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In This Post we are  providing  CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION TO MAPS NCERT MOST IMPORTANT QUESTION for Class 11 GEOGRAPHY which will be beneficial for students. These solutions are updated according to 2021-22 syllabus. These   can be really helpful in the preparation of Board exams and will provide you with a brief knowledge of the chapter.

NCERT MOST IMPORTANT QUESTION ON INTRODUCTION TO MAPS

Question 1.
What are the basic limitations of maps?
Answer:
Map is two dimensional. It is impossible to present the accurate shape of the earth with the help of map. Moreover, it can’t be accurate in terms of area, volume and distance. Above all, we cannot show the entire earth on a map without disturbing its shape.

Question 2.
When was oldest map drawn?
Answer:
The oldest map was found in Mesopotamia drawn on a clay tablet that belongs to 2,500 B.C.

Question 3.
Why are maps considered an important tool for geography?
Answer:
Geographers need maps for following purposes:

• To get information about resources, their development and planning for their utilization;
• To study changes that are taking place on the earth;
• To understand various physical factors;
• To understand the inter-relationship between physical and human resources;
• To make a comparative analysis and
• To present facts in a way that has a memorizing effect.

Question 4.
How is area of map measured using a planimeter?
Answer:
The area calculation is also carried out using Polar Planimeter. In this instrument, a measure is made of the movement of a rod whose locus is constrained by having one end fixed to a radial arc. The area to be measured is traced along its perimeter in a clockwise direction with an index mark, starting from one convenient point to which the index of the tracing arm must exactly return. Reading on the dial, before and after the tracing of area’s perimeter, will give a value in instrumental units. These readings are multiplied by the same constant for the particular instrument to convert into areas in square inches or centimetres.

Question 5.
How is direction of map measured?
Answer:
Direction is defined as an imaginary straight line on the map showing the angular position to a common base direction. The line pointing to the north is zero direction or the base direction line. A map always shows the north direction. All other directions are determined in to this relation. The north direction enables the map- user to locate different features with respect to each other. The four commonly known directions are North, South, East and West. These are also called the cardinal points. In between the cardinal points, one may have several intermediate directions.

Question 6.
How is distance between maps measured by geographer, planner and other resource researcher?
Answer:
The linear features shown on the maps fall into two broad categories, i. e. straight lines and erratic or zigzag lines. The measurement of straight line features like roads, railway lines and canals is simple. It can be taken directly with a pair of dividers or a scale placed on the map surface. However, distances are required, more often, along erratic paths, i.e. the coastlines, rivers and streams. The distances along all such features can be measured by placing a thread at the starting point and carrying it along the line up to the end point. The thread is then stretched and measured to determine the distance. It can also be measured by using a simple instrument called Rotameter. The wheel of the ‘rotameter’ is moved along the route to measure the distance.

Question 7.
Explain in detail about physical maps.
Answer:
Physical maps: Physical maps show- natural features such as relief, geology, soils, drainage, elements of weather, climate and vegetation, etc. These are of following types:

1. Relief Maps: Relief maps show general topography of an area like mountains and valleys, plains, plateaus and drainage.
2. Geological maps: Geological Maps are drawn to show geological structures, rock types, etc.
3. Climatic Maps: Climatic Maps depict climatic regions of an area. Besides, maps are also drawn to show the distribution of temperature.

Question 8.
Explain the essentials of map making.
Answer:
There are five essentials of map making. These are: Scale, map projection, map generalisation, map design and map construction and production.

1. Scale: All maps are reductions. The first decision that a map-maker has to take is about the scale of the map. The choice of scale is of utmost importance. The scale of a map sets limits of information contents and the degree of reality with which it can be delineated on the map.

2. Projection: Maps are a simplified representation of the three-dimensional surface of the earth on a plane sheet of paper. The transformation of all-side- curved-geoidal surface into a plane surface is another important aspect of the cartographic process. Such a radical transformation introduces some unavoidable changes in directions, distances, areas and shapes from the way they appear on a geoid. A system of transformation of the spherical surface to the plane surface is called a map projection. Hence, the choice, utilisation and construction of projections is of prime importance in map-making.

3. Generalisation: Every map is drawn with a definite objective. For example, a general purpose map is drawn to show information of a general nature such as relief, drainage, vegetation, settlements, means of transportation, etc. Similarly, a special purpose map exhibits information pertaining to one or more selected themes like population density, soil types or location of industries. It is, therefore, necessary to carefully plan the map contents while the purpose of the map must be kept in the forefront.

4. Map Design: It involves the planning of graphic characteristics of maps including the selection of appropriate symbols, their size and form, style of lettering, specifying the width of lines, selection of colours and shades, arrangement of various elements of map design within a map and design for map legend.

5. Map Construction and Production: The drawing of maps and their reproduction is the fifth major task in the cartographic process. It can be manual or computerised method.

Question 9.
How does a geographer measure the distance?
Answer:
The measurement of area of features like that of administrative and geographic units is also carried out over the surface of the map by map-users. There are different methods in which areas can be determined.

1. By means of regular pattern of squares: In this method, the area to be measured is covered by squares by
placing a sheet of graph paper beneath the map on an illuminated tracing table or by tracing the area onto the square sheet. The total number of ‘whole squares’ are summed up, together with ‘partial squares’. The area is then determined by a simple equation:

2. By using Polar Planimeter: In this instrument, a measure is made of the movement of a rod whose locus is constrained by having one end fixed to a radial arc. The area to be measured is traced along its perimeter in a clockwise direction with an index mark, starting from one convenient point to which the index of the tracing arm must exactly return. Reading on the dial, before and after the tracing of area’s perimeter, will give a value in instrumental units. These readings are multiplied by the same constant for the particular instrument to convert into areas in square inches or centimetres.

Question 10.
Explain in detail about cultural maps.
Answer:
Cultural Maps: Cultural maps show man-made features. These include a variety of maps showing population distribution and growth, sex and age, social and religious composition, literacy, levels of educational attainment, occupational structure, location of settlements, facilities and services, transportation lines and production, distribution and flow of different commodities.

• Political Maps: These maps show the administrative divisions of an area such as country, state or district. These maps facilitate the administrative machinery in planning and management of the concerned administrative unit.
• Population Maps: The population maps are drawn to show the distribution, density and growth of population, age and sex composition, distribution of religious, linguistic and social groups, occupational structure of the population, etc.
• Economic Maps: Economic maps depict production and distribution of different types of crops and minerals, location of industries and markets, routes for trade and flow of commodities.
• Transportation Maps: These maps show roads, railway lines and the location of railway stations and airports.

In This Post we are  providing  CHAPTER 7 NATURAL HAZARD AND DISASTERS NCERT MOST IMPORTANT QUESTION for Class 11 GEOGRAPHY which will be beneficial for students. These solutions are updated according to 2021-22 syllabus. These  can be really helpful in the preparation of Board exams and will provide you with a brief knowledge of the chapter.

NCERT MOST IMPORTANT QUESTION ON NATURAL HAZARD AND DISASTERS

Question 1.
Differentiate between:
1. Natural Hazards and Natural Disaster.
2. Manmade disaster and Natural
Answer:
1.

2.

Question 2.
Explain about different types of drought.
Answer:
Different types of droughts are as follows:

• Meteorological Drought: It is a situation when there is a prolonged period of inadequate rainfall marked with mal-distribution of the same over time and space.
• Agricultural Drought: It is also known as soil moisture drought, characterised by low soil moisture that is necessary to support the crops, thereby resulting in crop failures. Moreover, if an area has more than 30 percent of its gross cropped area under irrigation, the area is excluded from the drought-prone category.
• Hydrological Drought: It results when the availability of water in different storages and reservoirs like aquifers, lakes, reservoirs, etc. falls below what the precipitation can replenish.
• Ecological Drought: When the productivity of a natural ecosystem fails due to shortage of water and as a consequence of ecological distress, damages are induced in the ecosystem. Various parts of India experience these droughts recurrently which result in some serious socio-economic and ecological problems.

Question 3.
On the basis of past experiences, frequency and certain causal relationships with the controlling factors like geology, geomorphic agents, slope, land-use, vegetation cover and human activities, India has been divided into how many zones?
Answer:
On the basis of past experiences, frequency and certain causal relationships with the controlling factors like geology, geomorphic agents, slope, land-use, vegetation cover and human activities, India has been divided into a number of zones.

1. Very High Vulnerability Zone: Highly unstable, relatively young mountainous areas in the Himalayas and Andaman and Nicobar, high rainfall regions with steep slopes in the Western Ghats and Nilgiris, the north-eastern regions, along with areas that experience frequent ground-shaking due to earthquakes, etc. and areas of intense human activities, particularly those related to construction of roads, dams, etc. are very highly vulnerable.

2. High Vulnerability Zone: Areas that have almost similar conditions to those included in the very high vulnerability zone are also included in this category. All the Himalayan states and the states from the north-eastern regions except the plains of Assam are included in the high vulnerability zones.

3. Moderate to Low Vulnerability Zone: Areas that receive less precipitation such as Trans-Himalayan areas of Ladakh and Spiti, undulated yet stable relief and low precipitation areas in the Aravali, rain shadow areas in the Western and Eastern Ghats and Deccan plateau also experience occasional landslides. Landslides due to mining and subsidence are most common in states like Jharkhand, Orissa, Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Goa and Kerala.

4. Other Areas: The remaining parts of India, particularly states like Rajasthan, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, West Bengal, Assam and Coastal regions of the southern States are safe as far as landslides are concerned.

Question 4.
Development may be disastrous. How?
Answer:
When the drive for economic growth occurs without regard to hazard profiles, existing mitigation technologies, and ongoing risk reduction programs, an increase in overall disaster risk results. Unsafe and unwise development practices lead to increased and additional risk factors, and often times result in an elimination of existing man¬made and natural risk protections. For example, in many coastal communities where development of the tourism infrastructure leads to the destruction of coral reefs, mangrove forests, wetlands, and dunes, natural protections from storm surges and tsunamis disappear. In the aftermath of the 2004 tsunami in Asia, was wide evidence that the destruction of these natural resources led to increased devastation in some areas over others where the protection was maintained.

Question 5.
Why do the rich countries and the poor countries differ so much in terms of the nature of their disaster consequences?
Answer:
Poor people, and likewise poor countries, tend to be much more vulnerable to events that exceed their capacity to withstand disaster impacts and to respond once a disaster has occurred. They are also much less likely to effectively recover in the aftermath of a disaster event.

1. The interaction between exposure and vulnerability can explain a lot about a country’s disaster profile. The instructor can illustrate the relationship between disasters and vulnerability by providing the students with an example of similar disaster events that occur in two different countries – one that is wealthy and one that is poor.

2. In most wealthy countries, an event of this magnitude causes little damage, very few injuries, and rarely any fatalities. However, in poor countries, it is not uncommon for a seismic event of this scale to cause significant injuries and fatalities.

3. In the wealthy countries, where buildings are constructed to code, and enforcement is effective, vulnerability is low to a magnitude 6.0 event. However, in poor countries, it is not uncommon for structures to be built in an informal fashion (out of traditional materials, including mud and stone, for example), with no consideration or enforcement of resistant building codes. In the event of a moderate earthquake, such as a 6.0 magnitude event, these informal structures can collapse.

4. It is poverty, and the many factors associated with poverty (such as corruption, poor access to building skills, knowledge, and materials, and other reasons), that create the vulnerability gap between the rich and the poor countries.

Question 6.
Disasters limit economic development. How?
Answer:
Disasters wipe out the gains of economic development. Examples include:

1. Hurricane Isaac (1982) – destroyed 22% of Tongo’s housing stock.

2. Mozambique Flood (2000) – resulted in over $165 million in costs to reconstruct and repair damage to water, sanitation, energy, telecommunication, roads and railway infrastructure.

3. Vietnam Flooding – each year in Vietnam, flooding destroys an average of 300,000 tons of food. Catastrophic disasters result in the destruction of a nation’s assets, and interrupt production, trade, investment, and other economic engines. Larger countries, with a greater geographical spread of economic assets relative to the spatial impact of disasters, are more able to avoid direct loss and minimize downstream, indirect or secondary losses.

Question 7.
How can man survive with earthquakes?
Answer:
Man can survive with earthquakes by taking following precautions:

• When earthquake occurs we should leave the house. If it is not possible to go out of the house stand in four corners of the walls or get inside bed, table etc.
• Switch off all electricity connections in the house.
• There should not be any fire. Put off all types of fire like gas stove must be switched off.
• Never drive any vehicle during earthquake.

Question 8.
Explain about disaster management in short.
Answer:
Disasters Management refers to the series of actions undertaken due to cyclones, unlike the ones caused by earthquakes, tsunamis and volcanic eruptions are more predictable in terms of the time and place of their occurrences.

Moreover, with the help of development of techniques to monitor the behaviour of cyclones, their intensity, direction and magnitude, it has become possible to manage the cyclonic hazard to some extent. Construction of cyclone- shelters, embankments, dykes, reservoirs and afforestation to reduce the speed of the winds are some of the steps that can help in minimizing the damages.

• Pre-disaster management involves generating data and information about the disasters, preparing vulnerability zoning maps and spreading awareness among the people about these.
• During disasters, rescue and relief operations such as evacuation, construction of shelters and relief camps, supplying of water, food, clothing and medical aids, etc. should be done on an emergency basis.
• Post-disaster operations should involve rehabilitation and recovery of victims. It should also concentrate on capacity¬building in order to cope up with future disasters.

Question 9.
What are different stages of disaster preparedness and management?
Answer:
There are three stages involved in disaster mitigation and management:

1. Pre-disaster management: It involves generating data and information about the disasters, preparing vulnerability zoning maps and spreading awareness among the people about these. Apart from these, disaster planning, preparedness and preventive measures are other steps that need to be taken in the vulnerable areas.
2. During disasters: During disasters, rescue and relief operations such as evacuation, construction of shelters and relief camps, supplying of water, food, clothing and medical aids etc. should be done on an emergency basis.
3. Post-disaster operations: It should involve rehabilitation and recovery of victims. It should also concentrate on capacity-building in order to cope up with future disasters, if any.

Question 10.
Development can help in disaster management as well as cause management. Justify the statement.
Answer:
Efforts to build upon and improve the social and economic engines, infrastructure, and institutions within a country can either increase or decrease hazard exposure, hazard vulnerability, and risk.

• (i) Practices that incorporate risk reduction methodologies, such as stringent building codes, resistant materials, proper land use planning, and other important mitigation measures and practices, often reduce the likelihood of disaster events or the consequences that result when events do occur.
• Unwise, uncoordinated, or unsafe development can quickly and dramatically increase the disaster risk faced by the people of a country.
• Mass urbanization and coastal migration which occur with little regard to wise building practices – as is often seen in the megacities of the developing world – is a primary contributor to increased risk of development.

In This Post we are  providing  CHAPTER 5 NATURAL VEGETATION NCERT MOST IMPORTANT QUESTION for Class 11 GEOGRAPHY which will be beneficial for students. These solutions are updated according to 2021-22 syllabus. These   can be really helpful in the preparation of Board exams and will provide you with a brief knowledge of the chapter.

NCERT MOST IMPORTANT QUESTION ON NATURAL VEGETATION

Question 1.
“Natural vegetation is an outcome of climate.” Substantiate the statement by taking example of Indian vegetation.
Answer:
India is a land of great variety of natural vegetation. Himalayan heights are marked with temperate vegetation; the Western Ghats and the Andaman Nicobar Islands have tropical rain forests.

• Tropical evergreen forests are found in warm and humid areas with an annual precipitation of over 200 cm and mean annual temperature above 22°C. In these forests, trees reach at great heights up to 60 m or above. The semi¬evergreen forests are found in the less rainy parts of these regions.
• Tropical deciduous forests are spread over regions which receive rainfall between 70-200 cm.
• The moist deciduous forests are more pronounced in the regions which record rainfall between 100-200 cm. Dry deciduous forest covers vast areas of the country, where rainfall ranges between 70-100 cm.
• Tropical thorn forests occur in the areas which receive rainfall less than 50 cm. In mountainous areas, the decrease in temperature with increasing altitude leads to a corresponding change in natural vegetation.
• The Himalayan ranges show a succession of vegetation from the tropical to the tundra, with change in the altitude. Deciduous forests are found in the foothills of the Himalayas. It is succeeded by the wet temperate type of forests between an altitude of 1,000-2,000 m. In the higher hill ranges of north-eastern India, hilly areas of West Bengal and Uttarakhand, evergreen broad leaf trees such as oak and chestnut are predominant. Between 1,500-1,750 m, pine forests are also well-developed in this zone, with Chir Pine as a very useful commercial tree.

Question 2.
Mention the reasons for the decline of wildlife in India?
Answer:
Important reasons for the decline of Wildlife in India are-

• Industrial and technological advancement brought about a rapid increase in the exploitation of forest resources.
• More and more lands were closed for agriculture, human settlement, roads, mining, resources, etc.
• Pressure on forests maintained due to looping for fodder and fuel, wood and removal of small timber by the local people.
• Grazing by domestic cattle caused an adverse effect on wildlife and its habitat.
• Hunting was taken up as a sport by the elite and hundreds of wild animals were killed in a single hunt. Now commercial poaching is rampant.
• Incidence of forest fire.

Question 3.
According to the statistics received from state records, there are differences in forest area and actual forest cover. Explain.
Answer:
According to state records, the forest area covers 23.28 percent of the total land area of the country. It is important to note that the forest area and the actual forest cover are not the same. The forest area is the area notified and recorded as the forest land irrespective of the existence of trees, while the actual forest cover is the area occupied by forests with canopy.
Forest area is based on the records of the State Revenue Department, while the actual forest cover is based on aerial photographs and satellite imageries.

According to India State of Forest Report 2011, the actual forest cover in India is only 21.05 percent. Of the forest cover, the share of dense and open forests is 12.29 and 8.75 percent respectively. Both forest area and forest cover vary from state to state. Lakshadweep has zero percent forest area; Andaman and Nicobar Islands have 86.93 percent. Most of the states with less than 10 percent of the forest area lie in the north and northwestern part of the country. These are Rajasthan, Gujarat, Punjab, Haryana and Delhi.

States with 10-20 percent forest area are Tamil Nadu and West Bengal. In Peninsular India, excluding Tamil Nadu, Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Goa, the area under forest cover is 20-30 percent. The northeastern states have more than 30 percent of the land under forest. Hilly topography and heavy rainfall are good for forest growth. There is a lot of variation in actual forest cover, which ranges from 9.56 percent in Jammu and Kashmir to 84.01 percent in Andaman and Nicobar Islands.

Question 4.
On the basis of actual forest cover, in how many categories have Indian states been divided?
Answer:
On the basis of the percentage of the actual forest cover, the states have been grouped into four regions:

• The region of high concentration > 40: It includes Andaman and Nicobar islands, Mizoram, Nagaland, Arunachal Pradesh which have 80% of their total area under forests. Manipur, Tripura, Meghalaya, Sikkim and Dadar and Haveli have forest cover between 40-80%.
• The region of medium concentration 20-40: It includes Madhya Pradesh, Odisha, Goa, Kerala, Assam and Himachal Pradesh. In Goa, actual forest cover is 33.27% which is highest in this range. Thereafter, comes Assam and Orissa. In other states 30% of their area is covered with forests.
• The region of low concentration 10-20: It includes states of Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Bihar and Uttar Pradesh.
• The region of very low concentration < 10: It includes states of Rajasthan, Punjab, Haryana, and Gujarat. It also includes union territories of Delhi and Chandigarh. It also includes West Bengal.

Question 5.
Explain in short about four important Biospheres of India.
Answer:
Four Biosphere Reserves have been recognised by the UNESCO on World Network of Biosphere Reserves. These are as follows:

1. Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve: The Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve (NBR) is the first of the fourteen biosphere reserves of
India. It was established in September 1986. It embraces the sanctuary complex of Wyanad, Nagarhole, Bandipur and Mudumalai, the entire forested hill slopes of Nilambur, the Upper Nilgiri plateau, Silent Valley and the Siruvani hills. The total area of the biosphere reserve is around 5,520 sq. km. The largest south Indian population of elephant, tiger, gaur, sambar and chital as well as a good number of endemic and endangered plants are also found in this reserve. The topography of the NBR is extremely varied, ranging from an altitude of250 m to 2,650 m. About 80 percent of the flowering plants reported from the Western Ghats occur in the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve.

2. Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve: The Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve is situated in Uttarakhand. It includes parts of Chamoli, Almora, Pithoragarh and Ba’geshwar districts. The major forest types of the reserve are temperate. A few important species are silver weed and orchids like latifolie and rhododendron. The biosphere reserve has a rich fauna like the snow leopard, black bear, brown bear, musk deer, snow- cock, golden eagle and black eagle.

3. Sunderbans Biosphere Reserve: It is located in the swampy delta of the river Ganga in West Bengal. It extends over a vast area of 9,630 sq. km and consists of mangrove forests, swamps and forested islands. Sunderbans is the home of nearly 200 Royal Bengal tigers. More than 170 birds species are known to inhabit these mangrove forests. In the Sunderbans, the mangrove forests are characterised by Heritiera fomes, a species valued for its timber.

4. Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reserve: The Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reserve covers an area of 105,000 hectares on the south-east coast of India. It is one of the world’s richest regions from a marine biodiversity perspective. The biosphere reserve comprises 21 islands with estuaries, beaches, forests of the nearshore environment, sea grasses, coral reefs, salt marshes and mangroves.

Question 6.
“Forest and tribal are very closely related”. Justify the statement.
Answer:

• To a vast number of tribal people, the forest, is a home, a livelihood, their very existence.
• It provides them food, fruits of all kinds, edible leaves, honey nourishing roots and wild game.
• It provides them with material to build their houses and items for practising their arts.
• The importance of forests in tribal economy is well-known as they are the source of sustenance and livelihood for tribal communities.
• The age old knowledge of tribals regarding forestry can be used in the development of forests.
• Rather than treating tribals as minor forest produce collectors they should be made growers of minor forest produce and encouraged to participate in conservation.

Question 7.
When was comprehensive Wildlife Act enacted and what are its objectives?
Answer:
In 1972, comprehensive Wildlife Act was enacted.

• To provide protection to the endangered species listed in the schedule of the act.
• To provide legal support to the conservation areas of the country classified as national parks, sanctuaries and closed areas.
• Making punishments more stringent and has also made provisions for the protection of specified plant species and conservation of endangered species of wild animals.

Question 8.
Write the objectives of Project Tiger and Project Elephant and in how many states they are implemented.
Answer:
The objectives of Project Tiger and Project Elephant are:

• Maintenance of viable population of tigers in India for scientific, aesthetic, cultural and ecological values.
• To preserve areas of biological importance as natural heritage for the benefit, education and enjoyment of the people.

The Project Tiger was launched in 1973 under which 27 tiger reserves have been set up in 17 states.
Project Elephant was launched in 1992. 14 elephant reserves have been set up during the year. Its main objective to ensure long-term survival of identified viable population of elephants in their natural habitat.

Question 9.
What is Biosphere Reserve and what are its objectives?
Answer:
Biosphere Reserve is a unique and representative ecosystem of terrestrial and coastal areas which are internationally recognized within the framework of UNESCO Man and Biosphere (MAB) programme.
The main objectives of biosphere reserve are:

• Conservation: Conservation of biodiversity and ecosystem.
• Development: Association of environment with development.
• Logistics: International network for research and monitoring.

Question 10.
Mangrove forests are unique in their own way. Explain.
Answer:
Mangrove forest:

• The tidal forests are found in the areas of the coastal margins of Krishna, Kaveri, and Brahmaputra delta mainly occupying the estuaries, etc.
• They are found in the swamp and marshy areas.
• They can survive both in fresh and salty water.
• The trees have stilt like breathing or support rots, sticking out of mud and water.
• They are exposed at low tides and get submerged at high tides.
• Hot and wet climate favours their dense growth.
• Sunderi is the well known Mangrove trees. The famous Sunderban deltas are named after these trees.

In This Post we are  providing  CHAPTER 3 DRAINAGE SYSTEM NCERT MOST IMPORTANT QUESTION for Class 11 GEOGRAPHY which will be beneficial for students. These solutions are updated according to 2021-22 syllabus. These   can be really helpful in the preparation of Board exams and will provide you with a brief knowledge of the chapter.

NCERT MOST IMPORTANT QUESTION ON DRAINAGE SYSTEM

Question 1.
Differentiate between:
(a) Himalayas rivers and the Peninsular rivers.
Answer:
Difference between Himalayas Rivers and the Peninsular rivers.

(b) Consequent rivers and Antecedent rivers
Answer:
Difference between Consequent rivers and Antecedent rivers

Question 2.
Differentiate between canyon, gorge and river valley.
Answer:
A canyon is a deep valley with steep sides, think of the grand canyon most famously to visualise what this is. A gorge is a deep ravine, which usually has a river running through it—though this doesn’t have to be the case. Finally a valley is any depression, usually of a certain length, in the surface of the land and often contains a river. So, a canyon is a specific type of valley, with particularly steep sides. A gorge is a particularly deep depression, and will usually contain a river.

Question 3.
What makes a river system? Explain its components.
Answer:
River system

• A river is a body of water, which flows into channel from a higher elevations to a lower elevation rivers usually originate from lake or melting snow on top of mountains flow down hill and join sea or ocean. The place from where the river originates is known as the source, and where it ends is known as the mouth.
• From the source , the river flows along a path which is known as its course. The course of a river can be divided into three parts, the upper course, the middle course and the lower course.
• In the upper course, the river flows with great force through a narrow and shallow channel. Only a small amount of water is transported. The gradient slope of river is very steep.
• In the middle course, the force of the river reduces its flow through gentle gradient such as plains. Many small stream or river join the main river in the middle course resulting in widening of the river channel. The small streams are known as tributaries.
• The river finally flows into lake, sea or ocean. The part of the river that enters the sea is known as the river mouth.
• A river and its tributaries together form a drainage basin. A drainage basin is an area obtained by two main river and its tributaries and drainage basin is separated from adjacent basins by a hill, a ridge or mountain which is known as a drainage divide or watershed.

Question 4.
What factors affect speed of a river?
Answer:
Factors affecting the speed of a river: The main factor affecting the speed of a river are the gradient and roughness of the channel and the wetled perimeter gradient.

1. Gradient: It refers to the drop in elevation of the river channel as the river flows down the hill. If the gradient is steep, the rivers flow quickly, whereas if the gradient is gentle the river flows slowly. In the upper course, the river flows rapidly through a steep gradients. On the other hand, the middle and the lower course, the river flows gently through a greater gradient.

2. Roughness: As water flows through a river channel; it encounters obstacles such as rocks, boulders, numerous river bed and underwater vegetation obstacles cause friction between the river and the channel. Rougher channels will reduce the speed of the river due to the higher friction.

3. Wetled perimeter: When the wetled perimeter is large, more water comes in contact with the channel causing more friction. When the friction is high the flow of the river becomes slow on the other hand when the wetled perimeter is small, less water flow along the channel causing less friction. When the friction is less, flow of water is fast.

Question 5.
Explain the evolution of Himalayan river system.
Answer:
There are difference of opinion about the evolution of the Himalayan river system. However, geologists believe that a mighty river called Shiwalik or Indo-Brahma traversed the entire longitudinal extent of the Himalaya from Assam to Punjab and onwards to Sind, and finally discharged into the Gulf of Sind near lower Punjab during the Miocene period some 5-24 million years ago. The remarkable continuity of the Shiwalik and its lacustrine origin and alluvial deposits consisting of sands, silt, clay, boulders and conglomerates support this viewpoint.

The dismemberment was probably due to the Pleistocene upheaval in the western Himalayas, including the uplift of the Potwar Plateau (Delhi Ridge), which acted as the water divide between the Indus and Ganga drainage systems. Likewise, the down-thrusting of the Malda gap area between the Rajmahal hills and the Meghalaya plateau during the mid-pleistocene period, diverted the Ganga and the Brahmaputra systems to flow towards the Bay of Bengal.

Question 6.
Explain the evolution of Peninsular drainage system
Answer:
Three major, geological events in the distant past have shaped the present drainage systems of Peninsular India:

• Subsidence of the western flank of the Peninsula leading to its submergence below the sea during the early tertiary period. Generally, it has disturbed the symmetrical plan of the river on either side of the original watershed.
• Upheaval of the Himalayas when the northern flank of the Peninsular block was subjected to subsidence and the consequent trough faulting.
• Slight tilting of the Peninsular block from north-west to the south-eastern direction gave orientation to the entire drainage system towards the Bay of Bengal during the same period.

Question 7.
What are the problems associated with the use of river water?
Answer:
There are some problems in river water usage. Some of these are:

• No availability in sufficient quantity
• River water pollution
• Load of silt in the river water
• Uneven seasonal flow of water
• River water disputes between states
• Shrinking of channels due to the extension of settlements towards the thalweg.

Question 8.
What are the causes of pollution of river water?
Answer:
Major causes of pollution of river water:

• Growing Population,
• Poverty,
• Urbanization,
• Industrialization,
• Agricultural run-off and Improper Agricultural Practices, and
• Religious and Social Practices.

Question 9.
What measures do you suggest to reduce pollution of rivers?
Answer:
River pollution generally originates from industrial effluents, agricultural run-off and domestic sewage, which is resulting in environmental-economic loss to the country. Rapid industrialization and urbanization, accompanied by rural exodus to urban areas have had their evil consequences, generally on environment, and particularly on rivers. The law dealing with the task of prevention and control of river pollution, is needed to be set in motion along with public awareness about the importance of pollution free rivers, so that the rivers can be saved from the curse of pollution, and the precious money of the Government exchequer can be saved from expenditure on the river cleaning programmes.

Question 10.
Can the problems of flood and drought be solved or minimised by transferring the surplus water from one basin to the water deficit basins? Do we have some schemes of inter-basin linkage?
Answer:
Yes, these problems be solved or minimised by transferring the surplus water from one basin to the water deficit basins. During the rainy season, much of the water is wasted in floods and flows down to the sea. When there is a flood in one part of the country, the other area suffers from drought. We do have such schemes:

• Periyar Diversion Scheme
• Indira Gandhi Canal Project
• Kurnool-Cuddapah Canal
• Beas-Satluj Link Canal
• Ganga-Kaveri Link Canal

In This Post we are  providing  CHAPTER STRUCTURE AND PHYSIOGRAPHY NCERT MOST IMPORTANT QUESTION for Class 11 GEOGRAPHY which will be beneficial for students. These solutions are updated according to 2021-22 syllabus. These   can be really helpful in the preparation of Board exams and will provide you with a brief knowledge of the chapter.

NCERT MOST IMPORTANT QUESTION ON STRUCTURE AND PHYSIOGRAPHY

Question 1.
“The peninsular plateaus and the Himalayas mountains are quite different from each other in respect of stratigraphy, geological structure, and physiography.” Comment.
Answer:
The northern mountains are young, weak, and flexible and have suffered from folding and deformation. The peninsula contains mostly residual mountains. Here, the river valley is shallow having low gradients. On the other hand, the Himalayas mountains are tectonic and rivers are torrential. The formation and development of the surface of the land like mountains, plateaus, and plains are called physiography.

Question 2.
What is Bhangar?
Answer:
The south of Terai is a belt consisting of old and new alluvial deposits known as Bhangar. These areas stand above the level of floodwater and the flood plains. This land is made up of clay pebbles and gravel. In Gangetic plains, these alluvial lands have been formed by the deposition of sandbars by the river.

Question 3.
What is Doab? Give few examples from India.
Answer:
The plain formed between two rivers is known as Doab. It separates two rivers but maintains its uniform character over the whole area. In Punjab, Doabs maintain the physical characteristics of the Punjab plain.

1. Best Jalandhar Doab
2. Bari Doab
3. Chaz Doab
4. Sind Sagar Doab

Question 4.
What is Karewas?. Where do they found?
Answer:
In the valley of Kashmir, the lake deposits comprise thick deposits of glacial clay and other materials embedded with maintaining, These deposits occur in the valleys within the Himalayan mountain where there was once glacial action and deposition of Morain.

Question 5.
What is horst?
Answer:
A horst is the uplift land between two parallel faults. The central mass of the land keeps standing while the adjoining areas are thrown down. It forms the shape of a block mountain or a horst. For example Vindhyan and Vosges.

Question 6.
Describe in short the major physical division of India.
Answer:
India can be divided into the following physical divisions :

1. The Great Mountains
2. The Great Northern Plain
3. The Great Peninsular
4. The Great Indian Desert Plateau

1. The Great Mountains – These are formed by the continuous stretch of the mountain from Kashmir to Assam. It acts as a wall. They arc the Karakoram and the Himalayas. The Karakoram mountains lie between the Pamir plateau and the Indus River in the west. Baltoro is the famous glacier of the Karakoram range. They are very high mountains. The second Himalayas mountain chain stretch from the Indus river in the west to the Brahmaputra river in the east. Indus and Brahmaputra divide them into the main Himalayas, the western Himalayas, and the eastern Himalayas. The Garo hills, the Khasi hills, the Jaintia hills, and the Mikir hills form the Eastern Himalayas. They fall in the states of Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland, Manipur, Assam, Mizoram, Tripura, and Meghalaya.

2. The Great Northern Plain – The great plains are composed of sediments deposited by rivers. They are quite extensive. The central and eastern parts of the plains have been formed by the tributaries of the Ganga and Brahmaputra rivers. Half of the Great plain lies in Uttar Pradesh and half in the state of Bihar.

3. The Great Peninsular Plateau – The peninsular plateau forms the largest physiographic division facing towards the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea. It stretches from the Satpura range (north) to Kanyakumari (south) and from the Sahyadri (Western Ghats) to Rajmahal hills in the east. It is triangular in shape having four physiographic divisions: the Western Ghats, the Deccan Plateau, the Eastern Ghats, and Eastern Plateau.

4. The Greatest Indian Desert – It lies to the west of the Aravali ranges in Rajasthan. This is the region of moving sand and low rainfall, known as Marusthali. It was drained by the Saraswati, Drisadvati, and Satluj rivers. But today Llini is the only river. There are numerous salt lakes of which Sambhar is the largest.

5. Coastal Plains: The peninsular plateaus are bordered on the east and the west by the coastal plains. There are two well-known peninsulas, Kathiawar and Kachchh, on the west coast and an extensive plain of Gujarat. The east coast has a number of deltas. The west coast has no delta.

6. Island Groups – Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal have a number of islands. They are called Lakshadweep, Andaman, and Nicobar islands. Andaman and Nicobar islands are the elevated portions of submarine mountains while the Lakshadweep Islands are built of coral deposits.

Question 7.
Write a short note on the saline lakes of Rajasthan.
Answer:
Rajasthan lies in the desert area to the west of the Aravali hills. This region has very low rainfall. The groundwater in this region is impregnated with salt, therefore various saline lakes are found. Out of these, there are two well-known saline lakes on the eastern edge of the Thar Desert. They are known as Sambhar end the Didwana. Both of these are the sources of common salts. The Sambhar is an example of a boson. Bolson is an extensive flat depression surrounded by hills in which the drainage is centripetal. The smaller lakes with flat floors are undrained basins in which water collects after rains and evaporates quickly are called Playas. The Didwana lake is a playa.

There are four theories about the origin of these salt lakes :

1. The salt comes from the underlying beds.
2. The lakes are the relics of the receding sea.
3. The salt is transported from Kachchh by the wind.
4. The salt is obtained from the surrounding rocks.

Question 8.
Describe in short, how the Himalayas were formed?
Answer:
The Himalayas have been formed due to folding by different mountain building movements. The major areas of the Himalayas have been formed by folding while minor has been formed as a result of weathering and other agents of changes. It had been uplifted from the Great Geosyncline known as Tethys sea in the folded form. These uplifted ranges had been denuded by the weathering and the other agents such as rivers and glaciers. These agents of changes carved the physical features i.e. gorges, U-shaped valleys, hanging valleys, and ridges. The Indus gorge is formed as a result of erosion and weathering.

There are many U-shaped and hanging valleys which are the result of the erosional work of glaciers and ice. The complexity of the Himalayas is achieved by the various process of weathering and the cycle of erosion. The fertile valley of Kashmir represents the depositional work of the agents of change. Ganga, Indus, and their tributaries rise from the Himalayas. They are busy carving the minor physical features. The Himalayas peaks are snow-covered. They represent the work done by earth movements.

Question 9.
What is ‘KARE WAS’? Where are they found? Describe in short
Answer:
Kare was are the thick deposits of glacial clay and other materials embedded with moraine. The Kashmir Himalayas are famous for Karewas formations which are useful for the cultivation of Zafran, which is a local variety of saffron. Kashmir or the north-western Himalayas comprise a series of ranges such as the Karakoram, the Ladakh, the Zaskar, and the Pir-Punjab. The north-eastern part of the Kashmir Himalayas is a cold desert that lies between the Greater Himalayas and the Karakoram ranges. Between the Great Himalayas and the Pir- Punjab lies the famous valley of Kashmir and Dal Lake, important glaciers Baltoro and Siachin are also found here. Kare was formed in the valleys within the Himalayan mountain where there was once glacial action and deposition of Morain.

Question 10.
Describe the two island groups of India.
Answer:
There are two major island groups in India. One in the Bay of Bengal and the other in the Arabian Sea. The Bay of Bengal groups of islands consists of 572 islands approximately. These are situated between 6°N to 14°N and 92°E to 94°E. Richie’s archipelago and Labyrinth are the two principal groups of islands.

The entire group of islands is divided into two categories:
Andaman (north) and Nicobar (south). They are separated by a water body called 10° Channel. Some smaller islands are volcanic in origin. A barren island the only active volcano in India is situated in the Nicobar Islands. Some important peaks of this island are saddle peak, Mount Diavolo, Mount Koyob, and Mount Thuiller. The coastal line has beautiful beaches. These islands receive conventional rainfall and have an equatorial type of vegetation.

Lakshadweep islands lie in the Arabian Sea. They are scattered between 8°N to 12°N and 71 °E to 74°E longitude. These are located at a distance of 280 km to 480 km from the Kerala coast. The entire island group is built of coral deposits. They are approximately 36, out of which 11 are inhabited. Minicoy is the largest island. The entire group of islands is broadly divided by 11° Channel, north of which is Amini Island and south is Canannore Island. The Islands of this archipelago have storm beaches having pebbles, shingles, cobbles, and boulders on the eastern seaboard.

In This Post we are  providing  CHAPTER 4 CLIMATE NCERT MOST IMPORTANT QUESTION for Class 11 GEOGRAPHY which will be beneficial for students. These solutions are updated according to 2021-22 syllabus. These   can be really helpful in the preparation of Board exams and will provide you with a brief knowledge of the chapter.

NCERT MOST IMPORTANT QUESTION ON CLIMATE

Question 1.
Identify the four seasons based on Indian meteorology.
Answer:
In India the year is divided into four seasons based on Indian meteorology.

1. The cold weather season – begins from December to February.
2. The hot weather season – begins from March to May.
3. The south-west monsoon season – begins from June to September.
4. Theretreatingmonsoon season-beginsfromOctobertoNovember.

Question 2.
What are the coldest parts of India?
Answer:
The coldest parts of India are the trans-Himalayan regions. Jammu Kashmir and Himachal Pradesh are the coldest states of India. The minimum temperature drops up to -40°C at Drass. These regions get snowfall during winter and temperature remains below freezing point.

Question 3.
What do you mean by ‘breaks’ in monsoon?
Answer:
When the highly charged winds blow in south-west direction on the west coast, it advances rapidly over the west coast. The rain begins suddenly in the first week of June. The sudden onset of rain is termed as monsoon burst. The rainfall is heavily accompanied by thunder and lightning and appears as if a balloon of water has been burst. The sudden onset of monsoon is known as burst or breaking of monsoon.

Question 4.
What are the characteristics of western disturbances of the Indian climate?
Answer:

1. The cyclones developed near the Mediterranean Sea are termed as western disturbances.
2. They move towards India through Iran and Pakistan.
3. They come under the influence of westerly jet stream which. brings them to the northern part of India in the winter season.
4. They cause rain in the north-west part of the plain of India.

Question 5.
Why Mawsynram and Cherrapunji get very high rainfall?
Answer:
Mawsynram receives the highest amount of rainfall in the world in the rainy season because it is surrounded by the North-east hills of India, mainly Khasi, Garo, Jaintia in Meghalaya plateau is funnel-shaped. The Bay of Bengal branch of the south-west monsoon is enclosed by these hills resulting in the heaviest amount of rains.

Question 6.
Give the main characteristics of the monsoons rains.
Answer:

1. The beginning of the rains is sometimes delayed over the whole or a part of the country.
2. There are prolonged breaks of rains in July or August.
3. Sometimes the rain ends earlier than usual time causing great damage to standing crops.
4. The summer rainfall comes in heavy, leading to soil erosion.

Question 7.
What do you understand by ‘Mango showers’?
Answer:
‘Mango showers’ are actually premonsoon showers experienced towards the summer monsoon. It is common in Kerala and coastal areas of Karnataka in March and April. It helps in the ripening of mangoes. Therefore, locally it is known as Mango-showers.

Question 8.
What is the average amount of rainfall over the plains of India?
Answer:
The plain is divided into three zones to study the average rainfall.

1. TheplainsofBihar, BengalandeastemU.P.-rainfall is 100-200cm.
2. The plains of central and western U.P. – rainfall is 60-100 cm.
3. Plains of Haryana, Punjab – rainfall is 40-60 cm. annually.

Question 7.
What is the Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ)? How does it attract south monsoon? What are the important factors which influence the mechanism of Indian weather?
Answer:
ITCZ is the zone near the equator from where the north-east trade winds and the south-east trade winds meet each other. It changes its position with the effect of the vertical rays of the sun. It is near the Tropic of Cancer in the north in summer season and near the Tropic of Capricorn in the south in the winter season at about 25°N, as a result of which the south-east trade winds cross over the equator and enter in India as the south-west monsoon.

Factors influencing the mechanism of Indian weather-

1. Surface distribution of pressure and winds include monsoon, location of low and high pressure.
2. Upper air circulation which includes global weather conditions like air masses and the jet stream.
3. Atmospheric disturbances like western cyclones and tropical cyclones cause rainfall.
   These are the factors which affect the Indian weather.

Question 8.
Rainfall in India is orographic in nature. Describe the distribution of rainfall and the effect of relief on its distribution.
Answer:
The orographic nature of rainfall plays an important role in the distribution of rainfall in India. The rainfall is determined by the situation of the mountains. In India, it is called relief rainfall. It affects the distribution of rainfall in the following manner:

1. Western-coastal plains receive heavy rainfall due to the Western Ghats, more than 300 cm. but Deccan plateau that lies in the rain shadow area receives only 60 cm. rainfall.
2. Low rainfall in the rain shadow area of the Western Ghats (less than 60 cm.).
3. Due to funnel-shaped hills, heavy rainfall in Meghalaya (more than 1000 cm.).
4. Low rainfall in Rajasthan due to the direction of the Aravali range. It lies parallel to the south-west monsoon winds. So, Rajasthan remains dry.
5. Effect of Himalayan ranges on the direction of the monsoon. It does not allow the winds to cross. Hence the Ganga plain receives rainfall but it decreases westwards.

Fig. 4.8: India: Seasonal Rainfall (June-September)

Fig. 4.9: India: Normal Dates of Onset of the Southwest Monsoon

Question 9.
(a) What is EI-Nino? How is it related to Indian monsoon?
Answer:
El-Nino is used for forecasting long-range of monsoon rainfall. The system involves the ocean and atmospheric phenomena with the appearance of warm winds off the coast of Peru in the Eastern Pacific which affect the weather. EI-Nino is a complex weather system. It appears once every 5 to 10 years bringing drought, floods and other weather extremes to different parts of the world.

(b) Define ‘drought’ and its various types.
Answer:
Drought is a condition in which the amount of water needed for evapotranspiration exceeds the amount of water available for precipitation and soil.

Droughts are of three types:

1. permanent,
2. seasonal,
3. contingent.

Permanent drought is characterised by the arid climate in which vegetation is sparse and hardy, fully adapted to water shortage.

Seasonal drought is found in dry and rainy seasons. Most of the parts of India suffer from this kind of drought.

Contingent drought is irregular with variable rainfall and occurs in any season but frequently in sub-humid climates.

Question 10.
What is global warming? Give reasons.
Answer:
The climate of the world has changed in the past and is changing at present. Several natural and artificial factors are responsible for this change. Due to global warming, the polar ice caps and mountain glaciers would melt and the amount of water in oceans would increase.

There are following reasons for global warming:

1. The temperature of the world is increasing nowadays.
2. Carbon dioxide is the major source of global warming. This gas is released to the atmosphere by burning of fossil fuel.
3. Other gases like methane, chlorofluorocarbons, ozone and nitrous oxide which are present in much smaller concentrations in the atmosphere, together with carbon dioxide are known as greenhouse gases. These gases are contributing to global warming.
4. Rapid industrialization and technological changes, the revolution in agriculture and transport sectors has resulted in large supplies of carbon dioxide and methane which cause global warming.

In This Post we are  providing  CHAPTER 6 SOIL NCERT MOST IMPORTANT QUESTION for Class 11 GEOGRAPHY which will be beneficial for students. These solutions are updated according to 2021-22 syllabus. These  can be really helpful in the preparation of Board exams and will provide you with a brief knowledge of the chapter.

NCERT MOST IMPORTANT QUESTION ON SOIL

Question 1.
What are the characteristics of laterite soils?
Answer:

1. The laterite soils are brick coloured.
2. These are shallow, acidic and less fertile.
3. these less fertile due to leaching of soil.
4. These are poor in nitrogen, potash but rich in iron. This is found in Tamil Nadu.

Question 2.
What is the parent material of soil?
Answer:
The soils are formed due to the weathering and erosion of rocks exposed on the surface. The material which has undergone weathering and erosion and had contributed to soil formation is known as the parent material. The type and nature of parent materials play a vital role in determining the properties of soil.

Question 3.
What is contour ploughing?
Answer:
The method of tilting or ploughing hillsides or sloping lands among the contour lines, that is, around rather than up and down a slope mainly with a view of conserving soil and water.

Question 4.
How can we improve the fertility of soils?
Answer:
The fertility of the soil means the presence of humus contents and enough soil nutrients which provides nourishment to the plants. To improve the fertility of the soil following methods should be used:

Question 5.
Distinguish between soil erosion and soil conservation.
Answer:

Question 6.
Describe the areas affected by soil erosion. What are the factors responsible for it? Suggest measures to conserve it.
Answer:
The areas affected by the soil erosion are West Bengal, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Delhi, Rajasthan and many other parts of India.

1. Potato cultivation in theregionofMeghalayaonNilgiri hills causes soil erosion.
2. Cleaning of forests in the Himalayas and on the Western Ghats.
3. Excessivegrazingbycattleontheslopesofhillscauserapidsoil erosion.
4. On steep slopes due to running water soil-erosion increases.
5. Strong winds cause soil erosion. They blow away soil in dry areas.
6. Heavy rainfall causes soil-erosion.
7. Jumping by the tribal population in different parts of the country have caused considerable depletion of the soils.
8. Deforestation causes soil erosion.

The followings are the measures to conserve the soils:

1. By scientific use of land.
2. Crop-rotation, contour ploughing and bunding.
3. Afforestation in the upper reaches of river basins.
4. Increased use of organic manures.
5. Construction of water barriers against gullies in wet regions.
6. Replacing flood irrigation by sprinklers and drip irrigation.

Question 7.
Write a short note on Arid soils and Saline soils.
Answer:
Arid soils – Arid soi 1 is red to brown in colour. They are generally sandy and alkaline. In some areas, the salt content is so high that common salt is obtained by evaporating the saline water. In a dry climate, due to high temperature and accelerated evaporation. They lack moisture and humus content is normal. Lower horizons of soils are occupied by Kankar due to increased calcium downward. This type of soil is found in Rajasthan where desert topography is found. These soils contain less humus and. organic matter. These are suitable for Jowar, Bajra, Ragi and oilseeds, etc.

Saline soils – These are known as Usara soils. It contains a larger portion of sodium, potassium and magnesium. It is poorly fertile. These require more salts largely because of the dry climate and poor drainage. These are found in arid and semi-arid regions and water-logged and swampy areas. Its structure ranges from sandy to loamy. It lacks nitrogen and calcium. Saline soils are found in the region of western Gujarat, deltas of the eastern coasts and Sunderban area of West Bengal. With the excessive use of cultivation and irrigation, the fertile alluvial soils are becoming saline.

Question 8.
Describe the major characteristics and distribution of the soils in India.
Answer:
Characteristics and distribution of soils in India:
1. Alluvial soil – It is fine silt deposited in the plains by rivers, brought from the mountain regions. It is very fertile and famous for agriculture. Relatively fine and new soil of the flood plains and deltas is known as Khadar and older deposits as Bangar. Great plains of the north and deltas of peninsular rivers abound in alluvial soil.

2. Black soil – Black soil is made of volcanic rocks of lava flows. The soil is fertile and clayey. It can maintain moisture for long periods. Due to black in colour, it is said to be black soil. Cotton is grown abundantly in this soil. Locally it is named as regur soil. Gujarat, parts of M.P. and Maharashtra have black soil over large areas.

3. Red soil – Red soil has developed on the crystalline igneous rocks. They are less fertile but with the help of manures and fertilisers, good crops are raised in it. Relatively hot and dry parts of southern and eastern peninsula abound in red soils.

4. Laterite soil – Due to heavy rains fertile portion of the soil has been washed away leading to leaching. Hence the soil is infertile. Hilly regions of Western Ghats and Chhotanagpur plateau with heavy rainfall and hot weather are represented by this type of soil.

5. Mountain soils are found in the Himalayan region. They are good for tea growing. Desert soil is found in Rajasthan. They are sandy and do not produce any significant crop.

Question 9.
Discuss the type of physical conditions leading to the formation of peaty and organic soils.
Answer:
The peaty and organic soils are found in the areas of heavy rainfall and high humidity, where there is a good growth of vegetation. A large amount of dead organic matter accumulates in these areas and this gives rich humus and organic content to the soil. Hence, they are peaty and organic soils. Organic matter in these soils may go even up to 40 to 50%.

These soils are normally heavy and black in colour. They occur widely in the northern part of Bihar, the southern part of Uttaranchal and coastal areas of West Bengal, Orissa and Tamil Nadu. Such soils are used for cultivation of high and less soil exhaustive crops.

Question 10.
(a) So long a balance exists between the processes of soils formation and soil erosion, there is no nutrient, but when the balance has distributed the erosion of the soil becomes a menace. Comment.
Answer:
The removal of soil by running water and the erosion process of running water and wind are continuous. Generally, there is a balance between these two processes. The rate of removal of fine particles from the surface is the same as the rate of addition of particles to the soil layer. Sometimes such a balance is distributed by natural or human factors, leading to a greater rate of removal of soil. When this happens, the entire soil layer may be removed in a few years.
Indiscriminate felling of trees, careless overgrazing of pasture lands, unscientific drainage operations and improper land use are some of the important causes which upset this balance.

(b) What are ravines? How are they different from gullies?
Answer:
Ravines: A ravine is a small narrow valley with steep sides, larger than a gully, but smaller than a canyon.

A gully, on the other hand, is a narrow channel worn in the earth by water. It is especially a miniature valley resulting from a heavy downpour of rain. Further erosion and deepening of a gully leading to the formation of a ravine.

In This Post we are  providing  CHAPTER 1 INDIA : LOCATION NCERT MOST IMPORTANT QUESTION for Class 11 GEOGRAPHY which will be beneficial for students. These solutions are updated according to 2021-22 syllabus. These MCQS  can be really helpful in the preparation of Board exams and will provide you with a brief knowledge of the chapter.

NCERT MOST IMPORTANT QUESTION ON INDIA : LOCATION

Question 1.
What are two geographical features which have played a great unifying role in strengthening Indian people?
Answer:
The two features are:

1. The great mountainous wall of Himalayas on the north,
2. The peninsular part of India, the Indian Ocean, the Arabian sea and the Bay of Bengal on the south.

These are the two geographical features acted as a physical barrier and kept Indian culture in a unified nature.

Question 2.
What is the position of India in the world in terms of size, area and population?
Answer:
India is the 7th largest country in the world having an area of 32,87,263 PQ. km. It is the second-largest country in population. The population of India is 103,00,00,000 next to China. India has 2% of the total area of the world while the population is 16% of the world.

Question 3.
Why India (subcontinent) show a distinct geography? Give reason in support of your answer.
Answer:
The Indian subcontinent has considered a distinct geographical unit. Because it is separated from the rest of the Asia continent by Hindukush in the north-west and in the north by Himalayan ranges. On the southern side, it is isolated by the Indian ocean from the rest of the world.

It has a distinct type of climate which is not found beyond the Himalayas.

It shows unity in diversity which is quite unique.

Question 4.
What do you mean by MacMohan line? What does it signify?
Answer:
The MacMohan line is a dividing line between India and China realms. Between India and China, the crest of Himalayas stand. It separates China and India. This crest of high Himalayas is known as the MacMohan line. It is to the East of Bhutan.

Question 5.
There is a difference of two hours in local time between the easternmost part and the westernmost part. Give reason.
Answer:
The difference in local time between the easternmost part and the westernmost part is for two hours. Because there is a longitudinal distance of 30° longitudes. This distance makes a difference of 2 hours. Hence, when it is 6 a.m. in Arunachal Pradesh (eastern part) the local time at Saurashtra (western part) is supposed to be behind 2 hours as compared to Arunachal Pradesh. Therefore, it is correct that when the sun has already risen in Arunachal Pradesh, it is still night in Saurashtra.

Question 6.
What is a subcontinent? India is a subcontinent. Prove it.
Answer:
India has a well-knit independent geographical unit. A subcontinent is a vast independent geographical unit. India is separated from the main continent. It is a vast country that produces diversity in economic, social and cultural conditions.

It is a land of towering mountains, beautiful valleys, magnificent culture and birthplace of numerous religious faiths. Geographically it stretches from the Himalayas in the north to the Indian Ocean in the south, but in terms of its cultural, economic, political influences, it has an emphatic presence in the south and southeast Asia and at the international level. India is the only land with a vast diverse geographic culture which is woven by the strong bond of nationhood and belongingness. India is described as a subcontinent. Other countries that are included are Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nepal, Bhutan, Sri Lanka, and the Maldives. Many factors which prove that India is a subcontinent are:

1. Natural frontiers of India.
2. India is surrounded by the major realness of Asia on all sides. The% great mountain wall gives it an independent shape.
3. India is the 7th largest country in the world in area.
4. India is a land of rivers but it has cultural unity behind this diversity.
5. Monsoon climate determines the life of people and the economic development of the country. It givei^a a distinct character of the subcontinent to this landmass.

Question 7.
Explain the term unity in diversity.
Answer:
In India, many diversities are found but India exhibits a high degree of unity in diversity. The factors which are responsible for this unique feature of the Indian polity are much large geographical spread of the subcontinent provides fertile grounds for germination and blossoming of regional diversities in the social setup. Differentiation in the physical landscape has contributed to the emergence of different ways and pattern of human interaction with nature. People led to the concentration of diverse elements in different regions.

The factors which are responsible for the unity of social character in the country are:

1. Monsoonal season.
2. The horizontal spread of cultural and socio-economic attributes from different parts of the country.

The strong bond generated by nationhood and belongingness. The development of regional linkages and emergence of a regional home market during the British rule in India.

Question 8.
How the central position of India is beneficial to us? Explain it.
Answer:
Geographically India occupies a central position in the Asia continent.

This position is beneficial to us in many ways:

1. India is located on the Eastern hemisphere, Europe and Eastern part of America are at equal distance from India.
2. The tropic of cancer passes through the centre of India. So that India is a tropical country.
3. India has a long coastline which provides many deep and natural harbours.
4. Indian ocean provides a favourable route for international trade.
5. The natural boundaries are favourably located from a different point of view.
6. Indian ocean is the origin of monsoons.
7. The chain of towering Himalayas acts as a climatic barrier. It protects northern India from polar cold winds and forces the monsoon to give rainfall.

Question 9.
What are the three major physical divisions of India? Describe one of them in detail:
(i) The great mountain of north.
Answer:
The great mountains of the north: This physical part lie between the great mountains of the north and the peninsular plateau. It has been built by the deposition of the sediments brought by the rivers. It is alluvial and extremely level. It extends from east to west, about 2,500 km! in length.

(ii) The great plains.
Answer:
The plains consist of the two river basins – Indus and the Ganga- Brahmaputra basins. The Indus and its tributaries The Jhelum, The Chenab, The Ravi, The Beas and the Sutlej flow into The Arabian sea through Pakistan.

(iii) The great plateau Of peninsular India.
Answer:
The Ganga, Brahmaputra and their tributaries flow into the Bay of Bengal. Indus and Brahmaputra originated beyond the Himalayas.

The entire plain region is very fertile and the major occupation of the people is agriculture. A large number of industries come up in the region. This region has a dense network of transport. This region is densely populated.

Question 10.
Describe the changing pattern of human activities in India.
Answer:
The human activities in India have developed in stages. Because many racial stocks came to India at different periods of history and they influence the human activities in India. They had developed various human activities from food gathering to the modem industries. This oldness and continuity of changing human activities of cultural and civilisation areas:
(a) The Negritos represented the food gatherer of the stone age. They had led their life completely on nature. They are still surviving in Andaman and Nicobar Islands.
(b) The Dravidian presented the farmer. They came from the Mediterranean lands. They started agriculture and led a settled life. They tilled their land with ordinary instruments and produced various crops. They loved their motherland.
(c) The Aryans represented the artisans and handcraftsman. They started cottage industries. They were more civilised people and knew the art of iron smelting. They made canals from the rivers. They developed cities on the lands of Ganga and Yamuna. They prepared the multicoloured cloth from the silk-threads.

In This Post we are  providing  CHAPTER 13 WATER (OCEANS) NCERT MOST IMPORTANT QUESTION for Class 11 GEOGRAPHY which will be beneficial for students. These solutions are updated according to 2021-22 syllabus. These MCQS  can be really helpful in the preparation of Board exams and will provide you with a brief knowledge of the chapter.

NCERT MOST IMPORTANT QUESTION ON WATER (OCEANS)

Question 1.
Differentiate between continental shelf and continental slope.
Answer:
Continental shelf:

• It is an extended margin of each continent occupied by shallow sea, gulfs, etc. It is a submerge part of the land adjoining the coast.
• It is shallow and is about 800m deep with an average gradient 1° or even less.
• Its edges extended upto the denth of 150-200 m. ‘
• It contains the sediments deposited with land its average width is 80km.
• The largest continental shelf is a Siberian shelf in Arctic Ocean which stretches upto 1500 km of width.
• About one-fourth of the petroleum is produced from oil wells on the continental shelfs.
•  It is important for coastal transport and trade.

Continental slopes:

• It represents the edge of continental block.
• It connects continental shelf and ocean basin.
• The depth varies from 200-300 m.
• Its average gradient is 2-5°.
• It has a steep slope linking continental shelf and deep sea flow lying at an average depth of 3600 m.
• Canyons are formed here.

Question 2.
Write a short note on variation in salinity.
Answer:
The salinity for normal open ocean ranges between 33% and 37%. In the land locked Red Sea, it is as high as 41%, while in the estuaries and the Arctic, the salinity fluctuates from 0 – 35 %, seasonally. In hot and dry regions, where evaporation is high, the salinity sometimes reaches to 70%. Salinity decreases from 35% – 31% on the western parts of the northern hemisphere because of the influx of melted water from the Arctic region. In the same way, after 15° – 20° south, it decreases to 33%.

The average salinity of the Atlantic Ocean is around 36%. The highest salinity is recorded between 15° and 20° latitudes. Maximum salinity (37%) is observed between 20° N and 30° N and 20° W—60° W. It gradually decreases towards the north. The North Sea, in spite of its location in higher latitudes, records higher salinity due to more saline water brought by the North Atlantic Drift. Baltic Sea records low salinity due to influx of river water in large quantity. Highest salinity is found in water bodies as Lake Van in Turkey, Dead Sea, Great Salt Lake.

Question 3.
The average temperature of water on oceans floor keeps on falling from equator to poles systematically. Explain.
Answer:
The average temperature of surface water of the- oceans is about 27°C and it gradually decreases from the equator towards the poles. The rate of decrease of temperature with increasing latitude is generally 0.5°C per latitude. The average temperature is around 22°C at 20° latitudes, 14° C at 40° latitudes and 0° C near poles.

The oceans in the northern hemisphere record relatively higher temperature than in the southern hemisphere. The highest temperature is not recorded at the equator but slightly towards north of it.

The average annual temperatures for the northern and southern hemisphere are around 19° C and 16° C respectively. This variation is due to the unequal distribution of land and water in the northern and southern hemispheres.

Question 4.
Explain about horizontal distribution of salinity.
Answer:
Horizontal distribution of salinity:

• The salinity for normal Open Ocean ranges between 33% and 37%. In the land locked Red Sea records higher salinity due to high evaporation.
• Salinity is, however, very low in Black Sea due to enormous fresh water influx by rivers.
• The average salinity of the Indian Ocean is 35 %.
• The low salinity trend is observed in the Bay of Bengal due to influx of river water.
• On the contrary, the Arabian Sea shows higher salinity due to high evaporation and low influx of fresh water.

Question 5.
Explain about vertical distribution of salinity.
Answer:
Vertical distribution of salinity

• Salinity changes with depth, but the way it changes depends upon the location of the sea. Salinity at the surface increases by the loss of water to ice or evaporation, or decreased by the input of fresh waters, such as from the rivers.
• Salinity at depth is very much fixed, because there is no way that water is ‘lost’, or the salt is ‘added.’
• There is a marked difference in the salinity between the surface zones and the deep zones of the oceans. The lower salinity water rests above the higher salinity dense water.
• Salinity, generally, increases with depth and there is a distinct zone called the halocline, where salinity increases sharply.
• Other factors being constant, increasing salinity of seawater causes its density to increase. High salinity seawater, generally, sinks below the lower salinity water. This leads to stratification by salinity.

Question 6.
Explain about vertical distribution of temperature.
Answer:
The temperature structure of oceans over middle and low latitudes can be described as a three-layer system from surface to the bottom.

• The first layer represents the top layer of warm oceanic water and it is about 500 m thick with temperatures ranging between 20° and 25° C. This layer, within the tropical region, is present throughout the year but in mid-latitudes it develops only during summer.
• The second layer called the thermocline layer lies below the first layer and is characterised by rapid decrease in temperature with increasing depth. The thermocline is 500 – 1,000 m thick.
• The third layer is very cold and extends upto the deep ocean floor. In the Arctic and Antarctic circles, the surface water temperatures are close to 0 C and so the temperature change with the depth is very slight.

Question 7.
Explain the features of the deep sea plains, submarine ridges, ocean deeps and seamount.
Answer:
Abyssal plains (the deep sea plains):

• These are the world’s flattest and smoothest regions.
• About 40% of the oceanic floor is flat.
• It is formed accumulation of sediments on the sea floor.
• Its depth varies from 3000-6000 m.

Submarine ridges:

• Oceanic floors have submarine narrow and elongated ridges.
• They resemble mountain ridges on the earth surface.
• Peak of these ridges may rise above the sea level to form islands.
• Eg-Philippines Ice land is a mid-Atlantic ridge.

Oceanic deeps of submarine trenches:

• Deep narrow steep sided depression is found along the abyssal plain.
• The depth of these trenches may vary from 6,000 to 11,000 m. Example, Marina trenches is the deepest trench in Pacific Ocean.
• Trenches are formed as a result of tectonic forces and normally occur along the marines of Pacific Ocean.
• They occur at the base of the continental slopes and along the island area. Normally associated with volcanoes and strong earthquake.
• There are 32 trenches in Pacific Ocean, 19 in Atlantic Ocean and just 6 in Indian Ocean.

Seamount:

• It is the mount with a pointed submit rising from the sea floor but do not reach the surface of ocean. For example
  • Emperor seamount, an extension of Hawaiian islands in Pacific Ocean
  • The tallest seamount between Soman and New Zealand.
• Seamounts are volcanic in origin and can be 3000 to 4500 m tall.

Question 8.
“Ocean seems to be water body but it has many types of landforms within it”. Justify the statements by giving some examples.
Answer:
The statement is absolutely right. Like the surface of the earth ocean flow is neither level or flat, it is undulating and varying. It comprises of different types of landforms below it. Some of these are:

• Continental shelf: It is an extended margin of each continent occupied by shallow sea, gulfs, etc. It is a submerge part of the land adjoining the coast.
• Continental slopes: It represents the edge of continental block. It connects continental shelf and ocean basin. The depth varies from 200-300 m.
• Abyssal Plains (The Deep Sea Plains): These are the world’s flattest and smoothest regions. About 40% of the oceanic floor is flat. It is formed accumulation of sediments on the sea floor. Its depth varies from 3000-6000m.
• Sub Marine Ridges: Oceanic floors have sub-marine narrow and elongated ridges. They resemble mountain ridges on the earth surface. Peak of these ridges may rise above the sea level to form islands. Eg- Philippines Ice land is a mid-Atlantic ridge.
• Oceanic deeps of sub-marine trenches: Deep narrow steep sided depression found along the abyssal plain. The depth of these trenches may vary from 6,000 to 11,000 m. Example, Marina trenches is the deepest trench in Pacific Ocean.

Question 9.
Explain hydrological cycle.
Answer:
The hydrological cycle is a conceptual model that describes the storage and movement of water between the biosphere, atmosphere, lithosphere, and the hydrosphere. Water on our planet can be stored in any one of the
following major reservoirs: atmosphere, oceans, lakes, rivers, soils, glaciers, snowfields, and groundwater. Water moves from one reservoir to another by way of processes like evaporation, condensation, precipitation, deposi-tion, runoff, infiltration, subli¬mation, transpiration, melting, and groundwrater flow. The oceans supply most of the evaporated water found in the atmosphere. Of this evaporated water, only 91% of it is returned to the ocean basins by way of precipitation. The remaining 9% is transported to areas over landmasses where climatologically factors induce the formation of precipitation. The resulting imbalance between rates of evaporation and precipitation over land and ocean is corrected by runoff and groundwater flow to the oceans.

Question 10.
Show different types of ocean floors.
Answer:

In This Post we are  providing  CHAPTER 12 WORLD CLIMATE AND CLIMATE CHANGE NCERT MOST IMPORTANT QUESTION for Class 11 GEOGRAPHY which will be beneficial for students. These solutions are updated according to 2021-22 syllabus. These MCQS  can be really helpful in the preparation of Board exams and will provide you with a brief knowledge of the chapter.

NCERT MOST IMPORTANT QUESTION ON WORLD CLIMATE AND CLIMATE CHANGE

Question 1.
Explain why the tropical humid climate is found in an irregular belt of 20° to 40° latitudes.
Answer:
The tropical belt extends across the two tropics, viz., Tropic of Cancer and Tropic of Capricorn in Northern and Southern hemisphere respectively. It is one of the belts which, for part of the year, comes under the influence of trade winds but for the rest of the year is subjected to conventional rain. Moreover, the trade winds which blow from north-east and southeast also bring a considerable amount of rainfall.

Question 2.
What could be the possible consequences of the continued addition of carbon dioxide and methane gases to the atmosphere?
Answer:
The continued addition of carbon dioxide and methane gases to the atmosphere will increase the atmospheric temperature to an extent that it will cause ice to melt in the Arctic Ocean and in Antarctica. As a result, sea levels will rise causing the drowning of central lowlands and islands, altering rainfall and evaporation patterns, creating new plant diseases and part problems, and enlarging the ozone hole. Enlargement of the ozone hole, in turn, will cause more and more ultraviolet radiation to reach the earth’s surface, leading to a further rise in temperature of the lower layers of the atmosphere.

Question 3.
Match the following :

Answer:

Question 4.
Discuss the bases of climatic classifications of Koeppen and Thornthwaite.
Answer:
Koeppen’s classification is based upon annual and monthly means of temperature and precipitation. Native vegetation was considered as the best expression of the totality of climate. Similarly, Thornthwaite followed Koeppen’s principle that plant is nature’s meteorological instrument capable of integrating climatic elements like precipitation effectiveness and potential evapotranspiration.

Question 5.
Discuss the aims and objectives of Trewartha’s classification.
Answer:
Trewartha believed that people who need to understand and use the climatic environment for their own purposes should have the parts of climate presented realistically. At the same time, he also recognized the merits of the genetic type of climatic classification. According to him, “genetic not only increases interest and adds to the scientific quality of climatic analysis, but also gives an extra dimension of insight to the student’s understanding of the description.” Genetic classification of climates emphasizes the causes or origin of their formation based on weather processes.

Question 6.
Give an account of any four factors which control the climate of a region.
Answer:
These are the following factors that control the climate of a region :

1. Altitude: Regions on the higher altitude have a cold climate and on the lower altitude have a warm climate.
2. Location: The climate of a region depends on the location of that region. If the location is close to the equator, the climate will be hot and wet.
3. Distance from the sea: Regions that are closer to the sea have a moderate climate and others have an extreme type of climate.
4. The direction of the mountains: The extension of the Himalayas does not allow the cold winds of Central Asia into India and the temperature of India does not come down.

Question 7.
Describe in brief Koeppen’s classification of climate.
Answer:
Koeppen’s classification is strictly empirical as it is neither based on weather process (wind belt, air masses, fronts, and storms) nor does it emphasize causes of formation of climatic type. The classification is based upon annual and monthly means of temperature and precipitation. Natural vegetation is considered the best expression of the totality of climate. On the basis of the climate needs of certain types of vegetation, Koeppen identified five major groups: A to E, to which he added a sixth category of mountain zone (H).

‘A’ is the tropical zone, with a temperature exceeding 20°C all the 12 months.

‘B’ is the sub-tropical zone, where for 4 to 11 months temperature exceeds 20°C, and for 1 to 8 months the temperature ranges between 10° to 20°C.

‘C’ is the temperate zone, where the temperature ranges between 10° to 20°C for 4 to 12 months.

‘D’ is the cold zone, with temperature ranging between 10° to 20°C for 1 to 4 months and below 10°C for 8 to 11 months.

‘E’ is the polar zone, where the temperature remains below 10°C throughout the year.

These major climatic groups were sub-divided on the basis of variation in rainfall and temperature characteristics.

Question 8.
Discuss the global climatic changes in detail.
Answer:
The atmosphere is well structured and fairly dynamic in nature. The dynamism is more complex near the earth’s surface where the changes take place both spatially and temporally. These changes may be induced internally within the earth’s atmospheric system or externally by extra-terrestrial factors. Some of these changes are the results of human intervention and, hence, may be slowed down by human efforts. Global warming is one of the changes caused by man’s continual and growing introduction of carbon dioxide as well as some other so-called greenhouse gases, like carbon and chlorofluorocarbon, into the atmosphere.

The atoms and molecules of atmospheric gases cause absorption and back radiation of sunlight by the greenhouse gases, especially water, carbon dioxide, and methane. The concentration of water in the atmosphere is controlled by evaporation from oceans. Carbon dioxide is introduced into the atmosphere by volcanism. Methane is produced by the metabolization of bacteria in wood/grass-eating animals.

Human activities also add methane and carbon dioxide to the .atmosphere by burning fossil fuels and by various agricultural activities.

The carbon dioxide contents of the atmosphere play a dominant role in causing worldwide climatic changes. The gas is transparent to incoming solar radiation but absorbs outgoing long-wave terrestrial radiation. This absorbed terrestrial radiation is radiated back to the earth’s surface. Thus, it is clear that any appreciable change in carbon dioxide content would bring about a change in temperature in the lower layers of the atmosphere. Methane, which rapidly gets oxidized into carbon dioxide, is 20 times more effective than CO₂

Rapid industrialization and technological changes, a revolution in agriculture and transport sectors have resulted in large supplies of carbon dioxide, methane and chlorofluorocarbon gases into the atmosphere.

Of the many climatic parameters, the temperature is the most affected one due to urbanization and industrialization. The thermal characteristics of urban areas are in marked contrast to those of the surrounding countryside.

Man is considered as an engine of climatic change. In support of this, rice farmers, coal miners, dairy farmers, and shifting agriculturists contribute their rate in global warming.

Question 9.
Describe the advantages of Trewartha’s classification over Koeppan’s classification.
Answer:
On the basis of grouping, climate types are either genetic or empirical. Genetic classification emphasizes the causes or origin of their formation based on weather processes. The empirical classification, on the other hand, is based on observation related to factors for climatic differentiation.

Koeppen’s classification is strictly empirical as it is neither based on weather process nor does it emphasize causes of formation of climatic type. The classification is based upon annual and monthly means of temperature and precipitation. Natural vegetation is considered the best expression of the totality of climate. Koeppen followed the principle that plant is nature’s meteorological instruments capable of integrating climatic elements like precipitation effectiveness and potential evapotranspiration.

The climate classification system devised by G.T. Trewartha represents a compromise between purely empirical and genetic methods. Besides being simple and explanatory, it combines the fundamentals of the empirical as well as genetic classification schemes. Trewartha, while proposing his climatic classification, was conscious of the fact that the classification systems of Koeppen, being based on certain statistical parameters. of a few weather elements, were cumbersome and complex. The empirical quantitative classification system, as devised by the author, produced such a large number of climatic types and sub-types that it was rather too difficult to remember them. Keeping this aspect in view, Trewartha recognized only a limited number of climatic types, i.e., 6 major types and 10 sub-types.

The major climatic groups included: Tropical humid climate
(A) Dry climate
(B) Sub-tropical
(C) Temperate climate
(D) Boreal climate
(E) Polar climate
(F) Each of these, except Boreal
(E) the climate has two sub-types.

Question 10.
Write a note on temperate climates.
Answer:
The temperate climate is found in the vast landmasses of middle latitudes (40° and 65°). This climatic band of severe winters is found between the sub-tropical and boreal type of climates.

The two sub-types of temperate climate are temperate marine and temperate continental. They are primarily demarcated on the basis of summer temperatures.

The temperate marine climate has mild winters and fairly warm i- summers. Throughout the year, the average temperature is above 0°C. Rainfall is experienced throughout the year. This type of climate is found on the western sides of continents in the temperate zone.

The temperate continental climate is found in the interior of the continents in middle latitudes. The impact of land is visible as it is characterized by harsh winters and cool summers. The extreme cooling of the ground is associated with anticyclones. Annual precipitation is low, though it takes place throughout the year. This type of climate is found in north-eastern Asia, eastern Canada, and Eurasia.