Class 8th

NCERT Solutions for Class 8th: पाठ 3 बस की यात्रा हिंदी वसंत भाग- III

– हरिशंकर परसाई 

पृष्ठ संख्या: 17

प्रश्न अभ्यास

कारण बताएं

1. “मैंने उस कंपनी के हिस्सेदार की तरफ पहली बार श्रद्धाभाव से देखा।”
• लेखक के मन में हिस्सेदार साहब के लिए श्रद्धा क्यों जग गई ?

उत्तर

लेखक के मन में बस कंपनी के हिस्सेदार साहब के लिए श्रद्धा इसलिए जाग गई कि वह इतनी खटारा बस को चलाने का साहस जुटा रहा था। कंपनी का हिस्सेदार अपनी पुरानी बस की खूब तारीफ़ कर रहा था| ऐसे व्यक्ति के प्रति श्रद्धा भाव ही उमड़ता है।

2. “लोगों ने सलाह दी कि समझदार आदमी इस शाम वाली बस से सफ़र नहीं करते।”

• लोगों ने यह सलाह क्यों दी ?

उत्तर

लोगों ने लेखक को यह सलाह इसलिए दी क्योंकि इस बस का कोई भरोसा नहीं है कि यह कब और कहाँ रूक जाए, शाम बीतते ही रात हो जाती है और रात रास्ते में कहाँ बितानी पद जाए, कुछ पता नहीं रहता। उनके अनुसार यह बस डाकिन की तरह है। 

3. “ऐसा जैसे सारी बस ही इंजन है और हम इंजन के भीतर बैठे हैं।”

• लेखक को ऐसा क्यों लगा ?

उत्तर

जब बस का इंजन स्टार्ट हुआ तब सारी बस झनझनाने लगी। लेखक को ऐसा प्रतीत हुआ कि पूरी बस ही इंजन है। मानो वह बस के भीतर न बैठकर इंजन के भीतर बैठा हुआ हो।

4.”गज़ब हो गया। ऐसी बस अपने आप चलती है।”
• लेखक को यह सुनकर हैरानी क्यों हुई?

उत्तर

लेखक को बस की स्थिति देखकर लग रहा था की बस नही चल पाएगी परन्तु जब उसने बस के हिस्सेदार से पूछा तो उसने कहा चलेगी ही नही, अपने आप चलेगी। एक तो खास्ता-हालत बस ऊपर से अपने आप आप इस कारण लेखक को हैरानी हुई।

उत्तर

लेखक को पेड़ों से डर लग रहा था कि कहीं उसकी बस किसी पेड़ से टकरा न जाए। एक पेड़ निकल जाने पर वह दूसरा पेड़ का इंतज़ार करता था कि बस कहीं इस पेड़ से न टकरा जाए। यही वजह है कि लेखक को हर पेड़ अपना दुश्मन लग रहा था।

पाठ से आगे

https://1cd620d3af1c72f3cb9219bebdb6c542.safeframe.googlesyndication.com/safeframe/1-0-39/html/container.html

1. ‘सविनय अवज्ञा आंदोलन’ किसके नेतृत्व में, किस उद्देश्य से तथा कब हुआ था? इतिहास की उपलब्ध पुस्तकों आधार पर लिखिए।

उत्तर

‘सविनय अवज्ञा आंदोलन’ गांधीजी के नेतृत्व में, भारत को पूर्ण स्वाधीनता दिलाने के लिए 1930 ई. में हुआ था।

पृष्ठ संख्या: 18

भाषा की बात

1.बस, वश, बस तीन शब्द हैं-इनमें बस सवारी के अर्थ में, वश अधीनता के अर्थ में, और बस पर्याप्त (काफी) के अर्थ में प्रयुक्त होता है, जैसे-बस से चलना होगा। मेरे वश में नहीं है। अब बस करो। उपर्युक्त वाक्य के समान तीनों शब्दों से युक्त आप भी दो-दो वाक्य बनाइए।

उत्तर

(1) बस – वाहन
(i) हमारी स्कूल बस हमेशा सही वक्त पर आती है।
(ii) 507 नंबर बस ओखला गाँव जाती है।

(2) वश – अधीन
(i) मेरे क्रोध पर मेरा वश नहीं चलता।
(ii) सपेरा अपनी बीन से साँप को वश में रखता है।

(3) बस – पर्याप्त (काफी)
(i) बस, बहुत हो चुका।
(ii) तुम खाना खाना बस करो।

2. ”हम पाँच मित्रों ने तय किया कि शाम चार बजे की बस से चलें। पन्ना से इसी कंपनी की बस सतना के लिए घंटे भर बाद मिलती है।” ने, की, से आदि शब्द वाक्य के दो शब्दों के बीच संबंध स्थापित कर रहे हैं। ऐसे शब्दों को कारक कहते हैं। इसी तरह जब दो वाक्यों को एक साथ जोड़ना होता है ‘कि’ का प्रयोग होता है।
• कहानी में से दोनों प्रकार के चार वाक्यों को चुनिए।

उत्तर

(i)  बस कंपनी के एक हिस्सेदार भी उसी बस से जा रहे थे।
(ii)  बस सचमुच चल पड़ी और हमें लगा कि यह गाँधी जी के असहयोग और सविनय अवज्ञा आंदोलनों के वक्त अवश्य चलती होगी।

(iii)  यह समझ में नहीं आता था कि सीट पर हम बैठे हैं।

(iv)  ड्राइवर ने तरह-तरह की तरकीबें की पर वह नहीं चली।

3. ”हम फ़ौरन खिड़की से दूर सरक गए। चाँदनी में रास्ता टटोलकर वह रेंग रही थी।” ‘सरकना’ और ‘रेंगना’ जैसी क्रिया दो प्रकार की गति बताती है। ऐसी कुछ और क्रियाएँ एकत्र कीजिए जो गति के लिए प्रयुक्त होती हैं, जैस-घूमना इत्यादि। उन्हें वाक्यों में प्रयोग कीजिए।

उत्तर

► रफ्तार – बस की रफ्तार बहुत ही तेज़ थी। ► चलना – बस का चलना ऐसा प्रतीत हो रहा था मानो हवा से बातें कर रही हो।
► गुज़रना – वह उस रास्ते से गुज़र रहा है।

5. भाषा की दृष्टि से देखें तो हमारी बोलचाल में प्रचलित अंग्रेजी शब्द फर्स्ट क्लास में दो शब्द हैं-फर्स्ट और क्लास। यहाँ क्लास का विशेषण है फर्स्ट। चूँकि फर्स्ट संख्या है, फर्स्ट क्लास संख्यावाचक विशेषण का उदाहरण है। महान आदमी में किसी आदमी की विशेषता है महान। यह गुणवाचक विशेषण है। संख्यावाचक विशेषण और गुणवाचक विशेषण के उदाहरण खोजकर लिखिए।

उत्तर

(i) गुणवाचक विशेषण – हरी घास, छोटा आदमी

NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Hindi Vasant Chapter 2 लाख की चूड़ियाँ

प्रश्न-अभ्यास

Question 1.
बचपन में लेखक अपने मामा के गाँव चाव से क्यों जाता था और बदलू को ‘बदलू मामा’ न कहकर ‘बदलू काका’ क्यों कहता था?
Solution:
बचपन में लेखक अपने मामा के गाँव चाव से इसलिए जाता था क्योंकि लेखक के मामा के गाँव में लाख की चूड़ियाँ बनाने वाला कारीगर बदलू रहता था। लेखक को बदलू काका से अत्यधिक लगाव था। वह लेखक को ढेर सारी लाख की रंग-बिरंगी गोलियाँ देता था इसलिए लेखक अपने मामा के गाँव चाव से जाता था।
गाँव के सभी लोग बदलू को ‘बदलू काका’ कहकर बुलाते थे इस कारण लेखक भी ‘बदलू मामा’ न कहकर ‘बदलू काका’ कहता था।

Question 2.
वस्तु-विनिमय क्या है? विनिमय की प्रचलित पद्धति क्या है?
Solution:
‘वस्तु विनिमय’ में एक वस्तु को दूसरी वस्तु देकर लिया जाता था। वस्तु के लिए पैसे नहीं लिए जाते थे। वस्तु के बदले वस्तु ली-दी जाती थी। किन्तु अब मुद्रा के चलन के कारण वर्तमान परिवेश में वस्तु का लेन-देन मुद्रा के द्वारा होता है। विनिमय की प्रचलित पद्धति पैसा है।

Question 3.
‘मशीनी युग’ ने कितने हाथ काट दिए हैं।’ – इस पंक्ति में लेखक ने किस व्यथा की ओर संकेत किया है?
Solution:
इस पांति में लेखक ने कारीगरों की व्यथा की ओर संकेत किया है कि मशीनों के आगमन के साथ कारीगरों के हाथ से काम-धंधा छिन गया। मानो उनके हाथ ही कट गए हों। उन कारीगरों का रोजगार इन पैतृक काम धन्धों से ही चलता था। उसके अलावा उन्होंने कभी कुछ नहीं सीखा था। वे पीढ़ी दर पीढ़ी अपनी इस कला को बढ़ाते चले आ रहे हैं और साथ में रोज़ी रोटी भी चला रहें हैं। परन्तु मशीनी युग ने जहाँ उनकी रोज़ी रोटी पर वार किया है। मशीनों ने लोगों को बेरोजगार बना दिया।

Question 4.
बदलू के मन में ऐसी कौन-सी व्यथा थी, जो लेखक से छिपी न रह सकी?
Solution:
बदलू लाख की चूड़ियाँ बेचा करता था परन्तु जैसे-जैसे काँच की चूडियों का प्रचलन बढ़ता गया उसका व्यवसाय ठप पड़ने लगा। अपने व्यवसाय की यह दुर्दशा बदलू को मन ही मन कचौटती थी। बदलू के मन में इस बात कि व्यथा थी कि मशीनी युग के प्रभावस्वरुप उस जैसे अनेक कारीगरों को बेरोजगारी और उपेक्षा का शिकार होना पड़ा है। अब लोग कारीगरी की कद्र न करके दिखावटी चमक पर अधिक ध्यान देते हैं। यह व्यथा लेखक से छिपी न रह सकी।

Question 5.
मशीनी युग से बदलू के जीवन में क्या बदलाव आया?
Solution:
मशीनी युग से बदलू के जीवन में यह बदलाव आया की बदलू का व्यवसाय बंद हो गया। वह बेरोजगार हो गया। काम न करने से उसका शरीर भी ढल गया, उसके हाथों-माथे पर नसें उभर आईं। अब वह बीमार रहने लगा।

Question 6.
लाख की वस्तुओं का निर्माण भारत के किन-किन राज्यों में होता है? लाख से चूड़ियों के अतिरिक्त क्या-क्या चीज़ें बनती है? ज्ञात कीजिए।
Solution:
लाख की वस्तुओं का निर्माण सर्वाधिक उत्तरप्रदेश में होता है। लाख से चूड़ियाँ, मूर्तियाँ, गोलियाँ तथा सजावट की वस्तुओं का निर्माण होता है।

भाषा की बात

Question 1.
‘बदलू को किसी बात से चिढ़ थी तो काँच की चूडि़यों से’ और बदलू स्वयं कहता है -” जो सुंदरता काँच की चूडि़यों में होती है लाख में कहाँ संभव है? ”ये पंक्तियाँ बदलू की दो प्रकार की मनोदशाओं को सामने लाती हैं। दूसरी पंक्ति में उसके मन की पीड़ा है। उसमें व्यंग्य भी है। हारे हुए मन से, या दुखी मन से अथवा व्यंग्य में बोले गए वाक्यों के अर्थ सामान्य नहीं होते। कुछ व्यंग्य वाक्यों को ध्यानपूर्वक समझकर एकत्र कीजिए और उनके भीतरी अर्थ की व्याख्या करके लिखिए।
Solution:
व्यंग्य वाक्य – ‘अब पहले जैसी औलाद कहाँ?’
व्याख्या – आजकल किसी भी बुजुर्ग के मुख से आमतौर पर यह सुनने मिलता है जिसमें उनके हृदय में छिपा दुःख और व्यंग्य देखने मिलता है। उनका मानना है कि आजकल की संतान बुजुर्गों को अधिक सम्मान नहीं देती।

Question 2.
‘बदलू’ कहानी की दृष्टि से पात्र है और भाषा की बात (व्याकरण) की दृष्टि से संज्ञा है। किसी भी व्यक्ति, स्थान, वस्तु, विचार अथवा भाव को संज्ञा कहते हैं। संज्ञा को तीन भेदों में बाँटा गया है –
(क) व्यक्तिवाचक संज्ञा, जैसे – लला, रज्जो, आम, काँच, गाय इत्यादि

(ख) जातिवाचक संज्ञा, जैसे – चरित्र, स्वभाव, वजन, आकार आदि द्वारा जानी जाने वाली संज्ञा।

(ग) भाववाचक संज्ञा, जैसे – सुंदरता, नाजुक, प्रसन्नता इत्यादि जिसमें कोई व्यक्ति नहीं है और न आकार या वजन। परंतु उसका अनुभव होता है। पाठ से तीनों प्रकार की संज्ञाएँ चुनकर लिखिए।
Solution:
(क) व्यक्तिवाचक संज्ञा – बदलू, बेलन, मचिया।
(ख) जातिवाचक संज्ञा – आदमी, मकान, शहर।
(ग) भाववाचक संज्ञा – स्वभाव, रूचि, व्यथा।

Question 3.
गाँव की बोली में कई शब्दों के उच्चारण बदल जाते हैं। कहानी में बदलू वक्त (समय) को बखत, उम्र (वय/आयु) को उमर कहता है। इस तरह के अन्य शब्दों को खोजिए जिनके रूप में परिवर्तन हुआ हो, अर्थ में नहीं।
Solution:
इंसान – मनुष्य
रंज – दुख
गम – मायूसी
ज़िंदगी – जीवन
औलाद – संतान

NCERT Solutions for Class 8th: पाठ 1 – ध्वनि वसंत भाग-III हिंदी 

– सूर्यकांत त्रिपाठी ‘निराला’

पृष्ठ संख्या: 2 

प्रश्न अभ्यास 

कविता से 

1. कवि को ऐसा विश्वास क्यों है कि उसका अंत अभी नहीं होगा?

उत्तर

कवि के अंदर जीवन जीने की उत्साह, प्रेरणा और ऊर्जा बची है। वह युवा पीढ़ी को आलस्य कि दशा से उबारना चाहते हैं। अभी उसे काफ़ी काम करना है। वह स्वयं को काम के सर्वथा उपयुक्त मानता है। इसलिए उसे विश्वास है कि उसका अंत अभी नहीं होगा।

2. फूलों के अनंत तक विकसित करने के लिए कवि कौन-कौन-सा प्रयास करता है?

उत्तर

फूलों के अनंत तक विकसित करने के लिए कवि उन्हें कलियों कि स्थिति से निकालकर खिले फुल बनाना चाहता है। कवि का मानना है कि उसके जीवन में वसंत आई हुई है। इसलिए वह कलियों पर वासंती स्पर्श का अपना हाथ फेरकर खिला देगा। अर्थात कवि उस युवा पीढ़ी को काव्य प्रेरणा से अनंत का द्वार दिखाना चाहता है जो अब तक अपना समय व्यर्थ कर रहे हैं।

3. कवि पुष्पों की तंद्रा और आलस्य दूर हटाने के लिए क्या करना चाहता है?

उत्तर

कवि पुष्पों की तंद्रा और आलस्य दूर हटाने के लिए उन पर अपना हाथ फेरकर उन्हें जगाना चाहता है तथा कलियों को प्रभात के आने का संदेश देता है। यहाँ कलियाँ आलस्य में पड़े युवकों का प्रतीक है। अतः कवि नींद में पड़े युवकों को प्रेरित करके उनमें नए उत्कर्ष के स्वप्न जगह देगा, उनका आलस्य दूर भगा देगा तथा उनमें नये उत्साह का संचार कर देगा।

कविता से आगे

1. वसंत को ऋतुराज क्यों कहा जाता है? आपस में चर्चा कीजिए।

उत्तर

वसंत को सभी ऋतुओं में सर्वश्रेठ माना जाता है। इस ऋतु में ना तो अधिक ठण्ड पड़ती है ना ही अधिक गर्मी। इस ऋतु में में पंच तत्व अपना प्रकोप छोड़कर सुहावने रूप में प्रकट होते हैं। पेड़ों पर नए कोपलें आने लगती हैं।चारों ओर हरियाली छा जाती है।शीतल मंद हवा सबको मोहित कर देता है। इसीलिए वसंत को ऋतुराज कहा जाता है।

2. वसंत ऋतु में आने वाले त्योहारों के विषय में जानकारी एकत्र कीजिए और किसी एक त्योहार पर निबंध लिखिए।

उत्तर

वसंत ऋतु कुल दो महीने से कुछ अधिक रहती है यह आधे फाल्गुन से शुरू होकर चैत बैसाख के कुछ दिनों तक रहती है। अत: इस ऋतु में मस्ती भरी होली रंगो का त्योहार, वसंत पंचमी, देवी सरस्वती की पूजा, खेती में पकी फसल और पीली सरसों का रंग, बैसाखी आदि त्योहार मनाए जाते हैं।
होली
फाल्गुन मास की पुर्णिमा को यह त्योहार मनाया जाता है। होली के साथ अनेक कथाएं जुड़ीं हैं। होली के होलिका दहन किया जाता है।
यह त्योहार रंगों का त्योहार है। इस दिन लोग प्रात:काल उठकर रंगों को लेकर अपने नाते-रिश्तेदारों व मित्रों के घर जाते हैं और उनके साथ जमकर होली खेलते हैं। बच्चे गुब्बारों व पिचकारी से अपने मित्रों के साथ होली का आनंद उठते हैं।सभी लोग बैर-भाव भूलकर एक-दूसरे से परस्पर गले मिलते हैं। होली के दिन सभी सरकारी तथा प्राइवेट संस्थाओं में अवकाश होता है।

3.”ऋतु परिवर्तन का जीवन पर गहरा प्रभाव पड़ता है”- इस कथन की पुष्टि आप किन-किन बातों से कर सकते हैं? लिखिए।

उत्तर

ऋतु परिवर्तन का जीवन पर गहरा प्रभाव पड़ता है। गर्मी के मौसम लोग लू से बचकर रहते हैं। दोपहर में घरों से काम निकलते हैं तथा ज्यादा से ज्यादा ठंडी पेय-पदार्थों का उपयोग करते हैं इसके ठीक उलट ठण्ड के मौसम में हम ठंडी चीज़ो से बचने  प्रयास करते हैं। मौसम के अनुसार ही हमारे क्रियाकलापों में परिवर्तन आते हैं। खानपान औए स्वस्थ्य पर भी ऋतु गहरा प्रभाव डालती है। कुल मिलाकर ये पंक्ति सार्थक सिद्ध होती है।

अनुमान और कल्पना

1.कविता की निम्नलिखित पंक्तियाँ पढ़कर बताइए कि इनमें किस ऋतु का वर्णन है। फूटे हैं आमों में बौर
भौंर वन-वन टूटे हैं।
होली मची ठौर-ठौर
सभी बंधन छूट जाते हैं।

उत्तर

इस कविता में वसंत ऋतु का ही वर्णन है। यहाँ आम के बौर और होली के त्योहार का वर्णन है।

Ancient Education System of India Class 8 NCERT Questions and Answers

Comprehension Check (Page No 92)

Question 1: Why were travellers attracted towards India?

Answer: The fame of Indian culture, wealth, religions, philosophies, art, architecture, as well as its educational practices had spread far and wide. Also, the education system of ancient times was regarded as a source for the knowledge, traditions and practices that guided and encouraged humanity. So to the travellers, India was a land of wonder and they were attracted towards our country.

Question 2: What were the sources of the ancient education system?

Answer: The ancient system of education was the education of the Vedas, Brahmanas, Upanishads and Dharmasutras. Medical treatises of Charaka and Sushruta teachings were the sources of learning.

Question 3: What were the features of education system in ancient India?

Answer: Some of the features of education system in ancient India included the following:

(i) Teaching and learning followed the tenets of Vedas and Upanishads fulfilling duties towards self, family and society, thus encompassing all aspects of life

(ii) Education system focused both on learning and physical development

(iii) Education in India had a heritage of being pragmatic, achievable and complementary to life.

Question 4: What was the role of guru in pupils’ lives?

Answer: The Gurus and their pupils worked conscientiously together to become proficient in all aspects of learning. In order to assess pupils’ learning, shastrartha (learned debates) were organised. Also, pupils at an advanced stage of learning guided younger pupils.

Comprehension Check (Page No 97)

Question 1: Where did nuns and monks receive their education?

Answer: Monks and nuns received their education in monasteries which were the centres of art and learning.

Question 2: What is Panini known for?

Answer: Panini was a Sanskrit grammarian who gave a comprehensive and scientific theory of phonetics, phonology, and morphology. He was an expert in language and grammar and authored one of the greatest works on grammar called Ashtadhyayi.

Question 3: Which university did Xuan Zang and I-Qing study at?

Answer: Nalanda, when Xuan Zang visited it, was called Nala and was a centre of higher learning in various subjects

Question 4: Which subject did Xuan Zang study in India?

Answer: Xuan Zang studied logic, grammar, Sanskrit, and the Yogacara school of Buddhism during his time at Nalanda.

Question 5: How did society help in the education of the students?

Answer: Financial support came from rich merchants, wealthy parents and society. Besides gifts of buildings, the universities received gifts of land. This form of free education was also prevalent in other ancient universities like Valabhi, Vikramshila and Jagaddala.

Exercise

Discuss the following questions in small groups and write your answers.

Question 1: Which salient features of the ancient education system of India made it globally renowned.

Answer: Some of the salient features of the ancient education system of India that made it globally renowned are listed as below:

(i) The ancient education system of India focused on the moral, physical, spiritual and intellectual aspects of life.

(ii) Teaching and learning followed the tenets of Vedas and Upanishads fulfilling duties towards self, family and society, thus encompassing all aspects of life.

(iii) It emphasised on values such as humility, truthfulness, discipline, self-reliance and respect for all creations.

Question 2: Why do you think students from other countries came to India to study at that time?

Answer: Students from other countries came to India to study because:

(i) In ancient times, monasteries/viharas were set up and around these viharas, other educational centres of higher learning developed, which attracted students from other countries.

(ii) In ancient times, Takshashila was a noted centre of learning, including religious teachings of Buddhism, for several centuries. It continued to attract students from around the world.

Question 3: Why is education considered ‘a way of life’?

Answer: In ancient India, both formal and informal ways of education system existed. Indigenous education was imparted at home, in temples, pathshalas, tols, chatuspadis and gurukuls. There were people in homes, villages and temples who guided young children in imbibing pious ways of life, that is why education is called a way of life.

Question 4: What do you understand by holistic education?

Answer: Holistic education is based on the premise that each person finds identity, meaning, and purpose in life through connections to the community, to the natural world, and to spiritual values such as compassion and peace.

Question 5: Why do you think Takshasila and Nalanda have been declared heritage sites?

Answer: Takshashila was an ancient Indian city, It is an important archaeological site and the UNESCO declared it to be a World Heritage Site in 1980. Nalanda was one of the oldest universities of the world and UNESCO declared the ruins of Nalanda Mahavihara, a world heritage site.

NCERT Solutions for Class 8th: Ch 10 The Comet – II It So Happened English

Comprehension Check

Page No: 83

1. “For a moment James wondered if he had done his sums right.” Why was James doubtful about his sums and calculations?

Answer

James became doubtful about his sums and calculations when he looked up from his window and saw a star-studded night sky. He knew that somewhere amongst those stars was Comet Dutta, which was heading for a collision with the earth. It was hard for him to believe the calamity of the future on such a peaceful night.

2. What did the scientists at the conference say about James’s ‘sums’?

Answer

After rechecking James’ sum for the umpteenth time the scientist arrived at the horrifying conclusion that James was right. There was just a feeble chance of the comet scraping through the earth’s atmosphere. Even then also it would have caused great damage.

3. Immediate action was needed, the scientists decided. Give one exampleeach of ‘defensive’ and ‘offensive’ action mentioned in the text.

Answer

The defensive action discussed by the scientists was to live in underground bunkers. The offensive action was to marginally deflect Comet Dutta from its path by giving it a push. This could be done by placing nuclear payload in a spaceship, sending it to intercept the approaching comet and detonating it by remote control.

4. “I am not buying any Christmas presents till December 15.” What did Sir John mean by that?

Answer

Sir John meant that he was not very sure that they would succeed in their operation. December 15 was the date when if the experiment failed, the comet would hit the earth.

Page No: 87

1. What is Duttada expected to do on his return from London?

Answer

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Duttada was expected to perform a shanti yajna on his return from London. This yajnawas to be performed to pacify the supposed evil spirit behind the comet.

2. What is his reaction to the proposal?

Answer

Duttada reacted very angrily to the proposal and said that it was all superstition. So he refused to participate in the yajna.

3. (i) What does ‘Project Light Brigade’ refer to?
(ii) What does Sir John say about the Project in his letter to Duttada in October?

Answer

(i) ‘Project Light Brigade’ referred to the plans to deflect the comet’s path by nuclear explosion.

(ii) In his letter to Duttada in October, Sir John said that the charge of the Light Brigade had begun and that they hoped for the best. It meant that the spaceship with the payload had been launched on time.

4. Did Sir John buy Christmas presents on December 15? How didDuttada get to know about it?

Answer

Yes, Sir John bought Christmas presents on December 15. Duttada got to know about it in the letter that Sir John had written to him, saying that he was confident of buying Christmas presents on December 15, indicating that the project was successful.
5. Why, according to Indrani Debi, had the comet not been disastrous? Do you agree with her?

Answer

According to Indrani Debi, the comet had not proved to be disastrous because of theyajna that had been performed in their house.
No, the yajna had no impact upon the comet. The project undertaken by the scientists prevented the comet from colliding with the earth, thereby saving earth and all its inhabitants from destruction.

6. Is Duttada’s general outlook
(i) rational?
(ii) moral?
(iii) traditional?
Choose the right word. Say why you think it right.

Answer

Duttada’s general outlook is rational. He is a scientist and he has a scientific outlook.He knows what the Comet are. He knows that there is no connection between the appearance of comets and misfortunes of the earth.

NCERT Solutions for Class 8th: Ch 9 The Comet – I It So Happened English

Comprehension Check

1. Why does Indrani Debi dislike Duttada’s “hobnobbing” with Dibya?

Answer

Indrani Debi disliked Duttada’s “hobnobbing” with Dibya because for her, that telescope was like a designing woman who had ensnared her husband.

2. She is complaining and smiling. Why is she smiling?

Answer

She was smiling at the forgetful nature of Duttada. He used to overlook the practical problems of living. His doctor had told him to take special precautions against the cold. However, he would not remember to put on a sweater even if it was lying on his bedside chair.

3. (i) What was Duttada’s secret ambition?
(ii) What did he do to achieve it?

Answer

(i)Duttada’s secret ambition was to discover a new comet one day.

(ii) He sat every night with his small 8-inch telescope and gazed at the stars, believing tha the would discover a comet one day.

4. What is the difference between a planet and a comet, as given in the story?

Answer

Like planets, comets also orbit round the Sun, but their orbits are highly eccentric. Once in a while, a comet comes close to the Sun. It has a longish tail that is lit brilliantly by the sunlight, and then it recedes into darkness, not to be seen again for years or for centuries.

5. Why was Duttada hopeful that he would discover a new comet soon?

Answer

Duttada was hopeful that he would discover a new comet soon because he knew that the professionals with their pre-assigned programmes would be looking at faint stars and hazy galaxies. They might miss such an insignificant thing as a comet, which they would not be expecting to see. Amateurs had often discovered new comets, which the professionals had missed.

6. Why does Duttada say – “I almost wish I had not discovered this comet.”?

Answer

Duttada said that he almost wished he had not discovered the comet because it brought in unwelcome publicity for him. There were numerous receptions and functions which he had to attend. He was an introvert and such a lifestyle was not to his liking.

7. Why is his wife unhappy about the discovery?

Answer

His wife was unhappy about the discovery because she believed that comets brought ill-luck, and she wished a good man like Duttada was not associated with such a discovery.

Page No: 80

1. How did Sir John get hold of James’ original manuscript?

Answer

James’ original manuscript was to be published in ‘Nature’. Sir John got hold of it as the editor of ‘Nature’ was his friend.

2. What is the important point the paper makes?

Answer

The important point that the paper made was that Comet Dutta would collide with the earth.

3. Why does Sir John say that James’ paper should not be published?

Answer

Sir John said that the paper should not be published because if the news of the inevitable collision became known to the world, it would result in panic.

4. What do the two men finally decide to do?

Answer

Two men decided to call a secret meeting of experts within a week’s time to think over and find the solution to the imminent problem.

NCERT Solutions for Class 8th: Ch 8 Jalebis It So Happened English

Comprehension Check

1. Why didn’t he pay the school fees on the day he brought money to school?

Answer

He did not pay the school fees on the day he brought money to school because Master Ghulam Mohammed, the teacher who collected the fees was on leave, and it would be collected the next day.

2. (i) What were the coins ‘saying’ to him?
(ii) Do you think they were misguiding him?

Answer

(i)The coins were asking him to buy the jalebis.

(ii)Yes, they were misguiding him. Even though the money was for the payment of fees, they urged him to spend all on jalebis.

3. Why didn’t he take the coins’ advice? Give two or three reasons.

Answer

He did not take the coins’ advice because:→ He was an honest boy.
→ He was studious and had a image to protect in the school.
→ He did not want to get caught doing wrong things.

(i)The oldest coin said that they were trying to tell him something for his own good. It said that he would get the scholarship money the next day, and with that money he could pay his fees. Hence, he could very well buy the jalebiswith the fees money.

4. (i) What did the oldest coin tell him?
(ii) Did he follow his advice? If not, why not?

Answer

(ii)No, he did not follow its advice. Even though his mouth watered, he remembered the fact that he was among the most promising students at school. In the fourth standard exams, he had even won a scholarship of four rupees a month. Also, he came from a particularly well-to-do family and enjoyed considerable prestige. He had never once been beaten. On the contrary, his teacher had got him to beat the other boys. He thought that for a child of such status, standing in the middle of the market and eatingjalebis was inappropriate. Giving these reasons, he returned home.

5. He reached home with the coins in his pocket. What happened then?

Answer

When he reached home, the coins began to speakagain. When he went inside to have lunch, they began to shriek. He was so thoroughly fed up that he rushed out of the house barefoot and ran towards the market. Although he was terrified, he quickly asked for a whole rupee worth of jalebis. The halwai opened up a whole newspaper and heaped a pile of jalebis on it.

Page No: 68

1.(i) Why didn’t he eat all the jalebis he had bought?
(ii) What did he do with the remaining jalebis?

Answer

(i) He did not eat all the jalebis he had bought because he had eaten so many of them that if anybody pressed his stomach a little, jalebis would have popped out of his ears and nostrils.

(ii) He distributed the remaining jalebis to the children who had assembled in the gali where he was eating the jalebis.

2. “The fear was killing me.” What was the fear?

Answer

The fear was of getting caught and his parents finding out that he had eaten so many jalebis. He burped with every breath. With every burp, there was the danger of bringing out a jalebi or two. This fear was killing him.

3. “Children’s stomachs are like digestion machines.” What do youunderstand by that? Do you agree?

Answer

This means that children have a robust digestive ability. They can digest more than usual diet.

4. How did he plan to pay the fees the next day?

Answer

He planned to pay the fees with the previous month’s scholarship that he would get the next day.

5. When it is time to pay the fees, what does he do? How is he disobeying the elders by doing so?

Answer

When it was time to pay the fees, he tucked his bag under his arm and left the school. He kept walking, praying for some miracle to happen which would save him that one time. He reached the Kambelpur railway station. The elders had warned him to never cross the railway tracks. They had also warned him that one must never eat sweets with one’s fees money. However, he had disobeyed them by doing so.

Page No: 72

1. What was the consequence of buying jalebis with the fees money?

Answer

The consequence of buying jalebis with the fees money was that for the first time in his life he was absent from his school.

2. His prayer to God is like a lawyer’s defence of a bad case. Does heargue his case well? What are the points he makes?

Answer

He did not argue well. He was mostly trying to impress God and make promises. He said that he had memorised the entire namaaz. He even knew the last ten suratsof the Quran by heart. He said that he was a devoted servant of God and needed the fees money. He admitted his mistake. However, in his defence, he also said that he did not eat all the jalebis. He shared them with other children. He promised that he would never eat sweets with fees money again and if he did, then he would deserve a thief’s punishment. He said that there was no shortage of anything in God’s treasury. Even thechaprasigot a lot of money for his work. He finally said that he was the nephew of a big officer and therefore, God should give him the money as he had asked for only four rupees.

3. He offers to play a game with Allah Miyan. What is the game?

Answer

The game was that he would go from where he was standing to the signal. Then, God would secretly place four rupees under a big rock. Meanwhile, he would touch the signal and come back. Then, when he would lift the rock and find the four rupees underneath.

4. Did he get four rupees by playing the game? What did he get to seeunder the rock?

Answer

No, he did not get four rupees by playing the game. When he lifted the rock, he saw a big hairy worm curling, twisting and wriggling towards him.

5. If God had granted his wish that day, what harm would it have causedhim in later life?

Answer

If God had granted his wish that day, he would never have learnt from his mistake. He would have continued doing such wrong deeds, believing that God would save him after his persuasion.

Excercise

2. Discuss the following points.

• Is the boy intelligent? If so, what is the evidence of it?
• Does his outlook on the jalebis episode change after class VIII? Does he see that episode in a new light?
• Why are coins made to ‘talk’ in this story? What purpose does it serve?

Answer

• Yes, the boy was intelligent. In school, he was among the most promising students. In his fourth standard exam, he had won a scholarship of four rupees a month. He was also going to get the previous month’s scholarship on the day he had to pay his fees. Also, he had never been absent from school.

• Up to class VIII, he kept wondering what harm it could have possibly caused anyone if God had sent him four rupees that day. However, later, he came to the conclusion that if God were to provide all for the asking, then man would still be living in nests such as vultures and crows, and would not have learnt the art of making jalebis. By this he meant that man would not make any efforts at all if God gave him everything he wished for.

• Coins are made to ‘talk’ in the story to show the greedy nature of the boy. His good nature, which prevented him from spending money on jalebis, comes out in the form of the words spoken by him. His greed, which was pushing him to get the jalebisand devour them, is brought out in the words uttered by the coins.

NCERT Solutions for Class 8th: Ch 7 The Open Window It So Happened English

solution

1. Why had Framton Nuttel come to the “rural retreat”?

Answer

Framton Nuttel had come to the “rural retreat” to undergo a nerve cure.

2. Why had his sister given him letters of introduction to people living there?

Answer

His sister had given him letters of introduction to people living there as he did not know anyone there. She knew that he would not speak to anybody and his nerves would be worse from moping.
That is why she gave him letters of introduction to all the people she knew there.

3. What had happened in the Sappleton family as narrated by the niece?

Answer

The niece told Nuttel that about three years ago Mrs Sappleton’s husband and her two younger brothers had gone for their day’s shooting through the open French window. They never came back. In crossing the moor to their favourite shooting spot, they were all engulfed in a piece of bog. It was a wet summer and places that were safe in other years gave way suddenly without warning. Their bodies were never recovered.

Page No: 60

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1. What did Mrs Sappleton say about the open window?

Answer

Mrs Sappleton said that she hoped Framton did not mind the open window. She told him that her husband and her brothers would be coming home directly from their shooting, and they always came that way.

2. The horror on the girl’s face made Framton swing around in his seat. What did he see?

Answer

When Framton turned around, he saw a silhouette of three men and dog in the evening light. Then a hoarse voice was heard shouting at the dog.

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1. What was the girl’s explanation for his lightning exit?

Answer

The girl said that the spaniel was the reason for his lightning exit. She said that he had a horror of dogs. She explained that he was once hunted into a cemetery somewhere on the banks of the Ganges by a pack of dogs. He had to spend the night in a newly dug grave, with the creatures snarling, grinning and foaming just above him.

Excercise

1. Is this a mystery story? Give a reason for your answer.

Answer

While explaining the mystery behind the open French window, theevents narrated by Mrs Sappleton’s niece manage to create a sense of foreboding. Later, when the three men approach the open window, the reader (like Framton) can only logically conclude that they were ghosts. Hence, one can say that this story does contain elements of the mysterious.

NCERT Solutions for Class 8th: Ch 6 The Fight It So Happened English

Comprehension Check

Page No: 49

1. In what way is the forest pool different from the one which Ranji knewin the Rajputana desert?

Answer

The forest pool was clean, cold and inviting, whereas the Rajputana desert had sticky, muddy pools where buffaloes wallowed and women washed clothes.

2. The other boy asked Ranji to ‘explain’ himself.
(i) What did he expect Ranji to say?
(ii) Was he, in your opinion, right or wrong to ask this question?

Answer

(i)He expected Ranji to apologise to him and immediately leave the pool.

(ii)He was wrong to ask this question because the pool was in the forest. It was not his personal property.

3. Between Ranji and the other boy, who is trying to start a quarrel? Givea reason for your answer.

Answer

Between Ranji and the other boy, the other boy was trying to start a quarrel. When Ranji saw him, he did not say anything. It was the otherboy who asked Ranji to explain himself. Ranji was prepared to be friendly, but was taken aback by the boy’s hostile tone. He even asked the boy to come and swim with him. However, the boy said that it was his pool, and started a fight by calling himself a ‘warrior’.

4. “Then we will have to continue the fight,” said the other.
(i) What made him say that?
(ii) Did the fight continue? If not, why not?

Answer

(i)When even after a lot of fighting Ranji refused to leave the pool, the other boy said that they would have to continue their fight.

(ii)No, the fight did not continue. After they decided to continue the fight, neither of them took the initiative. Then, the other boy said that they would continue the fight the next day if Ranji dared to come back to the pool.

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1. What is it that Ranji finds difficult to explain at home?

Answer

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At home, Ranji found it difficult to explain the cuts and bruises that showed on his face, legs and arms. It was difficult to hide the fact that he had been involved in a fight.

2. Ranji sees his adversary in the bazaar.
(i) What does he wish to do?
(ii) What does he actually do, and why?

Answer

(i)When Ranji saw his adversary in the bazaar, he wished to turn away and look elsewhere. Then, he wished to throw the lemonade bottle at his enemy.

(ii)He actually stood his ground and scowled at the other boy. He did not throw the lemonade bottle because he did not want to start a fight in the bazaar.

3. Ranji is not at all eager for a second fight. Why does he go back to the pool, then?

Answer

Ranji left home on the second day rather unwillingly. His body still pained again. Yet he could not refuse a challenge. To gain his respect, he had to defy his enemy. As long as he fought, he had a right to the pool in the forest.

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4. Who was the better swimmer? How do you know it?

Answer

Ranji was the better swimmer. When the other boy made fun of him by saying that he would not be able to swim across the pool, Ranji dived straight into the water and surfaced at the other end in a flash. The boy was amazed at how well Ranji had dived, and later, at how he had swum underwater. He said that he did not know how to dive or swim underwater, and asked Ranji to teach him both.

7. Ranji’s superiority over the other boy is obvious in the following:

physical strength, good diving, his being a fighter, sense of humour, swimming under water, making a good point, willingness to help.

Underline the relevant phrases.

Answer

good diving, swimming under water and willingness to help.

8. What, according to you, makes the two adversaries turn into good friends in a matter of minutes? Explain it as you have understood it.

Answer

The two adversaries admired certain skills in each other, which they themselves lacked. When the other boy saw how well Ranji dived and swam underwater, he forgot about the fight and asked him to teach him these skills. Ranji’s willingness to help the other boy made their friendship possible. Noticing Ranji’s thin body, the other boy promised him that he would turn him into a wrestler like himself. As a result, in a matter of minutes, the adversaries turned into good friends.

NCERT Solutions for Class 8th: Ch 5 Princess September It So Happened English

Comprehension Check

1. How many daughters did the royal couple have?

Answer

The royal couple had nine daughters.

2. Why were they named after the months of the year?

Answer

They were named after the months of the year because the King and the Queen had many daughters, and it confused the Queen to have to remember so many names.

3. The King had a peculiar habit. What was it? Why is it called peculiar?

Answer

The King’s peculiar habit was that instead of receiving gifts on his birthday, he gave them. It is called peculiar because usually, people receive gifts on their birthdays.

4. (i) What was Princess September’s reaction to the loss of her parrot?
(ii) What was her mother’s reaction to it?
(iii) What do the reactions indicate about the nature and temperament of each?

Answer

(i) Princess September burst into a flood of tears at the loss of her parrot. She kept crying and nothing comforted her.

(ii) Her mother declared it as nonsense, and said that she should go to bed without any supper.

(iii) The Princess’ reaction indicates that she was a young, sensitive child. That is why she cried over the loss of her parrot. It was a very important thing for her. The loss of her parrot filled her with grief.
Her mother’s reaction indicates that she was a little harsh. She did not understand her daughter’s grief and console her. She did not think that the dying of the parrot was in any way a significant incident to shed tears.

5. What pulled the Princess out of her gloom?

Answer

When the Princess was lying on her bed crying, she saw a little bird hop into her room. She wiped her tears and heard the beautiful song that the bird sang. This brought the Princess out of her gloom.

6. How did the Maids of Honour come to know that the Princess and the bird had become intimate friends?

Answer

When the Maids of Honour brought in the princess’ breakfast, they saw the bird eat rice out of her hand, and have its bath in her saucer. This showed them that the princess and the bird had become intimate friends.

7. The new bird was full of new songs but the old parrots always repeated themselves. What did they say?

Answer

All the old parrots could say ‘God save the king’ and some of them could even say ‘Pretty Polly’ in seven languages.

8. What is the King’s opinion about his Councillors? Why did he form that opinion?

Answer

The King said that the parrots repeating ‘Pretty Polly’ in seven different languages reminded him of his Councillors who said the same thing in seven different ways, and meant nothing whichever way they said it. This was similar to the way the parrots kept repeating what they had learnt, without knowing the meaning of what they said.

9. (i) The eight Princesses made an offer to Princess September. What was it?
(ii) Why, in your view, did they do it?

Answer

(i) The eight princesses offered to buy a lovely green and yellow parrot for Princess September by putting in all their pocket money.

(ii) They did so because they were distressed by the fact that everybody was praising Princess September’s bird, which could sing. Their parrots looked sad and repeated the same things. They wanted her to have the same pet as they had.

10. What did the sisters advise the Princess to do about her bird?

Answer

The sisters advised the Princess to keep her bird in a cage so that she could be sure of where it was.

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1. In the following sentence elaborate the parts given in bold. Under the circumstances it was a very unfortunate remark for the bird to make.

Answer

Under the circumstances

After what her sisters advised her to do, the Princess was worried about the bird. She feared that the bird might forget her or start liking someone else. She felt that in such a circumstance, she would lose her little pet.

A very unfortunate remark

On returning, the bird said that it very nearly did not come back that night as its father-in-law was giving a party and had wanted it to stay. This was the last thing that the princess wanted to hear as it only confirmed her fears.

2. (i) What did Princess September do to ensure the safety of her pet?
(ii) How did the bird react to it?

Answer

(i) To ensure the safety of her pet, Princess September put it in the cage.
(ii) Bird reacted to it sharply. He didn’t want to be in cage. He wanted full freedom. He did not like it.

3. Why did the bird refuse to be taken out in her cage?

Answer

The bird refused to be taken out in her cage because it was not the same thing as flying. It said that the rice fields, the lake and the willow trees looked quite different when seen through the bars of a cage.

4.(i) What persuaded Princess September to give the bird his freedom again?
(ii) How did the bird react to it?

Answer

(i) The Princess found the bird nearly dead in the next morning. He had stopped taking anything. He had stopped singing at all. This persuaded the Princess to give the bird freedom again.

(ii) The bird was filled with happiness. He flew away to the far lands promising that he would come back and sing for her whenever she wanted.

5. Princess September kept her window open day and night.
(i) How did it help the bird?
(ii) How did it help the Princess herself?

Answer

(i) Princess September kept her window open day and night. This helped the bird as it could come into her room and leave whenever it felt like.

(ii) Sleeping with the window open proved to be very good for the princess as she grew extremely beautiful because of this reason.

6. The eight sisters kept their windows shut. How did it affect them?

Answer

The eight sisters grew extremely ugly and disagreeable. This was because they kept their windows shut.

Page No: 44

Excercise

1. Are the sisters unkind and cruel? Find evidence in the text to support your idea.

Answer

Yes, the sisters were unkind and cruel. When they saw that Princess September’s bird could sing and their parrots could only repeat two lines, they became distressed. They even offered to buy a green and yellow parrot for her. When she denied their offer, they talked her into putting her bird in the cage. After she had put the bird into the cage, it stopped eating and singing. When she consulted her sisters, they said it would soon get used to the cage. They even said that she should be firm, and if it died, then it would be very ungrateful of it. If it was obstinate and died, then it would serve it right. When she set the bird free, they mocked her and said that the bird would never return. All these instances show that they were very unkind and cruel.

2.Which, to you, is the most important idea in this story, and why?
(i)importance of music
(ii) value of freedom
(iii) beauty of nature

Answer

The most important idea in the story is the value of freedom. No one should be denied his freedom. Absence of freedom suffocates a person, and prevents him from enjoying the beauty of life in its fullness. The bird in the story was happy flying. It sang beautifully and ate well. However, when it was caged, it became sad, and did not eat or sing. It said that to sing, it required its freedom, and if it could not sing, it would die. This indicates that the beauty of life is in freedom, and not in captivity.

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