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Chapter 2 The Origin and Evolution of the Earth | class 11th | NCERT Important MCQs for Fundamentals of Physical Geography

MCQ Questions for Class 11 Geography || Ch – 2 The Origin and Evolution of the Earth || With Answer || NCERT CBSE

 1. Firstly life on the earth was originated in

(a) Water

(b) Air

(c) Plain land

(d) Mountains

► (a) Water

2. Which one of the following is not related to the formation or modification of the present atmosphere?

(a) Solar winds 

(b) Differentiation

(c) Degassing

(d) Photosynthesis

► (b) Differentiation

3. Why are the terrestrial planets rocky?

(a) These planets are smaller

(b) They could not hold the escaping gases

(c) Both a and b

(d) None of these

► (c) Both a and b

4. Which one of the following has the longest duration?

(a) Eons

(b) Period

(c) Era

(d) Epoch

► (a) Eons

5. Water vapours and gases in the atmosphere were contributed by

(a) magnetism.

(b) seismic activities.

(c) volcanism.

(d) tectonic activity.

► (c) volcanism.

6. Why are the terrestrial planets rocky?

(a) These planets are smaller

(b) They could not hold the escaping gases

(c) Both a and b

(d) None of these

► (c) Both a and b

7. The inner planets mean

(a) Planets between the sun and the earth.

(b) Planets between the sun and the belt of asteroids.

(c) Planets in gaseous state.

(d) Planets without satellite(s).

► (b) Planets between the sun and the belt of asteroids.

8. What is the distance between the Earth and the Sun?

(a) 149.6 Millions kms

(b) 15.98 Millions kms

(c) 169.34 Millions kms

(d) 179.67 Millions kms

► (a) 149.6 Millions kms

9. Which one of the following experts gave the Collision Hypothesis?

(a) Immunal kant

(b) Lalpace

(c) Chamberlain

(d) Sir James and Harold Jeffrey

► (d) Sir James and Harold Jeffrey

10. Who suggested that the earth and the moon formed a single rapidly rotating body?

(a) Sir George

(b) Sir Chamberlain

(c) Sir Moulton

(d) None of these

► (a) Sir George

11. About how many years back did stars originated?

(a) About 3 to 4 billion years before

(b) About 5 to 6 billion years before

(c) About 6 to 7 billion years before

(d) About 4 to 5 billion years before

► (b) About 5 to 6 billion years before

12. Which of the following is not an inner planet?

(a) Jupiter

(b) Mercury

(c) Venus

(d) Earth

► (a) Jupiter

13. Big-Bang theory was postulated by

(a) Georges Lemaitre.   

(b) Edwin Hubble.

(c) Schmidt.

(d) Wegener.

► (a) Georges Lemaitre.   

14. What is the diameter of Galaxies?

(a) Between 80 thousands to 1, 50,000 light years

(b) Between 70 thousands to 1, 30,000 light years

(c) Between 50 thousands to 1, 10,000 light years

(d) Between 30 thousands to 1, 20,000 light years

► (a) Between 80 thousands to 1, 50,000 light years

15. Expansion of universe means

(a) increase in the number of stars.

(b) increase in space between the galaxies.

(c) discovery of new celestial bodies.

(d) increase in the speed of rotation of planets.

► (b) increase in space between the galaxies.

16. Which one of the following experts gave the nebular hypothesis?

(a) Immunal kant

(b) Lalpace

(c) Chamberlain

(d) Moulton

► (b) Lalpace

17. The terrestrial planets were formed in the close vicinity of the

(a) Parent star.

(b) Asteroids. 

(c) Escaping gases.

(d) Outer planets.

► (a) Parent star.

18. The oceans were formed within __________ from the formation of the earth.

(a) 500 million years ago

(b) 300 million years ago

(c) 400 million years ago

(d) 200 million years ago

► (a) 500 million years ago

19. Fossils are

(a) remains of plants and animals in the rocks.

(b) the old rocks.

(c) the old books related to the origin of the earth.

(d) the dust particles.

► (a) remains of plants and animals in the rocks.

20. The wrong statement in relation to terrestrial planets is

(a) they are formed at quite a distant location.

(b) they have low gravitational pull.

(c) they could not hold the escaping gases.

(d) they are made up of rocks and metal, and have relatively high densities.

► (a) they are formed at quite a distant location.

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Chapter 1 Geography as a Discipline | class 11th | NCERT Important MCQs for Fundamentals of Physical Geography

MCQ Questions for Class 11 Geography || Ch – 1 Geography as a Discipline || With Answer || NCERT CBSE

1. Which one of the following features can be termed as physical features?

(a) Port

(b) Road

(c) Plain

(d) Waterpark

► (c) Plain

2. The major issue for environmental geography is

(a) scientific study of the habitats.

(b) pollution, land degradation and conservation of environment.

(c) geographic characteristics of animals and their habitats.

(d) population explosion.

► (b) pollution, land degradation and conservation of environment.

3. The regional approach was developed by

(a) Alexander Von Humboldt.

(b) Karl Ritter

(c) Ptolemy

(d) Ibn-e-Batuta

► (b) Karl Ritter

4. What does we study under physical geography?

(a) Weather

(b) Soil

(c) Atmosphere

(d) All of the above

► (d) All of the above

5. Physical geography deals with the

(a) study of settlements.

(b) study of culture.

(c) study of soils.

(d) study of humans.

► (c) study of soils.

6. Which one of the following is the concern of geography?

(a) To find relationship between two country

(b) To find relationship between two parties

(c) To find relationship between any two phenomena

(d) None of these

► (c) To find relationship between any two phenomena

7. Which of the following is not a sub-branch of biogeography?

(a) Zoo geography

(b) Plant geography

(c) Environmental geography

(d) Climate geography

► (d) Climate geography

8. Which of the following is not studied under population geography?

(a) Sex ratio

(b) Migration

(c) Pollution

(d) Population

► (c) Pollution

9. To sustain our life, we use

(a) technology.

(b) shelter.

(c) resources.

(d) environment.

► (c) resources.

10. Who among the following said that ‘geography is concern with the description and explanation of the areal differentiation of the earth’s surface’?

(a) Herodotus

(b) Eratosthenes

(c) Richard Hartshorne

(d) Galileo

► (c) Richard Hartshorne

11. Which one of the following is associated with biogeography?

(a) Geology

(b) Sociology

(c) Zoology

(d) Climatology

► (c) Zoology

12. Plant geography deals with

(a) spatial pattern of natural vegetation in their habitats.

(b) geographic characteristics of animals and their habitats.

(c) scientific study of the habitats and characteristic of species.

(d) economic activities including agriculture, industry, trade, etc.

► (a) spatial pattern of natural vegetation in their habitats.

13. Which one of the following is not studied under economic geography?

(a) Agriculture

(b) Industry

(c) Transport

(d) Population

► (d) Population

14. Soils are formed by the process of

(a) Soil synthesis.

(b) Pedogenesis.

(c) Photosynthesis.

(d) Radio genesis.

► (b) Pedogenesis.

15. Which one of the following disciplines attempts temporal synthesis?

(a) Sociology

(b) Geography

(c) Anthropology

(d) History

► (a) Sociology

16. Geo-informatics comprising techniques such as

(a) remote sensing, GIS, GPS.

(b) computer cartography.

(c) qualitative techniques.

(d) quantitative techniques.

► (a) remote sensing, GIS, GPS.

17. Regional geography helps in identifying the

(a) realms.

(b) regions.

(c) distributions.

(d) problems.

► (b) regions.

18. Who developed systematic geography?

(a) Hambolt

(b) Karl Ritter

(c) Kumari Sample

(d) Alfred Hartner

► (a) Hambolt

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Chapter 10 Development | class 11th | Political Theory NCERT Important MCQs for Political Science

MCQ Questions for Class 11 Political Science: Ch 10 Development

1. Development inevitably leads to

(a) Displacement of the urban youth.

(b) Losses for the foreign investors.

(c) Decline in fiscal economy.

(d) Sacrifice of the marginalised class.

► (d) Sacrifice of the marginalised class.

2. The model of development is heavily dependent on the increasing use of the

(a) Money.

(b) Human resources.

(c) Political power.

(d) Energy.

► (d) Energy.

3. In India, one of the priorities of the first three plans was

(a) Industrial growth.

(b) Peace and harmony.

(c) Political participation.

(d) Social equality.

► (a) Industrial growth.

4. UNDP means:

(a) United Nations Development Programme

(b) United Nations Development Planning

(c) United Nations Destruction Programme

(d) None of the above

► (a) United Nations Development Programme

5. The call for ”Development Decade” was made by

(a) Krishna Menon.

(b) Raghuvir Yadav.

(c) Kofi Annan.

(d) Shashi Tharoor.

► (a) Krishna Menon.

6. Key indicators of Human Development Index are

(a) Literacy, income, health.

(b) Income, crime rate, social security.

(c) Peace, nutrition, economic growth.

(d) Industrial growth, democratic participation, income.

► (a) Literacy, income, health.

7. The emphasis is placed on ” harmony and happiness” in the

(a) Narrower view.

(b) Broader view.

(c) Political.

(d) Economic.

► (b) Broader view.

8. The process of development should be such that it harmonises the economic growth with:

(a) Globalisation.

(b) Individual rights.

(c) The vision of elite.

(d) National security.

► (b) Individual rights.

9. Development means :

(a) Development with war

(b) Development with dispute

(c) Change along with growth

(d) None of these

► (c) Change along with growth

10. Indigenous people lives in:

(a) Forests.

(b) Coastal areas.

(c) Mega cities.

(d) Border states.

► (a) Forests.

11. The melting of Arctic and Antarctica may cause

(a) Floods and submergence of low lying areas.

(b) Disastrous earthquake.

(c) Drought.

(d) Famines.

► (a) Floods and submergence of low lying areas.

12. The New Agrarian Strategy was adopted to enhance

(a) Industrial productivity.

(b) Health.

(c) Agricultural.

(d) Education.

► (c) Agricultural.

13. Which model is needed for India?

(a) Marxist

(b) Gandhian

(c) Hegelianism

(d) None of the above

► (b) Gandhian

14. Who is associated with Narmada Bachao Andolan?

(a) Shashi Tharoor

(b) Kailash Satyarthi

(c) Medha Patekar

(d) None of the above

► (c) Medha Patekar

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Chapter 9 Peace | class 11th | Political Theory NCERT Important MCQs for Political Science

MCQ Questions for Class 11 Political Science: Ch 9 Peace

  1. FLN (National Liberation Front) led the independence movement of
    (a) Algeria.
    (b) Nigeria.
    (c) Congo.
    (d) Zimbabwe.
    ► (a) Algeria.
  2. The Cuban Missile Crises ended with the
    (a) Intervention of UN.
    (b) defeat of USSR in cold war.
    (c) Cuba’s defeat.
    (d) Withdrawal of missiles by USSR.
    ► (d) Withdrawal of missiles by USSR.
  3. The Cuban Missile Crisis illustrated
    (a) NATO formation.
    (b) De-Stalinization.
    (c) Policy of containment.
    (d) Cold war era.
    ► (d) Cold war era.
  4. According to realist theory, the main actors in international politics are
    (a) Superpowers.
    (b) Nation states.
    (c) Countries of European Union.
    (d) International organisations.
    ► (b) Nation states.
  5. To introduce a peace award for your class, the quality you would look for in your fellow students is
    (a) Fanaticism.
    (b) Intolerance.
    (c) Passivity.
    (d) Compassion.
    ► (d) Compassion.
  6. What is very essential for the progress of humanity?
    (a) Terrorism
    (b) Cold War.
    (c) Peace.
    (d) War.
    ► (c) Peace.
  7. Pacifists attach supreme value to:
    (a) Liberty and equality.
    (b) Human security and international laws.
    (c) Coercion and force.
    (d) Peace and opposition to war.
    ► (d) Peace and opposition to war.
  8. According to Balance of Power theory, the main objective of states is
    (a) Preservation of international law.
    (b) Regional peace.
    (c) Maximize gains of globalisation.
    (d) Self preservation.
    ► (d) Self preservation.
  9. For Gandhiji, what was the supreme virtue?
    (a) War
    (b) Communation
    (c) Ahimsa
    (d) Terrorism
    ► (c) Ahimsa
  10. Martin Luther King, Jr., worked for racial equality and civil rights in
    (a) Spain.
    (b) France.
    (c) South Africa.
    (d) United States of America.
    ► (d) United States of America.
  11. Method to prevent war:
    (a) International Law
    (b) Balance of Power
    (c) International Organisation
    (d) All of the above
    ► (d) All of the above
  12. The core business of UN peacekeeping operations does not include
    (a) Rule of law related activities.
    (b) Protection and promotion of human rights.
    (c) Socio-economic recovery and development.
    (d) Electoral assistance.
    ► (c) Socio-economic recovery and development.
  13. Which type of war is a war without arms?
    (a) Terrorism
    (b) Cold War.
    (c) Peace.
    (d) War.
    ► (b) Cold War.
  14. Which one of the following is the element of peace?
    (a) Justice
    (b) Terrorism
    (c) Cold War.
    (d) War.
    ► (a) Justice
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Chapter 8 Secularism | class 11th | Political Theory NCERT Important MCQs for Political Science

MCQ Questions for Class 11 Political Science: Ch 8 Secularism

1. The religion which is a majority in India is

(a) Christianity.

(b) Hinduism.

(c) Islam.

(d) Buddhism.

► (b) Hinduism.

2. Secular State means :

(a) The State has a religion.

(b) The State is impartial in the matters of religion.

(c) The State is against religion.

(d) The State is irreligious.

► (b) The State is impartial in the matters of religion.

3. The Jews are in majority in

(a) Israel.

(b) Ireland.

(c) Egypt.

(d) USA.

► (a) Israel.

4. “Religious freedom as the freedom of individual conscience” is described in

(a) Article 19.

(b) Article 22.

(c) Article 23.

(d) Article 25.

► (d) Article 25.

5.  Which amendment of the Constitution added the word ‘Secular in the Preamble?

(a) 44th Amendment

(b) 42nd Amendment

(c) 46th Amendment

(d) 50th Amendment.

► (b) 42nd Amendment

6. The ” Hindutva” is advocated by the

(a) Bhartiya Janata Party.

(b) Congress.

(c) CPI.

(d) Akali Dal.

► (a) Bhartiya Janata Party.

7. An example of a theocratic state is

(a) France.

(b) Iran.

(c) Germany.

(d) Rwanda.

► (b) Iran.

8. Judaism, Islam, and Christianity share a belief in

(a) The central authority of the Pope.

(b) A prohibition of the consumption of alcohol.

(c) Reincarnation and the Four Noble of Truths.

(d) Monotheism and ethical conduct.

► (d) Monotheism and ethical conduct.

9. Which amendment of the constitution added the word ‘Secular’ in the Preamble?

(a) 41st Amendment

(b) 42nd Amendment

(c) 43rd Amendment

(d) 44th Amendment

► (b) 42nd Amendment

10. The objective of a Uniform Civil Code in India is included in

(a) Fundamental rights.

(b) Indian Penal Code.

(c) Directive Principles of State Policy.

(d) Congress manifesto.

► (c) Directive Principles of State Policy.

11. The quote, “I swear by my religion, I will die for it. But it is my personal affair” is given by

(a) Mahatma Gandhi.

(b) Karl Marx.

(c) J.L Nehru.

(d) Ambedkar.
► (a) Mahatma Gandhi.

12. The holocaust was a genocide of European Jews by

(a) Americans.

(b) Israelis.

(c) Nazi Germany.

(d) Arabs.

► (c) Nazi Germany.

13. The inclusion of secularism in Indian constitution was not aimed

(a) To offer religious freedom.

(b) St gaining minority votes.

(c) To unify a heterogeneous nation.

(d) To set the nation on the path to progress.

► (b) at gaining minority votes.

14. Write one characteristic of Secularism.

(a) No official religion

(b) Economic Diversity

(c) Social Diversity

(d) None of the above

► (a) No official religion

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Chapter 7 Nationalism | class 11th | Political Theory NCERT Important MCQs for Political Science

  1. The ” Gujral Doctrine” was adopted in
    (a) 1985.
    (b) 1989.
    (c) 1992.
    (d) 1996.
    ► (d) 1996.
  2. The history for a nation helps to develop
    (a) Sense of continuing historical identity.
    (b) Racial superiority.
    (c) Regionalism.
    (d) Political differences.
    ► (a) Sense of continuing historical identity.
  3. Canada mainly has
    (a) English speaking people.
    (b) French speaking people.
    (c) English and French speaking people.
    (d) Spanish speaking people.
    ► (c) English and French speaking people.
  4. A hindrance in the development of nationalism is
    (a) Strong historical legacy.
    (b) Communalism.
    (c) Emotional integration.
    (d) Common civilisation.
    ► (b) Communalism.
  5. Which of the following is not a difference between State and Nation?
    (a) State has four essentials elements but no essential elements of a Nation.
    (b) Idea of oneness is essential for the Nation but not for the State.
    (c) Sovereignty is essential for the State and not for the Nation.
    (d) Sovereignty is essential for the Nation and not for the State.
    ► (d) Sovereignty is essential for the Nation and not for the State.
  6. The key exponent of the modern idea of nation state was
    (a) Karl Marx.
    (b) J.S Mill.
    (c) G.W.F Hegel.
    (d) Rousseau.
    ► (c) G.W.F Hegel.
  7. The word ‘Nation’ is derived from which language?
    (a) Greek
    (b) French
    (c) Latin
    (d) Russian
    ► (c) Latin
  8. Identify an option which is not the symbol of Indian nationalism
    (a) National Anthem.
    (b) Republic day parade.
    (c) National flag.
    (d) Communal violence.
    ► (d) Communal violence.
  9. Liberal nationalism is not characterised by
    (a) Every nation has separate entity.
    (b) Nationalism based on blood and race.
    (c) Opposed to colonialism.
    (d) Right of every nation to make economic and cultural progress in its own way.
    ► (b) Nationalism based on blood and race.
  10. Which of the following elements is responsible for the promotion of Nationalism?
    (a) Common Motherland
    (b) Common Language
    (c) Common Race
    (d) All of these above
    ► (d) All of these above
  11. The German nation was first unified by
    (a) European Union.
    (b) Austria.
    (c) Prussia.
    (d) Russia.
    ► (c) Prussia.
  12. Who is the main supporter of the principle of One Nation, One State?
    (a) European Union.
    (b) G.W.F Hegel.
    (c) J.S Mill.
    (d) Rousseau.
    ► (c) J.S Mill.
  13. In the nineteenth century, Germany and Italy denoted the examples of
    (a) break up of empires.
    (b) unification.
    (c) lack of nationalism.
    (d) dictatorship.
    ► (b) unification.
  14. East Timor gained independence from
    (a) British.
    (b) Russia.
    (c) Portugual.
    (d) China.
    ► (c) Portugual.
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Chapter 6 Citizenship | class 11th | Political Theory NCERT Important MCQs for Political Science

MCQ Questions for Class 11 Political Science || Ch – 6 Citizenship || With Answer || NCERT CBSE

 1. In 1958, India gave refuge to persecuted people from

(a) Bhutan.

(b) Sri Lanka.

(c) Tibet.

(d) Afghanistan.

► (c) Tibet.

2. Martin Luther King Jr. led movement against

(a) Segregation Laws

(b) Multiple citizenship

(c) Dual citizenship

(d) Multi National Companies

► (a) Segregation Laws

3. Citizenship can be acquired by:

(a) Long residence

(b) Marriage

(c) Government service

(d) All of the above

► (d) All of the above

4. Identify the nation where dual citizenship prevails.

(a) India

(b) Sri Lanka

(c) USA

(d) Nepal

► (c) USA

5. The Palestinian refugees are fighting for full citizenship of a state in

(a) Middle East

(b) South East Asia

(c) Europe

(d) West America

► (a) Middle East

6. Choose the incorrect cause of illegal immigration.

(a) War

(b) Poverty

(c) Prostitution and slavery

(d) Peace

► (d) Peace

7. Identify the year when Black people got equal citizenship rights in the South Africa.

(a) 1960s

(b) 1970s

(c) 1980s

(d) 1990s

► (d) 1990s

8. Citizenship may be lost under the following condition:

(a) Marriage

(b) Long Absence

(c) Adoption

(d) All of the above

► (d) All of the above

9. The notion of citizenship rights is associated with

(a) A. H. Halsey.

(b) E. H. Carr.

(c) T. H. Huxley.

(d) T. H. Huxlem.

► (c) T. H. Huxley.

10. Choose the incorrect type of citizenship.

(a) Dual citizenship

(b) Multiple citizenship

(c) Single Citizenship

(d) Non- Resident Citizenship

► (d) Non- Resident Citizenship

11. The 1951 Geneva Convention deals with

(a) Refugee laws.

(b) Laws against segregation.

(c) Laws against forced labour.

(d) Citizenship rights of women.

► (a) Refugee laws.

12. Who was T. Marshall?

(a) A British Socialist

(b) A British Scientist

(c) A British Cricketer

(d) A British Footballer

► (a) A British Socialist

13. What is the meaning of the term ‘Apartheid’?

(a) Social Upliftment

(b) Social Discrimination

(c) Economic Upliftment

(d) Economic Discrimination

► (b) Social Discrimination

14. Identify incorrect statement related to the refugees or illegal migrants.

(a) No state is willing to grant them membership.

(b) They have no guaranteed rights by any state.

(c) Live in precarious conditions.

(d) Enjoy equal status with the citizens.

► (d) Enjoy equal status with the citizens.

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Chapter 5 Rights | class 11th | Political Theory NCERT Important MCQs for Political Science

MCQ Questions for Class 11 Political Science: Ch 5 Rights

1. In a state, it is also the duty of the citizens to

(a) Ensure sustainable development.

(b) Protect the atmosphere.

(c) Pollute air and water.

(d) Live in peace.

► (a) Ensure sustainable development.

2. A Bill of Rights is enshrined in the

(a) Preamble of the UNO.

(b) Constitution of many countries.

(c) Human rights of UNESCO.

(d) Government documents of few countries.

► (b) Constitution of many countries.

3. Natural Rights are those which are given to us by:

(a) Constitution

(b) Parliament

(c) God or Nature

(d) King

► (c) God or Nature

4. Human rights, traditionally are divided into

(a) Political and economic rights.

(b) Political and social rights on one hand and cultural rights on the other.

(c) Civil and political rights.

(d) Civil and political rights on one hand and the right to development on the other.

► (c) Civil and political rights.

5. Who said “Rights are those conditions of social life without which no man can seek to be himself at his best ?”

(a) Austin

(b) Wilde

(c) Green

(d) Laski

► (d) Laski

6. The political right is the right to

(a) Shelter.

(b) Sustainable development.

(c) Livelihood.

(d) Form political parties.

► (d) Form political parties.

7. Civil liberties and political rights form the basis of a

(a) Democratic government.

(b) Monarchical rule.

(c) Totalitarian government.

(d) Dictator rule.

► (a) Democratic government.

8. Right to franchise is a

(a) Customary rights.

(b) Political right.

(c) Moral rights.

(d) Cultural right.

► (b) Political right.

9. The natural right that was not advocated by the political theorists of 17th and 18th centuries was right to

(a) Life.

(b) Liberty.

(c) Information.

(d) Property.

► (c) Information.

10. Civil Rights are given to the Individual by:

(a) Nature

(b) God

(c) The state

(d) The people

► (c) The state

11. Freedom of expression is important for

(a) A state.

(b) A democratic government.

(c) Communist society.

(d) An individual livelihood.

► (b) A democratic government.

12. According to the German philosopher Immanuel Kant, human beings unlike other objects are:

(a) Useful.

(b) Valuable.

(c) Selfish.

(d) Independent.

► (b) Valuable.

13. What is the force behind Legal Rights ?

(a) Force of public opinion

(b) Force of morality

(c) Force of law

(d) Force of nature

► (c) Force of law

14. The provision to abolish untouchability is reflected in the Indian constitution under

(a) Article 14.

(b) Article 15.

(c) Article 16.

(d) Article 17.

► (d) Article 17.

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Chapter 4 Social Justice | class 11th | Political Theory NCERT Important MCQs for Political Science

MCQ Questions for Class 11 Political Science: Ch 4 Social Justice

1. The famous quote “In a country well governed, poverty is something to be ashamed of. In a country badly governed, wealth is something to be ashamed of.” is given by

(a) J.S.Mill.

(b) Plato.

(c) Aristotle.

(d) Confucius.

► (d) Confucius.

2. Choose the type of stages of equality advocated by John Rawls.

(a) Two

(b) Three

(c) Four

(d) Five

► (b) Three

3. Identify stage of equality which rejects formal institutions of inequalities.

(a) Liberal Equality

(b) Natural Liberty

(c) Democratic Equality

(d) Economic Equality

► (b) Natural Liberty

4. Which one of the following in not the fundamental postulate of Justice?

(a) Truth

(b) Equality before law

(c) Freedom

(d) Property

► (d) Property

5. An international institution that work for justice is

(a) International Court of justice.

(b) Civil services.

(c) IMF.

(d) WTO.

► (a) International Court of justice.

6. Justice is administered by:

(a) Executive

(b) Judiciary

(c) Legislature

(d) Political parties

► (b) Judiciary

7. The essential principles of modern justice is that

(a) Judges should be part of executive.

(b) Judges should be under the control of the Head of the State.

(c) There should be independence of judiciary.

(d) Judges should be under the control of the electorate.

► (c) There should be independence of judiciary.

8. Free market is a product of

(a) Socialism.

(b) Feminism.

(c) Neo-liberalism.

(d) Patriarchy.

► (c) Neo-liberalism.

9. People get proper justice in:

(a) Dictatorship

(b) Totalitarian state

(c) Monarchy

(d) Democracy

► (d) Democracy

10. State’s failure to provide individuals with basic necessities of life such as; food and housing is an example of

(a) Political Injustice

(b) Economic Injustice

(c) Social discrimination

(d) Gender inequality

► (b) Economic Injustice

11. Choose the ministry that is entrusted with the welfare, social justice and empowerment of disadvantaged and marginalized sections of the society in India.

(a) Ministry of welfare

(b) Ministry of social justice and empowerment

(c) Ministry of social defense

(d) Ministry of Education

► (b) Ministry of social justice and empowerment

12. Our political rights and participation are insured only when our

(a) Social needs are being taken care of.

(b) Basic needs

(c) Cultural needs

(d) Security needs

► (b) Basic needs

13. The term “justice’ is derived from the word ‘Jus’ which is a word from:

(a) Latin language

(b) Greek language

(c) English language

(d) French language

► (a) Latin language

14. Justice is essentially a:

(a) Legal concept

(b) Moral concept

(c) Social concept

(d) All of the above

► (d) All of the above

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Chapter 2 Map Scale | Class 11th Practical Work in Geography revision notes

What is a Map Scale?

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Map scales are useful to understand the sizes of objects and distances between objects (their relative sizes) in comparison to the actual sizes of objects and distances between them. This means that on a map it is not possible to denote the actual distances between objects or their sizes since then the map would need to be as big as the objects being measured. This would defeat the purpose of having a map in the first place. 

This is what it means when it is said that maps are drawn to scale. Scales are always mentioned on the maps so that whoever looks at them can get an idea of how to navigate through them. The scale represents how much the area on the map corresponds to the actual area on the ground that it shows. For example, if a map is drawn to a scale of one inch to one kilometre, it would mean that one inch on the map is equivalent to one kilometre on the ground. 

Classification of Maps

To understand what a map scale is, let us go through a few classifications of maps and map scales first. As per the common classification of maps, there are about five types of maps – thematic maps, general maps, navigation charts, topographic maps, series maps, cadastral, and plans. The types of map scale representations are discussed below. The basic type of representation of actual distance on maps is done by bar scales and lexical scales. In the bar scales used in maps, the distance ratio is expressed visually whereas, in lexical scales, the ratio is stated in words. 

There are 3 ways of representing the scale of a map, namely, representative fraction, verbal, and graphic. Out of these three, the representative fraction is the most commonly used scale. For example, the topographic maps help to understand the contour and general landforms of an area and most have the scale stated in representative fraction. In topographic maps, various colours are used to represent the contour of landforms, water bodies, settlements. 

Map Projections

Map projections are used to draw the parallels and meridians of the Earth systematically, on a flat surface. Various map projections are used to represent the landforms on maps. There are certain map projections that have equal-area properties. Also, projections that have the feature of conformal delineations are devised to represent the landforms on maps. 

In certain cases, the outlined shape of very small regions is nearly represented in the same way on the map as it is on the ground. It is not possible to completely avoid distortions of shapes of land areas on large-scale maps. The only way to reduce the distortions is to devise the most suitable for the purpose of the particular map. 

In general, the Mercator projection is devised on the navigational charts. The charts for the polar regions and the great circle charts do not devise the ordinary Mercator projections. The Great Circle charts that represent large map areas are generally depicted on quite small scales devising gnomonic projection. For example, the navigational chart for the Pacific Ocean. The navigators use these charts to lay a track between two ports and calculate the shortest distance between the ports.         

Symbolization

Symbols are the graphical representations of landforms, water bodies, winds, ocean currents, settlements, transport, and communication systems for maps. It may be said that symbols make a graphical language for maps and charts. The symbols were originally ordinary pictograms, which have now developed into conventional signs and symbols for the representation and interpretation of maps.

Standardization of symbols has been brought about by the joint efforts of the UN, NATO, International Map of the World agreements, and the international technical societies. It helped to reduce the confusion that used to arise in the interpretation of maps. The symbols can be classified as hypsographic and planimetric. These symbols can also be grouped based on conventional colours. 

For example, the blue colour is used to represent water bodies, black colour is used to represent occupation, cultures, and names of population, green colour is used to depict vegetation, brown colour is used to depict relief features, and red colour is used to depict types of roads and other special information. This is the standard use of colours, but there may be variations for geologic and soil maps. Planimetric features are used to represent the slopes, heights, and shapes of the land, on a map.

Nomenclature

To enhance the utility of maps, all the possible features and places are identified and labelled on a map. However, for the small-scale maps, only the important features and places are labelled, to enhance legibility. The nomenclature of maps has various parts. The geographic names are among the most troublesome parts of map nomenclature. The large-scale maps permit the naming of the minor features like streams, hilltops, ridges, etc. While making a topographic map, extensive research and documentation are carried out. 

Also, the local records are referred to for identifying and labelling all the parts of the area under concern. When a topographical map is published and distributed, it is used as an official document that eliminates confusion regarding the nomenclature of the local areas. The basic types of lettering that are used in the maps are Roman style, Italic, and Gothic style. 

What is the Significance of the Map Scale?

Map scales give people an accurate idea about how the distances mentioned are plotted on the map. This is useful in understanding how to go from one place to another, especially if one is a traveller or engaged in a similar profession. 

For academics, a map scale is useful to measure exact distances between objects and base their work on that. This is useful in calculating operations such as measuring the demographics of an area, measuring the geographical faults of an area, keeping a note of all physical features of the area and its vegetation, and so on. Measuring and making a note of all detailed features of an area on a map is only possible through map scales. If maps were not drawn to scale then no one would be able to navigate through an unknown place all on their own. 

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