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Chapter -9 A Shirt in the Market | Class 7th | NCERT Civics Solutions | Edugrown

NCERT Solutions for Class 7 Social Science includes all the questions provided in NCERT Class 7 Social Science Text Book of Geography The Earth: Our Habitat, History Our Pasts, Civics Social and Political Life. Here CBSE Class 7 SST all questions are solved with the detailed explanation to score good marks in the exams. you can check Extra Questions for Class 7 Social Science

Chapter -9 A Shirt in the Market

1. Did Swapna get a fair price on the cotton?
Answer: No. Swapna did not get a fair price on the cotton. The local trader paid her low price.

2. Why did the trader pay Swapna a low price?
Answer: The trader had lent Swapna money at the beginning of the cropping season on a condition that she would sell all her cotton to him. Thus, Swapna was in his grip. The trader took advantage of this situation and paid her a low price.

3. Where do you think large farmers would sell their cotton? How is their situation different from Swapna?
Answer: Large farmers would sell their cotton in the market. Their situation is different from Swapna. Unlike Swapna, they grew cotton on their own and therefore they are free to sell them anywhere they wish.

4. What are the following people doing at the Erode cloth market—merchants, weavers, exporters?
Answer: Merchants. They supply cloth on order to garment manufactures and exporters around the country. They purchase the yam and give instructions to the weavers about the kind of cloth that is to be made.
Weavers. They make cloth and bring this to the Erode cloth market for sale. They also make cloth on order from the merchant.
Exporters. They use the cloth to make shirts to export them to foreign buyers.

5. In what ways are weavers dependent on cloth merchants?
Answer: Weavers are dependent on cloth merchants for raw materials and markets.

6. If the weavers were to buy yam on their own and sell cloth, they would probably earn three times more. Do you think this is possible? How? Discuss.
Answer: In such a situation the weavers would definitely earn more. They would buy yam at the lowest possible price and would sell cloth at the highest possible price. They would select the market of their choice for better price.

7. You might have heard of cooperatives in your area. It could be in milk, provisions, paddy, etc. Find out for whose benefit they were set up?
Answer: They were set up for the benefit of those who were in want of capital.

8. What are the demands foreign buyers make on the garment exporters? Why do the garment exporters agree to these demands?
Answer: They demand the lowest prices from the garment exporters.
They set high standards for quality of production and timely delivery. Any defects or delays in delivery in dealt with strictly.
The garment exporters agree to these demands because they are able to gain maximum profits even after that.

9. How do the garment exporters meet the conditions set by the foreign buyers?
Answer: The garment exporters cut costs. They get maximum work out of the workers at the lowest possible wages.

10. Why do you think more women are employed in the Impex garment factory? Discuss.
Answer: More women are employed in the Impex garment factory because they agree to work even at the lowest possible wages.

11. Compare the earnings per shirt of the worker in the garment factory, the garment exporter, and the business person in the market abroad What do you find?
Answer: The business person abroad makes a profit of Rs. 600 on one shirt and the garment exporter gains Rs. 100 on one shirt. So far the worker’s earning is concerned, he gets only Rs. 15 per shirt.

12. What are the reasons that the business person is able to make a huge profit in the market?
Answer: There are various reasons why the business person is able to make a huge profit in the market:
Some of them are given below:

He sells his shirts to people belonging to the high-income groups.
He is able to sell a large number of shirts every day.
He knows the ways how to get work done by the garment exporters at the lowest possible price.

VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

1. Who was Swapna?
Answer: Swapna was a small farmer, growing cotton on her small piece of land.

2. Why did Swapna take a loan from the local trader?
Answer: She took a loan from the local traders to buy seeds, fertilizers, and pesticides for the cultivation of cotton.

3. On what condition did the trader agree to give a loan to Swapna?
Answer: He agreed to give a loan to Swapna on a condition that she would sell all her cotton to him.

4. What is the putting-out arrangement? [V. Imp.]
Answer: Under the putting-out arrangement, the cloth merchants supply the raw material to the weavers and receive the finished product.

5. Who are mostly employed in the Impex garment factory?
Answer: They are women.

6. What do women workers do in the Impex garment factory?
Answer: They do thread cutting, buttoning, ironing, and packaging.

7. Whom does the garment exporting factory export the shirts to?
Answer: The garment exporting factory exports the shirts to foreign buyers.

SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

1. How are small farmers in the grip of the local trader? [V. Imp.]
Answer: Small farmers can not do without the help of the local traders. They depend on them for various reasons:

During cropping season they take a loan from the local traders.
Whenever there is an illness in the family they go to the local trader for help.
Farmers also face seasonal unemployment. There are times in the year when they have no work and hence no income.

During this time their survival depends on borrowing money from him.
Due to these reasons, small farmers easily come in the grip of the powerful local traders.

2. How do weaver’s cooperatives reduce the dependence of weavers on the cloth merchants? [V. Imp.]
Answer: In a cooperative people with common interests come together and work for their mutual benefit. In a weaver’s cooperative, the weavers form a group and take up certain activities collectively. They get yam from the yam dealer and distribute it among the weavers. The cooperative also does marketing. In this way, the role of the merchants is reduced and weavers get a fair price on the cloth that they produce by dint of their hard labour.

3. Write a short note on the Impex garment factory.
Answer: The Impex garment factory employs mostly women. The workers work on a temporary basis. They can be asked to leave at any time. Their wages are fixed according to their skills. The highest-paid among the workers are the tailors who get about Rs. 3,000 per month. Women are employed as helpers. They are engaged in thread cutting, buttoning, ironing, and packaging. They get the lowest wages.

LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

1. Who is involved in the putting-out system? How is this system advantageous and disadvantageous for the weavers? [V. Imp.]
Answer: The persons involved in the putting-out system are weavers and merchants.
This system is advantageous for the weavers in two ways:

They do not have to spend their money on the purchase of yam.
They are also free from the tension of selling the finished cloth.

This system is disadvantageous for the weavers in these ways:

They have to depend on the merchants for raw materials as well as markets.
Under this system, the merchants become very powerful. They give orders for what is to be made and they pay a very low price for making the cloth.
The weavers have no way of knowing who they are making the cloth for or at what price it will be sold.

2. How does market work move in favour of the rich and powerful? What are the ways to overcome them? (V. Imp.]
Answer: It is usually the rich and the powerful who earn the maximum profits in the market. These people have money and they own the factories, the large shops, large landholdings, etc. The poor have to depend on the rich and the powerful for various things. They have to depend on loans, for raw materials and marketing of their goods, and most often for employment.

This dependence makes the poor miserable. They are easily exploited in the market. They get low wages in spite of their hard labour and the rich earn huge profits at the cost of the workers. There are ways to overcome these such as forming cooperatives of producers and ensuring that laws are following strictly.

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Chapter -8 Markets Around Us | Class 7th | NCERT Civics Solutions | Edugrown

Chapter -8 Markets Around Us

1. In what ways is a hawker different from a shop owner?
Answer: A hawker provides door to door service. He sells his goods by calling out the names of his items. He generally owns a the which we may call a movable shop and keeps in it different items of our everyday use. He sells his goods at a minimum profit.

A shop owner runs his shop at one fixed place. Whenever we need anything we go there and purchase it. Here, we get things at a somewhat costlier rate.

2. Compare and contrast a weekly market and a shopping complex on the following:

3. Explain how a chain of markets is formed. What purpose does it serve?
Answer: Goods are produced in factories, Goods are also produced in farms and in homes. But we are not required to go to factories or farms to buy goods of our need, because the producers are not interested in selling us small quantities. The wholesale traders do this job. They are the people who come in between the producer and the final consumer. They first buy goods in bulk. Then they sell these goods to the retailers, who finally sell this to the consumers.
From the above instance we come to the conclusion that from factories to final consumers a chain is formed, which we may call a chain of markets. We can better understand it through the flow chart given below:

It serves a great purpose. It maintains the flow of money. It makes easy availability of various items of our daily use. It also promotes coordination in society

4. ‘All persons have equal rights to visit any shop in a marketplace.’ Do you think this is true of shops with expensive products? Explain with examples.
Answer: It is true that all persons have equal rights to visit any shop in the marketplace. But this is not true of shops with expensive products. It is because of the following:

People with high incomes can buy expensive products. Hence, these people go to the shops with expensive products and not the poor or people with low income.
The low-income group people visit the shops or weekly markets to buy goods as these goods are available at cheaper rates.

Examples:
People with high income buy green vegetables from multiplexes or malls while poor people purchase green vegetables from small vegetable sellers or from hawkers.

5. ‘Buying and selling can take place without going to a marketplace’. Explain this statement with the help of examples.
Answer:
It is correct that buying and selling can take place without going to a market place. It is done in the following manner.
Examples:

We can order goods that we need over the telephone and get their delivery.
Over the internet, we can visit the concerned website and order the products.
We can pay through internet banking or on the delivery of goods.

VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

1. Why is a weekly market called so?
Answer: A weekly market is called so because it is held a specific day of the week.

2. Why is there a competition among the shops in the weekly market? [V. Imp.]
Answer: In the weekly market there are many shops that sell the same goods. This creates competition among them.

3. Who is Scunner? What does he do?
Answer: Sameer is a small trader in the weekly market. He buys clothes from a large trader and sells them in six different markets in a week.

4. Give some examples of roadside stalls.
Answer: Vegetable hawker, fruit vendor, mechanic.

5. How are shops in the neighbourhood useful?
Answer: These types of shops are close to our home and we can go there any time. As the buyer and seller know each other these shops also provide goods on credit.

6. Where are the goods produced?
Answer: Goods are produced in factories, on farms, and in homes.

7. Why do we not buy directly from the producer? [V. Imp.]
Answer: It is because the producer is not interested in selling goods in small quantities. 9*

8. Who is a retailer? [Imp.]
Answer: A retailer is a small trader who buys goods from the wholesale trader and sells this to the consumer.

9. Who is Aftab?
Answer: Aftab is a wholesaler in the city. He purchases vegetables in bulk and sells them to hawkers and shopkeepers.

10. How are buyers, different people?
Answer: There are many buyers who cannot afford even the cheapest of goods. While others frequently visit malls and buy different items.

11. What is done in the wholesale markets?
Ans. This is where goods first reach and are then supplied to other traders.

SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

1. Write in brief about shopping complexes and malls.
Answer: Shopping complexes and malls are usually found in urban areas. These are large multi-storeyed air-conditioned buildings with shops on different floors. These shops sell both branded and non-branded goods. Fewer people visit malls because they sell costly items. Only well-to-do people can afford to buy these items.

2. What is the job of a wholesale trader? [V. Imp.]
Answer: A wholesale trader buys goods from the producer in large quantities. He then sells them to other traders, say small traders. These small traders sell different items to the final consumer. Thus, the wholesale trader establishes link between the producer and the consumer. It is through these links of traders that goods reach faraway places.

3. How are shop owners in a weekly market and those in a shopping complex very different people? [V. Imp.]
Answer: Both are undoubtedly different people.
(a) The shop owners in a weekly market are small traders who run their shop with little money. On the other hand, the shop owners of a shopping complex are big parties. They have a lot of money to spend on their shops.

(b) What these two types of shop owners earn is also not equal. The weekly market trader earns little compared to the profit of a regular shop owner in a shopping complex.

4. Write a brief note on ‘Aftab—the wholesaler in the city’.
Answer: Aftab is a wholesaler of vegetables. His work usually starts at around 2 o’clock in the early morning. This is the time when vegetables reach the market or mandi and with them start the activities. The vegetables come in trucks, matadors, etc. and soon the process of auctions begins. Aftab participates in this auction and decides what he will buy. He buys vegetables in bulk. After that, he sells them to hawkers and shopkeepers who usually come to him around six in the morning.

LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

1. Do you see equality in the market? If not, why not? Explain with examples.[V. Imp.]
Or
Write in brief on ‘market and equality’.
Answer: We do not see equality in the market. Big and powerful business persons earn huge profits while small traders earn very little. For example, the shop owners in a weekly market and those in a shopping complex are two different people. One is a small trader who has little money to run the shop. Whereas the other has a lot of money to spend on the shop. The earning of these two people is also unequal. The weekly market trader earns little profit whereas the shopping complex owner gains huge income.

Not only the shop owners are different people, but also the buyers. In the market we see different types of buyers There are several buyers who Eire not able to afford even the cheapest of goods white others are busy shopping for different luxurious items in malls. Thus, we see no equality in the market place.

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Chapter -7 Understanding Advertising | Class 7th | NCERT Civics Solutions | Edugrown

Chapter -7 Understanding Advertising

1. Look at the two advertisements given below and tell in the table that follow.

2. Do you think there is a problem in using the image of the mother as the only person who takes care of the child on the Care Soap, advertisement?
Answer: I don’t think there is any problem. Mother is undoubtedly the only person in the family who takes the greatest care of her child.

3. Observe the advertisements given below and answer the questions that follow:

(a) What does this advertisement want me to feel when I use this brand?
(b) Who is this advertisement talking to and who is leaving out?
(c) If you have money to buy these products, how would you feel when you see these advertisements? If you do not have money, then how would you feel?
Answer: (a)When I use this brand I feel exalted.
(b) This advertisement is talking to those who can afford to buy this brand. It is leaving out those who belong to the poor lot and earn their livelihood with great difficulty.
(c) If I have money to buy these products, I would feel proud when I see these advertisements. But if I do not have money, I would feel depressed.

4. Observe the advertisement given below and answer the questions that follow:

(a) Who do you think is the target audience for the social advertisements above?
(b) What is the message that each social advertisement is trying to get across?
(c) Having read about diarrhoea epidemic in the chapter on State Government,
Answer: (a) Here are two social advertisements. In the first advertisement the target audience is the disabled children. In the next advertisement the target audience is common mass.
(b) Freedom is birthright to the disabled children also. Unless they get education, this freedom won’t come to them. Hence, they have every right to get education.
Railway runs faster than us. Hence, we should not dare to cross the railway crossing when the train is coming.

Advertisement No. 1
Visual — Display of furniture items
Text — Quality, brand, discount ,

(a) Advertisement No. 2

Visual — Display of CCTV
Text — Features, Quality, Availability

(b) People can afford best things at cheaper price.
(c) Advertisement No. 1. This advertisement is speaking to the middle class people and is leaving out the people belonging to higher societies.
Advertisement No. 2 is speaking to the business group and is leaving out the common mass.
(d) I would feel a little bit depressed.

5. Can you explain two ways in which you think advertising affects issues of equality in a democracy?
Answer: Yes, the two ways in which we think advertising affects issues of equality in a democracy are:

The branded products are costly than those available in the open market because they include the cost of the product, its package, and its advertisement. Those people buy this product who can afford it. But there are numerous people who can not buy them because of the higher cost. Hence, the principle of equality is marred.
Only large companies can get their products branded due to the large involvement of amounts of money. Small companies cannot get their product branded as they are not able to spend large amounts of money. Hence, there is a question of inequality in branding.

6. Making an advertisement requires a lot of creativity. Let us imagine a situation in which a manufacturer has just made a new watch. She says that she wants to sell this watch to school children. She comes to your class and asks you all to create a brand name as well as an advertisement for the watch. Divide the class into small groups and each group creates an advertisement for this watch. Share it with the class.
Answer: Students should attempt it at the class level. One sample answer is given below:

VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

1. What do advertisements do?
Answer: They attract people’s attention to their products.

2. What do you mean by the word branding?
Answer: The naming of a product is called branding.

3. Why is the consumer confused? Or What makes the consumer confused?[V. Imp.]
Answer: Sometimes there are two or more advertisements of a similar product. This makes the consumer confused because it becomes difficult for him to differentiate one product from the other/others.

4. What do the advertisers do to convince the consumer?
Answer: They start claiming certain special values for their brand.

5. How are brand values conveyed to us?
Answer: Brand values are conveyed to us through the use of visuals and words.

6. When products are advertised by cricket heroes and film stars, we feel tempted to buy them. Why?
Answer: It is because persons whom we consider our heroes tell us that those products are worth buying.

7. Advertisements aim to get people to buy a particular brand’. What does this really mean?
Answer: It means that after we see an advertisement we should want to buy the brand

8. Why do companies show the advertisements again and again?
Ans. They do so in order to get it to stick in people’s minds.

9. Under what pressure do companies show the advertisements again and again?
Answer: There are so many advertisements in the market. This creates pressure on the companies and they start showing the advertisements, again and again, to make it most popular.

10. What do you mean by social advertisements? [V. Imp.]
Answer: Social advertisements are advertisements made by the State or private agencies.
These advertisements have a larger message for the society.

11. What impressions does advertising create on us?
Answer: It creates the impressions that things that are packaged are better than things that are sold loose.

12. Mention one drawback of advertising.
Answer: It tends to promote a certain lack of respect for the poor.

13. How do people feel when they fail to afford certain brands?
Answer: They feel bad about their helplessness to buy certain brands.

SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

1. Why do you think the manufacturer of the daal (pulses) gave his product a specific name? [Imp.]
Answer: Daals (pulses) are usually sold loose in the market. There are different types of daals in the market such as arahar ki daal, masoor ki dual, urad ki daal, etc. These names are not brand names. When a company takes particular daal such as urad ki daal and puts it into a packet, it will need to give the daal a specific name. It needs to do this so that we don’t confuse the daal is that particular packet with the daal that is sold loose.

2. What do companies do in case there are two brands of a similar product?
Answer: In such a situation the consumer is confused. He cannot decide which product he should buy. The manufacturer, being aware of this has to give the consumer a reason to refer a particular brand of a product. Just naming a product does not help sell it. So, advertisers began claiming certain special values for their brand. In this way, they try to differentiate it from other similar products.

3. What brand values are used by the two daals namely Top Taste Daal’ and ‘Best Taste Daal’?
Answer: The two daals namely Top Taste Daal’ and ‘Best Taste Daal’ are saying two different things. Top Taste Daal is appealing to our social tradition of treating guests extremely well. On the other hand ‘Best Taste Daal is appealing to our concern for our children’s health and that they eat things that are good for them. Values such as treating our guests well and making sure and children get nutritious food are used by brands to create brand values. These brand values are conveyed through the use of visuals and words to give us an overall image that appeals to us.

4. How is personal emotion being used in the Care Soap advertisement? [Imp.]
Answer: The Care Soap advertisement uses the mother’s concern for her child. It tells the mother that her love and care is best shown through using this particular brand of soap. Because of this, mothers begin to feel that using this soap is a sign of how much they love their child. In this way, the advertisement uses the love of a mother for her child to sell this expensive soap.
Just think about those mothers who cannot afford this soap. They might begin to feel that they are not giving their children the best care.

5. What role do advertisements play in our lives? [V. Imp.]
Answer: Advertisements play a major role in our lives. They influence us to a great extent. We watch advertisements, discuss them, and often judge people according to the brand products they use. Whenever we see cricket heroes and film stars advertising different products we feel tempted to buy those products. It is because persons whom we consider our heroes tell us that they are worth buying.

Advertisements tell us how we should live our lives, what we should aspire and dream for, how we should express our love, what it means to be smart, successful, and beautiful. Thus, advertisements have a significant role in our lives. In the present scenario, we cannot think of life without advertisements.

LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

1. How are small businessmen affected in this age of advertisements? [V. Imp.]
Answer: Advertising a product is a costly affair no doubt but this is the only way to sell products in the market. Large companies have no dearth to money and therefore they can easily advertise their products. But these are small businessmen also who have no money to show their products on television or national newspapers and magazines. They often have to sell their products in weekly markets and neighbourhood shops.

Advertising also makes us believe that packaged and branded things are better than things sold loose. We often forget that the quality of a product has little to do with the packaging that it comes in. This shift to packaged products negatively affects the sales of several small businesses forcing people out of their livelihoods.

2. Mention the drawbacks of advertising. [V. Imp.]
Answer: Advertising shows certain drawbacks which are as follow:
(a) We are citizens of a democratic country. It means we all are equal. But advertising always focuses on the lives of the rich and influential persons. It tends to promote a certain lack of respect for the poor. They are not the faces we most often see in advertisements and therefore we cease to think about them.

(b) Advertising uses the personal emotions of the people. Those who are capable to buy certain brands feel exalted but there are many who cannot afford to buy them. The personal emotions of these people are hurt badly.

(c) Advertising promotes the sale of packaged products. This negatively affects the sale of things which do not come in packets. This forces many people out of their livelihoods.

(d) Advertising by focussing on the lives of the rich and famous helps us forget about issues of poverty, discrimination, and dignity, all of which are central to the functioning of equality in a democracy.

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Chapter -6 Understanding Media | Class 7th | NCERT Civics Solutions | Edugrown

Chapter -6 Understanding Media

1. In what ways does media play an important role in a democracy?
Answer: Media play an important role in democracy in the following ways:

They make the masses know about certain issues/problems.
They propagate the policies and programmes of the government.
They also criticise the unpopular policies and programmes of the government.
They help in forming the opinion of the masses.
They also report various crimes and mishappenings, accidents, etc.
The media also announce the opinions of the public about certain issues/problems etc.

2. Can you give this diagram a title? What do you understand about the link between media and big business from this diagram?

Answer: A title to the above diagram may be given like this—Media and Big Business Houses. Big Business Houses attract people to promote their products through media. It is the best and the cheapest means to reach people at large.

3. You have read about the ways in which the media ‘sets the agenda’. What kind of effect does this have in a democracy? Provide two examples to support your point of view.
Answer:
Media “setting an agenda” has an impact on democracy.

By focusing on a particular issue the media influences our thoughts and feelings.
It brings the core issues to light and sometimes even helps get justice for people.
By setting an agenda, media creates awareness about certain wrongs or the illegal activities happening in the society and makes the government take action.
Sometimes due to government pressure or due to the influence of big business houses, the balanced may not come out.
For example: During and after the Commonwealth games media focused on the corruption in giving out the projects, more recently the “Coalgate” issue.
Bring to light the amount of money secretly stashed in Swiss banks.

4. As a class project, decide to focus on a particular news topic and cut out stories from different newspapers on this. Also, watch the coverage of this topic on TV news, compare two newspapers and write down the similarity—and differences in their reports. It might help to ask the following questions:
(a) What information is this article providing?
(b) What information is it leaving out?
(c) From whose point of view is the article being written?
(d) Whose point of view is being left out and why?
Answer: Students are suggested to do this project themselves.

VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

1. Name various forms of communication.
Answer: Radio, television, newspapers, the Internet.

2. What does the word ‘media’ mean?
Answer: Radio, television, newspapers, the Internet, and several other forms of communication are collectively known as media.

3. Mention any one positive aspect of television.
Answer: Television has enabled us to think of ourselves as members of a larger global world.

4. Mention one way in which the mass media earns money.
Answer: The mass media earns money by advertising different things like cars, clothes, tea, etc.

5.Why are some advertisements shown repeatedly on the television screen? [V. Imp.]
Answer: Same advertisements are shown repeatedly on the television screen just to make people’s minds to go out and buy what is advertised.

6. What are the various ways through which people express their dissatisfaction to any of the government’s decision which does not go in their favour?
Answer: They do so by writing letters to the concerned minister, organising a public protest, starting a signature campaign and asking the government to rethink its programme, etc.

7. What do you mean by a balanced report? [V. Imp.]
Answer: A balanced report is one that discusses all points of view of a particular story and then leaves it to the readers to make up their minds.

8. Why is it necessary for the media to be independent?
Answer: Only then media can write a balanced report.

9. Why does media sometimes focus on a particular aspect of a story?
Answer: It is because the media believes that this will make the story interesting.

10. What does the media’s close relationship with business often mean?
Answer: It means that the media will fail to give a balanced report.

SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

1. How has television brought the world closer to us?
Answer: Television images travel huge distances through satellites and cables. This allows us to view news and entertainment channels from other parts of the world. We see cartoons on our television set which are mostly from Japan and the United States. We can be sitting in Delhi and can see images of Barak Obama’s oath ceremony in the United States. Thus, television has enabled us to think of ourselves as members of a larger global world.

2. Most television channels and newspapers are part of big business houses. Why? [V. Imp.]
Answer: The technologies that mass media use keep changing and so a lot of money is spent on getting the latest technology. The TV studio in which the newsreader sits has lights, cameras, sound recorders, transmission satellites etc. All of these cost a lot of money.

One thing more, it is not only the newsreader who needs to be paid but also a number of other people who help put the broadcast together. Due to these costs, mass media needs a great deal of money to do its various works. As a result, most television channels and newspapers are part of big business houses.

3. What do you mean by an independent media? Why is it important for the media to be independent? [V. Imp.]
Answer: An independent media means that no one should control and influence its coverage of news. No one should tell the media what can be included and what should not be included in a news story. It means that the media should not be under any one’s pressure. It will be totally independent. An independent media is very important because it is on the basis of the information that the media provides that we take action as citizens. Hence, it essential that this information is reliable. It should be biased at all.

LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

1. Write a brief note on ‘local media’.
Answer: Local media covers small Issues that involve ordinary people and their daily lives. It is usually started by local groups. Several people use community radio to tell farmers about the prices of different crops and advise them on the use of seeds and fertilisers. Others make documentary films with fairly cheap and easily available video cameras on real-life conditions faced by different poor communities and, at times, have even given the poor these video cameras to make films on their own lives.

Khabar Lahriya is also a local newspaper. It is a fortnightly that is run by eight Dalit women in the Chitrakoot district in Uttar Pradesh. It is written in the local language, Bundeli. This eight-page newspaper covers the Dalit issues and cases of violence against women and political corruption. This newspaper is popular among farmers, shopkeepers, panchayat members, school teachers, and women who have recently become literate.

2. How can you say that media is far from freedom? Or why do most newspapers still fail to provide a balanced story? [V. Imp.]
Answer: It is said that media is often controlled by business houses. Media does what these business houses wish. At times, it is in the interest of these businesses to focus on only one side of the story. The media is in constant need of money.

Hence, it is essential for media to get linked, it is with advertising groups. In such a situation it is difficult for media to report against people who give them advertisements. Its close links to big business houses snatch its independence. It has to do as per the wishes of these business houses, Media also tends to focus on a particular aspect of a story because they believe this makes the story interesting.

One thing more, if they want to increase public support for an issue, they often do this by focusing on one side of a story. Thus, it is difficult to say that the media is independent.

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Chapter -5 Women Change the World | Class 7th | NCERT Civics Solutions | Edugrown

Chapter -5 Women Change the World

1. How do you think stereotypes, about what women can or cannot do, affect women’s right to equality?
Answer: Stereotypes about what women can or cannot do affect women’s right to equality because they are termed weak and incapable of doing strong work. It is because of this reason that women are called inferior to men. They are paid fewer salaries/ wages than their men counterparts.

2. List one reason why learning the alphabet was so important to women like Rashsundari Devi, Ramabai, and Rokeya.
Answer: Learning the alphabet was so important to these women because only after that they became able to write stories, letters, and autobiographies which described their own experiences of inequality.

3. “Poor girls drop out of school because they are not interested in getting an education”. Re-read the last paragraph on page 62 and explain why this statement is not true.
Answer: This statement, “Poor girls dropout of school education” is not true because of the following reasons:

There are no facilities in rural areas, especially in Adivasi areas.
Not even proper schools.
No teacher in the schools on regular basis.
No schools near their homes.
No transport facilities if the schools are far away.
Families too poor to afford schooling expenses.
Discrimination on the basis of caste, creed, religion or sex.
Preference for boys for education and not girls.

4. Can you describe two methods of struggle that the women’s movement used to raise issues? If you had to organise a struggle against stereotypes, about what women can or cannot do, what method would you employ from the ones that you have read about? Why would you choose this particular method?
Answer:
Two methods of struggle that the women’s movement used

Campaigning: To fight discrimination and violence against women. Women groups spoke against dowry deaths, sexual harassment. Laws were formulated in 1997 to protect women against sexual harassment. Anti dowry laws were passed in the 1980’s.
Raising awareness: It is an important part to raise public awareness about women’s rights issues. Public rallies, demonstrations were the methods used.
We would use raising awareness. This way we will be able to let people know about the discrimination and gather their support raising awareness.
It is a creative and positive way of expressing the views and thoughts of people on the concerned issues and involving more people.
This way the people who are clueless about women’s problems or are unaware would also be involved.

VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

1. What is the percentage of women engaged in agricultural work in our country?
Answer: 83.6% of women are engaged in agricultural work.

2. What does agricultural work mean to these women?
Answer: Plating, weeding, harvesting, and threshing.

3. When we think of a farmer we only think of a man. Why?[V. Imp.]
Answer: It is because a major portion of the agricultural work is done by man. Women only assist them.

4. Why was Ramabai given the title ‘Pandita’?
Answer: It was because she could read and write Sanskrit. It was a remarkable achievement as women were not allowed such knowledge in those days.

5. How did women support men in the pottery trade?
Answer: They collected the mud and prepared the earth for the pots.

6. Mention any one stereotype about what women can or cannot do?
Answer: Women can be good teachers but they are incapable of dealing with technical things.

7. How did Laxmi Lakra break the stereotype that only men could be engine drivers?
Answer: She became the first woman engine driver for Northern Railways.

8. What changes came to be seen with the emergence of new ideas about education and learning in the 19th century?
Answer: Schools became more common and communities that had never learnt reading and writing started sending their children to school.

9. Who was Rashsundari Devi? What did she write in her autobiography?
Answer: Rashsundari Devi was a housewife from a rich landlord’s family in west Bengal. She wrote about her everyday life experiences in her autobiography.

10. What did Rokeya Sakhawat Hossain do for the girls?
Answer: She started a school for girls in Kolkata which is functioning even today.

11. Mention any two reasons why many girls do not continue their education.
Answer: Poverty and discrimination are the two major reasons why many girls do not continue their education.

12. What is the purpose of conducting a census every 10 years? [V. Imp.]
Answer: Census is held every 10 years to count the whole population of the country. It also gathers detailed information about the people living in India—their age, schooling, what work they do, and so on.

13. What is meant by the Women’s Movement?[Imp.]
Answer: Women as a whole struggled for a long to bring out all-round improvement in women’s condition. This is known as the Women’s Movement.

14. What happened to Satyarani’s daughter?
Answer: Her daughter was murdered for Dowry.

15. What are the various means to spread awareness among the common mass?
Answer: Street plays, songs, and public meetings.

16. When is International Women’s Day celebrated?
Answer: International Women’s Day is celebrated on 8 March every year.

17. What do women do on International Women’s Day?
Answer: Women all over the world come together to celebrate the auspicious day and renew their struggles.

SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

1. Give a brief life sketch of Laxmi Lakra
Answer: Laxmi Lakra belongs to a poor tribal family in Jharkhand- She studied in a government school. She studied hard and did well and then went on to get a diploma in electronics. She then took the railway board exam and passed it on her first attempt. She became the first woman engine driver for Northern Railways.

In this way, she broke the stereotype that engine drivers could be men only. She says “I have challenges and the moment somebody says it is not for girls. I make sure I go ahead and do it”. Laxmi has had to do this several times in her life—when she wanted to take electronics, when she rode motorcycles at the polytechnics and when she decided to become an engine driver.

2. Who set up a Mission in Khedgaon near Pune in 1898? How did the Mission prove beneficial for the women?
Ans. Pandita Ramabai set up a Mission in Khedgaon near Pune in 1898. This was the place where widows and poor women were encouraged not only to become literate but to be independent. They were taught a variety of skills from carpentry to running a printing press, skills that are considered a male preserve. This Mission is still active today and does a lot for women’s upliftment.

3. Was Rashsundari Devi a superstitious woman? If not, why not?
Answer: Rashsundari Devi was a housewife from a rich landlord’s family in West Bengal. She was not allowed to learn to read and write. During her time, some 200 years ago, there was a prevalent belief that if a woman learnt to read and write, she would bring bad luck to her husband. Rashsundari Devi took this belief as false because she was not at all superstitious.

She took a strict decision and taught herself how to read and write in secret, well after her marriage. She even wrote her autobiography in Bangla at the age of 60. Her book titled Amor Jiban is the first known autobiography written by an Indian woman.

4. Although the literacy rates have increased since independence, what remains the worrying factor with respect to gender?[V. Imp.]
Answer: It is true that literacy rates have increased since independence. According to the 1961 census, about 40% of all boys and men were literate compared to 15% of all girls and women. In the census of 2001, these figures have grown to 76% for boys and men and 54% for girls and women. This means that the proportion of both men and women who are able to read and have at least some amount of schooling has increased. But the worrying factor is that the percentage of the male is still higher than the female group. The gap exists even today.

5. Why was Rokeya Sakhawat Hossain stopped from learning Bangla and English? How did she manage to team these languages?
Answer: In those days, English was seen as a language that would expose girls to new ideas, which people thought were not correct for them. Therefore, it was mostly boys who were taught English. However, Rokeya Sakhawat Hossain wished to learn these two languages in addition to Urdu. Fortunately, she got the support of her elder brother and an elder sister and ultimately learnt to read and write Bangla and English.

LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

1. Who wrote the story Sultana’s Dream? What is the story all about?
Answer: It was Rokeya Sakhawat Hossain who wrote the story Sultana’s Dream in 1905 at the age of 25. The story is all about Sultana’s dream. In her imagination, she reaches a place called Ladyland. Ladyland is the place where women had the freedom to study, work, and create inventions like controllin’ rain from the clouds and flying air cars. In this Ladyland, the men had no freedom at all.

They had been sent to seclusion. Their aggressive guns and other weapons of war defeated by the brain-power of women. As Sultana travels in the Ladyland, She awakes suddenly and becomes disappointed to see the reality.

2. What are the various ways women apply to fight discrimination and seek justice? [V. Imp.]
Answer: The various ways women apply to fight discrimination and seek justice are as follow:
(a) It has proved to be a great success. It has led to a new law being passed in 2006. This law gives legal protection to women against domestic violence which includes physical and msptrjjj.. violence within then- homes.

Women by dint of campaigning made the Supreme Court formulate guidelines in 1997 to protect women against sexual harassment at workplace. They also campaigned for bringing justice to those families which have become pray to dowry deaths. As a result of their campaigns, dowry laws were changed to punish families who seek dowry.

(b) Raising Awareness. Women, in order to fight-discrimination, work hard to raise public awareness on women’s rights issues. They do so through several means such as street plays, songs, and public meetings.

(c) Whenever a law or policy acts against the interest of the women, they rise in protest by holding public rallies and demonstrations. These are powerful ways of drawing attention to injustices.

(d) Showing Solidarity. Women associated with the Women’s movement also believe in showing solidarity with other women and their causes.

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Chapter -4 Growing up as Boys and Girls | Class 7th | NCERT Civics Solutions | Edugrown

Chapter -4 Growing up as Boys and Girls

1. Are the statements given below true or false? Support your answer with the use of an example :
(a) All societies do not think similarly about the roles that boys and girls play.
(b) Our society does not make distinctions between boys and girls when they are growing up.
(c) Women who stay at home do not work.
(d) The work that women do is less valued than that of men.
Answer: (a) It is a true statement. In most societies, the work boys do is given more importance than the work girls do.
(b) It is a false statement. Our society makes distinctions between boys and girls even while they are in growing phase. From the very early age, boys are taught to be tough and serious, while girls are taught to be mild and soft. Boys are given toys like cars, guns to play with while girls are given dolls.
(c) It is a false statement. Women who stay at home, do a lot of household chores.
They cook food, wash clothes, sweep floor, and numerous other works; some of which are very strenuous.
(d) It is true statement. Women do a lot of work. The main responsibility for housework and care-giving tasks lies with women. Yet, the work that they do with the home is not recognised as work. It is assumed that this is something that comes naturally to women. It, therefore, does not have to be paid for. This is the main reason why our society devalues women’s work.

2. Housework is invisible and unpaid work.
Housework is physically demanding.
Housework is time-consuming.
Write in your own words what is meant by the terms ‘invisible’, ‘physically demanding’ and ‘time-consuming’? Give one example of each based on the household tasks undertaken by women in your home.
Answer:

‘Invisible’ means the work which is not seen from eyes, for example, the amount of time and labour that goes in preparing food.
‘Physically demanding’ means we have to do hard manual labour to complete a task. It is tiring and the hard work tells on one’s health, like fetching water or firewood in rural areas.
‘Time-consuming’ means the work which needs considerable time to be completed.
- The care of the house and keeping a watch on the activities of domestic help are invisible.
- Washing of clothes is physically demanding.
- Cooking food and cleaning the house is time-consuming.

3. Make a list of toys and games that boys typically play and another for girls. If there is a difference between the two lists, can you think of some reasons why this is so? Does this have any relationship to the roles children have to play as adults?
Answer: List of toys and games that boys play with: cars, guns, swords, buses, railway trains, lions, etc. (toys), cricket, kabaddi, hockey, football etc. (games).
List of toys and games that girls play with: dolls, cooking items, etc. (toys)’, badminton, table-tennis, hide and seek, etc. (games).
These games are also played by the boys. From the above description we can infer that there is a difference between the toys with which boys play and the toys with which girls play.
The reason behind this is that our society makes clear distinctions between boys and girls. Boys are taught to be tough while girls are taught to be mild. Boys are expected to do works which highlight their manly features but girls are expected to remain in limit with all feminine virtues. All these are ways of telling children that they have specific roles to play when they grow up to be men and women. Later in life this affects even the subjects they can study or the careers they can choose.

4. If you have someone working as a domestic help in your house or locality talk to her and find out a little bit more about her life – Who are her family members? Where is her home? How many hours does she work? How much does she get paid? Write a small story based on these details.
Answer:
Yes, A Domestic Help

Sujata is a domestic help. She works in our neighbour’s house.
Two sons, one daughter, her husband, and herself are her family members.
Her home is in Rajiv Camp in Jhilmil Colony, Delhi-110095.
She works for 10 hours continuously.
She is paid ₹ 1500 per month.

VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

1. What was a very important activity on the Samoan islands in the 1920s?
Answer: Fishing was a very important activity on the Samoan Islands in the 1920s.

2. How was the girls’ school in Madhya Pradesh in the 1960s designed differently from the boys’ school?
Answer: Girls’ school had a central courtyard where girls played in total seclusion and safety from the outside world. The boys school had no such courtyard.

3. As these girls walked on the streets, they looked so purposeful’. What does the word ‘purposeful’ refer to?
Answer: Their only intention was to get home safe and as soon as possible.

4. Why do we give boys and girls different toys to play with? [V. Imp.]
Answer: We want to tell them that they will have different futures when they become men and women.

5. What do we teach boys and girls in their early childhood? [Imp.]
Answer: We teach boys that they need to be tough and masculine. On the contrary, we, teach girls that they need to be soft and mild.

6. Why did Harmeet develop a notion that her mother did not work?
Answer: In our societies, the work that women do within the home is not recognised as work. It is assumed that this is something that comes naturally to women. It is therefore, Harmeet developed such notions and said that her mother did not work

7. Why are the wages of domestic workers usually low? [V. Imp.]
Answer: It is because the work that domestic workers do, does not have much value.

8. What is the daily schedule of a domestic worker?
Answer: A domestic worker’s day usually begins at five in the morning and ends at twelve in the night.

9. How are domestic workers treated by their employers? [V. Imp.]
Answer: Domestic workers are often not treated well by their employers. Despite the hard work they do, their employers often do not show them much respect.

10. What do you mean by the term ‘double burden’? [Imp.]
Answer: Several women today work both inside and outside the home. This is often referred to as ‘double burden’.

11. Housework commonly involves many different tasks. Name some of them.
Answer: Washing clothes, cleaning, sweeping, cooking, etc.

12. Why do girls like to go to school together in groups?
Answer: Girls like to go to school together in groups because in a group they feel secured.

SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

1. What did boys do every evening, once the school was over?
Answer: Every evening, once the school was over, boys watched as hundreds of school girls crowded the narrow streets. The girls walked on the streets in groups and their only intention was to get straight home. On the contrary, the boys used the streets as a place to stand around idling, to play, to try out tricks with their bicycles. They never reached home in time.

2. Why does our society devalue the work women do inside the home? [V. Imp.]
Answer: Women discharge a lot of responsibilities inside their home. They look after the family, especially children, the elderly and sick members. They manage the entire activities so efficiently. They cook food by standing for hours in front of hot stoves, wash clothes, maintain cleanliness, etc. In rural areas, women and girls carry heavy headloads of firewood. These works are not considered as real works in our families and societies. The work that women do within the home is not recognised as work. It is assumed that this is something that comes naturally to women. Due to this fact, it does not have to be paid for. Our society devalues such work.

3. Our constitution does not discriminate between male and female. But the inequality between the sexes exists. What does the government do to remedy the situation? [Imp.]
Answer: The government recognises that the burden of childcare and housework falls on women and girls. This naturally has an impact on whether girls can attend school. It determines whether women can work outside the house and what kind of jobs and careers they can have. The government has set up Anganwadis or childcare centres in several villages in the country.

It has passed laws that make it mandatory for organisations that have more than 30 women employees to provide creche facilities. The provision of creches helps many women to take up employment outside the home. Girls have also been benefited through this provision. More and more girls now have started attending schools.

LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

1. Give an account of growing up in Samoa in the 1920s.
Answer: A research took place on Samoan society in the 1920s. According to the reports of the research, Samoan children did not go to school. They engaged in many different activities. They learned from their elders how to take care of children or do housework. Fishing was an important activity on the Samoan islands. Young people learned to undertake long fishing expeditions.
Both boys and girls used to look after their younger siblings. But, by the time a boy was about nine years old, he joined the older boys in learning outdoor jobs like fishing and planting coconuts. Girls had to continue looking after small children or do errands for adults until they were teenagers. They enjoyed much freedom during the teenage. After the age of fourteen or so, girls also went on fishing trips, worked in the plantations, learned how to weave baskets. Boys had to do most of the work associated with cooking. After they prepared the meal, the girls helped them.

2. Write a brief note on the lives of domestic workers with an example. [V. Imp.]
Answer: The lives of domestic workers are full of hardships. They do a lot of work in the employer’s house. They sweep and clean, wash clothes and dishes, cook different varieties of food, look after young children or the elderly. Their day usually begins at five in the early morning and ends at twelve in the night. During this span, they do not sit even for a while.

Most domestic workers are women. Sometimes, even young boys and girls are employed to do all these works. Despite the hard work they do, their employers often do not show them much respect. They are often scolded by them even at a minor mistake. So far their wages are concerned, they are very low.

The reason behind this is that domestic work does not have much value. Melani is a domestic worker who leads a very hard life in spite of her hard labour. Her employer is not at all sympathetic to her. She shouts at her every now and then. She does not give her sufficient food to eat. Even during severe winters, she does not allow her to wear chappals in the house. Melani feels very humiliated. As she has no other option, she has to bear all the hardships. But she, like her employer, also wishes to be respected.

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Chapter -3 How the State Government Works | Class 7th | NCERT Civics Solutions | Edugrown

Chapter -3 How the State Government Works

1. Use the terms ‘constituency’ and ‘represent’ to explain who an MLA is and how is the person elected?
Answer:

An MLA (Member of the Legislative Assembly) is the person affiliated to a political party or independent who represents a constituency {an area).
The person is elected in the following manner:
- A specific area is called a constituency.
- All the adults above 18 years of age are the voters.
- They vote for the candidate of their choice.
- The person who gets the maximum number of votes is declared elected.
- The elected representative is called an MLA.

2. How did some MLAs become Ministers? Explain.
Answer: The party which is elected in the majority for the Legislative Assembly forms the government. As per constitutional provisions the ruling party elects its leader who is called the Chief Minister as the head of the government. The Chief Minister, in consultation with the Governor, constitutes a cabinet which includes members of his/her party as ministers. The MLAs who become ministers are allotted with a portfolio. Here the MLAs turned ministers become accountable for the entire state for that particular portfolio.

3. Why should decisions are taken by the Chief Minister and other ministers be debated in the Legislative Assembly?
Answer:
The decisions taken by the Chief Minister and other ministers should be debated in the Legislative Assembly because of the following reasons:

The decisions, it is not necessary, taken by the Chief Ministers and ministers are beneficial to one and all.
All the MLAs should know about them.
Important suggestions may be incorporated in the final decisions.
Adversely affecting points are deleted after the debate.
The decisions so taken are the decisions of all the members and hence the people.

4. What was the problem in Patalpuram? What discussion/actions were taken by the following? Pill in the table.

Answer: Patalpuram was facing an acute crisis of water

5. What is the difference between the work that MLAs do in the Assembly and the work done by government departments?
Answer: The difference between the work that MLAs do in the Assembly and the work done by government departments is that every department is headed by a minister who is also an MIA. The minister approves any work done or proposed by the department. The department is responsible for the projections and completion of the work whereas MLAs or ministers coordinate between the Assembly and the departments.

VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

1. How is the Governor of a state-appointed? [V. Imp.]
Answer: The Governor of a state is appointed by the Central Government.

2. Whose responsibility is it to nm various government departments or ministers?
Answer: It is the responsibility of the Chief Minister and other ministers to run various government departments or ministers.

3. How will you define a Legislative Assembly?
Answer: A Legislative Assembly is a place where all the MLAs, from the ruling party as well as the opposition, meet to discuss various things.

4. Define the term ‘government’. [Imp.]
Answer: The term ‘government’ refers to the government departments and various ministers who head them.

5. Who is the head of the executive?
Answer: The Chief Minister is the head of the executive.

6. Why did the Chief Minister and the minister for health visit Patalpwam district?
Answer: They went to visit the families who had lost their relatives due to the spread of diarrhea. They also visited people in hospitals.

7. Why are press conferences organised?
Answer: Press conferences are oragnised to discuss various current issues.

8. What do you know about wallpaper?
Answer: A wallpaper is an interesting activity through which research can be done on particular topics of interest.

9. Why do people in a democratic set up organise meetings? [V. Imp.]
Answer: They do so to voice their opinions and protest against the government if any of its actions is not in their favour.

10. The government works at three levels. Name them.
Answer: The government works at three levels namely

Local
State
Natural

SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

1. What do you mean by an MLA? Is it necessary to become a member of any political party to become an MLA? [V. Imp.]
Answer: The term MLA stands for a Member of the Legislative Assembly. He/She is elected through a general election and represents a particular constituency. It is not necessary for one to be a member of a political party to become an MLA. He/she can contest the election as an independent candidate also. In some cases, he/ she is sponsored by a political party. But one thing is necessary that he/she must be a citizen of India and fulfill the requisite qualifications for the post.

2. What is the process of the formation of government in a state? [Imp.]
Answer: A general election is conducted to elect representatives from various constituencies. The party which earns more than half of the total seats is said to be in a majority. That party is usually called for forming the government.
Sometimes, no party gains a clear majority. In that case, the party with maximum elected members tries to get support from the like-minded parties or independent candidates. The party that proves to have maximum supporters in that way is allowed to form a government. Otherwise, there would be re-election,

3. What is the role of the party that does not form a government? [V. Imp.]
Answer: As per the Constitution all the parties which do not take part in the formation of a government are called opposition parties. In our democratic set up the role of the opposition parties is in no way less important than the ruling party. The opposition parties keep a watch over the functioning of the ruling party. They take part in every discussion and debate held in the Assembly. They can check and protest any wrong action of the government.

4. Who becomes a Chief Minister? What is his/her role in a state? [Imp.]
Answer: Chief Minister is the leader of the ruling party. He/She is elected out of the total members of the party gaining majority in the general election. He/she is the executive head of the government. He/She is responsible for every action of the government. He/she also coordinates between the government at the centre and the state.

LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

1. How does a government function in a state? [V. Imp.]
Answer: A government is headed by the Chief Minister. The Chief Minister, in order to manage the functioning of the government, appoints ministers at various levels like cabinet ministers, state ministers, and deputy ministers. Every government department is headed by a cabinet minister who is directly accountable for the functioning of the particular department. The heads of the government departments who are bureau rates are responsible for the handling of the government decisions. The bureau rates project and get the works completed. The ministers give approval to the works.

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Chapter -2 Role of the Government in Health | Class 7th | NCERT Civics Solutions | Edugrown

Chapter -2 Role of the Government in Health

1. In this chapter you have read that health is a wider concept than illness. Look at this quote from the Constitution and explain the terms ‘living standard’ and ‘public health’ in your own words.
An important part of the Constitution says it is the “duty of the state to raise the level of nutrition and the standard of living and to improve public health. ”
Answer:

Living Standard
- The level of living at which they live.
  - It is a low level if the basic needs are barely satisfied.
  - If one leads a comfortable life, the living standard is said to be of a higher level.
Public Health
- Public health means the health of the general public or people.
- The constitution ensures equal access to health t.o all without any discrimination on the basis of caste, creed, sex, religion, etc.

2. What are the different ways through which the government can take steps to provide healthcare for all? Discuss.
Answer: The government can take steps to provide healthcare for all by:

Increasing the number of hospitals, healthcare centres, and family welfare centres.
Organising free camps for the check-up of the general public.
Organising Pulse Polio campaigns.
Spreading health awareness among common people through different means. Workshops, seminars, and training camps can also prove to be effective ways.

3. What differences do you find between private and public health services in your area? Use the following table to compare and contrast these.

4. ‘Improvement in water and sanitation can control many diseases’. Explain with the help of examples.
Answer: Water and sanitation are the basic necessities for the maintenance of our health. Poor quality of water causes a lot of health problems. Similarly, poor sanitation causes many epidemics giving birth to dangerous insects and worms. Recently we saw the spread of Dengue caused by Aedes (a mosquito). Malaria is also caused by a mosquito called anopheles. Improvement in water and sanitation can control these happenings.

VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

1. What do people in a democratic country expect the government? [V. Imp.]
Answer: People in a democratic country expect the government to work for their welfare.

2. Where do most doctors prefer to settle?
Answer: Most doctors prefer to settle in urban areas.

3. Name some water-borne diseases.
Answer: Diarrhoea, worms, hepatitis.

4. What problem do rural people face whenever they come in a grip of an illness?
Answer: They have to travel long distances to reach a doctor.

5. What do we need to prevent and treat illnesses?
Answer: We need appropriate healthcare facilities such as health centres, hospital laboratories for testing, ambulance services, etc.

6. What do you mean by a public health care system? [V. Imp.]
Answer: This is a system of hospitals and health centres run by the government.

7. What happened to Hakim Sheik?
Answer: One evening in 1992, he accidentally fell off a running train and suffered head injuries.

8. Why did Hakim Sheik file a case in the court?
Answer: Hakim Sheik filed a case in the court because of the indifferent attitude of various government hospitals that refused to admit him.

9. Who got costly medical treatment—Aman or Raryan?
Answer: Ranjan got costly medical treatment.

10. What did the court ask the State Government in the Hakim Sheik case?
Answer: The court asked the State Government to give Hakim Sheik the money that he had spent on his treatment.

11. What is the full form of RMPs? Where are they found?
Answer: Registered Medical Practitioners. They are found in rural areas.

12. Where are private services, easily available?
Answer: Private services are easily available in urban areas.

13. Why are poor people more likely to fall ill?
Answer: Poor people are more likely to fall ill because they are not provided basic necessities like drinking water, adequate housing, clean surroundings, etc.

14. Why are women not taken to a doctor in a prompt manner?
Answer: It is because women’s health concerns are considered to be less important than the health of men in the family.

SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

1. Define health from broader perspective. [V. Imp.]
Answer: The common definition of health is the ability of a person to remain free of illness and injuries. But health is not only about the disease. It is something more than that. Apart from disease, we need to think of other factors such as safe drinking water, clean surroundings, etc. because they affect our health in various ways. If people fail to get these basic amenities of life, they will fall ill. Being active and in good spirits are also an essential part of health. We also need to be without mental stress, because we cannot be healthy for a long time if we are under mental strain.

2. Mention some positive aspects of healthcare in India. [Imp.]
Answer: Some positive aspects of healthcare in India are:

India has a good number of doctors, clinics, and hospitals. It is among the largest producers of doctors.
Healthcare facilities have grown substantially over the years. The number of hospitals grew from 11,174 in 1991 to 18,218 in 2000.
India gets a large number of medical tourists from several countries. They come for treatment in some of the world-famous hospitals in India.
India is the fourth-largest producer of medicines in the world and also a large exporter of medicines.

3. What are the negative aspects of healthcare in India? [Imp.]
Answer: The negative aspects of healthcare in India are:

Rural people face the crisis of doctors because most doctors settle in urban areas. They have to travel long distances to reach a doctor.
About live lakh, people die from tuberculosis every year. Almost two million cases of malaria are reported every year.
Clean drinking water is not available to all. As a result poor people easily become prey to various waterborne diseases such as diarrhea worms, hepatitis, etc.
Half of all children in India do not get adequate food to eat and are undernourished.

4. Write down the main features of the public health system. [V. Imp.]
Answer: The main features of the public health system are:

It provides quality healthcare services either free or at a low cost so that even the poor can seek treatment.
It takes action to prevent the spread of diseases such as tuberculosis, malaria, jaundice, etc. Time to time it takes up a campaign to see that mosquitoes do not breed in water-coders, rooftops, etc.
This system is available in both rural and urban areas.

5. What did the court say in the case of Hakim Sheik?
Answer: The court said that the difficulty that Hakim Sheik had to face could have cost him his life. If a hospital cannot provide timely medical treatment to a person, it means that the protection of life is not being given. The court also said that it was the duty of the government to provide the necessary health services, including treatment in emergency situations. Hospitals and medical staff must fulfill their duty of providing essential treatment. As various government hospitals refused to admit him, the State Government was asked to give Hakim Sheik the money that he had spent on his treatment.

6. How can you say that adequate healthcare is not available to all? [V. Imp.]
Answer: We can say without any doubt that adequate healthcare is not available to all in our country. The reason is that private services are increasing but public services are not. As a result, private services are mainly available to people. But these services are concentrated in urban areas and are very expensive.

Poor people hardly afford them whenever there is an illness in the family, they either borrow money or sell some of their possessions to pay for the expenses. Thus, medical expenses cause great hardship for the poor. Therefore, they avoid going to the doctor unless it is very urgent.

It has been found that women are not taken to a doctor in a prompt manner. Their health concerns are easily ignored. Many tribal areas have few health centres and they do not run properly.

LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

1. Compare public health services with those of private health services. [V. Imp.]
Answer: (a) Public health services are run by the government while private health services are managed by individuals or companies.
(b) Public health services provide health care facilities either free or at a low cost so that even the poor can seek treatment easily. Thus, money-making is not the goal of public health services. So far private health services are concerned, they are run mainly for profit. They usually prescribe expensive medicines. It is common for private doctors to prescribe unnecessary medicines, injections or saline bottles when tablets or simple medicines can suffice.
(c) Public health services are found both in rural and urban areas. But private health services are concentrated in urban areas.
(d) We often find huge rush at the government hospitals. People have to wait for hours in a long queue. But private hospitals are maintained properly. People don’t face such long queues there.

2. What is the Costa Rican approach? Explain. [V. Imp.]
Answer: Costa Rica is a country in North America. It is considered to be one of the wealthiest countries on the continent. The Costa Rican govt gave much importance to the health of its citizens. It took an important decision and decided not to have an army. In this way, it saved money and began to spend this money on health, education, and other basic needs of the people. The Costa Rican government believes that a country has to be healthy for its development and pays sincere attention to the health of its people.

The Costa Rican government provides all the basic services and amenities to all the people of the country. It provides clean drinking water, sanitation, nutrition, and housing. Health education has been made an important part of education and at all levels, students are provided knowledge about health. The Costa Rican approach towards health is praiseworthy and inspiring.

3. What major changes were made by the Kerala government in the state in 1996?
Answer: The Kerala government made some major changes in the state in 1996. It gave 40% of the entire state budget to panchayats so that they could plan and provide for their requirements. This made it possible for a village to make sure that proper planning was done for water, food, women’s development, and education.

In this way water supply schemes were checked, the working of schools and anganwadis were ensured and specific problems of the village were taken up. Health centres were also improved.

In spite of all these efforts, some problems such as shortage of medicines, insufficient hospital beds, not enough doctors still exist and these are needed to be solved.

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Chapter – 1 On Equality | Class 7th | NCERT Civics Solutions | Edugrown

Chapter -1 On Equality

1. In a democracy why is Universal Adult Franchise important?
Answer: In a democracy, the Universal Adult Franchise is important because of the following reasons:

Democracy is the government of the people, by the people, and for the people.
Every adult irrespective of caste, creed, religion, region, sex, the rich or poor background is allowed to vote. This is called a universal adult franchise.
The concept of the universal adult franchise is based on equality.
In a democracy every citizen is equal.

2. Re-read the box on Article 15 and state two ways in which this Article addresses inequality?
Answer: This Article addresses inequality in terms of access to shops, public restaurants, hotels and places of public entertainment, or [b] the use of wells, tanks, bathing ghats, roads and places of public resort maintained wholly or partly out of state funds or dedicated to the use of the general public.

3. In what ways was Omprakash Valmikis experience similar to that of the Ansaris?
Answer: Omprakash Valmiki’s experience was similar to that of Ansaris in the following ways:

Omprakash Valmiki was not allowed to sit with other students on the desks or mats.
Ansaris were not given apartments on rent in the locality of the people belonging to the Hindu religion.
Omprakash Valmiki was discriminated against on the basis of caste while Ansaris were discriminated against on the basis of religion.

4. What do you understand by the term “all persons are equal before the law”? Why do you think it is important in a democracy?
Answer:

By the term, “all persons are equal before the law”, we understand equality.
Equality is important in a democracy because democracy is the government of the people, by the people and for the people.
- Equality is the essence of democracy.
- If people are discriminated against on the basis of caste, creed, religion, sex, prosperity etc. the democracy will not survive.

5. The Government of India passed the Disabilities Act in 1995. This law states that persons with disabilities have equal rights, and that the government should make possible their full participation in society. The government has to provide free education and integrate children with disabilities into mainstream schools. This law also states that all public places including buildings, school etc., should be accessible and provided with ramps.
Look at the photograph and think about the boy who is being carried down the stairs. Do you think the above law is being implemented in his case? What needs to be done to make the building and accessible for him?

How would his being carried down the stairs affect his dignity as well as his safety?
Answer: The boy in the photograph is disabled. As per the law this building should have been accessible for him. But we see the law is not being implemented in his case. He is being carried down by security personnels through stairs. This building does not provide ramps. The boy’s dignity is overlooked here. He may morally feel inferior. The way he is carried down the stars may prove dangerous. Law should take this case to the court.

VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

1. What is Joothan about?
Answer: It is about the bitter experiences of growing up of a dalit boy.

2. What suggestion was given to Ansaris by the property dealer?
Answer: They were suggested to change their names and call themselves Mr and Mrs kumar.

3. On what basis were the Ansaris treated unequally?
Ans. The Ansaris were treated unequally on the basis of religion.

4. What do you mean by ‘dignity’? [V. Imp.]
Answer: Dignity means thinking of one self and others as worthy of self-respect.

5. What are the two ways in which the government has tried to implement the equality that guaranteed in the constitution?
Answer:
(i) Through laws
(ii) Through government programmes or schemes to help unprivileged groups.

6. Who have been employed to cook the meal under midday meal scheme?
Answer: Dalit women have been employed for this purpose.

7. How did B.R. Ambedkar view self-respect?
Answer: B.R. Ambedkar viewed self-respect as the most vital factor in life, without which man was cipher.

8. What was the condition of the African-Americans in the United States of America prior to 1950s? [V. Imp.]
Answer: Prior to 1950’s, the African-Americans were treated extremely unequally in the USA and denied equality through law.

9. What is known as the Civil Rights Movements? [V. Imp.]
Answer: A movement took place in the USA in the late 1950’s to push for equal rights for African-Americans. This movement later came to be known as Civil Rights Movement.

SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

1. What is it that makes Kanta unsure?
Answer: Kanta is a poor domestic worker. She lives in a slum which is very filthy. Her daughter is sick but she cannot skip work because she needs to borrow money from her employers to take her daughter to the doctor. Her job as a domestic help is not a permanent. She can be removed by her employers any time.

2. Mention two different kinds of inequalities that exist in our country. Give examples. [V. Imp.]
Answer: Two different kinds of inequalities that exist in our country are—inequalities based on the caste system and that based on the religion.
Omprakash Valmiki was treated extremely unequally because he was a dalit. In school, his headmaster made him sweep the school and the playground.
The Ansaris were treated unequally on the basis differences of religion. They were looking to rent an apartment in the city. They were about to take an apartment at the first sight. But the moment the land lady knew their names she declined to rent the house.

3. Write a note on equality in Indian democracy. [V. Imp.]
Answer: The Indian constitution recognises all persons as equals. This means that every individual in the country irrespective of his/her caste, religion, educational and economic backgrounds is recognised as equal. Although, inequality still exists in the country, yet the principle of the equality of all persons is recognised. While earlier no law existed to protect people from discrimination and ill treatment now there are several that work to see that people are treated with dignity.

4. Write a brief note on the Civil Rights Act of 1964.
Answer: The Civil Rights Act was passed in the year 1964. The Act prohibited discrimination on the basis of race, religion or national origin. It also stated that all schools would be open to African-American children and that they would no longer have to attend separate schools specially set up for them. However, a majority of African-Americans continue to be among the poorest in the country.

LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

1. What are the provision made in the constitution for the recognition of equality? [V. Imp.]
Answer: The provisions made in the constitution for the recognition of equality are as follow:
(a) Every person is equal before the law. What this means is that every person, from the President of India to a domestic worker like Kanta, has to obey the same laws.
(b) No person can be discriminated against on the basis of their religion, caste, race place of birth or whether they are male or female.
(c) Every person has access to all public places including playgrounds, hotels, shops and markets. All persons can use publicly available wells, roads and bathing ghats.
(d) Untouchability has been abolished.

2. How can you say that establishment of equality in society is a continuous struggle?
Answer: Inspite of several efforts made by the government inequalities still exist in our society. Even today low caste people are being discriminated against and treated unequally. The reason behind it is that people refuse to think of them as equal even though the law requires it.

This attitude of the people is so deeply rooted that it can not change all of a sudden. It will take a lot of time.Even though people are aware that discrimination is against the law, they continue to treat others unequally on the basis of caste and religion. People are also discriminated against on the basis of economic status, disability and gender.

Unless people believe that every person deserves to be treated equally and with dignity, the present attitude cannot be rooted out. Changing people’s attitude is a very slow process and hence establishment of equality in society is a continuous struggle.

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Chapter – 10 Life in the Deserts | Class 7th | NCERT Geography Solutions | Edugrown

Chapter -10 Life in the Deserts

1. Answer the following questions briefly:
(a) What are the two types of deserts found in the world?
(b) In which continent is the Sahara desert located?
(c) What are the climatic conditions of the Ladakh desert?
(d) What mainly attracts tourists to Ladakh?
(e) What type of clothes the people of the Sahara desert wear?
(f) Name the trees that grow in Ladakh
Answer:
(a) The two types of deserts found in the world are hot deserts and cold deserts.

(b) The Sahara desert is located in Africa.

(c) The climate of the Ladakh desert is extremely cold and dry due to its high attitude which varies from about 3,000 m in Kargil to more than 8,000 m in the Karakoram. The air at this attitude is so then that the heat of the sun can be felt intensely. The day temperatures in summer are just above zero degree and the night temperatures are below -30°C. Winters are extremely cold with temperatures below -40°C for most of the time. There is very little rainfall in this region. It is as low as 10 cm every year. The area experiences freezing winds and burning hot sunlight. There is always a chance of sunstroke and frostbite at the same time.

(d) Ladakh is a famous tourist place. The tourists from within the country and abroad enjoy visiting Buddhist monasteries that dot the Ladakhi landscape with their traditional gompas.
The meadows and glaciers in Ladakh also attract these tourists. The ceremonies and festivities in which the local people keep themselves engaged during winter months are great attractions to the tourists.

(e) The people of the Sahara desert wear heavy clothes.

(f) Scanty patches of grasses and shrubs, groves of willows and poplars, fruit trees such as apples, apricots and walnuts.

2. Tick the correct answer:
(i) Sahara is located in which part of Africa?
(a) eastern                          (b)   northern                               (c) western.
(ii) Sahara is what type of dessert?
(a) cold                              (b)   hot                                      (c) mild.
(iii) The Ladakh desert is mainly inhabited by ………..
(a) Christians and Muslims
(b) Buddhists and Muslims
(c) Christians and Buddhists.
(iv) Deserts are characterized by ……………..
(a) Scanty vegetation (b)heavy precipitation              (iii) low evaporation.
(v) Hemis in Ladakh is famous ………………
(a) temple                           (b)   church                                 (c) monastery.
(vi) Egypt is famous for growing
(a) wheat (b) maize                                    (c) cotton.
Answer: (i)-(b), (ii)-(b), (iii)-(b), (iv)-(a), (v)-(c), (vi)—(c).

3. Match the following:

4. Give reasons:

There is scanty vegetation in the deserts.
People of the Sahara desert wear heavy robes.

Answer:

There is scanty vegetation in the deserts because of the following reasons:
- Vegetation depends on two factors: climate and soil.
  - The climate in the deserts is either very hot and dry or very cold and dry.
    ★ Such a climate does not allow the growth of vegetation.
    ★ Rainfall is scanty. Hence vegetation does not grow in dry conditions.
  - Soil is either sandy (in hot deserts) or covered with snow (cold deserts) for most of the year. Both types of soil do not encourage vegetation to grow.
People of the Sahara Desert wear heavy robes because of the following reasons:
- Robes of the people of Sahara Desert are made of hides (of animals) or hair of animals.
- These robes are heavy:
  - They protect the people from the scorching sun and extreme heat (dust storms and hot winds).
  - They protect the people from dust storms and hot winds.

5. Map skills:
(i) On the outline map of Africa, marks the Sahara desert and any four countries around it.
(ii) On the outline map of India, mark the Karakoram Range, Zanskar Range, Ladakh and zojila pass.
Answer:

VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

1. How many countries are touched by the Sahara desert? Name them.
Answer: The Sahara desert touches eleven countries—Algeria, Chad, Egypt, Libya, Mali, Mauritania, Morocco, Niger, Sudan, Tunisia, and Western Sahara.

2. What are the two characteristic features of a desert? [V. Imp.]
Answer: The climate of a desert is either very hot and dry or very cold and dry.
The vegetation is sparse.

3. Mention the day and night temperatures of the Sahara desert.
Answer: The day temperature—It may soar as high as 50°C.
The night temperature—Nearing zero degrees

4. What vegetation is found in the Sahara desert?
Answer: Vegetation in the Sahara desert is comprised of cactus, date, palms, and acacia.
Green islands with date palms can be seen near the oases.

5. Name the two nomadic tribes living in the Sahara desert.
Answer: The Bedouins and Tuaregs.

6. Name the animals reared by the Bedouins and Tuaregs.
Answer: Goats, Sheep, Camels and horses.

7. What do these animals provide them?
Answer: These animals provide them with milk and hides.

8. Name the countries associated with the discovery of oil
Answer: Algeria, Libya and Egypt.

9. Ladakh is made up of two words. Mention these words with their meaning.
Answer: The two words with which Ladakh is made up of are La meaning mountain pass and Dak meaning country.

10. Where is Ladakh located?
Answer: Ladakh is located in the Great Himalayas, on the eastern side of Jammu and Kashmir.

11. Name an important river that flows through Ladakh.
Answer: Indus.

12. Why is there little rainfall in the Ladakh desert? [Imp.]
Answer: It is because the Ladakh desert lies in the rain shadow of the Himalayas.

13. Name the birds which are common in the Ladakh desert.
Answer: Robias, redstarts, Tibetan snowcock, raven and hoopoe.

14. What is the use of the hair of the sheep and goat in the cold desert of Ladak?
Answer: The hair of the sheep and goat is used to make woolens.

15. Why do people hunt Chiru or the Tibetan antelope?
Answer: People hunt the Chiru or the Tibetan antelope for its wool known as Shahtoosh

16. Name some famous monasteries of Ladakh
Answer: Hemis, Thiksey, Shey and Lamayuru.

17. Which National Highway connects Leh to Kashmir valley and through which pass?
Answer: The National Highway A connects Leh to Kashmir valley through the Zojila pass.

18. Name the four passes which Manali-Leh highway crosses.
Answer: Rohtang La, Lungalacha La, Baralacha La and Tanglang La.

SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

1. Describe the Climate of the Sahara desert. [V. Imp.]
Answer: The Sahara desert experience scorching hot and parch dry climate. The rainy season occurs for the short time. The sky is cloudless and clear. Days are extremely hot. The temperatures during the day may rise as high as 50°C. The nights may be freezing cold with temperatures nearing zero degrees.

2. Mention the summer and winter activities of the people of the Ladakh desert.[V. Imp.]
Answer: In the summer season the people of the Ladakh desert are busy in cultivation work. They grow crops such as barley, potatoes, peas, beans and turnip. The climate during winters is very harsh and people keep themselves engaged in festivities and ceremonies. The women manage the house and fields with great efficiency. They also manage small businesses and shops.

3. Describe the flora and fauna found in the Sahara desert
Answer: Flora. The Sahara desert has vegetation such as cactus, date palms and acacia. In some places there are oases where one can see green islands with date palms. Fauna. The animals found in the Sahara desert are camels, hyenas, jackals, foxes, scorpions, several varieties of snakes and lizards.

LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

1. Describe the people of the Sahara desert Also write about their activities. [V. Imp.]
Answer: The Sahara desert experiences a harsh climate. Despite that various groups of people such as the Bedouins and Juaregs live here. These are nomadic tribes who pursue different activities. They rear animals such as goats, sheep, camels and horses. They get jnilk and hides from these animals. They prepare leather from hides. This leather is used in making belts, slippers, water bottles. They use the hair of these animals in making mats, carpets, clothes and blankets. The people of the Sahara desert wear heavy robes to protect themselves from the dust storms and hot winds.

The oasis in the Sahara desert and the Nile valley in Egypt support the settled population. Since water is available, people grow date palms. They also grow rice, wheat, barley and beans.

The Sahara is undergoing change with fast speed. Tuaregs, the nomadic tribe, are now acting as guides to foreign tourists. More and more nomadic herdsmen are migrating to cities in search of jobs in oil and gas operations.

2. Describe the flora and fauna found in the Ladakh desert. [V. Imp.]
Answer: Flora—Vegetation is scanty in the Ladakh desert. There are scanty patches of grasses and shrubs. Groves of willows and poplars are seen in the valleys. During the summers, fruit trees such as apples, apricots and walnuts grow.

Fauna. Several species of birds are found in the Ladakh desert. Robins, redstarts, Tibetan snowcock, raven, and hoopoe are common. The animals found in this region are wild goats, wild sheep, yak, and special kinds of dogs.

Chapter -9 A Shirt in the Market | Class 7th | NCERT Civics Solutions | Edugrown

Chapter -9 A Shirt in the Market

Chapter -8 Markets Around Us | Class 7th | NCERT Civics Solutions | Edugrown

Chapter -8 Markets Around Us

Chapter -7 Understanding Advertising | Class 7th | NCERT Civics Solutions | Edugrown

Chapter -7 Understanding Advertising

Chapter -6 Understanding Media | Class 7th | NCERT Civics Solutions | Edugrown

Chapter -6 Understanding Media

Chapter -5 Women Change the World | Class 7th | NCERT Civics Solutions | Edugrown

Chapter -5 Women Change the World

Chapter -4 Growing up as Boys and Girls | Class 7th | NCERT Civics Solutions | Edugrown

Chapter -4 Growing up as Boys and Girls

Chapter -3 How the State Government Works | Class 7th | NCERT Civics Solutions | Edugrown

Chapter -3 How the State Government Works

Chapter -2 Role of the Government in Health | Class 7th | NCERT Civics Solutions | Edugrown

Chapter -2 Role of the Government in Health

Chapter – 1 On Equality | Class 7th | NCERT Civics Solutions | Edugrown

Chapter -1 On Equality

Chapter – 10 Life in the Deserts | Class 7th | NCERT Geography Solutions | Edugrown

Chapter -10 Life in the Deserts

VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

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Chapter -9 A Shirt in the Market

Chapter -8 Markets Around Us

Chapter -7 Understanding Advertising

Chapter -6 Understanding Media

Chapter -5 Women Change the World

Chapter -4 Growing up as Boys and Girls

Chapter -3 How the State Government Works

Chapter -2 Role of the Government in Health

Chapter -1 On Equality

Chapter -10 Life in the Deserts

VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

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