Amaravati are other centres. The following factors have led to the concentration of this industry at Mumbai:

• Early start
• Large amount of capital
• Long staple cotton from Gujarat and Maharashtra
• Facilities of Mumbai as a port
• Easy import of machinery
• Humid climate
• Cheap labour
• Water power from Tata Hydro-electric works
• Large ready market
• Opening of Suez Canal route.

(ii) Gujarat. Ahmedabad is the largest producer of cotton textiles in India. It is known as the ‘Manchester of India’. Ahmedabad is situated in the heart of cotton growing area. Cheap land is also available.

(iii) Tamil Nadu. The development of hydro-electricity in the South and cul tivation of long staple cotton led to the location of this industry in Southern India. Madurai, Coimbatore, Salem and Chennai are the main centres.

(iv) West Bengal. Most of the mills are located at Kolkata in the Hugh basin.

(v) Uttar Pradesh. Kanpur is the main centre and is called ‘The Manchester of Northern India’.

(vi) The dispersal of this industry has led to the growth of new centres like Bhopal, Gwalior, Bengaluru, Phagwara, Bhiv/ani, Delhi and Kota.

Importance

• Cotton Textiles is the oldest and the biggest industry in India.
• About 10 lakh workers are engaged in this industry
• It has the largest amount of capital (X 1300 crores) invested
• It earns about a sum of X 8000 crores as foreign exchange by export of manufactured goods.

(v) Many industries such as dyes, chemicals, etc., depend on cotton products.

Question 6.
Describe the importance, location and distribution of Sugar industry in India.
Answer:
Sugar Industry. Sugar is an important article of food. It has a universal demand. Sugar is obtained from two major sources:
(a) Sugarcane
(b) Sugar beet.

India is regarded as the birth-place of sugarcane and sugar. The tropical areas have the sugarcane industry, while the temperate regions have the sugar beet industry.

Importance:

• India is the largest producer of sugar in the world.
• It is the second largest industry of India with a capital of ₹ 1000 crores.
• About 3 lakh workers are engaged in this industry
• About two crore farmers depend upon this industry.
• India exports about 5 lakh tonnes of Sugar every year.
• Many industries such as alcohol, paper, wax, fertiliser, cattle feed are based on its by-products.

India is one of the oldest producers of sugarcane in the world. The home industry was granted protection in 1932. Since then, the industry has rapidly developed. There are about 506 sugar mills producing about 160 lakh metric tons of sugar. North India (U.P. and Bihar) produces about 60% of sugar in India.

Factors of Growth :

• Availability of sugarcane in Northern India
• Cheap and skilled labour
• Large demand
• Availability of coal
• Cheap transport.

Main Centres:

• Uttar Pradesh. Saharanpur, Muzaffarnagar, Meerut, Gorakhpur, Sitapur, Bareilly.
• Bihar. Champaran, Patna.
• Maharashtra. Ahmednagar, Sholapur.
• Andhra Pradesh. Hyderabad.
• Punjab. Amritsar, Bhogpur, Phagwara, Batala, Nawanshahar, Nakodar, Mukerian and Zira.
• Ratlam. (M.P.), Rohtak (Haryana), Madurai (Tamil Nadu).

Problems. Sugar Industry is facing some problems. Yield of sugarcane and sugar content is low. It is a seasonal industry and there is absence of industries consuming the by-products of sugarcane. Moreover, the cost of sugar is also high.

Question 7.
Write a note on Petro-chemical industries of India: under the following heads:—
(i) Petro-chemicals
(ii) Polymers
(iii) Synthetic fibres.
Answer:
(i) Petro-chemical Industries. This group of industries is growing very fast in India. A variety of products come under this category of industries. At the same time, petroleum refining industry expanded rapidly. Many things are derived from crude petroleum, which provide raw materials to several new industries; these are collectively known as petro-chemical industries. Mumbai is the hub of petro-chemical industries. Cracker units are also located in Auraiya (Uttar Pradesh), Jamnagar, Nagothane, Gandhar, Haldia, Hazira (Gujarat) and Vishakhapatanam.

Three organisations are working in the petro-chemical sector under the administrative control of the Department of Chemicals and Petro-chemicals.

• First is the Indian Petro-chemical Corporation Limited (IPCL), a public sector undertaking.
• Second is the Petrofils Cooperative Limited (PCL)
• Third is the Central Institute of Plastics Engineering and Technology (CIPET), involved in imparting training.

(ii) Polymers. Polymers are made from ethylene and propylene. These materials are obtained in the process of refining crude oil. Polymers are used as raw material in the plastic industry. Among polymers, polyethylene is widely used thermoplastics. Plastic is first converted into sheets, powder, resin and pellets, then these are used for manufacturing plastic products.

Plastic products are preferred because of their strength, flexibility, water and chemical resistance and low prices. The National Organic Chemical Industries Limited, instituted by the Mafatlal Group in 1961, started the first naphtha-based chemical industry at Mumbai. Mumbai, Barauni, Mettur, Pimpri, and Risra are major producers of plastic materials. Production of polymers was 3441 thousand tonnes in 2000-01. There are about 19,000 units, consuming about 3500 thousand tonnes of virgin polymers.

(iii) Synthetic fibres are wudely used in manufacturing of fabrics because of their inherent strength, durability, washability and resistance to shrinkage. These fabrics are equally popular in urban and rural areas. Units of manufacturing nylon filament and polyester filament yarns are at Kota, Pimpri, Mumbai, Modinagar, Pune, Ujjain, Nagpur and Udhna. Acrylic staple fibre is manufactured at Kota and Vadodara. Plants of polyester staple fibre are at Thane, Ghaziabad, Manali, Kota and Vadodara. Production of synthetic fibres was 2.4 billion tonnes in 2012.

Question 8.
Describe the knowledge based industries of India.
Answer:
Knowledge-Based Industries
The advancement in information technology (IT) has a profound impact on country’s economy and people’s lifestyle. The IT revolution has opened up new possibilities of economic and social trans- formation. The Indian software industry has emerged as one of the fastest growing sectors in the econony. The total turnover of this industry increased from ₹ 3.45 billion in 1989-90 to ₹ 377.50 billion during 2000-01.

These industries include Telephone, Cellular Phones, Computers, Space crafts, equipment for weather forecasting, Hardware and Software. Bengaluru is the electronic capital of India. Science cities and Technology parks have been set up at 18 centres like Hyderabad, Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai, Kanpur, Kolkata, Lucknow, Coimbatore, etc.

The IT software and services industry accounts for almost 2 per cent of India’s GDP and export from this industry amounted to 14 per cent of India’s total exports during 2000-01. The Indian software exports rose from ₹ 2.50 billion in 1990-91 to ₹ 283.50 billion in 2000-01. A large number of Indian software companies have acquired international quality certification. Moreover, majority of the multinational companies operating in the area of Information Technology has either Software Development Centre or Research Development Centre in India.

Question 9.
Discuss the formation of industrial clusters in India. Classify them and account for their existence.
Or
Analyse the factors that favoured the concentration of iron and steel industries in Chhota Nagpur region in India.
Answer:
The concentration of industries has led to the formation of industrial clusters in different regions of India. These clusters are not as large as found in Europe and North America. Manufacturing industries are located closer to each other.

Eight major Industrial regions have been developed in India:
1. Hugli Industrial Region. This is the most prominent industrial region of India. It has developed along the banks of Hugli river upto 97 km. inland from the sea. This region has developed due to the following favourable factors:

• The port of Kolkata has the benefits of imports and exports.
• Coal and iron are available from Damodar Valley.
• It is well connected by a network of railways and road with the rich hinterland of Ganga and Brahmaputra plains.
• The Tea plantation of Assam and cultivation of Jute in West Bengal has led to the development of this industrial region.
• Kolkata is a commercial town.

Cheap labour is available from densely populated areas of Bihar and Odisha. The construction of Farakka Barrage on the Ganga and the development of new port of Haldia will provide additional advantages. Iron and Steel, Jute, paper manufactured goods and other industries have been developed in this region. (Delhi 2019)

2. Mumbai-Pune Region. This is the second largest industrial region of India. It has developed due to the growth of cotton textiles in this region. This region has developed in Mumbai, Thane, Kalyan and Pune region. The following factors have favoured the development of this region :

• The opening of first railway track between Mumbai and Thane in 1853.
• The development of Mumbai as a port with facilities of imports and exports.
• The opening of Suez Canal route.
• Water Power from Western Ghats.
• Availability of raw cotton from Maharashtra and Gujarat.
• Cheap and skilled labour from rich hinterland.
• The opening of Bhor Ghat and Thai Ghat connected this region by rail and road routes with the hinterland.
• Cotton textiles, oil refineries, chemical industries and Engineering industries have developed in this region.

3. Ahmedabad-Vadodara Region. This is the third largest industrial region of India. It is an inland industrial region. It has the following favourable factors:

• It is located near the raw cotton producing area.
• It is close to the marketing centres of Ganga- Sutlej plains.
• Cheap skilled labour is available.
• Cheap land is available.
• The discovery of oil in the Gulf of Cambay region has led to the establishment of an industrial complex of petro-chemical industries.
• The development of new port of Kandla has provided the facilities of import-exports.
• Ahmedabad is the major centre of cotton textiles and is known as the ‘Manchester of India’.

4. Madurai-Coimbatore-Bengaluru Region. This is the largest industrial region in Southern India. Many industries have developed at Chennai, Coimbatore, Madurai, Bengaluru and Mysore. This region has the following favourable factors:

• Cheap water power from Mettur, Pykara and Shivsamudram works.
• Cheap skilled labour is available.
• A huge local market.
• Favourable climate.
• Favourable climate.
• Raw cotton is available.
• Coimbatore has many industries like cotton textiles, coffee mills, leather tanneries and cement factories.

Bengaluru has Hindustan Aeronautics (Aircraft industry), Hindustan Machine Tools, Indian Telephone Industry, Bharat Electronics, etc. In other centres, Cotton textiles, Woollen textiles, Silk, Chemicals, Automobiles and Leather industries have developed.

5. Chottanagpur Plateau Region. This region has developed in Jharkhand-Odisha mineral region of Damodar valley. Many steel plants have been located in this region such as Jamshedpur, Bokaro, Durgapur, etc. This region is called ‘The Ruhr of India’. A number of factors have favoured the industrial development in this region:

• Coal from Jharia-Ramganj coalfields.
• Iron from Bihar-Odisha region.
• The facilities of port of Kolkata,
• Water power and thermal power from Damodar valley project.
• Many heavy industries and engineering industries have developed at Ranchi, Sindri, Chittranjan, Jamshedpur, Hazaribagh, etc.

6. Gurgaon-Deihi-Meerut Region. A number of industrial clusters have assumed importance after independence.
(1) These industries have developed in area adjoining to Delhi. One such industrial region has emerged between Agra-Mathura-Meerut and Saharanpur in U.P.

(2) Another parallel belt extends between Faridabad- Gurgaon-Ambala in Haryana. Both these belts merge in an agglomeration in the vicinity of Delhi.

(3) The hydro-electricity from Bhakra Nangal and thermal power from Harduaganj and Faridabad have very positively contributed to the industrial development of this region.

(4) Majority of the industrial units are agro-based, particularly sugar and textile mills.

(5) Glass, chemicals, engineering, paper, electronics and cycle are other important industries of the region.

(6) Main industries. Agra has glass industry, Mathura has an oil refinery with its petro-chemical complex. Gurgaon has a car factory as well as a unit of the IDPL. Faridabad has a number of engineering and electronics industries. Ghaziabad is a large centre of agro-industries. Saharanpur and Yamunanagar have paper mills. Modinagar, Sonipat, Panipat and Ballabhgarh are other important industrial nodes of this region.

7. Vishakhapatnam-Guntur Region. This industrial region extends from Vishakhapatnam district to Kurnool and Prakasam districts in the south. Industrial development of this region hinges upon Vishakhapatnam, and Machilipatnam ports and developed agriculture and rich reserves of minerals in their hinterlands. Coalfields of the Godavari basin provide power and energy.

Ship building industry was started at Vishakhapatnam in 1941. Petroleum refinery based on imported petroleum facilitated the growth of several petro-chemical industries. Sugar, textile, jute, paper, fertiliser, cement, aluminium and light engineering are principal industries of this region. One lead-zinc smelter is functioning in Guntur district. Iron and steel plant at Vishakhapatnam uses the ore from Bailadila.Vishakhapatnam, Vijayavada, Vijayanagar, Rajahumundry, Guntur, Eluru and Kurnool are important industrial centres.

8. Kollam-Thiruvananthapuram Region. This industrial region is spread over Thiruvananthapuram, Kollam, Alwaye, Ernakulam and Allappuzha districts. Plantation agriculture and hydropower provide industrial base to this region. Located far away from the mineral belt of the country, agricultural products processing and market oriented light industries predominate the region.

Among them, cotton textile, sugar, rubber, matchbox, glass, chemical fertiliser and fish-based industries are important. Food processing, paper, coconut coir products, aluminium and cement industries are important. Petroleum Refinery at Kochi is also useful. Kollam, Alluva, Kochi, Vishakhapatnam uses the Bailadila iron ore. Punalus is another important centre.

Question 10.
Account for the shifting of sugar industry towards southern India.
Answer:
Uttar Pradesh is the largest producer of sugar in India despite the fact that ideal conditions for sugarcane are found in southern India. But recently, the industry is shifting towards the states of Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh in Peninsular India.

• The yield per hectare of sugarcane is high in southern India
• The sucrose content in sugarcane is high in southern India as compared to that in(Solved))— northern India
• The southern states have installed new mills, where productivity is high and cost of productions is low.
• Climatic conditions are ideal in southern states

The co-operative movement has helped to install new mills in these areas.

In This Post we are  providing  CHAPTER 17 MINERAL AND ENERGY RESOURCES NCERT MOST IMPORTANT QUESTIONS for Class 12 GEOGRAPHY INDIA- PEOPLE AND ECONOMY which will be beneficial for students. These solutions are updated according to 2021-22 syllabus. These MCQS  can be really helpful in the preparation of Board exams and will provide you with a brief knowledge of the chapter

NCERT MOST IMPORTANT QUESTIONS ON MINERAL AND ENERGY RESOURCES

Question 1.
Classify mineral on the basis of chemical and physical properties.
Answer:
On the basis of chemical properties and physical properties, a mineral is classified into the following:

• Metallic minerals
• Non-metallic minerals

Question 2.
Explain one reason for the import of petroleum and its products in large quantities in India.
Answer:
The import of petroleum and its products in large quantities in India is due to the following reasons:

More vehicle purchase

• Increased use of diesel for irrigation due to weak monsoon.
• Rising industrialization.

Question 3.
Name any two ferrous minerals other than iron-ore.
Answer:
Two ferrous minerals are:

• Manganese
• Nickel

Question 4.
Name the place of Maharashtra, where an atomic power station is located.
Answer:
The atomic power station of Maharashtra is located in Tarapur.

Question 5.
Name the river-valley where Gondwana coal fields of India are located.
Answer:
Gondwana coal-fields are located in Damodar Valley.

Question 6.
Which are the two main types of iron-ore found in India?
Answer:
The two main types of iron-ore found in India are:

1. Hachette
2. Magnetite

Question 7.
“The promotion of the use of non-conventional sources of energy in India is the need of the hour.” Support the Statement.
Answer:
It is true that the promotion of the use of non-conventional sources of energy in India is the need of the hour due to the following reasons:

1. Unlike conventional sources of energy, most of the non-conventional energy sources are cheaper and renewable. The overall limitation and scarcity of fossil fuels have given rise to the urgent need for exploiting alternative energy sources.
2. Power from non-conventional and renewable sources is must in order to reduce carbon dioxide emissions of the coal-based power plants. It is exhaustible in nature and environment-friendly.
3. Locally available non-conventional and renewable power resources can meet localized rural energy with minimum transportation cost.

Question 8.
Explain the significance of bio-energy to humankind in India.
Answer:
The significance of bio-energy to humankind can be understood through the following points:

1. Bio-energy is a result of the processing of biological products such as agricultural residues, municipal, industrial and other wastes.
2. Bio-energy can be used by converting it into electricity or electrical energy, heat energy or gas for cooking food.
3. Apart from deriving energy, it can also solve the problem of garbage and waste in urban areas because energy can also be derived from these.
4. It can improve the economic life of rural peoples and also reduce environmental pollution pressure on fuelwood and enhance self-reliance.

Question 9.
Explain any three main characteristics of the mineral resources of India.
Answer:
The major characteristics of mineral resources are as follows:

1. Their distribution over the earth surface is uneven i.e. some regions may have rich in minerals whereas others may be lack behind in availability of minerals,
2. Minerals of good quality are less in amount and minerals of low quality are more in the amount on earth i.e. quality and quantity of minerals have an inverse relationship.
3. Minerals are exhaustible, i.e. once used they can’t be used again. Minerals take a long time to develop geologically and once they exhausted they cannot be available at that time for use.

Question 10.
Give two advantages of copper’. Mention four copper mining areas of India.
Answer:
Copper is a non-ferrous mineral found in India. It has various advantages such as:

• Copper due to its allowable, malleable and ductile properties mostly use in the electrical industry for making wires, electric motors, transformers, and generators.
• To give strength, copper is also mixed with gold in making jewelry. Four copper producing states of India are:
• Copper deposits mainly found in Singhbhum district in Jharkhand.
• It is found in Balaghat district of Madhya Pradesh.
• Alwar, Jhunjhunu, Bhilwara and Udaipur districts of Rajasthan are producers of copper.
• Agni Gundala in Guntur district of Andhra Pradesh. Chitradurga and Hassan districts of Karnataka and South Arcot district of Tamil Nadu are other producers of copper ore.

Textbook Question And Answer:

Q1.What are the main problems of national integration in India?
Answer. The problems of India are linguistic identity, regionalism, demand for separate states and terrorism etc. create hindrances in the way of national integration. Due to these . problems, usually strikes, riots and mutual fights take place, which have posed a severe threat to national unity and integration.

Q2. Why is sociology a distinct subject in comparison with all other subjects?
Answer.  Sociology is a subject with which everyone knows something about society. Other subjects are learnt at home, school or elsewhere through instructions but much of our with growth in years as it appears to be acquired naturally or automatically.

Q3. What are the basic functions of a society?
Answer.  Sociologists and social anthropologists have adopted the term function from biological sciences where it has been used for certain organic processes necessary for the maintenance of the organisms. Basic functions necessary for continuity and survival of any society are :
(i) Recruitment of members (ii) Socialization
(iii) Production and distribution of goods and services and preservation of order.

Q4.What do you understand by social structure?
Answer.  A society consists of(i)Males and females, adults and children, various occupational and religious groups and so on.(ii)The interrelationship between various that of parents and children and between various groups.(iii)Finally, all the parts of the society are put together and system are interrelated and complementary concepts.

Q5. Why is the social map provided to us in childhood by the deluding socialization essential?
Answer.  Social maps are provided by our parent siblings, relatives and neighbour. It may be specific and partial. It provides us only with common sense or unlearnt or perceivable knowledge which may or may not be real.
A proper use and application of reflexivity is essential for drawing other kinds of maps. It is sociological perspective that teaches us the procedure of drawing social maps, wholesome and exclusive.

Q6. What is community identity? Discuss its characteristics.
Answer.  Community that provides us the language and cultural values through which we comprehend the world. It is based on birth and belongings and never on some form of acquired qualification or accomplishment. Birth based identity is called ascriptive because this does not involve any choice on the part of the individual’s concerned. It is actually worthless and discriminating. These ascriptive identities are very hard to shake off because irrespective of our efforts to disown them, others may continue to identify us by those very markers of belonging.
Such ascriptive identity is the most deterrant to self-realisation. Expanding and overlapping circles of community ties i.e. family, kinship, caste, ethnicity, language, region or religion give meaning to our world and give us sense of identity, of who we are.

Q7. What is Self-reflexivity?
Answer. Sociology can show us what we look like to others. It can teach us how to look at ourselves from outside, so to speak. It is called “Self-reflexivity’ or sometimes just “Reflexivity’.

Q8. ‘Sociology can help us to map the links and connections between ‘personal troubles’ and ‘social issues’. Discuss.
Answer. C. Wright Mills a famous American Sociologist has mentioned, “Sociology can help us to map the links and connections between personal troubles and social issues.” As far as personal troubles are concerned Mills means the kinds of individual worries, problems or concerns that everyone has.

Q9. How colonial rule facilitated Indian consciousness to emerge? Discuss.
Answer.  1. Colonial rule unified all of Indian for the first time politically and administratively.
2. Colonial rule brought in the forces of modernization and Capitalist economic change.
3. However this economic, political and administrative unification of India under colonial rule was got at great expense.
4. Colonial exploitation and domination scared the whole Indian society in different ways.
5. Colonialism also gave birth to its own enemy—nationalism. The concept of modem Indian nationalism took shape under British Colonialism.
6. The rampant exploitation and the shared experience of colonial domination helped unity and exercise different sections of the Indian society. It also created new classes and communities. The Urban middle classes were the prime carrier of nationalism.

Q10. What steps were taken by colonial rules for the smooth functioning of its rule?
Answer.  The steps taken by colonial rules for the smooth functioning of its rule were that they:
(i)Used new mechanical techniques in production.
(ii)Started new market system in trade.
(iii)Developed means of transport and communication.
(iv)Formed bureaucracy based on civil service of all India nature.
(v)Established formal and written law.

Q11.Which social reformers carried out social reform movements during the British colonialism in India?
Answer.  The prominent leaders of the reform movements were Raja Ram Mohan Roy, Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar, Dayanand Saraswati, Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Mahatma Gandhi and others.

Q12. State the processes the began during the British colonialism in India.
Answer.  This was the period when modem period began in India and the external forces of modernization, westernization, industrialization entered.

Q13. State main differences between Sociology and other subjects.
Answer.  1.Sociology is a subject in which no one starts from Zero, as everyone already knows about society. However, other subjects are taught at school, at home or elsewhere.
2.Being an integral part of the process of growing up, knowledge about society seems to be got naturally or automatically.
In case of other subjects, no child is expected to already know something.
3.It means we know a lot about the society in which we live and interact.
As far as other subjects are concerned, prior knowledge is almost negligible.
4.However, this prior knowledge or familiarity with society is both an advantage and disadvantage for sociology.
In the absence of prior knowledge there is no question of advantage or disadvantage in case of other subjects.

In This Post we are  providing  CHAPTER 16 WATER RESOURCES NCERT MCQ for Class 12 GEOGRAPHY INDIA- PEOPLE AND ECONOMY which will be beneficial for students. These solutions are updated according to 2021-22 syllabus. These MCQS  can be really helpful in the preparation of Board exams and will provide you with a brief knowledge of the chapter

NCERT MCQ ON WATER RESOURCES

Question 1.
How much part of the earth is covered with water?
(A) 51%
(B) 61%
(C) 71%
(D) 81%

Answer: (C) 71%

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Question 2.
How much freshwater is there out of total resources?
(A) 0.5%
(B) 1.0%
(C) 2.5%
(D) 3.0%

Answer: (D) 3.0%

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Question 3.
What is the share of India in the world’s water resources?
(A) 1%
(B) 2%
(C) 3%
(D) 4%

Answer: (D) 4%

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Question 4.
The total useful water resources of India are:
(A) 1122 cubic km
(B) 1222 cubic km
(C) 1322 cubic km
(D) 1422 cubic km

Answer: (A) 1122 cubic km

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Question 5.
How much percent of surface water in India can be used?
(A) 22%
(B) 25%
(C) 32%
(D) 35%

Answer: (C) 32%

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Question 6:

Which sector of economy is responsible for maximum exploitation of ground water resources?

(a) Domestic

(b) Industrial

(c) Agriculture

(d) None of these

Answer : C

Question 7:

Which group of states is highly affected by concentration of Arsenic:

(a) Rajasthan-Maharashtra

(b) Punjab-Haryana

(c) West Bengal-Bihar

(d) Madhya Pradesh-Chhattisgarh

Answer : C

Question 8:

Which group of states is highly affected by concentration of fluoride in ground water resources: 

(a) Uttar Pradesh

(b) Bihar-West Bengal

(c) Rajasthan-Maharashtra

(d) Punjab-Haryana 

Answer : C

Question 9:

Environment Protection Act was implemented in:

(a) 1974

(b) 1986

(c) 1988

(d) 1997

Answer : B

Question 10:

Haryali program is related to development of:

(a) Forest Cover

(b) Watershed Development

(c) Soil Conservation

(d) Food Grain Production 

Answer : B

Question 11:

Which one is not related to watershed development project:

(a) Haryali

(b) Neeru-Meeru

(c) ArwariPaniSansad

(d) Van Mahotsava

Answer : D

Question 12:

Which method is not related to rainwater harvesting?

(a) Green Belt

(b) Check dam

(c) Recharge well

(d) Eris

Answer : D

Question 13:

In which year national water policy was implemented?

(a) 2002

(b) 2008

(c) 2015

(d) 2005

Answer : A

Question 14 :

Which one of the following type describes water as a resource?

(a) Abiotic

(b) Biotic

(c) Cyclic

(d) Non Renewable resource

Answer : C

Question 15:

Neeru-Meeru program belongs to which state? 

(a) Gujarat

(b) Rajasthan

(c) Punjab

(d) Andhra Pradesh

Answer : D

In This Post we are  providing  CHAPTER 15 LAND RESOURCES AND AGRICULTURE NCERT MCQ for Class 12 GEOGRAPHY INDIA- PEOPLE AND ECONOMY which will be beneficial for students. These solutions are updated according to 2021-22 syllabus. These MCQS  can be really helpful in the preparation of Board exams and will provide you with a brief knowledge of the chapter

NCERT MCQ ON LAND RESOURCES AND AGRICULTURE

Question 1.
Which type of farming is known as Slash and Burn to farm?
(A) Primitive subsistence
(B) Intensive subsistence
(C) Plantation
(D) Commerical

Answer: (A) Primitive subsistence

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Question 2.
India is the second-largest producer of which crop in the world?
(A) Tea
(B) Coffee
(C) Rice
(D) Cotton

Answer: (C) Rice

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Question 3.
Which state is the largest producer of Jowar in India?
(A) Punjab
(B) Maharashtra
(C) Karnataka
(D) Rajasthan

Answer: (B) Maharashtra

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Question 4.
India is the leading producer of which crop in the world?
(A) Jute
(B) Rice
(C) Tea
(D) CoffeeAnswer

Answer: (C) Tea

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Question 5.
Which crop was introduced in Baba Budan Hills?
(A) Tea
(B) Coffee
(C) Rice
(D) Cotton

Answer: (B) Coffee

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Question 6.
Which is known as golden fiber?
(A) Cotton
(B) Silk
(C) Jute
(D) Wool

Answer: (C) Jute

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Question 7.
Which one of the following is a rabi crop?
(A) Rice
(B) Millets
(C) Gram
(D) Cotton

Answer: (C) Gram

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Question 8.
Which one of the following is a leguminous crop?
(A) Pulses
(B) Millets
(C) Jowar
(D) Sesamum

Answer: (A) Pulses

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Question 9.
Which one of the following price is announced by the government in support of a crop?
(A) Maximum support price
(B) Minimum support price
(C) Moderate support price
(D) Influential support price

Answer: (B) Minimum support price

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Question 10.
Cotton needs a frost-free period of
(A) 100 days
(B) 150 days
(C) 210 days
(D) 250 days

Answer: (C) 210 days

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Question 11.
What is the total production of food grains in India?
(A) 70 million tonnes
(B) 100 million tonnes
(C) 150 million tonnes
(D) 250 million tonnes

Answer: (D) 250 million tonnes

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Question 12.
Which state is the largest wheat producing state?
(A) Punjab
(B) Haryana
(C) Uttar Pradesh
(D) Rajasthan

Answer: (C) Uttar Pradesh

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Question 13.
In which season Kharif crops are grown?
(A) Winter
(B) Summer
(C) Spring
(D) Autumn

Answer: (B) Summer

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Question 14.
The net area sown in India is
(A) 77%
(B) 67%
(C) 45%
(D) 43%

Answer: (D) 43%

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Question 15.
In India, cereals occupy how much-cropped area?
(A) 34%
(B) 44%
(C) 54%
(D) 64%

Answer: (C) 54%

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In This Post we are  providing  CHAPTER 14 HUMAN SETTLEMENT NCERT MCQ for Class 12 GEOGRAPHY INDIA- PEOPLE AND ECONOMY which will be beneficial for students. These solutions are updated according to 2021-22 syllabus. These MCQS  can be really helpful in the preparation of Board exams and will provide you with a brief knowledge of the chapter

NCERT MCQ ON HUMAN SETTLEMENT

Question 1:  Which one of the following forms of settlement develops along either side of roads, rivers or canals?

a) Circular

b) Linear

c) Cross-shaped

d) Square 

Answer : B

Question 2:  Who coined the word, MEGALOPOLIS?

a) Patrick Geddes

b) Jean Guttmann

c) Ratzel

d) Sample 

Answer : B

Question 3:  Which of the following is a planned city?

a) Canberra

b) Mumbai

c) Calcutta

d) Lucknow 

Answer : A

Question 4:  In which of the following regions has the oldest well-documented urban settlement found?

a) Huang He valley

b) Indus valley

c) Nile valley

d) Mesopotamia 

Answer : D

Question 5: How many of the following cities in India have attained the million status in 2011?

a) 42

b) 48

c) 53

d) 56 

Answer : C 

Question 6: Which of following is the functional classification of an urban settlement?

a) Administrative

b) Industrial.

c) Mining Town

d) all of the above 

Answer : D

Question 7: The Population size of Metropolitian city is

a) less than 1 million

b) 1-5 million

c) more than 5 million

d) none of the above 

Answer : B

Question 8: Urbanization is expressed in terms of

a) Absolute number.

b) Ratio

c) Percentage

d) None of the above 

Answer : C

Question 9: Towns are classified on the basis of Evolution as -.

a) Ancient Towns

b) Modern Towns

c) Medieval Towns

d) All of the above 

Answer : D

Question 10:  The type of settlement is locally known as Para, pani, Nagal and dhani is

a) Clustered

b) Semi Clustered

c) Hamleted

d) Dispersed 

Answer : C

Question 11: Which of the following is Garrison Town

a) Agra

b) Jharia

c) Kolkata

d) Varanasi 

Answer : A

Question 12: What is the Population size of Class 1 town or city

a) 5000-9999

b) 10000-19999

c) 100000 & more

d) less than 5000 

Answer : C

Question 13: 8 Which of the following is a Mega city?

a) Delhi

b) Mumbai

c) Bengaluru

d) All the above 

Answer : D

Question 14:  Which of the following is Medieval town

a) Agra

b) Varanasi

c) Jamshedpur

d) Chandigarh 

Answer : A

Question 15: Which of the following is an educational Town

a) Varanasi

b) Aligarh

c) Pilani

d) All the above 

Answer : D

In This Post we are  providing  CHAPTER 16 WATER RESOURCES NCERT MOST IMPORTANT QUESTIONS for Class 12 GEOGRAPHY INDIA- PEOPLE AND ECONOMY which will be beneficial for students. These solutions are updated according to 2021-22 syllabus. These MCQS  can be really helpful in the preparation of Board exams and will provide you with a brief knowledge of the chapter

NCERT MOST IMPORTANT QUESTIONS ON WATER RESOURCES

Question  1.
Why is the demand of water for irrigation increasing day by day in India ? Explain any three reasons.
Answer:
In agriculture, water is mainly used for irrigation.

• Irrigation is needed due to variable rainfall in India.
• Drought prone areas like N-W India and Deccan needs irrigation.
• Dry seasons of winter and summer need irrigation for agriculture.
• Irrigation is needed during dry season.
• Certain crops like rice, sugarcane, jute require large water supply.
• Multiple cropping needs irrigation.
• HYV crops need regular water supply.
• Success of green revolution depends upon irrigation.

Question 2.
Give examples of Recycling and Reuse of Water.
Answer:
Recycle and Reuse of Water. Another way through which we can improve fresh water availability is by recycle and reuse. Use of water of lesser quality such as reclaimed waste-water would be an attractive option for industries for cooling and fire fighting to reduce their water cost. Similarly, in urban areas water after bathing and washing utensils can be used for gardening.

Water used for washing vehicle can also be used for gardening. This would conserve better quality of water for drinking purposes. Currently, recycling of water is practised on a limited scale. However, there is enormous scope for replenishing water through recycling.

Question 3.
What are the two water problems in India ? Explain with suitable examples.
Or
Why is the quality of water deteriorating in India? Explain with ‘ examples.
Answer:
Due to increase in population, the availability of water is decreasing. The two main water problems are:
(i) Deterioration of Water Quality : Quality refers to purity of water, or water without unwanted foreign substances. Water gets polluted by foreign matters such as micro-organisms, chemical, industrial and other wastes. Such matters deteriorate the quality of water and render it unfit for human use.

When toxic substances enter lakes, streams, rivers, oceans and other water bodies, they get dissolved or lie suspended in water. This results in pollution of water whereby quality of water deteriorates affecting aquatic systems. Sometimes, these pollutants also seep into earth and pollute groundwater. The Ganga and the Yamuna are the two highly polluted rivers in the country.

(ii) Water Conservation and Management :
Since there is a declining availability of fresh water and increasing demand, the need has arisen to conserve and effectively manage this precious life giving resource for sustainable development. Given that water availability from sea/ocean, due to high cost of desalinisation, is considered negligible,
India has to take quick steps and make effective policies and laws, and adopt effective measures for its conservation.

Besides developing water saving technologies and methods, attempts are also to be made to prevent the pollution. There is need to encourage watershed development, rainwater harvesting, water recycling and reuse, and conjunctive use of water for sustaining water supply in long run.

Question 4.
Describe the main features of India’s National Water Policy.
Answer:
Highlights of India’s National Water Policy, 2002 : The National Water Policy, 2002 stipulates water allocation priorities broadly in the following order: drinking water, irrigation, hydro-power, navigation, industrial and other uses. The policy stipulates progressive new approaches to water management. Key features include:

(1) Irrigation and multi-purpose projects should invariably include drinking water component, wherever there is no alternative source of drinking water.
(2) Providing drinking water to all human beings and animals should be the first priority.
(3) Measures should be taken to limit and regulate the exploitation of groundwater.
(4) Both surface and groundwater should be regularly monitored for quality. A phased programme should be undertaken for improving water quality.
(5) The efficiency of utilisation in all the diverse uses of water should be improved.
(6) Awareness of water as a scarce resource should be fostered.
(7) Conservation consciousness should be promoted through education, regulation, incentives and disincentives.

Question 5.
Describe the methods and effects of Rainwater Harvesting.
Answer:
Rainwater Harvesting. Rainwater harvesting is a method of capturing and storing rainwater for various uses. It is also used to recharge groundwater aquifers.

• It is a low cost and eco¬friendly technique for preserving every drop of water by guiding the rain water to bore well, pits and wells.
• Rainwater harvesting increases water availability.
• It checks the declining ground water table.
• It improves the quality of groundwater through dilution of contaminants like fluoride and nitrates.
• It prevents soil erosion, and flooding and arrests salt water intrusion in coastal areas if used to recharge aquifers.

Methods. Rainwater harvesting has been practised through various methods by different communities in the country for a long time. Traditional rainwater harvesting in rural areas is done by using surface storage bodies like lakes, ponds, irrigation tanks, etc.

In Rajasthan, rainwater harvesting structures locally known as Kund or Tanka (a covered underground tank) are constructed near or in the house or village to store harvested rainwater to understand various ways of rainwater harvesting.

Effects. There is a wide scope to use rainwater harvesting technique to conserve precious water resource. It can be done by harvesting rainwater on rooftops and open spaces. Harvesting rainwater also decreases the community dependence on groundwater for domestic use.

Besides bridging the demand supply gap, it can also save energy to pump groundwater as recharge leads to rise in groundwater table. These days rainwater harvesting is being taken up on massive scale in many states in the country. Urban areas can specially benefit from rainwater harvesting as water demand has already outstripped supply in most of the cities and towns.

Question 6.
What is Water Pollution ? Discuss- the methods and rules to check it. ;
Answer:
Prevention of Water Pollution. Available water resources are degrading rapidly.
(1) The major rivers of the country generally retain better water quality in less densely populated upper stretches in hilly areas.

(2) In plains, river water is used intensively for irrigation, drinking, domestic and industrial purposes. The drains carrying agricultural (fertilisers and insecticides), domestic (solid and liquid wastes), and industrial effluents join the rivers.

(3) The concentration of pollutants in rivers, especially remains very high during the summer season when the flow of water is low.

Polluted Rivers. The Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) in collaboration with State Pollution Control Boards has been monitoring water quality of national aquatic resources at 507 stations. The data obtained from these stations show that organic and bacterial contamination continues to be the main source of pollution in rivers.

The Yamuna river is the most polluted river in the country between Delhi and Etawah. Other severely polluted rivers are : the Sabarmati at Ahmedabad, the Gomti at Lucknow, the Kali, the Adyar, the Cooum (entire stretches), the Vaigai at Madurai and the Musi of Hyderabad and the Ganga at Kanpur and Varanasi. Groundwater pollution has occurred due to high concentrations of heavy/toxic metals, fluoride and nitrates at different parts of the country.

Question 7.
Examine the success of watershed management in Jhabua District of Madhya Pradesh.
Answer:
A case study for Water Shed Management Location: Jhabua district is located in the westernmost agro-climatic zone in Madhya Pradesh. It is, in fact, one of the five most backward districts of the country. It is characterised by high concentration of tribal population (mostly Bhils).

Problems: The people suffer due to poverty which has been accentuated by the high rate of resource degradation, both forest and land. The watershed management programmes funded by both the ministries of “Rural Development” and “Agriculture”, Government of India, have been successfully implemented in Jhabua district which has gone a long way in preventing land degradation and improving soil quality.

Programmes: Watershed Management Programmes acknowledge the linkage between land, water and vegetation and attempts to improve livelihoods of people through natural resource management and community participation. In the past five years, the programmes funded by the Ministry of Rural Development alone (implemented by Rajiv Gandhi Mission for Watershed Management) has treated 20 per cent of the total area under Jhabua district.

The Petlawad block of Jhabua is located in the northernmost part of the district and represents an interesting and successful case of Government-NGO partnership and community participation in managing watershed programmes. The Bhils in Petlawad block, for example (Sat Rundi hamlet of Karravat village), through their own efforts, have revitalised large parts of common property resources. Each household planted and maintained one tree on the common property.

They also have planted fodder grass on the pasture land and adopted social-fencing of these lands for at least two years. Even after that, they say, there would be no open grazing on these lands, but stall feeding of cattle, and they are thus confident that the pastures they have developed would sustain their cattle in future.

Question 8.
Explain any three factors responsible for depletion of water resources. Examine any two legislative measures for controlling water pollution in India.
Answer:
Depletion of water resources:

Water resources in India are very rapidly decreasing. It is due to the following reasons:

• The use of water is increasing due to increasing population.
• The Industrial sector is using water resources at a fast rate.
• Water is used for irrigation to increase the agricultural productivity.
• Water pollution is increasing.

Legislative measures :
(i) The legislative provisions such as the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act 1974 and Environment Protection Act 1986, have not been implemented effectively.

(ii) The Water Cess Act 1977, meant to reduce pollution has also made marginal impacts. There is a strong need to generate public awareness about the importance of water and the impacts of water pollution. The public awareness and action can be very effective in reducing the pollutants from agricultural activities, domestic and industrial discharge.

Question 9.
Analyse the economic and social values of rainwater harvesting.
Answer:
Economic and Social values of rainwater.

• It meets the ever increasing demand of water.
• It prevents the flooding of roads.
• It help to save energy.
• It helps in the economic development of a country.
• It reduces groundwater pollution.

Question 10.
Describe the Jal Kranti Abhiyan.
Answer:
In 2015-16 the Government of India launched the Jal Kranti Abhiyan with an aim to ensure water security through per capita availability of water in our country. In different regions of India people had practised their traditional knowledge of water conservation to ensure water availability. This Abhiyan aims at involving local bodies, NGO, etc. regarding its objectives.

Following are some activities of this Abhiyan:

• One water stressed village is selection in each 672 districts of the country to generate a Jal Gram.
• Abatement of pollution.
• Trough social media creating mass awarness.