• This chapter deals with the lives of peasants and farmers of three locations:
→ the small cottagers in England.
→ the wheat farmers of the USA.
→ the opium producers of Bengal.
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• Forest provide us many products which are of great importance.
• It supports a large variety of flora and fauna such as in Amazon forests or in the Western Ghats.
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In the early years of the twentieth century, Germany waged the First World War (1914-1918) against the Austrian Empire and the Allies (England , France and Russia). Since of the fighting, all the wealth in Europe were exhausted. Germany also annexed France and Belgium. Unfortunately, however, the Allies, bolstered by the US entry in 1917, prevailed, crushing Germany and the Central Powers in November 1918. The National Assembly met in Weimar and established a democratic constitution with a federal structure. Members of the German Parliament is elected on the basis of fair and universal votes cast by all citizens, including women. Germany had lost its overseas colonies. The War Guilt Clause holds Germany responsible for the conflict and the loss suffered by the Allied nations. Throughout the 1920s, the Allied forces invaded Rhineland..
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The French Revolution opened up the possibility of creating a dramatic change in the way in which society was structured.
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French revolution started in 1789. The series of events started by the middle class shaken the upper classes. The people revolted against the cruel regime of monarchy. This revolution put forward the ideas of liberty, fraternity, and equality.
• The revolution began on 14th July, 1789 with the storming of the fortress-prison, the Bastille.→The Bastille, the fortress prison was hated by all, because it stood for the despotic power of the king.→ The fortress was demolished.
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• People make and use resources. They are also considered as resources having different quality.
• Population (total number of persons inhabiting a particular place like city, state, country etc.) is the central element in social studies. It is the point of reference from which all other elements are observed.
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India is one of the twelve mega bio-diversity countries of the world. India occupies 10th place in the world with about 47,000 plant species and 4th in Asia in plant diversity.
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• Climate refers to the sum total of weather conditions and variations over a large area for a long period of time (more than thirty years).
• Weather refers to the state of the atmosphere over an area at any point of time.
• Elements of Weather and Climate:
→ Temperature
→ Atmospheric pressure
→ Wind
→ Humidity
→ Precipitation
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• Drainage describes the river system of an area.
• The area drained by a single river system is called a drainage basin.
• Any upland or a mountain separating two adjoining drainage basins is known as water divide.
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India is a vast country with varied landforms which has all major physical features of the earth i.e. mountains, plains, deserts, plateaus and islands.
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