Q1. How did the Sino-Indian conflict affect the opposition also? Answer: The Sino-Indian conflicts affected the opposition as well. This and the growing rift between China and the Soviet Union created irreconcilable differences within the Communist Party of India (CPI). The pro-USSR faction remained within the CPI and moved towards closer ties with the Congress. The other faction was for sometime closer to China and was against any ties with the Congress. The party split in 1964 and the leaders of the later faction formed the Communist Party of India (Marxist) (CPI-M). In the wake of the China War, many leaders of CPI(M) were arrested for being pro¬China.
Q2. Which two differences between India and China led to an army conflict in 1962? Answer: (i) Serious conflict arose when China annexed Tibet in 1950 and removed a historical buffer between two nation and India did not oppose this openly. (ii) Another border dispute arose when China claimed Aksai Chin Area and NEFA (much of the state in Arunachal Pradesh) within the . Indian territory.
Q3. Highlight the contribution made by Pt. J.L. Nehru to the foreign policy of India. Answer: (i) India’s initiatives for non-alignment for maintenance of mutual understanding and security. (ii) India always maintained her dignity and image of peace loving country by taking initiatives to bring about equality and understanding among nations i.e. to end Korean war in 1953, French rule in China etc.
Q4. Mention any two/four Directive Principles of State Policy for the promotion of international peace and security. Answer: The Article 51 of Indian Constitution deals with the “Directive Principles of State Policy” on “Promotion of International Peace and Security”: (i) Promote international peace and security. (ii) Maintain just and honourable relations between nations. (iii) Foster respect for international law and treaty obligations in the dealings of organised people with one another. (iv) Encourage settlement of international dispute by arbitration.
Q5. Highlight any two/four major objectives of Prime Minister Nehru’s Foreign Policy. Answer:1. The first objective was to follow NAM, not to join either the military blocs formed by USA and Soviet Union. 2. To promote rapid economic development and maintain cordial relations with other nations. 3. To prefect the territorial integrity. 4. To preserve sovereignty of India and also respecting others sovereignty.
Q6. What was Afra-Asian Unity? Answer: Bandung conference was held in 1955 in Indonesia as an Afro-Asian conference to lead an establishment of NAM to mark the engagement of India with African and Asian nations known as Afro-Asian Unity.
Q7. Why did India oppose the international treaties on Nuclear non-proliferation? Answer: Because of discriminatory nature: 1. India felt that these treaties prove the monopoly of five nuclear weapon- powers only and applicable to only the non-nuclear powers. 2. India opposed the indefinite extension of the NPT in 1995 and refused to sign even CTBT (Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty).
Q8. In the Post Cold War Era what is the nature of India’s foreign policy in terms of shifting alliances in world politics? Answer: In the Post Cold War Era India’s foreign policy had shifted to more pro-US stance with the disintegration of USSR: 1. At present India’s foreign policy rather more emphasizes on economic interests in place of military. 2. Every Indo-Pak relations have also witnessed many new developments. 3. Efforts are being made to restore normal relations with other countries through cultural exchange.
Q9. Arrange the following events in the correct chronological sequence from the earlier to the latest: (a) First nuclear test conducted by India. (b) Twenty year treaty of peace and relationship between India and Soviet Union. (c) The Tashkent Agreement. (d) The Panchsheel declaration. Answer: (a) Panchsheel-1954 (b) Tashkent Agreement-1966 (c) Twenty year treaty-1971 (d) First nuclear test-1974
Short Answer Type Questions:
Q1. Explain India’s Nuclear Policy. Or Explain any four important features of India’s Nuclear Policy. Answer: India’s Nuclear Policy: 1. India advocates no first use and reiterates India’s commitment to global verifiable on non-discriminatoiy nuclear disarmament loading to a nuclear weapon free world. 2. Pt. Nehru always promoted science and technology so build a modern India i.e. initiated nuclear programme in the late 1940s under the guidance of Homi J. Bhaba. 3. India was against nuclear weapons, hence pleaded many nuclear disarmament with superpowers. 4. India always considered NPT as discriminatory and refused to sign on it. 5. Even India’s first Nuclear Test in May 1974 was termed as a peaceful explosion and India argued to use nuclear power for peaceful purposes only.
Q2. Describe any four issues of conflict between India and China . Answer: Issues of Conflict between India and China: (a) Serious conflict arose when China annexed Tibet in 1950 and removed a historical buffer between two nation and India did not oppose this openly. (b) India grew uneasy, when China began to suppress Tibetan culture. (c) Another border dispute arose when China claimed Aksai Chin Area and NEFA (much of the state in Arunachal Pradesh) within the Indian territory. (d) Despite long term correspondence and discussions, these issues have not been resolved even by top leaders of country. (e) Hence, India had to indulge in the conflict.
Q3. Describe any two major issues of conflict between India and Pakistan leading to war of 1971. Answer: Issues of conflict between India and Pakistan leading to War in 1971: 1. A serious armed struggle arose between India and Pakistan in December 1971 when Pakistan attacked on Punjab and Rajasthan. In turn India had to retaliated a war against Pakistan. 2. India had to bear 80 lakh refugees who fled from East Pakistan to take shelter in India. Hence, India had to extend moral and material support to freedom struggle in Bangladesh against Pakistan.
Q4. What was Tibet issue? How did it cause tension between India and China? Explain. Answer: 1. From the very beginning of independence time to time, China has claimed its administrative control over Tibet. 2. In 1950, China took over control of Tibet. Large sections of Tibetan population opposed this takeover. 3. In 1958, there was an armed uprising in Tibet against China’s occupation. India supported the cause of Tibetan which was bitterly objected by China. Even India has granted asylum to Dalai Lama and a large number of Tibetans.
Q5. Access any four principles of India’s foreign policy. Answer: India’s foreign policy is based on principles of Panchsheel, which is derived from two words ‘Panch’ means five and ‘Sheel’ means a ‘Code of Conduct’ for peaceful co-existence. 1. Panchsheel 2. Non-alignment (NAM) 3. Mutual benefits and equality 4. Mutual non-aggression 5. Non-intervention in each others international affairs 6. To maintain international peace and understanding
Q1. Differentiate between the main objectives of the First and Second Five Year Plans. Answer: 1. Objectives of First Five Year Plan: (a) It focused on land reforms for the development in rural areas. (b) It aimed to increase level of National Income. 2. The First Five Year Plan differed from the Second Five Year Plan: (a) The second five year plan stressed on heavy industrialisation. (b) Second five year plan wanted to bring quick structural transformations in all possible directions in place of slow and steady growth like first five year plan.
Q2. Differentiate between the capitalist and socialist models of development. Answer: The capitalist model of development refers to the strategies in which the private sectors are prioritised in place of social welfare whereas socialist model of development aims at public sector and planning to establish egalitarian society.
Q3. What is meant by decentralized planning? Answer: Decentralized planning is designed to involve the peoples through voluntary citizens organisation in making plans at the panchayats, blocs and districts level. Its example is the ‘Kerala Model’.
Q4. Highlight the two areas on which the First Five Year Plan focused. Answer: The first five year plan was commenced in 1951 to be drafted by young economist K.N. Raj with the emphasis on poverty alleviation. Its main thrusts were as follows: 1. To invest in dams and irrigation to improve agricultural sector with the urgent attention. 2. Huge allocations were made for large scale projects like Bhakra-Nangal Dam.
Q5. Which are the two models of development? Which model of development was adopted by India? Answer: Two models of development are the capitalist and socialist models of development, India adopted the elements from both these models together to be known as “Mixed Economy”.
Q6. What were the fears of tribal population of Orissa and environmentalist about setting up industries in tribal areas? Answer: 1. These iron resources lie in some most underdeveloped and predominant tribal districts. 2. Tribal population feared that the setting up of industries would mean displacement from their home and livelihood. 3. The environmentalists feared to be polluted the environment due to mining and industrial activities.
Q7. What is the meaning and importance of economic planning in Indian context? Answer: Economic planning in India refers do a systematic regulation of economic activities by government to reduce the wastage of time and resources: 1. Economic planning helps to achieve national goals in a continuous process of development. 2. It is a rational process to associate with the future needs and goals to evaluate alternate proposals also.
Q8. What was Kerala Model? Answer: Kerala model is an example of decentralised planning at the state level: 1. It is the initiative taken by Kerala for planning and development strategies. 2. It targeted on education, health, land reform, effective food distribution and poverty alleviation. 3. Kerala model initiated to implement Panchayati Raj, blocs and district level of government.
Q9. Which state was prone to food crisis in the early years of independence? Answer: Bihar was prone to food crisis in the early years of independence 1. It was due to a near famine situation. 2. The food shortage was very much acute in all districts of Bihar. 3. Food shortage led to acute and widespread malnutrition. 4. The zoning policies of government prohibited trade of food across states, which reduced availability of food in Bihar.
Q10. Who was J.C. Kumarappa? Answer: 1. J.C. Kumarappa was originally known as J.C. Cornelius. 2. He was an economist and chartered accountant. 3. He was the follower of Mahatma Gandhi to apply Gandhian Principles of Economic Policies. 4. He was the author of ‘Economy of Permanence’ and a member of planning commission.
Q11. What is Plan Holiday? Answer: 1. Plan Holidays is a gap between two five years plan, i.e. 1979-1980 and 1990-92. 2. It was a stop gap arrangements by the provisions of annual plans. 3. Plan holidays took place due to change in government to be locked in development-goals and priorities etc. 4. Those five year plans were supposed to be reviewed and changed by the succeeding government.
Q12. What results were revealed by Planned Economy? Answer: 1. Big industrialists continued to benefit. 2. The land owning classes became politically powerful. 3. Land reforms could not take place effectively. 4. The early initiatives for planned development were realising the goals of economic development.
Q13. Which methods were used to implement the development process in a mixed economy? Answer: 1. Planning and governmental regulation to control economy. 2. Licensing, subsidies, progressive taxing, price control and reforfhs etc. were also implemented. 3. To make a significant role of public sector. 4. To ensure a political democracy.
Q14. What is ‘Mixed Economy’? Answer: Mixed economy is an economy to co-exist private and public sector both: 1. Both the sectors work within invisible lands of market forces and visible lands of planning set by government. 2. ‘State own’ means of production to aim social welfare and ‘private own’ means of production to be regulated by states.
Q15. How did Indian lay down the foundation of future economic growth? Answer: 1. Some of the largest developmental projects in India’s history were undertaken during this period to include mega dams like Bhakra- Nangal and Hirakud for irrigation and power generation. 2. Heavy industries were started in the public sector like steel plants, oil refineries, manufacturing units and defence production etc. 3. Infrastructure and communication were also improved.
Short Answer Type Questions:
Q1. Explain any two merits and two demerits each of the Green Revolution. Answer: Two Merits of the Green Revolution: (i) The Green Revolution ensured food sufficiency in the country. In many parts, the stark contrast between the poor peasantry and the landlords produced conditions favourable for left wing organisations to organise the poor peasants. (ii) The Green Revolution resulted in the rise of middle peasant sections. These were farmers with medium size holding, who benefited from the changes and soon emerged politically influential in many parts of the country. Two Demerits of the Green Revolution: (i) The Green Revolution delivered only moderate agricultural growth and raised the availability of food in the country but also increased polarisation between classes and regions. (ii) Some regions like Punjab, Haryana and Western UP became agriculturally prosperous while others remained backward.
Q2. List any two merits and two demerits of Green Revolution. Or What is Green Revolution? Highlight any two of its effects? Answer: Green Revolution was introduced to bring about revolutionary changes in agriculture especially in foodgrains like wheat and Rice to increase production: 1. Production was increased by the use of high yielding varieties of seeds. 2. Scientific irrigation and fertilisers were also applied. Merits of Green Revolution: (а) The government offered various irrigational facilities at a subsidised prices. (б) It resulted in the rise of ‘Middle Peasant Section’ who soon emerged politically influential. Demerits of Green Revolution: (a) This created a stark contrast between the poor peasantry and the landlords. (b) It increased polarisation between the classes and regions like northern states i.e. Punjab, Haryana, West UP, became agriculturally rich but other remained backward.
Q3. How was Planning Commission of India : set up? Mention its scope of work. Answer:Planning Commission was set up as: 1. It consists Prime Minister as its chairman. 2. Some ministers or incharges of economic portfolios. 3.The members of planning commission have a high public image alongwith an administrative and educational background. Its scope of work: 1. To bring socio-economic change. 2. It was to provide a controlled and faster growth rate. 3. To resolve contradictions between societies.
Q4. describe the main functions of planning commission of India. Answer: Planning commission was set up in 1950 by a cabinet resolution as an extra constitutional body: 1. It look advisory in nature but it is very powerful to be known as economic cabinet of country. 2. Planning commission prepares a document to have plan for income and expenditure for five year plans. 3. Planning commission prepares strategies to provide adequate means of livelihood for every man and woman. 4. It also ensures not to concentrate wealth and means of production into few hands only.
Q5. What was the protest against Posco plants in Orissa? Answer: In Orissa, Posco is the state plant. The government of Orissa signed a Memorandum of understanding (MoU) with Korean Company for enhancement of the plant. But this displaced many workers working in the plant. Hence, the workers demonstrated outside Korean Company’s office to cancel the memorandum. This demonstration was organised by Rashtriya Yuva Sanghtan and Navmirmana Samithi.
Q6. Which part of constitution helps the planning commission to ensure socio¬economic justice? Answer. The directive principles of state policy ensure the welfare through securing and protecting them from any kind of social, economic and politieal industries: 1. Men and women equally have the right to adequate means of livelihood. 2. Prevent concentration and means of production into the few hands only. 3. Equal distribution of resources.
Q7. What do you know about land reforms in India during planning period? Answer: 1. Zamindari system was abolished to release land from big landlord who were least interested in agriculture. 2. Lands were consolidated to bring small pieces together to increase the farm size. Drawbacks: 1. Despite a ‘ceiling’, people with excess land managed to violate the laws. 2. The tenants, who worked on someoneelse’s land were given greater legal security which rarely implemented. 3. Landowners were very powerful and wielded considerable political influence.
Q8. What is meant by White Revolution in Gujarat? Answer: The White Revolution in Gujarat was started by ‘Varghese Kurien’ known as milkman of India to launch Gujarat Cooperative Milk and Marketing Federation Ltd., which further launched ‘AmuF. Amul is a dairy cooperative movement based in ‘Anand’ town of Gujarat to become a unique appropriate model for rural development and poverty alleviation.
Long Answer Type Questions:
Q1. What was Green Revolution? Mention its any two positive and two negative consequences. Answer: Green Revolution was introduced to bring about revolutionary changes in agriculture especially in foodgrains like wheat and rice to increase food production through high yielding varieties of seeds, fertilisers and scientific irrigation. Positive Consequences: 1. In many parts, the stark contrast between the poor peasantry and the landlords produced conditions favourable for left wing organisations to organise the poor peasants. It resulted in the rise of what is called the ‘Middle Peasant Sections’ who were farmers with medium size holdings who benefitted from the changes and soon emerged politically influential in many parts of country. Negative Consequences: (i) This created a stark contrast between the poor peasantry and the landlords. (ii) It delivered only a moderate agricultural growth i.e. a rise in rice and wheat production by raising availability of foodgrains in country. On the other hand it increased polarisation between the classes and regions like Northern States i. e. Punjab, Haryana, West-U.P. became agriculturally rich but others remained backward.
Q2. Explain the main arguments in the debate that ensued between industrialisation agricultural development at the time of second five year plan. Answer: At the time of second five year plan, some controversial issues rose in reference of relevancy of agriculture over industry: 1. Second five year plan emphasised on industry in place of agriculture or rural India. 2. J.C. Kumarappa, a Gandhian Economist proposed an alternative blueprint to emphasise on rural industrialisation. 3. Bharatiya Lok Dal leader, Chaudhary Charan Singh also commented that the planning was leading to creation of prosperity in Urban and industrial sections at the cost of rural welfare. Others debated that without an increase in industrial sector poverty could not be alleviated: 1. India planning did not have agrarian strategy to boost the production of foodgrains. 2. It also proposed programme of community development and spent large sums on irrigation projects and failure was not that of policy but of its non-implementation because of the politics of land owning classes. 3. Besides they also argued that even if the government had spent more money on agriculture, it would not have solved the massive problems of rural poverty.
Q1. How did the dominance of Congress Party in the first three general elections help in establishing a democratic set-up in India? Answer: The first general election was the first big test of democracy in a poor and illiterate country. Till then democracy had existed only in the prosperous countries. By that time many countries in Europe had not given voting rights to all women. In this context India’s experiment with universal adult franchise appeared very bold and risky. India’s general election of 1952 became a landmark in the history of democracy all over the world. It was no longer possible to argue that domocratic elections could not be held on conditions of poverty or lack of education. It proved that democracy could be practised anywhere in the world. The next two general elections strengthened democratic set-up in India.
Q2. Highlight any two features of ideology of Bharatiya Jana Sangh. Answer: 1. Bharatiya Jana Sangh laid emphasis on ideology of one country, one culture and one nation. 2. Bharatiya Jana Sangh called for reunity of India and Pakistan in Akhand Bharat.
Q3. Explain the major difference of ideology between that of Congress and the Bharatiya Jana Sangh. Answer: The major difference of ideology between Congress and the Bharatiya Jana Sangh was that Bharatiya Jana Sangh emphasised on one party country. One culture, one nation i.e. a Hindu nation or Hindutva whereas Congress formed ideological and social coalitions accommodating social diversities.
Q4. State any two ideologies of the Swatantra Party. Answer: Swatantra Party was founded by Senior Congress leader C. Rajgopalachari in August 1959: 1. The party believed that prosperity could come only through individual freedom. 2. This party was against land ceilings in agriculture and opposed to cooperative farming.
Q5. How has the method of voting changed from the first General Election of 1952 to the General Election of 2004? Answer: 1. In the first General Election a box was placed inside each polling booth for each candidate with the election symbol of the candidate. Each voter was given a blank ballot paper to drop into the box, they wanted to vote for. 2. After first two elections, this method was changed. Now ballot paper carried the names and symbols of candidates and the voter stamped against the name of candidate to vote for. 3. In 2004, Electronic Voting Machine were introduced to press the button according to choice of the voter containing the name of candidate and symbol of political party.
Q6. When was Communist Party emerged? Answer: The Communist Party emerged in 1920 in different parts of India. It took the inspiration from Bolshevik revolution in Russia. The important leaders of CPI were A.K. Gopalan, S.A. Dange, E.M.S. Namboodiripad, P.C. Joshi, Ajay Ghosh etc.
Q7. “India’s experiment with universal adult franchise appeared very bold and risky”. Justify the statement. Answer: Because: 1. Country’s vast size and electorates made these elections unusual. 2. The year 1952, it was a big test for poor and illiterate country. 3. Till then, democracy had been existed only in the prosperous countries mainly in Europe and North America where everyone was almost literate.
Q8. Mention the aims and goals of Socialist Party of India. Why the party could not prove itself as an effective alternative to the Congress? Answer: Aims and goals of socialist party of India: 1. The Socialist Party believed in the ideology of democratic socialism to be distinguished from Congress and Communists both. 2. It criticised Congress for ignoring the workers and peasants. It became difficult for socialist party to prove itself as an effective alternative to Congress because Congress Party declared its goal to be the socialist pattern of society in 1955.
Q9. What were the reasons for dominance of one party system in India? Answer: The dominance of Congress in India was due to following reasons: 1. Congress was identified with the freedom struggle for building national unity and solidarity. 2. Congress was associated with Mahatma Gandhi’s name. 3. It had a broad based manifesto to include the various section of society. 4. Congress bore a popular appeal of charismatic leader like Mahatma Gandhi, J.L. Nehru, Sardar Patel, Indira Gandhi etc. 5. Congress focused on building role of the party.
Q10. How did India’s first general elections of 1952 become a landmark in the history of democracy all over the world? Answer: Because: 1. These elections were competitive among various parties. 2. The participation of people was encouraging also. 3. The results were declared in a very fair manner, even to be accepted by the losers in a fair manner. 4. This experiment of India, proved the critics wrong also.
Short Answer Type Questions:
Q1. Describe the organisation of Congress Party as a social and ideological coalitions. Or “For a long time Congress Party had been a social and ideological coalition”. Justify the statement. Answer: 1. It accommodated the revolutionary conservative, extremist and moderates with all other shades of the centre. 2. Congress became a platform for numerous groups, interests and even political parties to take part in national movement. 3. In pre-independence days, many organisations and parties were allowed to co-exist within the Congress. 4. Some of these like ‘Congress Socialist Party’ later separated from the Congress and became an opposition party.
Q2. How was one party dominance of India different from the other examples of one party dominance in the world? Or Examine the comparative analysis of nature of Congress dominance. Answer: India is not the only country to have dominance of one party but we have some other examples also for the same. But the dominance of one party in India does not compromise democratic spirit of constitution whereas other nations have compromised it: 1. In countries like China, Cuba and Syria are permitted to be ruled by one party only by the constitutional provisions. 2. Myanmar, Belarus, Egypt also experience one party system due to legal and military measurer. 3. In India, Congress dominates on behalf of free and fair elections based on democracy where the losing of other party is also fair.
Q3. “In India, hero-worship, plays a part in its politics unequalled in magnitude by the part it plays in the politics of any other country But in politics, hero-worship is a sure road to degradation and eventual dictatorship”.Babasaheb Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Analyse the statement. Ans: The above mentioned statement speaks of accommodating diversities by the leader of India which was a challenging path to democracy. Our leaders wanted to represent politics as a way of solution of problems in place of making politics a problem.
Q4. Examine the dominance of Congress in the first three General Elections. Answer: I. In the first election Congress won 364/489 seats as per expectations. 2. The Communist Party next to Congress won only 16 seats. 3. Congress scored higher in state elections also except Travancore- Cochin (Kerala), Madras and Orissa. 4. Hence, country ruled at national and state level both by declaring Pt. J.L. Nehru as the first Prime Minister of India. 5. In second and third elections also, Congress maintained the same position in Loksabha by winning of three fourth seats in the years 1957 and 1962 respectively.
Long Answer Type Questions:
Q1. Describe the various steps taken to hold the first general elections in India. How far these elections were successful? Answer: The first general elections had to be postponed twice and finally held from October 1951 to February 1952: 1. These elections were referred to as 1952 elections because most parts of country voted in January 1952. 2. It took six months for campaigning, polling and counting to be completed. 3. Elections were competitive because there were on an average more than four candidates for each seat. 4. The level of participation was en-couraging to vote out in the election. 5. The results were declared and accepted as fair even by losers to prove critics wrong. These elections were successful: 1. The losing of the parties was also accepted as fair. 2. These elections became a landmark in the history of democracy. 3. It was no longer possible to argue that democratic elections could not be held in conditions of poverty or lack of education. Instead, it can be practised anywhere in the world.
Q2. Why was Congress considered as a social and ideological coalition in independence days? Explain. Answer: The Congress Party became a social and ideological coalition for it merged different social groups alongwith their identity holding different beliefs: 1. It accommodated the revolutionary, conservative, pacifist, radical, extremist and moderates and the right and the left with all other shades of the centre. 2. Congress became a platform for numerous groups, interacts and even political parties to take part in the national movement. Ideological currents present within the Congress: (а) In pre-independence days, many organisations and parties with their own constitutions and organisational structures were allowed to exist within the Congress. (b) Some of these like ‘Congress Socialist Party”, later separated from the Congress and became an opposition party.
Q3. How was the one party dominance in India different from the one party system in Mexico? In your opinion which of the two political systems is better and why? Answer: There was a difference between one party domination in India and Mexico. In Mexico, this was a one party system only not dominance because: 1. In India, the Congress Party dominated on behalf of popular consensus but Institutional Revolu-tionary Party (PRI) (in Spanish) ruled on behalf of perfect dictatorship. 2. In India, free and fair elections took place, where the losing of election was also fair but in Mexico, elections were based on malpractices, dominated by PRI. In our opinion one party dominance¬like India is better because this sort of dominance: 1. Accommodates social diversities. 2. Encourage large number of parti-cipation. 3. Ensures democratic spirit as well as maintains the same. 4. Bear respect even for opposition.
Q4. How did opposition parties emerge in India? What was their importance? Answer: Some of the diverse opposition parties had come into existence before the first general elections in 1952 as non-Congress parties which succeeded to gain only a taken of representation in Lok Sabha and State Assemblies. These parties maintained a democratic character of the system: 1. These offered a criticism based on principles to keep ruling party under check. 2. These parties groomed the leaders also to play a crucial role in shaping the country. 3. In the early years, these was a lot of respect between leaders of Congress and opposition parties i.e. interim government included even opposition leaders like Dr. Ambedkar, Jayaprakash Narayan, Shyama Prasad Mukherjee into the cabinet.
Q1. Identify any two consequences of the partition of India in 1947. Answer: 1. Communal Riots took place as the people of one community were killed and maimed by the people of other community in the name of religion. 2. People went through immense sufferings as they were forced to abandon their homes and to secure temporary shelter in the refugee camps. Thousands of women were abducted on both sides of border.
Q2. Mention any two challenges that India faced just after independence. Answer: (i) Challenge to shape a nation (ii) Challenges to establish democracy. Or (iii) Challenge to ensure the development and well being of the entire society.
Q3. Name the original states from which the following states were carved out. (a) Meghalaya (b) Gujarat Answer: (a) Assam (1972) (b) Bombay (1960)
Q4. Explain the role played by Sardar Patel in the integration of princely states into the Indian Union. Answer. Sardar Patel negotiated with the rulers of princely states and diplomatically merged most of them into the Indian Union i.e. there were 26 small states in today’s Orissa and 14 big states and 119 small states in today’s Gujarat.
Q5. Which state got divided on bilingual basis? Answer: Bombay got divided on bilingual basis consisting of Gujarat and Marathi speaking people. After popular agitation, the states of Maharashtra and Gujarat were created in 1960.
Q6. Name the leader who advocated separate state of Andhra Pradesh by observing fast unto death and participation in Salt Satyagraha. Answer: The leader Potti Sriramulu of Madras resigned from government job to participate in Salt Satyagraha and advocated equality in the society and demanded entry of dalits in temples of Madras as well as observed fast unto death since 19 October 1952 to create separate state of Andhra Pradesh
Q7. What was government’s approach towards the integration of princely states was based on three considerations? Answer: 1. Most of the princely states willingly wanted to join Indian Union. 2. The government wanted to accommo¬date plurality by adopting flexible approach in dealing with the demand of the region. 3. The central government was so much concerned towards integration and consolidation of territorial boundaries of Indian nation.
Q8. Which interests were hidden behind the conflicts between Hindus and Muslims at the time of independence? Answer: Hindu and Muslim communities bear some political interests at the time of independence: 1. Muslim League demanded a separate nation for Muslims to protect the interests of Muslims only. 2. There were some Hindu organisations also which made efforts to look after the interests of Hindus only to make India a ‘Hindu Nation’.
Q9. “India got independence under very difficult circumstances rather than any other country”. Justify the statement. Answer: India got independence in 1947 under very difficult circumstances: 1. Freedom came with the partition of the country. 2. The year 1947 became the year of unprecedented violence and trauma. 3. Still our leader faced all these challenges in an appreciable manner by accommodating regional diversities also.
Short Answer Type Questions:
Q1. How has the princely state of Manipur acceded to India? Answer: Due to integration of princely states, Maharaja of Manipur Bodhachandra Singh signed the Instrument of Accession with the India Government on the assurance to be maintained the internal autonomy of Manipur: 1. The state became a constitutional Monarchy after it conducted elections in 1948 to become first state to hold elections based on ‘Universal Adult Franchise’. 2. But sharp differences arose in Legislative Assembly over the question of merger of Manipur with India while the state congress wanted the merger other political parties were opposed to this.
Q2. Describe briefly any four problems faced in the process of partition of India. Answer: The process of partition had been started in 1940 when Muslim League Propounded Two Nation Theory. This process involved various problems: 1. Areas were supposed to be distributed on the basis of religions majority i.e. Muslim majority areas built Pakistani territory and rest stayed with India. It created communal riots in country. 2. No single belt of muslim majority was the part of British India. They were concentrated in East and West. Hence, it was decided that Pakistan will comprise two territories namely East and West Pakistan separated by long expansion of India territory. 3. All muslim majority areas did not want to be merged with Pakistan i. e. it was opposed in NWFP. But ultimately NW.FP was made to merge with Pakistan. 4. Another problem belonged to minorities on both sides of border i. e. Lakhs of Hindus and Muslims and Sikhs from both the sides were left with no option except to leave their homes.
Q3. Name the states divided on the basis of sub-regional culture. Answer: In the late 20th century, some states sub-regions raised the voice for separate states accommodating their regional culture on the ground of complaints of regional imbalances. Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, and Uttaranchal were created in 2000 on the basis of separate regional culture only.
Q4. Explain three challenges which independent India faced during the process of Nation Building. Answer: India had to face many challenges immediately after she got independence, which can be summed up as follows: 1. Challenge to Shape a Nation: India was divided among various states at the time of independence. Hence a great challenge arose to unity and integrate country into one bond Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel took upon himself to integrate these states either wilfully or diplomatically to be completed into different stages. 2. To Establish Democratic Setup: India constituted representative democracy based on parliamentary form of government and it was a great challenge to develop these democratic practices in the nation. 3. To Ensure Development and Well Being of the Society: Indian polity made herself to achieve welfare goods with the environment of effective economic policies and eradication of poverty and unemployment.
Q5. What problems were involved at the integration of princely states during nation building? Answer: Integration of princely states possessed many difficulties in front of nation builders: 1. British announced to lapse of British Paramountcy over princely states with the end of their rule over India. 2. British government took the view that all these states were free to join either India or Pakistan or remain independent wilfully. It became a hindrance for unity of nation. 3. Ruler of Travancore declared the states an independent one. 4. Nizam of Hyderabad and Bhopal also followed Travancore. 5. These responses created a possibility of division of country in place of unity and democracy.
Q6. Write a short note on the people’s movement of Hyderabad. Answer: Hyderabad was the largest princely state of India under the rule of Nizam. One of the world’s richest person. Nizam wanted Hyderabad to be an independent state. But the people of Hyderabad were not happy with the rule of Nizam due to his non-democratic practices. Hence, various section of society agitated against him: 1. The peasants in Telangana region particularly rose voice against him. 2. Women also joined the movement in large number. 3. The communist and Hyderabad congress were in the forefront of movement. 4. Nizam responded by unbashing a Razakars paramilitary force on people. 5. Ultimately, the central government had to order the army to tackle and in 1948, Indian army moved in control the Nizam’s forces. All the above mentioned situations led to an accession of Hyderabad.
Q7. What was the significance of linguistic reorganisation of Indian states to the nation building? Answer: In the initial years it was felt that linguistic states may foster separatism and create pressures on newly founded nation. But India considered democracy and federalism by making a favour to linguistic states only: 1. Linguistic states enhanced democratic practices. 2. Linguistic states reduced separatist attitude by accepting the regional linguistic claims of all regions. 3. Linguistic reorganisation provided a uniform base to the nation and strengthened unity of nation. 4. Linguistic states promoted the principle of unity in diversity, a distinct feature of nation.
Long Answer Type Questions:
Q1. What forced the Union Government of India to appoint the State Reorganisation Commission in 1953? Mention its two main recommendations. Name any four new states formed after 1956. Answer: 1. State Reorganisation Commission was appointed in 1953 by central Government to rearrange the boundaries of states. 2. Its main recommendations were to organise states on language basis as well as the boundaries of state could reflect the linguistic aspects also. 3. The Madras province under British India created following linguistic states: (a) Andhra Pradesh (Telugu) (b) Tamilnadu (Tamil) (c) Kerala (Malayalam) (cl) Karnataka (Kannad) 4. The state Reorganisation Act was passed in 1956 which created 14 states and 6 Union territories.
Q2. Explain any three challenges faced by India at the time of its independence. Answer: India had to face many challenges immediately after she got independence, which can be summed up as follows: 1. Challenge to Shape a Nation: India was divided among various states at the time of independence. Hence a great challenge arose to unify and integrate country into one bond. Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel took upon himself to integrate these states either wishfully or diplomatically to be completed into different stages. 2. To Establish Democratic Set up: India constituted representative democracy based on parliamentary form of government and it was a great challenge to develop these democratic practices in the nation. 3. To Ensure Development and Well Being of the Society: Indian polity made herself to achieve welfare goals with the evolvement of effective economic policies and eradication of poverty and unemployment.
Q3. How did the reorganisation of states take place in India after its independence? Explain. Answer: 1. In the initial years it was felt that linguistic states may foster seperatism and create pressures on newly founded nation, but India considered democracy and federalism by making a favour to linguistic states only. 2. State Reorganisation Commission was appointed in 1953 central Government to rearrange the boundaries of states. 3. Its main recommendations were to organise states on language basis as well as the boundaries of states could reflect the linguistic aspects also. 4. The State Reorganisation Act was passed in 1956 which created 14 states and 6 union territories. 5. Linguistic states enhanced demo¬cratic practices. 6. Linguistic states reduced separatist attitude by accepting the regional and linguistic claims of all regions.
Q4. Explain any three consequences of partition in India. Answer: 1. In the name of religion, people of one community killed and mained people of the other community. Cities like Lahore, Kolkata and Amritsar were titled as communal zones. 2. People went through social sufferings also be forced to abandon their homes especially minorities, who took shelter in refugee camps. 3. To preserve the honour of family, many women were killed even many children were separated from their family and if crossed borders, they did not have any home. 4. The partition did not only divide property, assets or liabilities but also the government employees and the railways etc.
Q5. Assess the role played by Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel in nation building. Answer: Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel is also known as ‘Iron man of India’, became India’s Deputy Prime minister and Home minister during integration of princely states. He played a historic role in negotiating the rulers of princely states and diplomatically brought most of them in Indian Union. It was very complicated which required skilful persuation i.e. there were 26 small states in today’s Orissa, Saurashtra region of Gujarat had 14 states with 119 small states etc.
Q1. What is worldwide interconnectedness? What are its components?
Answer
Worldwide interconnectedness means that the different countries are interconnected with each other as a result of flows among countries. This contains three components: 1. Capital Flow: It is the flow of resources through loans or business investments among the countries. 2. Trade Flows of Goods: It refers to exchange of goods among countries. 3. Labour Flow: It refers to ‘Brain drain’ by creating favourable conditions for employment.
Q2. How has technology contributed to globalisation?
Answer The technology remains a critical element to globalisation. The invention of telegraph, the telephone, and the microchip in more recent times has revolutionised communication between different parts of the world. The ability of ideas, capital, commodities and people to move more easily from one part of the world to another has been made possible largely by technological advances.
Q3. Critically evaluate the impact of the changing role of state in the developing countries in the light of globalisation? Answer
• Globalisation results in an erosion of state capacity, that is, the ability of government to do what they do. • All over the world, the old ‘welfare state’ is now giving way to a more minimalist state that performs certain core functions such as the maintenance of law and order and the security of its citizens. • State withdraws from many of its earlier welfare functions directed at economic and social well-being. In place of the welfare state, it is the market that becomes the prime determinant of economic and social priorities. • The entry and the increased role of multinational companies all over the world leads to a reduction in the capacity of governments to take decisions on their own.
Q4. What are the economic implications of globalisation? How has globalisation impacted on India with regard to this particular dimension?
Answer
Economic aspects of globalisation shapes a large part of the content and direction of contemporary debates surrounding globalisation. Economic globalisation is related to the distribution of economic gains, i.e. who gets the most from globalisation and who gets less, indeed who loses from it. Positive Implications of Economic Globalisation: • It involves greater economic flows among various countries. • It has enhanced trade in commodities among countries. • The restrictions on the imports and movement of capital have also been reduced. • This has spread internet and computer related services across national boundaries.
Negative Implications of Economic Globalisation: • Economic globalisation has created diverse opinion all over the world as to benefit only a small section of society. • It does not have equality at par the movement of people across the globe i.e. developed countrieshave carefully guarded their borders with visa policies to ensure job security to their own citizens. • It has created disparities among states also by making the rich more richer and the poor more poorer.
Impact of Globalisation on India • It led to the creation of many new jobs in the MNCs like cell phones, FMCG etc. but these jobs are concentrated more in the services sector. • India companies are joining hands with many MNCs and also many Indian companies itself became MNCs such as Reliance Indutries, TATA etc. • Globalisation provided a wide range of choice in selecting goods to consumers.
Q5. Do you agree with the argument that globalisation leads to cultural heterogeneity?
Answer
While cultural homogenisation is an aspect of globalisation, the same process also generates precisely the opposite effect. It leads to each culture becoming more different and distinctive. This phenomenon is called cultural heterogenisation. All cultures accept outside influences all the time. Sometime external influences enlarge the choices or modify our culture without overwhelming the traditions. Thus, it would be correct to say that globalisation leads to cultural heterogeneity.
Q6. How has globalisation impacted on India and how is India in turn impacting on globalisation?
Answer
Impact of Globalisation on India: • It led to the creation of many new jobs in the MNCs like cell phones, FMCG etc. • India is playing a crucial role among developing countries in trade and commerce by making some companies multinational themselves such as Tata, Reliance etc. • It has invited inflow of private foreign capital and export oriented activities. India in turn impacting:After the financial crisis of 1991, Indian economy was liberalised to attract foreign direct investment. • India introduced new trade policy reforms to remove tariffs and restrictions imposed on imports. • Under industries, it abolished licensing system exempting few specified industries only. • Banking operations by private sectors were permitted to expand in the country.
Long Answer Type Questions:
Q1. Explain globalisation. How has technology contributed in promoting globalisation? Answer: Globalisation as a concept fundamentally deals with flows. These flows could be of various kinds — ideas moving from one part of the world to another, capital shunted between two or more places, commodities being traded across borders, and people moving in search of better livelihoods to different parts of the world. The crucial element is the ‘worldwide interconnectedness’ that is created and sustained as a consequence of these constant flows. While globalisation is not caused by any single factor, technology remains a critical element. There is no doubt that the invention of the telegraph, the telephone and the microchip in more recent years has revolutionised communication between different parts of the world. When printing initially came into being it laid the basis for the creation of nationalism. So also today we should expect that technology will affect the way we think of our personal but also our collective lives. The ability of ideas, capital, commodities and people to move more easily from one part of the world to another has been made possible largely by technological advances. The pace of these flow may vary.
Q2. Explain any three benefits of globalisation with examples. Answer: 1. Economic Benefits 1. It involves greater economic flows among various countries. 2. It has enhanced trade in commodities among countries. 3. The restrictions on the imports and movement of capital have also been reduced. 4. This has spread internet and computer related services across national boundaries. 2. Technological Benefits Technical equipments as telephone, internet, telephone and microchip have contributed to globalisation by exchanging ideas, capitals and people to make convenient to move from one place to another at a fast pace to stimulate the process of globalisation. 3. Political Benefits 1. The primary status remains unchallenged on the basis of political community. 2. To some extent developing countries have received a boost to become more powerful and strong.
Q3. Assess any three basics on which globalisation is being resisted in India. Answer: Resistance to globalisation in India has come from different quarters: 1. Left using protests to economic liberalisation was voiced through political parties as well as through forum like the Indian Social Forum. 2. Trade Unions and farmer’s interests have also organised protests against MNCs. 3. The patenting of certain plants like Neem by American and European firms has also generated protests. 4. Resistance has come from political parties also in the form of objecting to various cultural influences like availability of foreign T.V. channels provided by cable networks, celebration of Valentine’s Day and Westernisation of dress code.
Q4. How do the critics view the process of globalistion? Answer: Globalisation has invited some strong criticisms also despite its positive impacts. Its critical arguments can be categorized as: 1. Economic 2. Political 3. Cultural 1. Economic: (a) Reduction in subsidies on mass consumption goods to make foreign creditors powerful. (b) It has grown disparity between the rich and the poor nations by making the rich more richer and the poor more poorer. (c) Even states have also created the same disparities between developed and developing nations. 2. Political: (a) Welfare functions of the state has been reduced. Picture Based Questions (b) Sovereignty of states has been affected. (c) States have become weak to take their own decisions. 3. Cultural: (a) People lose their age old values and traditions. (b) The world begins to look more like the dominant power over less powerful society. (c) It leads to shrinking of rich cultural heritage of the entire globe.
• Rio-Summit produced conventions dealing with climate change, biodiversity, forestry and recommended a list of development practices called Agenda 21. • It gave the concept of sustainable development to be combined economic growth with ecological responsibility. • Rio-Summit developed various contentious issues like Commons, Global Commons in global politics of the environment.
Q2. What is meant by Global Commons? How are they exploited and polluted? Answer
The areas or regions located outside the jurisdiction of any one state and region, common governance by the international community are Global Commons. They include the earth’s atmosphere, Antarctica, the ocean floor, and outer space.They are exploited and polluted due to: • Vague scientific evidence, their lack of consensus on common environmental issues. • North-South inequalities and their exploitative activities and competition lack proper management area out space. • Technological and Industrial development has also affected the earth’s atmosphere and ocean floor.
Q3. What is meant by ‘Common but differentiated responsibilities’? How could we implement the idea? Answer
Common but differentiated responsibilities was the first international step to address climate change and equally responsible for ecological conservation. It mean that the state shall cooperate in the spirit of global partnership to conserve, protect and restore the health and integrity of the earth’s ecosystem. The developed countries acknowledge that the responsibility that they bear in the international pursuit of sustainable development in view of the pressures their societies place on the global environment and of the technological and financial resources they command. We could implement the idea with the help of conventions and declarations:• The Rio-Summit held in June 1992 produced conventions dealing with climate change, biodiversity, forestry and recommended a list of developed practices called Agenda 21. • The 1992 United Nations Framework convention on climatic change (UNFCCC) also emphasized that the parties should act to protect the climate system on the basis of common but differentiated responsibilities. • An international agreement is known Kyoto Protocol set targets for industrialized countries to cut their greenhouse gas emissions which support for global warming.
Q4. Why have issues related to global environmental protection become the priority concern of states since the 1990s? Answer
Issues related to global environmental protection became the priority concern of states since the 1990s because at the global level, the environmental issues drew the attention of various states at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development held in Rio-de-Janeiro, Brazil in June 1992 through Agenda 21:• Rio-Summit 1992 dealt with climatic change, biodiversity and forestry. • Agenda 21 combined economic growth with ecological responsibilities. • Kyoto Protocol set targets for greenhouse emissions.
The above-mentioned conferences and summits raised the environmental issues at the global level to take steps by various states to check environmental degradation in a co-operative manner.
Q5. Compromise and accommodation are the two essential policies required by states to save Planet Earth. Substantiate the statement in the light of the ongoing negotiations between the North and South on environmental issues. Answer
Compromise and accommodation are the two essential policies to save Planet Earth by the states but the states from North and South have different notions towards environmental issues: • The Northern states (developed countries) were concerned with ozone depletion and global warming, the Southern states (developing countries) were anxious to address the relationship between economic development and environmental management. • The developed countries of the North want to discuss the environmental issues which stand equally responsible for ecological conservation. • The developing countries of the South feel that much of the ecological degradation in the world is the product of industrial development undertaken by the developed countries. If they have caused more degradation, they must also take more responsibility for undoing the damage now. • The developing counties are under the process of industrialization and they should be exempted from restrictions imposed on developed countries through various conventions like protocol etc. • The special needs of developing countries must be taken into considerations in the process of development, application, and interpretation of rules of International Environmental Law. These provisions were accepted in Earth Summit, 1992 while adopting common but differentiated responsibilities.
Q6. The most serious challenge before the states is pursuing economic development without causing further damage to the global environment. How could we achieve this? Explain with a few examples. Answer
The economic development can be achieved even without damaging the global environment through various measures: • In June 1992, Earth Summit provided some conservative measures for sustainable growth without damaging the environment anymore. • There have been many path-breaking agreements such as the 1959 Antarctic Treaty, the 1987 Montreal Protocol, and the 1991 Antarctic Environmental Protocol.• Kyoto protocol cut greenhouse emissions from industrialized countries to protect the environment and to develop industries also. • The purification, consumption, reuse, disposal and treatment of solid waste should be undertaken by the government.
Long Answer Type Questions:
Q1. Explain the meaning of‘global commons’. How are environmental concerns becoming important in global politics? Answer. ‘Commons’ are those resources which are not owned by anyone but rather shared by a community. This could be a ‘common room’, a ‘community centre’, a park or a river. Similarly, there are some areas or regions of the world which are located outside the sovereign jurisdiction of any one state, and therefore require common governance by the international community. These are known as ‘global commons’. They include the earth’s atmosphere, Antarctica, the ocean floor and outer space. Although environmental concerns have a long history, awareness of the environmental consequences of economic growth acquired an increasingly political character from the 1960s onwards. The Club of Rome, a global think-tank, published a book in 1972 entitled Limits to Growth, dramatising the potential depletion of the earth’s resources against the backdrop of rapidly growing world population. International agencies began holding international conferences and promoting detailed studies to get a more coordinated and effective response to environmental problems. Since then, the environment has emerged as significant . issue of global politics. The growing focus on environmental issues within the arena of global politics was firmly consolidated at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development held in Rio de Janerio, Brazil, in June, 1992. This was also called the Earth Summit. The Summit was attended by 170 states, thousands of NGOs and many multinational corporations. The Summit produced conventions dealing with climate change, biodiversity, forestry and recommended a list of development practices called ‘Agenda 21’. But it left unresolved considerable differences and difficulties. There was a consensus on combining economic growth with ecological responsibility. This approach to development is commonly known as ‘sustainable development’.
Q2. Explain the concept of “common but differentiated responsibilities”. How and where was it emphasised upon? Or States have common but differentiated responsibilities towards environment. Analyse the statement giving suitable examples. Answer. Common but differentiated responsibilities mean that ‘the states shall cooperate in the spirit of global partnership to conserve, protect and restore the health and integrity of the earth’s eco system. As the states have common but differentiated responsibilities over various contribution of global environmental degradation. The developed countries acknowledge that the responsibility that they bear in the international pursuit of sustainable development in view of the pressures their societies place on the global environment and of the technological and financial resources they command. We could implement the idea with the help of conventions and declarations: 1. The Rio Summit held in June 1992 produced conventions dealing with climate change, biodiversity, forestry and recommended a list of developed practices called Agenda 21. 2. The 1992 United Nation’s Framework Convention on Climatic Change (UNFCCC) also emphasised that the parties should act to protect the climate system on the basis of common but differentiated responsibilities. 3. An international agreement known by its Protocol set targets for industrialised countries to cut their greenhouse gas emissions which support for global warming.
Q3. Analyse India’s stand on any three environmental issues. Or Analyse India’s stand on environmental issues. Answer. India plays a dominating role among the Asian countries on environmental issues: 1. India signed and ratified the 1997 Kyoto Protocol in August 2002 which emphasised to follow the principle common but differentiated responsibility. 2. India feels this convention is the very spirit of UNFCCC. Neither does it seem fair to impose restrictions on India when the country’s rise in per capita carbon emissions by 2030 is likely to still represent less than half the world average. 3. The Indian government is also keen to launch a National Mission on Biodiesel which makes India to have one of the largest renewable energy programmes in the world. 4. The Indian government is also participating in global efforts through a number of programmes i.e. National Auto Fuel Policy, Electricity Act 2003, Energy Conservation Act, 2001, etc.
Q4. Explain any three environmental concerns in global politics. Answer. Some environmental issues have been considered as the global issues: 1. Natural resources are being depleted i.e. cultivable area has not been sustained any more, agricultural land lost fertility and grass lands have been overgrazed. 2. Waterbodies have suffered a depletion and pollution both. 3. A steady decline in ozone layer also poses a threat to ecosystem and human health. 4. Natural forests stabilize the climate, moderate water supply and habitat various species also which are also being lost creating destruction to biodiversity through industrial pollution etc. 5. Due to land based activities, coastal pollution is also increasing which affects fisheries.
Q5. Mention the rights of indigenous peoples. Answer. The UN defines indigenous population as the descendants of people who inhabited the present territory of a country’at the time when persons of a different culture or ethnic origin arrived there from other parts of world and overcome them. The rights of indigenous people can be summarised as follows: 1. Indigenous people speak of their struggles, agenda and fights like social movements. 2. Their voices in world politics call for the admission of indigenous people to the world community as equals. 3. Many of the present day island states in the Oceania region (including Australia, New Zealand) were inhabited by various indigenous people over the course of show for thousands of years. 4. Indigenous people appeal to government to create indigenous nations with an identity of their own. 5. The World Council of indigenous people was formed in 1975. The council became the first of 11 indigenous NGOs to receive consultative status in the UN.
Q1. What is the difference between traditional and non-traditional security? Which category would the creation and sustenance of alliances belong to?
Answer
Traditional Security: • The traditional notion of security is also concerned with military threats, balance of power and alliance building. • It is also concerned with internal security. • In traditional security, there is recognition that co-operation in limiting violence is possible. • Its main focus is on force only to achieve the target.
Non-Traditional Security: • Non-traditional notions of security go beyond military threats to include a wide range of threats and dangers affecting the conditions of human existence. • It is about the protection of people more than the protection of states. • It consists of dangers such as terrorism, human rights, global poverty and health epidemics. • It comprises cooperation, hence it protects human or global security.
Creation and sustenance of alliances belong to traditional notion of security.
Q2. What are the differences in the threats that people in the third world face and those living in the First World face?
Answer
The security challenges facing the newly-independent third world countries and the first world in many ways: • The newly independent countries faced the military conflicts even with their neighbouring states. • These countries faced threats not only from outside their borders, mostly from neighbours, but also from within. • Internally, new states worried about threats from separatist movements which wanted to form independent countries. • Sometimes, the external and internal threats merged. • hence for the new states, external wars with neighbours and internal wars posed a serious challenge to their security.
Q3. Is terrorism a traditional or non- traditional threat to security?
Answer
Terrorism is a non-traditional threat to wound the peace and order in the country: • Terrorism refers to political violence that targets civilians deliberately and indiscriminately. • Terrorist groups seek to change a political context or condition that they do not like by force or threat of force. • Civilian targets are usually chosen to terrorise the public and to use the unhappiness of the public as a weapon against national governments or other parties in conflict. • It involves cases such as hijacking planes or planting bombs in trains, cafes, markets and other crowded places. • After a terrorist attack on World Trade Centre on 11 September 2001, the other governments and public also are paying more attention to terrorism.
Q4. What are the choices available to a state when its security is threatened, according to traditional security perspective?
Answer
As per traditional security perspective, in responding to the threat of war, a government has three basic choices: • To surrender when actually confronted by war, but they will not advertise this as the policy of country. • To prevent the other side from attacking by promising to raise the costs of war to an unacceptable level. • To defend to protect itself when war actually breaks out so as to deny the attacking country its objectives and to turn back or to defeat the attacking forces altogether
Hence, state’s security policy is to prevent war which is called deterrence and with limiting or heading war called defence.
Q5. What is Balance of Power? How could a state achieve this? Answer
‘Balance of Power’ is a balance between bigger and smaller countries by cooperating with each other economically and technologically. A smaller country is always suspicious to break out a war from bigger or powerful country. Hence, they maintain a balance of power to build up one’s military power together with economic and technological power-to protect one’s own security.
Q6. What are the objectives of military alliances? Give an example of a functioning military alliance with its specific objectives.
Answer
Military alliance also called ‘Alliance Building’ is an important component of traditional security policy.An alliance is a coalition of states that coordinate their actions to deter or defend against military attack.
Objectives:
• Most alliances are formalised in written treaties and are based on a fairly clear identification of who constitutes the threat. • Countries form alliances to increase their effective power relative to another country or alliance. • Alliances are based on national interests and can change when national interests change.
Example: The US backed the Islamic militants in Afghanistan against the Soviet Union in 1980s, but later attacked them when Al-Qaeda, a group of Islamic militants, led by Osama Bin Laden launched terrorist strikes against America on 11th September 2001.
Q7. Rapid environmental degradation is causing a serious threat to security. Do you agree with the statement? Substantiate your arguments.
Answer
Yes, we do agree with the statement because in some situations one country may have to disproportionately bear the brunt of a global problem i.e. environmental degradation causing a serious threat to security, for example, due to global warming, a sea level rise of 1.5-2.0 meters would flood 20% of Bangladesh, inundate most of Maldives and threaten nearly half the population of Thailand, Hence, international cooperation is vital due to global nature of these problems.
Q8. Nuclear weapons as deterrence or defence have limited usage against contemporary security threats to states. Explain the statement.
Answer
Nuclear weapons have limited usage due to arms-control method of cooperation. One of the arms-control treaty was the Nuclear Non-proliferation Treaty (NPT) of 1968 to regulate the acquisition of nuclear weapons. As per this treaty those countries that had fasted and manufactured nuclear weapons before 1967 were allowed to keep their weapons and those that had not done so were to give up the right to acquire them. The NPT did not abolish nuclear weapons rather it limited the number of countries that could have them.
Q9. Looking at the Indian scenario, what type of security has been given priority in India, traditional or non-traditional? What examples could you cite to substantiate the arguments?
Answer
India has faced traditional (military) and non-traditional threats to its security that have emerged from within as well as outside its borders. Its security strategy has four broad components:
• To strengthen its military capabilities because: (a) India has been involved in conflict with its neighbours as Pakistan in 1947-48,1965,1971 and 1999 and China in 1962. (b) In South Asian Region, India is surrounded by nuclear armed countries. Thus, India’s decision to conduct nuclear tests in 1998 was justified by the Indian government in terms of safeguarding national security. India first tested a nuclear device in 1974.
• To strengthen international norms and international institutions: (a) India’s first Prime Minister J.L. Nehru supported Asian solidarity, disarmament, decolonisation and the UN as a forum to settle down international conflict. (b) India took initiatives to bring about a universal and non- discriminatory non-proliferation regime to enjoy some rights and obligations with respect to weapons of mass destruction. (c) It used non-alignment to help to carve out an area of peace outside the blocs. (d) India signed Kyoto Protocol in 1997 to be a part of roadmap for reducing the emissions of greenhouse gases to check global warming.
• To meet security challenges within the country: (a) Several militant groups from areas such as Nagaland, Mizoram, Punjab, Kashmir have sought to break away from India. (b) India makes efforts to preserve national unity by adopting a democratic political system by providing freedom of speech and expression alongwith the right to vote.
• To develop its economy: (a) India develops the way to lift vast mass of citizens out of poverty, misery and huge economic inequalities. (b) A democratically elected government is supposed to combine economic growth with human development without any demarcation between the rich and the poor.
Q10. Read the cartoon below and write a short note in favour or against the connection between war and terrorism depicted in this cartoon.
Answer In this cartoon the relation between war and terrorism has been drawn. It is showing that war is feeding terrorism. It is almost true to identify war with terror as both are counter productive. Terrorist targets civilians deliberately and indiscriminately. Civilian targets are chosen to terrorise the public and to use the unhappiness of the public as a weapon against national governments or other parties in conflict.
Long Answer Type Questions:
Q1. What is meant by Security? Mention any four components of Indian security strategy. Answer: At its most basic, security implies freedom from threats. Human existence and the life of a country are full of threats. We generally say that only those things that threaten ‘core values’ should be regarded as being of interest in discussions of security. Thus, security relates only to extremely dangerous threats — threats that could so endanger core values that those values would be damaged beyond repair if we did not do something to deal with the situation. India’s security strategy has four broad components which have been used in a varying combination from time to time: (i) The first component was strengthening its military capabilities because India has been involved in conflicts with its neighbours — Pakistan in 1947-48, 1965, 1971 and 1999 and China in 1962. Since it is surrounded by nuclear-armed countries in the South Asian region, India’s decision to conduct nuclear tests in 1998 was justified by the Indian government in terms of safeguarding national security. (ii) The second component of India’s security strategy has been to strengthen international norms and international institutions to protect its security interests. (iii) The third component of Indian security strategy is geared towards meeting security challenges within the country. Several militant groups from areas such as Nagaland, Mizoram, the Punjab and Kashmir among others have from time to time sought to break away from India. India has tried to preserve national unity by adopting a democratic political system. (iv) There has been an attempt in India to develop its economy in a way that the vast mass of citizens are lifted out of poverty and misery and huge economic inequalities are not allowed to exist.
Q2. Give a comparative analysis of Indian expenditure on traditional and non- traditional security. Answer: India spends more on traditional security than non-traditional because (i) India has been involved in conflict with its neighbours as Pakistan in 1947-48, 1965, 1971 and 1999 and China in 1962. (ii) In South Asian Region, India is surrounded by nuclear armed countries. Hence, India’s decision to conduct nuclear test in 1990 was justified to safeguard national security. (iii) India’s first tested nuclear device in 1974. Though India has made efforts to develop its economy and an individual’s security from poverty but still it is lagging behind even now and we are supposed to make more efforts.
Q3. Mention and explain the components and India’s security strategy. Answer: India has faced traditional military and non-traditional threats to its security that have emerged from within as well as outside its borders. Its security strategy has four broad components i.e.: 1. To Strengthen its Military Capa¬bilities: Because: (a) India has been involved in conflict with its neighbours, as Pakistan in 1947-48,1965,1971 and 1999 and China in 1962. (b) In South Asian Region, India is surrounded by nuclear armed countries. Hence, India’s decision to conduct nuclear test in 1990 was justified to safeguard national security. (c) India first tested nuclear device in 1974. 2. To Strengthen International Norms and International Institu¬tions: (a) India’s first Prime Minister J.L. Nehru supported Asian solidarity, disarmament, decolonisation and the UN as a forum to settle down international conflict. (b) India took initiatives to bring about a universal and non- discriminatory non-proliferation regime to enjoy same rights and obligations with respect to weapons of mass destruction. (c) It used non-alignment to help to carve out an area of place outside the blocs. (d) India signed Kyoto Protocol in 1997 to be a part of roadmap for reducing the emissions of greenhouse gases to check global warming. 3. To Meet Security Challenges within the Country: (a) Several militant groups from areas such as Nagaland, Mizoram, Punjab, Kashmir have sought to break away from India. (b) India makes efforts to preserve national unity by adopting a democratic political system by providing freedom of speech and expression alongwith the right to vote. 4. To Develop its Economy: (a) India develops the way to lift vast mass of citizens out of poverty, misery and huge economic inequalities. (b) A democratically elected government is supposed to combine economic growth with human development without any demarcation between the rich and the poor.
Q4. Explain the areas of operation of non- traditional notion of security. Answer: Non-traditional concept of security includes human and global security covering a wide range of threats affecting human existence: 1. It does not cover only the states but also the individuals and communities also. 2. It emphasises on security on nature of threat and right approach to deal with the threat. Its sources can be identified as follows: 1. Terrorism refers to political violence to target civilians deliberately and discriminately to use it as a weapon against national government. 2. Human Rights refer to basic conditions which an individual is supposed to enjoy as a human being as political rights, freedom of speech and expression, economic rights, social and civil rights to lead an honourable and dignified life. 3. Global poverty refers to low economic growth, low national income and low standard of living of developing or least developed countries. 4. Health epidemics is a very serious threat to country’s security because severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (ARS), HIV-AIDS, bird flue diseases spread across countries through migration, business, tourism and military operations.
Q5. Write a note on Arms control. Answer: Arms control regulates the acquisition or development of weapons by adopting following measures: 1. The Anti Ballistic Missiles Treaty in 1992 stopped the US and Soviet Union from using ballistic missiles to limit large scale production. 2. Other arms control treaties were also signed i.e. Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (START), Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty and Nuclear non-proliferation treaty (NPT) to limit the weapons which many bring large scale destruction. 3. NPT regulated the acquisition of nuclear weapons in 1968. 4. NPT did not abolish nuclear weapons rather it limited number of countries that could have them.
Its main function is to maintain international peace and security in the world. Its other functions are as:• To investigate any dispute or situation which might lead to international friction. • To recommend methods of adjusting such disputes or the terms of settlement. • To formulate plans for the establishment of a system to regulate armaments. • To determine the existence of a threat to the peace or act of aggression and to recommend what action should be taken. • To call on Members to apply economic sanctions and other measures not involving the use of force to prevent or stop aggression. • To take military action against an aggressor. • To recommend the admission of new Members. • To exercise the trusteeship functions of the United Nations in “strategic areas”. • To recommend to the General Assembly the appointment of the Secretary-General and, together with the Assembly, to elect the Judges of the International Court of Justice.
Q2. As a citizen of India, how would you support India’s candidature for the permanent membership of Security Council? Justify your proposal.
Answer
As a citizen of India, we may support India’s candidature for the permanent membership of Security Council through various reasons: • India is the second most populous country in the world with one-fifth of world population. • India is world’s largest democracy. • India has participated in virtually all of the initiatives of the UN. • Its role in the UN’s peacekeeping efforts is a long and substantial one. • India’s economic emergence on the World Stage. • India is a regular financial contributor to the UN. • India signifies a growing importance in world affairs in conduct of its foreign policy.
Q3. Critically evaluate the difficulties involved in implementing the suggested reforms to reconstruct the UN.
Answer
There are various difficulties involved in implementing the suggested reforms to reconstruct the UN: • How big an economic and military power may qualify to become UNSC membership? • What level of budget contribution should be enabled? • No guarantee to be effective as Council Member in respect for democracy and human rights. • Why should the issue of equitable representation decided by geography? Why not by levels of economic development? • Why not to give more seats to members of developing world?
Q4. Though the UN has failed in preventing wars and related miseries, nations prefer its continuation. What makes the UN an indispensable organisation?
Answer
• The growing connections and links between societies and issues often called ‘interdependence’—it is hard to imagine how more than seven billion people would live together without an organisation such as the UN. • Technology promises to increase planetary interdependence, and therefore the importance of the UN will only increase. • To tackle the issues of poverty, unemployment, environmental degradation, crime rate etc. • To provide financial assistance to developing countries to stabilise economy all over the world,, the UN and its specialised agencies are always required. • The UN works as an international forum to solve any international dispute among nations and sort out the best possible way.
Due to these reasons, though the UN has failed in preventing related wars and miseries, despite the nations require its continuation and helping to promote international peace and understanding.
Q5. “Reforming the UN means restructuring of the Security Council”. Do you agree with this statement? Give arguments for or against this position.
Answer
Yes, we do agree with the statement because Security Council plays a crucial role in functioning of the UN. It represents the and five permanent members and their veto power provide them valuable outstanding position. Permanent members category is mainly from developed economy which should be balanced by enhancing representation from developing countries. Other way through which Security Council to make the UN more effective is inclusion of member states should be judged on the basis of contribution to peace keeping initiatives.
Long Answer Type Questions:
Q1. Describe any six criteria for the new membership of Security Council as suggested after 1997. Answer: A new member, as suggested after 1997, should beQ (i ) A major economic power (ii) A major military power. (iii) A substantial contributor to the UN budget. (iv) A big nation in terms of its populations. (v) A nation that respects democracy and human rights (vi) A country that would make the Council more representative of the world’s diversity in terms of geography, economic system, and culture.
Q2. Examine the role played by India in the implementation of UN policies and programmes. Answer: 1. India believes that a strengthened and revitalised UN is desirable in the changing world. 2. India also supports an enhanced role for the UN in promoting development and cooperation among states. 3. India believes that the development should be central to the UN’s agenda as it is a vital precondition for the maintenance of international peace and security. 4. India debates more representation in Security Council may enjoy greater support in world community. 5. India has major concern about restructuring of UN Security Council. 6. India supports the role of developing countries should be represented in Security Council in decision making.
Q3. How far did the UN perform its role successor fully in maintaining peace in the world? Explain. Answer: 1. Interdependence and globalisation is not possible without the international organisations such as the UN. 2. To enhance cooperation on the issues of poverty, unemployment, environmental degradation, crime rate etc. 3. To provide financial assistance to developing countries to stabilise economy all over the world, the UN and its specialized agencies are always required. 4. The UN works as a forum to solve any international dispute among nations and sort out the best possible. 5. Hence, though the UN has failed in preventing any related wars and miseries, despite the nations require its continuation due to above mentioned reasons to promote international peace and understanding.
Q4. Suggest any six steps since 2005 to make the United Nations more relevant in the changing context. Answer: In September 2005, the UN celebrated its 60th anniversary and leaders decided to make it more relevant in the changing context by following steps: 1. Creation of Peace Building Commission. 2. Acceptance of the responsibility of the international community in case of failures of national governments to protect their own citizens from atrocities. 3. Establishment of a Human Rights Council (Operational Since 19 June 2006). 4. Agreements to achieve the Millennium Development Goals. 5. Condemnation of terrorism in all its forms and manifestations. 6. Creation of a Democracy Fund. 7. An agreement to wind up the Trusteeship Council.
Q5. Can the UN serve as a balance against the US dominance? Answer: No, the UN can not serve against the US dominance in a comfort zone because: 1. The US has been the only superpower after 1991 and may ignore international organisations economically and militarily. 2. Its veto power can stop any move damaging its interests. 3. The US enjoys a considerable degree of say in the selection of the UN Secretary General. Besides the above mentioned grounds, the UN is playing an effective role to argument against the US attitudes and policies and makes compromises and concessions even or the part of the US. The EU performs as an important bloc in International Economic Organisations such as WTO but SAARC has initiated SAFTA only to cooperate economically among its member states.
Q1. What are some of the commonalities and differences between Bangladesh and Pakistan in their democratic experiences?
Answer
Commonalities • Both Bangladesh and Pakistan were under a military rule. • At both the places, the struggle for democracy took place in their own way. • Pakistan’s administration began under the command of General Ayub Khan and gave up due to dissatisfaction among people giving way to Yahya’s military rule and continued with the army rule though elections were held by military rulers to give a democratic shape to their own rule. • In the same way, Bangladesh drafted its own constitution to begin with democracy. Sheikh Mujibur Rahman formed presidential setup by abolishing all the parties except Awami Legue. But after his assassination the new military ruler Zia-ur-Rahman formed his own party and won elections in 1979. Later on he was also assassinated and another military leader Lt. Gen. H.M. Ershad took over.
Differences • In Pakistan, military, clergy and land-owning aristocrats dominated socially to overthrow elected government whereas in Bangladesh the leaders and their party members dominated for the same. • Pro-military groups have become more powerful due to conflict with India in Pakistan whereas in Bangladesh, pro-military groups are powerful due to friendship and encouragement of India.
Q2. List three challenges to democracy in Nepal.
Answer
The three challenges to democracy in Nepal were the result of a triangular conflict between- • the monarchist forces • the democrats and • the Maoists. These challenges created massive, countrywide, pro-democracy protest in April 2006.
Q3. Name the principal players in the ethnic conflict in Sri Lanka. How do you assess the prospects of the resolution of this conflict?
Answer
The principal players in the ethnic conflict in Sri Lanka were Sinhala and Sri Lankan Tamils. After its independence, politics in Sri Lanka was dominated by forces that represented the interest of the majority Sinhala community. They were hostile to a large number of Tamils who had migrated from India to Sri Lanka and settled there. Sinhalese presumed Sri Lanka to be belonged to them only, hence no concession should be given to Tamils. This created militant Tamil nationalism i. e. ‘Ethnic conflict’.
In spite of the conflict, Sri Lanka has registered considerable economic growth and recorded high levels of human development. Sri Lanka was one of the first developing countries to successfully control the rate of growth of population, the first country in the region to liberalise the economy, and it has had the highest per capita gross domestic product (GDP) for many years right through the civil war. Despite the ravages of internal conflict, it has maintained a democratic political system.
Q4. Mention some of the recent agreements between India and Pakistan. Can we be sure that the two countries are well in their way to a friendly relationship?
Answer Although Indo-Pakistan relations seem to be the story of endemic conflict and violence, there have been a series of efforts to manage tensions and build peace under the various agreements: • Agreed to undertake confidence building measures to reduce the risk of war. • Social activists and prominent personalities have collaborated to create an atmosphere of friendship. • Leaders have met at summits to better understanding. • Bus routes have been opened up between these two countries. • Trade between the two parts of Punjab has increased substantially in the last five years. • Visas have been given more easily.
No, despite the above mentioned agreements and initiatives, we can not be sure that both the countries are well in their way to friendship, still some areas of conflict exist there to be sorted out.
Q5. Mention two areas each of cooperation and disagreement between India and Bangladesh.
Answer
Disagreement • Differences over the sharing of the Ganga and Brahmaputra river waters. • Illegal immigration to India. • Refusal to allow Indian troops to move through its territory. • Not to export natural gas to India.
Cooperation • Economic relations have been improved considerably within last ten years. • Bangladesh is the part of India’s ‘Look East’ policy to link up with southeast Asia via Myanmar. • Cooperated on the issues of disaster management and environment. • Cooperation on identifying common threats and being more sensitive to each other’s needs.
Q6.. How are the external powers influencing bilateral relations in South Asia? Take any one example to illustrate your point.
Answer
The external powers influence bilateral relations in South Asia because no region exists in the vacuum. It is influenced by outside powers and events no matter how much it may try to insulate itself from non-regional powers:
• China and the US remain key players in South Asian politics.
• Sino-Indian relations have improved significantly in the last ten years, but China’s strategic partnership with Pakistan remains a major irritant.
• The demands of development and globalisation have brought the two Asian giants closer and their economic ties have multiplied rapidly since 1991.
• The US enjoys good relations with both India and Pakistan and works as a moderator in Indo-Pak relations.
• Economic reforms and liberal economic policies in both the countries have increased the depth of American participation.
• The large South Asian economy remains in the US and the huge size of population and markets of the region give America an added stake in the future of regional security and peace.
Q7. Write a short note on the role and the limitations of SAARC as a forum for facilitating economic cooperation among the South Asian Countries.
Answer
Role of SAARC: • ‘South Asian Association for Regional Co-operation’ (SAARC) is a regional initiative among South Asian states to evolve cooperation since 1985 onwards. • It consists of seven members to encourage mutual harmony and understanding. • SAARC has initiated SAFTA (South Asian Free Trade Agreement) to free trade zones for wThole south Asia for collective economic security. • SAARC has projected on economic development of its member states to reduce their dependencies on the non-regional powers.
Limitations: SAARC is growing slowly due to political differences among its member states: • Only the conflicts led to bilateral issues as Kashmir problem between India and Pak. • Some of the India’s neighbours fear that India intends to dominate them by influencing their societies and politics. • SAARC members are from among the developing or least developing countries which creates insufficiency of funds.
Q8. India’s neighbours often think that the Indian government tries to dominate and interfere in the domestic affairs of the smaller countries of the region. Is this a correct impression? Answer
No, the impression is not correct because India has various problems with its smaller neighbours in the region. Given its size and power, they are bound to be suspicious of India’s intentions. • The Indian government, on the other hand, often feels exploited by its neighbours. • India does not like the political instability in these countries, fearing it can help outside powers to gain influence in the region. • The smaller countries fear that India wants to be a regionally-dominant power but it not justified as major conflicts and differences, though, are between India and the others, partly because of the geography of the region, in which India is located centrally and is therefore the only country that borders the others.
The is upto the government and people of smaller neighbouring countries than any other outside power about the dominance and interference of Indian government.
Long Answer Type Questions:
Q1. Assess the positive and negative aspects of India’s relations with Bangladesh. Answer: Bangladesh was a part of Pakistan from 1947 to 1971. It consisted of the partitioned areas of Bengal and Assam from British India. The people of this region resented the domination of Western Pakistan and the imposition of Urdu language. Soon after the partition, they began protests against the unfair treatment meted out to the Bengali culture and language. They demanded autonomy for the eastern region. But the government dominated by the West Pakistan leadership refused their demand. The Pakistan army tried to suppress the mass movement of the Bengali people. Thousands were killed by the Pakistan army. This led a large scale migration into India, creating a huge refugee problem for India. The government of India supported the demand of the people of East Pakistan for their independence and helped them financially and militarily. This resulted in a war between India and Pakistan in December 1971 that ended in surrender of the Pakistan forces in East Pakistan and the formation of Bangladesh as an independent country.
Q2. How is the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) a major regional initiative by South Asian States to evolve co-operation through multilateral means? Assess. Answer: Role of SAARC: Role of SAARC can be identified in the following ways: 1. ‘South Asia Association for Regional Co-operation’ (SAARC) is a regional initiative among South Asian States to evolve cooperation since 1985 onwards. 2. It consists of seven members to encourage mutual harmony and understanding. 3. SAARC has initiated SAFTA (South Asian Free Trade Agreement) to form free trade zones for whole South Asia for collective economic security. 4. SAARC has projected economic development of its member states to reduce their dependencies on the non-regional powers. South Asian free Trade Agreement (SAFTA) was signed by SAARC members in 2004 with the following features: 1. Formation of free trade zone for whole South Asia. 2. To lower trade tarrifs by 20%. 3. To sustain mutual trade and cooperation among SAARC members.
Q3. Like India why could democracy not take roots in Pakistan despite the fact that both the countries share a common part? Or Explain the factors responsible for Pak’s failure in building a stable democracy. Or Describe any two pro-democracy factors present in Pakistan which can pave the way for establishing a lasting democratic setup over there? Or “Since 1947 Pakistan has been experimenting with democratic system and the military rule”. In the light of above statement explain any two reasons why democratic system has not been stable there? Answer: The following factors are responsible for Pakistan’s failure in building a stable democracy: 1. The lack of genuine international support for a democratic rule in Pakistan has encouraged to military to continue its dominance. The US and other countries have also supported military rule due to fulfilling their own interests. 2. Pakistan’s conflict with India has made paramilitary groups more powerful which have often said that political parties and democracy in Pakistan are flawed, that Pakistan’s security would be harmed by selfish minded parties and chaotic democracy, hence army stay in power is justified. 3. The social dominance of military, clergy, and owning aristocracy has led to frequent overthrow of elected governments and the establishing of military governments. 4. Global Islamic Terrorism and their apprehension that Pakistan’s nuclear arsenal might fall into hands of these terrorist groups, the military regime in Pakistan was seen as the protector of western interests in West Asia and South Asia. The two pro-democracy factors present in Pakistan that can pave the way for establishing a lasting democratic set up over there are: 1. Pakistan bears a courageous and entirely free press. 2. Pakistan enjoys strong human rights movement.
Q4. What are the major differences between SAARC and European Union as an alternative centres of poor? Answer: 1. The European Union bears economic political-diplomatic and military influence all over the region and its closest neighbours whereas SAARC is limited towards its South Asian Region only. 2. The member states of European Union are maximum from among the developed countries while SAARC members are from among least developed countries (LOCs) 3. The EU behaves like a nation state by having its own anthem and currency but SARRC does not enjoy these. 4. The EU performance as an important bloc in international economic organisations such as WTO but SAARC has initiated SAFTA only to cooperate economically among its member states.
Q1. What are the objectives of establishing regional organizations?
Answer
The regional organizations are established with the following objectives: • To accelerate economic growth and through that ‘social progress and cultural development’.To make regional development at par the fast-growing global economy. • To promote regional peace and stability based on the rule of law. • To make regional development at par the fast-growing global economy.
Q2. How does geographical proximity influence the formation of regional organizations?
Answer
The geographical proximity influences the formation of regional organizations because: • It is influenced by almost some historical enmities and weaknesses. • Sometimes the similar interests come together. • Even fruitful areas for the regional economy are also the result of geographical proximity.
Q3. What are the components of the ASEAN Vision 2020?
Answer
The components of ASEAN Vision 2020 are: • An outward looking role in the international community. • To encourage negotiations over conflicts in tie region. • Thus, ASEAN has mediated the end of the Cambodian conflict, the East Timor crisis, and meets annually to discuss East Asian cooperation.
Q4. Name the pillars aid objectives of ASEAN community.
Answer
The ASEAN community established the following three pillars: • The ASEAN Security Community • The ASEAN Economic Community • The ASEAN Socio-cultural Community.
The objectives of the ASEAN community are: • Territorial disputes should not escalate into armed confrontations. • To accelerate economic growth through social progress and cultural development. • To promote regional peace and stability based on the rule of law and the principles of the United Nations Charter. • To establish a dispute settlement mechanism to resolve economic disputes. • To create Free Trade Areas for investments, labor and services.
Q5. In what ways does the present Chinese economy differ from its command economy?
Answer
• Chinese opened their economy step by step. This helped the Chinese economy to break from stagnation. • Privatisation of agriculture led to a remarkable rise in agricultural production and rural incomes. • The present Chinese economy established new trading laws and created Special Economic Zones leading the higher rise in foreign trade. During Command economy the international trade was minimal and per capita income was very low.
Q6. How did the European countries resolve their Post Second World War problem? Briefly outline the attempts that led to the formation of the European Union.
Answer
After the end of the Second World War, the European States confronted the ruin of their economies and the destruction of assumptions and structures on which Europe had been founded. European countries resolved their Post Second World War problems in the following ways: • Under the ‘Marshall Plan’ the USA provided financial help to revive the European economy. • The US also created a new collective security structure under NATO.• Under the ‘Marshall Plan,’ the organization for European Economic Cooperation was established in 1948 to extend cooperation on trade and economic issues among the Western European States. • European Union was founded in 1992 for a common foreign and security policy, cooperation on justice and home affairs and creation of a single currency. It evolved from an economic union to political one over time.
The following attempts led to the formation of the European Union: • The Council of Europe was established in 1949 for political cooperation. • The process of economic integration of European Capitalist countries led to the formation of the European Economic Community in 1957. • The above-mentioned processes acquired a political dimension with the creation of the European Parliament. • The collapse of Soviet bloc put Europe on a fast track and resulted in the establishment of the European Union in 1992.
Q7. What makes the European Union a highly influential regional organization?
Answer
As a supernational organization, the European Union bears economic, political diplomacy and military influence as a regional organization in the following manner:
• Economic Influence: (а) Three times larger share in world trade than the US. (b) Its currency Euro can pose a threat to the dominance of the US dollar. (c) The EU functions as an important bloc in the World Trade Organisation (WTO).
• Political and Diplomatic Influences: (a) Two members of the EU, Britain, and France hold permanent seats in the Security Council to influence the UN policies. (b) The EU also includes various non-permanent members of the UNSC. (c) The European Union play an influential role in diplomacy and negotiations except for the military force i.e. the EU’s dialogue with China on human rights and environmental degradation is remarkable.
• Military Influence: (a) The EU’s combined armed fo^fees are second largest in the world. (b) Its total expenditure on the military is second to the US. (c) Its two important members— Britain and France also experience nuclear ascends of 550 nuclear warheads. (d) The EU is the world’s second most important source of space and communications technology.
Q8. The emerging economies of China and India have great potential to challenge the unipolar world. Do you agree with the statement? Substantiate your arguments.
Answer
The Indo-China relations experience strategically organized as rising economic powers in global politics and to play a major role in the Asian economy after the end of the Cold War. It can be proved on the following grounds: • The new economic policies of India and China have broken their economy from stagnancy. • The creation of special economic zones led to a phenomenal rise in foreign trade. • China has become the most important destination for foreign direct investment anywhere in the world. Hence, it has large reserves for foreign exchange to allow it to make a big investment in other countries. • At the global level also, India and China have adopted similar policies in the World Trade Organisation to deepen integration with the world economy to challenge the unipolar world.
Q9. The peace and prosperity of countries lay in the establishment and strengthening of regional economic organizations. Justify this statement.
Answer
This statement represents the ASEAN Regional Forum and the European Union, where ASEAN Regional Forum is based on the notion not to escalate territorial disputes into an armed confrontation:
• The ASEAN is rapidly growing as a regional organization with the Vision 2020 including an outward-looking role in the international community and to encourage negotiations over conflicts in the region.
• ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF) maintains coordination of security and foreign policy.
• The EU has also been funded on the ground of common foreign and security policy, cooperation on justice and home affairs.
• The European Union has also extended cooperation while acquiring new members, especially from Soviet bloc.
Q10. Identify the contentious issues between China and India. How could these be resolved for greater cooperation? Give your suggestions.
Answer
The relations with China experience friendly gestures from India as India signed popular ‘Panchsheel’ to develop Indo-China relations in 1954 and advocated China’s membership to the United Nations. Still, after 1957, various contentious issues arose in Indo-China relations:
• In 1962, military conflict over a border dispute of MacMohan Line resulted on the unwarranted claim by China which now lie in Arunachal Pradesh and Aksai Chin region of Ladakh.
• Differences arose from Chinese take over of Tibet in 1950 which was protested by India against China.
• After Panchsheel, attack by China on India in 1962, to occupy larger territories of India, created humiliation.
• China’s assistance to Pakistan’s nuclear programme also created differences.
• China’s military relations with Bangladesh and Myanmar were viewed as hostile to Indian interests.
All the above differences could be resolved for greater cooperation:
• Both the countries should make some more efforts to revive the harmonious attitude between themselves.
• Both the countries should move hand-in-hand to fight against terrorism, nuclear race and economic disparities.
• Both countries should develop understanding and respect.
• Hence, both of them have signed agreements on cultural exchange and cooperation in science and technology.
Long Answer Type Questions:
Q1. How did China rise to be an economic superpower? Assess. Answer: China had adopted Soviet model of economy. Despite development, China faced economic crisis as industrial production was not growing fast, international trade was minimal. Under these situations some major policy decisions were taken- 1. China established relations with the US in 1972. 2. China proposed four areas of modernisation as agriculture, industry, science and technology in 1973. 3. Open door policy was introduced to generate higher productivity by investment of capital and technology from abroad. 4. Privatisation of agriculture and industry in 1982 and 1998. 5. China set Special Economic Zones to remove trade barriers. 6. The integration of Chinese economy and inter-dependencies has enabled China to have considerable influence with its trade partners. 7. The open door policy has stabilised the ASEAN economy. 8. China’s outward looking for investment and aid policies in Latin America and Africa are projecting China as a global player.
Q2. Why is the EU considered a highly influential regional organisation in the economic, political and military fields? Answer: Because- 1. Economic Influence: (a) Three times larger share in World trade than the US. (b) Its currency Euro can pose a threat to the dominance of US Dollar. (c) The EU functions as an important bloc in World Trade Organisation (WTO). 2. Political Influence: (а) Two members of the EU, Britain and France hold permanent seats in Security Council to influence UN policies. (b) The EU also includes various non-permanent members of UNSC. (c) The European Union plays an influential role in diplomacy and negotiations except military force i.e. EU’s dialogue with China on Human Rights and environmental degradation is remarkable. 3. Military Influence: (a) The EU’s combined armed forces are second largest in world. (b) Its total military expenditure is second to the US. (c) Its two important members— Britain and France also experience nuclear arsenals of 550 nuclear warheads. (d) The EU is world’s second most important source of space and communication technology.
Q3. Discuss Indo-China relations. Answer: The relations with China experienced friendly gestures from India as India signed popular ‘Panchsheel’ to develop Indo-China relations in 1954 and advocated China’s membership to the United Nations still, after 1957, various contentious issues arose in Indo-China relations- 1. In 1962, military conflict over a border dispute of MacMohan Line resulted an unwarranted claim by China which lies now in Arunachal Pradesh and Aksai Chin regions of Ladakh. 2. Differences arose from Chinese take over of Tibet in 1950 which was protested by India against China. 3. After Panchsheel, attack by China on India in 1962, to occupy larger territories of India, created a humiliation. 4. China’s assistance to Pakistan’s nuclear programme also created differences. 5. China’s military relations with Bangladesh and Myanmar were viewed as hostile to Indian interests. All the above mentioned differences/ disputes could be resolved for greater cooperation. 1. Both the countries should make some more efforts to revive harmonious attitude between themselves. 2. Both the countries should move hand-in-hand to fight against terrorism, nuclear race and economic disparities. 3. Both the countries should develop mutual understanding and respect. 4. Hence, both of them have signed agreements on cultural exchange and cooperation in science and technology.
