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The NCERT Solutions For Class 9th Geography (Social Science) are given below. Students Should also check NCERT Solutions Class 9 for other subjects to.

NCERT Book Solutions For Class 9 Geography Chapter 4

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Page No: 27

1. Find out why the houses in Rajasthan have thick walls and flat roofs.

Answer

Houses in Rajasthan have thick walls and flat roofs. The thick walls do not allow the heat to get into the houses while the flat roofs help to retain the little water that comes as rain in the desert.

2. Find out why is it that the houses in the Tarai region and in Goa and Mangalore have sloping roofs.

Answer

The Tarai region, Goa and Mangalore receive heavy rains during monsoon seasons thus the houses have sloping roofs so that the rainwater flows off the roof.

3. Why are houses in Assam built on stilts?

Answer

The houses are built on stilts in Assam as there is danger of floods and wild animals in large areas of Assam.

4. Why most of the world’s deserts are located in the western margins of continents in the subtropics?

Answer

Most of the world’s deserts are located in the western margins of continents in the subtropics because trade winds that blow in the region shed their moisture on the eastern side.They become dry by the time they reach the western margin of the continent. Cold ocean currents also tend to stabilise the air over the coast and inhibit cloud formation.

Page No: 39

Excercise

1. Choose the right answer from the four alternatives given below :

(i) Which of the following places receives the highest rainfall ?
(a) Guwahati
(b) Mawsynram
(c) Kolkata
(d) None of these
► (b) Mawsynram

(ii) The wind blowing in the northern plains in summers is known as:
(a) Kaalbaisakhi
(b) Loo
(c) Trade winds
(d) None of the above
► (b) Loo

(iii) Which one of the following causes rainfall during winters in northwestern part of India?
(a) Cyclonic depression 
(b) Retreating monsoon
(c) Western disturbances 

(d) Southwest monsoon

► (a) Cyclonic depression

(iv) Monsoon arrives in India approximately in:
(a) Early May
(b) Early July
(c) Early June
(d) Early August
► (c) Early June

(v) Which one of the following characterises the cold weather in India?
(a) Warm days and warm nights 
(b) Warm days and cold nights
(c) Cool days and cold nights 
(d) Cold days and warm nights► (b) Warm days and cold nights

2. Answer the following questions briefly.

(i) What are the controls affecting the climate of India?
(ii) Why does India have a monsoon type of climate?
(iii) Which part of India does experience the highest diurnal range of temperature and why?
(iv) Which winds account for rainfall along the Malabar coast?
(v) What are Jet streams and how do they affect the climate of India?
(vi) Define monsoons. What do you understand by “break” in monsoon?
(vii) Why is the monsoon considered a unifying bond?

Answer

(i) The elements affecting the climate are Latitude, Altitude and Pressure & Winds, distance from the sea (continentality), ocean currents and relief features.

(ii) India have a monsoon type of climate because the climate of India is governed by the monsoon winds which are limited between 20° North and 20° South.

(iii) The Indian desert located in the north-western part of India experience the highest diurnal range of temperature because of the sand present there quickly becomes hot during day and cools down rapidly during night.

(iv) Malabar Coast gets rains from South-West Monsoon Winds.

(v) Jet streams are high velocity westerly winds blowing through a narrow zone in the upper troposphere. The westerly flows are responsible for the western disturbances experienced in the north and north-western parts of the country. The easterly jet streams cause tropical depressions during the monsoon as well as October-November months.

(vi) Monsoon refers to the seasonal reversal in the wind direction. Monsoon ‘break’ refers to the happening of wet and dry spells during the rainy season. The monsoon rains take place only for a few days at a time.

(vii) The monsoon is considered a unifying bond because:
→ The Indian landscape, its flora and fauna, etc. are highly influenced by the monsoon.
→ These monsoon winds bind the whole country by providing water for agricultural activities
→ Most of the festivals in India that are related to agricultural cycle may be known by different names in different parts of the country, but their celebration is decided by the monsoon.
→ Year after year, people of India from north to south and from east to west, eagerly await the arrival of the monsoon.→ The river valleys which carry this water also unite as a single river valley unit.

3. Why does the rainfall decrease from the east to the west in Northern India.

Answer

The Bay of Bengal branch of south-west monsoon moves towards northeast carrying more moisture and they give heavy rainfall in this region. As they move further towards west, they carry less moisture content with themselves resulting in decrease in rainfall in the west.

4. Give reasons as to why :

(i) Seasonal reversal of wind direction takes place over the Indian subcontinent.
(ii) The bulk of rainfall in India is concentrated over a few months.
(iii) The Tamil Nadu coast receives winter rainfall.(iv) The delta region of the eastern coast is frequently struck by cyclones.(v) Parts of Rajasthan, Gujarat and the leeward side of the Western Ghats are drought-prone.

Answer

(i) Seasonal reversal of wind direction over the Indian subcontinent takes place due to pressure differential. El Nino has major role to play in the seasonal reversal of wind direction over the Indian subcontinent.

(ii) The monsoon begins from the first week of June and advances quite rapidly to cover almost the whole country by mid-July. Hence, the bulk of rainfall in India concentrated over the months of a few months; mainly June to August.

(iii) The Tami Nadu coast receives winter rainfall because of movement of low-pressure conditions to the Bay of Bengal.

(iv) The Bay of Bengal is the centre of various pressure changes and hence there is always a chance of development of cyclone. Due to this, the delta region of the eastern coast is frequently struck by cyclones.

(v) The parts fall in the rain shadow area of the Aravalli. Hence, they are drought prone as they don’t receive much of rainfall.

5. Describe the regional variations in the climatic conditions of India with the help of suitable examples.

Answer

There is regional variation in the climatic conditions of India. Temperature and Precipitation vary from place to place and season to season.
→ In summers the temperature rises up to 50°C in parts of Rajasthan, whereas it may be around 20°C in Pahalgam in Kashmir.
→ In winters night temperature in Drass in Kashmir may be minus 45°C, whereas in Tiruvanantapuram in Kerala may have a temperature of 20°C.
→ In Andaman Islands the difference between day and night temperature may be hardly 7° – 8°C.
→ Coastal areas experience less contrast in the temperature, whereas seasonal contrasts are more in the interior of the country.
→ There is decrease in rainfall generally from east to west in the northern plains.
→ Most part of India recieve rainfall from June – September, whereas some parts like the Tamil Nadu coast gets a large portion of its rain during October and November.

6. Discuss the mechanism of monsoons.

Answer

Following are the factors responsible for the mechanism of monsoon:
→ The differential heating and cooling of land and water creates low pressure on the landmass of India while the seas around experience comparatively high pressure.
→The Inter Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) is normally positioned about 5°N of the equator. It shifts over the Ganga plains during summer. It is also known as the monsoon trough during the monsoon season.
→ The high pressure area, east of Madagascar is approximately 20°S over the Indian Ocean. This area affects the Indian Monsoon.
→ The Tibetan plateau gets intensely heated during summer. This results in strong vertical air currents and formation of high pressure over the plateau. This high pressure zone is about 9 km above the sea level.
→ The westerly jet stream move to the north of the Himalayas, and the tropical easterly jet stream moves over the Indian Peninsula during summer.
→ The periodic change in pressure conditions between Pacific Ocean and the Indian Ocean that is known as the Southern Oscillation or SO also affects the monsoon.
→ The difference in pressure over Tahiti and Darwin is computed to predict the intensity of the monsoons. Tahiti (18°S/149°W) lies in the Pacific Ocean and Darwin (12°30’S/131°E) lies in northern Australia. If the pressure differences are negative, it means a below average and late monsoon.

7. Give an account of weather conditions and characteristics of the cold season.

Answer

Following are the features of the cold season:
→ The winter season begins from mid-November and till February; in northern India.
→ December and January are the coldest months in the northern part of India.
→ The temperature ranges between 10°-15°C in the northern plains, while it ranges between 24°-25°C in Chennai.
→ Days are warm and nights are cold.
→ Frost is common in the north and the higher slopes of the Himalayas experience snowfall.
→ The northeast trade winds prevail over the country in this season. As these winds blow from land to sea, most parts of the country experience a dry season.
→ The weather is usually marked by clear sky, low temperatures and low humidity and weak variable winds.
→ The inflow of the cyclonic disturbances from the west and the northwest is a characteristic feature of the cold weather over the northern plains.
→ These low-pressure systems originate over the Mediterranean Sea and Western Asia and move into India. They cause winter rains over the plains and snowfall in the mountains.
→ The winter rainfall is in small amount but is very important for the rabi crop. This rainfall is locally known as mahawat.
→ The peninsular region does not have a well- defined cold season due to the moderating influence of the sea.

8. Give the characteristics and effects of the monsoon rainfall in India.

Answer

Characteristics of the monsoon rainfall in India:
→ The duration of the monsoon varies from 100 to 120 days from early June to mid- September.
→ Around the time of its arrival, the normal rainfall increase suddenly and continues regularly for several days. This is called the ‘burst’ of the monsoon.
→ They are distinguished from the pre-monsoon showers because of their increase in rainfall amount and regularity.
→ The monsoon arrives at the southern tip of the Indian Peninsular generally by the first week of June.
→ The rainfall is unevenly distributed across the country.

Effects of the monsoon rainfall in India:
→ Agriculture in India largely depends on Indian monsoons for water. Late, Low or excessive rains have a negative impact on crops.
→ Due to uneven distribution of rainfall across the country, there are few places that are drought prone and few are flood affected.
→ The monsoon provides India with a diverse climatic pattern. Hence, in spite of the presence of great regional variations, it has a unifying influence upon the country and its people.

Map Skills

On an outline map of India, show the following.
(i) Areas receiving rainfall over 400 cm.
(ii) Areas receiving less than 20 cm of rainfall.
(iii) The direction of the south-west monsoon over India.

Answer

Important Links

Quick Revision Note – Ch 4 Climate

Most Important Questions – Ch 4 Climate

Important MCQs – Ch 4 Climate

For Free Video Lectures, Click here

The NCERT Solutions For Class 9th Geography (Social Science) are given below. Students Should also check NCERT Solutions Class 9 for other subjects to.

NCERT Book Solutions For Class 9 Geography Chapter 3

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Page No: 17

1. Which river has the largest basin in India?

Answer

Ganga river has the largest basin in India

Page No: 22

1. The name of the biggest waterfall in India.

Answer

The Kunchikal Falls in Karnataka.

Page No: 23
Exercise
1. Choose the right answer from the four alternatives given below:
(i) Which one of the following describes the drainage patterns resembling the branches of a tree?
(a) Radial (b) Dendritic (c) Centrifugal (d) Trellis► (b) Dendritic

Page No: 24

(ii) In which of the following States is the Wular Lake located?
(a) Rajasthan
(b) Uttar Pradesh
(c) Punjab
(d) Jammu and Kashmir
► (d) Jammu and Kashmir

(iii) The river Narmada has its source at:
(a) Satpura
(b) Brahmagir
(c) Amarkantak
(d) Slopes of the Western Ghats
► (c) Amarkantak

(iv) Which one of the following lakes is a salt water lake?
(a) Sambhar
(b) Dal
(c) Wular
(d) Gobind Sagar
► (a) Sambhar

(v) Which one of the following is the longest river of the Peninsular India?
(a) Narmada
(b) Krishna
(c) Godavari
(d) Mahanadi
► (c) Godavari

(vi) Which among the following rivers flows through a rift valley?
(a) Damodar
(b) Tungabhadra
(c) Krishna
(d) Tapi
► (d) Tapi

2. Answer the following questions briefly.

(i) What is meant by a water divide? Give an example.
(ii) Which is the largest river basin in India?
(iii) Where do the rivers Indus and Ganga have their origin?
(iv) Name two headstreams of the Ganga. Where do they to form the Ganga?
(v) Why does Brahmaputra in the Tibetan part have less silt despite a longer course?
(vi) Which two peninsular rivers flow through troughs? What features do they form while entering the sea?
(vii) State some economic benefits of rivers and lakes.

Answer

(i) Any upland or a mountain separating two adjoining drainage basins is known as water divide. An example of water divide is the Western Ghats.

(ii) The Ganga river basin is the largest river basin in India.

(iii) The Indus river has its origin in Tibet near the Mansarovar Lake while the Ganga River has its origin in Gangotri Glacier in Uttaranchal.

(iv) Alaknanda and Bhagirathi are the two headstreams of the Ganga. They both meet to form the Ganga at Devprayag.

(v) The Brahmaputra river, which is known as Tsangpo in Tibet, carries a smaller volume of water and less silt as it is a cold and dry area. But once it enters India, Brahmaputra is fed by heavy rains, and it carries lot of water and silt.

(vi) The two rivers that flow through troughs are Narmada and Tapi. They form estuaries while
entering the sea.

(vii) River is very beneficial for agricultural purpose and generating hydro-electricity. It provides fisheries, inland channels for transport. Lakes like the Sambhar Lake provide edible salt. They also help develop tourism and provide recreation.

3. Below are given names of a few lakes of India. Group those under two categories – natural and created by human beings.
(a) Wular (b) Dal (c) Nainital (d) Bhimtal (e) Gobind Sagar (f) Loktak (g) Barapani (h) Chilika (i) Sambhar (j) Rana Pratap Sagar (k) Nizam Sagar (l) Pulicat (m) Nagarjuna Sagar (n) Hirakud

Answer

Natural Lakes: Wular, Dal, Nainital, Bhimtal, Chilika, Pulicat, Sambhar, Barapani, Loktak
Created by human beings: Gobind Sagar, Hirakud, Rana Pratap Sagar, Nagarjuna Sagar, Nizam Sagar

4. Discuss the significant difference between the Himalayan and the Peninsular rivers.

Answer

Himalayan Rivers	Peninsular Rivers
Originate from Himalayas	Originate in the Western Ghats
These are perennial rivers.	These are seasonal rivers.
They receive water from rain as well as from melted snow from the lofty mountains.	These rivers are dependent upon rainfall. During the dry season, even the large rivers have reduced flow of water

5. Compare the east-flowing and the west-flowing rivers of the Peninsular Plateau.
Answer

East Flowing Rivers	West Flowing Rivers
Major rivers flowing eastwards: Mahanadi, Godavari, Krishna, Kaveri	Only two long rivers flow westwards: Narmada, Tapi
These rivers drain in the Bay of Bengal.	These rivers drain in the Arabian sea.
Carry greater amount of sediments, so form deltas at their mouths	Carry lesser amount of sediments, so form estuaries at their mouths
Greater number of tributaries	Lesser number of tributaries
These river flow not through very deep canals.	These rivers flow in troughs.

6. Why are rivers important for the country’s economy?

Answer

The rivers important for the country’s economy because:
→ It is source of natural fresh water which is required for the survival of most of the animals including human.
→ The water from the rivers is used for various domestic, industrial and agricultural purposes.
→ The presence of rivers boosts trade and commerce by helping in the easy transport of goods. They are also a potential source of energy.
→ The water from rivers is used for running hydro-electric dams.
→  It is also used for navigation and transport thus, important for commercial activities.
→ It also provides fishing and great scenic and recreational value. Thus,serve as good tourist spots.

Map Skills

(i) On an outline map of India mark and label the following rivers: Ganga, Satluj, Damodar, Krishna, Narmada, Tapi, Mahanadi, and Brahmaputra.
(ii) On an outline map of India mark and label the following lakes: Chilika, Sambhar, Wular, Pulicat, Kolleru.

Answer

Page No: 25

Project/Activity

Across

1. Nagarjuna Sagar is a river valley project. Name the river?
2. The longest river of India.
3. The river which originates from a place known as Beas Kund.
4. The river which rises in the Betul district of MP and flows westwards.
5. The river which was known as the “Sorrow” if West Bengal.
6. The river on which the reservoir for Indira Gandhi canal has been built.
7. The river whose source lies near Rohtang Pass.
8. The longest river of Peninsular India.

Down

9. A tributary of Indus originating from Himachal Pradesh.
10. The river flowing through fault, drains into the Arabian Sea.
11. A river of South India, which receives rain water both in summer and winter.
12. A river which flows through Ladakh, Gilgit and Pakistan.
13. A important river of the Indian desert.
14. The river which joins Chenab in Pakistan.
15. A river which rises at Yamunotri glacier.

Answer

Important Links

Quick Revision Note – Ch 3 Drainage

Most Important Questions – Ch 3 Drainage

Important MCQs – Ch 3 Drainage

For Free Video Lectures, Click here

The NCERT Solutions For Class 9th Geography (Social Science) are given below. Students Should also check NCERT Solutions Class 9 for other subjects to.

NCERT Book Solutions For Class 9 Geography Chapter 2

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Page No: 11

1. The names of the glaciers and passes that lie in Great Himalayas

Answer

Glaciers in the Great Himalayas — Gangotri, Chaturangi, Bhagirathi, Kharak, Satopanth, Kamet, Milam and Pindari.
Passes in the Great Himalayas — Karakoram pass, Shipkila pass, Nathula, Bomdila pass.
2. The  name of  the states where highest peaks are located.
Answer
Mountain peaks – States
Kanchenjunga – Sikkim
Nanga Parbat – Jammu and Kashmir
Nanda Devi – Uttarakhand
Kamet – Uttarakhand
Namcha Barwa – Assam
Page No: 15

Excercise

1. Choose the right answer from the four alternatives given below :

(i) A landmass bounded by sea on three sides is referred to as
(a) Coast
(b) Island (c) Peninsula (d) None of the above.► (c) Peninsula

(ii) Mountain ranges in the eastern part of India forming its boundaries with Myanmar
are collectively called :
(a) Himachal
(b) Uttaranchal (c) Purvachal (d) None of the above► (c) Purvachal

(iii) The western coastal strip south of Goa is referred to as
(a) Coromandel
(b) Konkan (c) Kannad(d) Northern Circar► (c) Kannad

(iv) The highest peak in the Eastern Ghats is
(a) Anai Mudi (b) Kanchenjunga (c) Mahendragiri (d) Khasi► (c) Mahendragiri

2. Answer the following questions briefly:

(i) What are tectonic plates?
(ii) Which continents of today were parts of the Gondwana land?
(iii) What is bhabar?
(iv) Name the three major divisions of the Himalayas from north to south.
(v) Which plateau lies between the Aravali and the Vindhyan ranges?
(vi) Name the island group of India having coral origin.

Answer

(i) Large fragments of the Earth’s crust and upper mantle separated due to the convectional currents are called tectonic plates.

(ii) South America, South Africa, part of Asia (India, Arabia, Malaya), Australia and Antarctica continents were parts of the Gondwana land.

(iii) The Bhabar is that narrow belt of the plain which is covered with pebbles and lies along the foothills of the Shiwaliks from the Indus to the Tista.

(iv) The Great or the Inner Himalayas or the Himadri, the Middle Himalayas or the Himachal, and the Outer Himalayas or the Shivaliks.

(v) The Malwa plateau lies between the Aravali and the Vindhya Ranges.

(vi) Lakshadweep Islands is the island group of India having coral origin.

Page No: 16

3. Distinguish between
(i) Converging and Diverging Tectonic Plates.
(ii) Bhangar and Khadar
(iii) Western Ghats and Eastern Ghats

Answer

(i)

Converging Tectonic Plates	Diverging Tectonic Plates
When tectonic plates move towards each other, they are called converging plates.	When tectonic plates move away from each other, they are called diverging plates.
They collide or crumble or one of them slides under the other while moving towards each other.	They do not collide or crumble while moving away from each other.
Converging plates cause folds.	Diverging plates cause fractures in the crust.

(ii)

Bhangar	Khadar
These are the older alluvium or old soil and form the largest part of the Northern Plains.	The newer and younger deposits of the flood plains. Renewed every Year.
Presents a terrace like feature.	Contains calcerous deposits locally known as Kankar.
Less fertile	More fertile

(iii)

Western Ghats	Eastern Ghats
Mark the western edge of the Deccan Plateau	Mark the eastern edge of the Deccan Plateau
Continuous, can be crossed through the passes only.	Discontinuous, irregular and dissected by rivers draining into the Bay of Bengal.
Higher; average elevation is 900−1600 meters	Lower; average elevation is 600 meters
It experiences orographic rain mostly in summer due to the summer monsoons. The climate is hot and moist.	It receives rain mostly in winter through North-eastern monsoon. However, here the rain is lesser than the western strip.
Soil is highly fertile. Rice, spices, rubber and fruits like coconuts, cashew nuts etc. are grown	Soil is not as fertile as western ghats. Rice, ground nuts, cotton, tobacco, coconuts etc. are grown

4. Describe how the Himalayas were formed.

Answer
According to the Theory of Plate Tectonics, the Earth’s crust was initially a single, giant super-continent called Pangea. Gradually, Pangea began to split into a number of pieces due to convectional currents and formed Angaraland and Gondwanaland. Angaraland is the Eurasian land mass and Gondwanaland included India, Australia, S. Africa and S. America as one single land mass. The Indo-Australian plate separated from the Gondwana land due to convectional currents and drifted towards north. Due to this collision, the sedimentary rocks which were accumulated in the geosyncline known as the Tethys were folded to form the mountain system of western Asia and Himalaya.

5. Which are the major physiographic divisions of India? Contrast the relief of the Himalayan region with that of the Peninsular Plateau.

Answer

The major physiography divisions of India are :
(i) The Himalayan Mountains
(ii) The Northern Plains
(iii) The Peninsular Plateau
(iv) The Indian Desert
(v) The Coastal Plains
(vi) The Islands

The Himalayan Region	The Peninsular Plateau
Young fold mountains made from the uplift of the strata formed by the sedimentary rocks.	Ancient landmass created after splitting of Gondwanaland.
Consists of the loftiest mountains and deep valleys	Consists of broad and shallow valleys, and rounded hills
Composed of sedimentary rocks.	Composed of igneous and metamorphic rocks.
It is the origin of perennial rivers.	It has rainfed, seasonal rivers.
From the point of view of geology, this region forms an unstable zone	This region forms a stable zone

6. Give an account of the Northern Plains of India.

Answer

The northern plain has been formed by the interplay of the three major river systems, namely the Indus, the Ganga and the Brahmaputra along with their tributaries. This plain is formed of alluvial soil which is suitable for agriculture. It spreads over an area of 7 lakh sq. km. The plain is a densely populated physiographic division. The Northern Plain is broadly divided into three sections, Punjab Plains, Ganga Plains and Brahpmputra plains. According to the variations in relief features, the Northern plains can be divided into four regions. Bhabar, a narrow belt of pebbles which lie at the foot of Shivaliks. Terai, lie next to Bhabar which a wet and marshy area with wildlife and forests. Bhangar is made up of older alluvium plain which rises above the level of the flood plains. Khadar is a younger alluvium of the flood plains.

7. Write short notes on the following.
(i) The Indian Desert
(ii) The Central Highlands
(iii) The Island groups of India

Answer

(i) The Indian desert lies towards the western margins of the Aravali Hills. It is an undulating sandy plain covered with sand dunes called barchans. This region receives very low rainfall below 150 mm per year. It has arid climate with low vegetation cover. Streams appear during the rainy season. Soon after they disappear into the sand as they do not have enough water to reach the sea. Luni is the only large river in this region.

(ii) The part of the peninsular plateau lying to the north of the Narmada River covering a major area of the Malwa plateau is known as the Central Highlands. The Vindhyan range is bounded by the Central Highlands on the south and the Aravali range on the northwest. The flow of the rivers draining this region, namely the Chambal, the Sind, the Betwa and Ken is from southwest to northeast, thus indicating the slope. The Central Highlands are wider in the west but narrower in the east.  The eastward extensions of this plateau are locally known as the Bundelkhand and Baghelkhand. The Chotanagpur plateau marks the further eastward extension, drained by the Damodar River.

(iii) India has two main island groups, namely Lakshadweep and Andaman and Nicobar island. The Lakshadweep consists of many small islands located opposite the Kerala coast in the Arabian Sea. The islands of this group are formed of coral deposits. It covers small area of 32 sq km. Kavaratti island is the administrative headquarters of Lakshadweep. The Andaman and Nicobar Islands, on the other hand, are larger in size. They are more in number and more widely scattered. These islands are an elevated portion of submarine mountains.

Map Skills

On an outline map of India show the following.
(i)Mountain and hill ranges – the Karakoram, the Zaskar, the Patkai Bum, the Jaintia, the Vindhya range, the Aravali, and the Cardamom hills.
(ii) Peaks – K2, Kanchenjunga, Nanga Parbat and the Anai Mudi.
(iii) Plateaus, Chotanagpur and Malwa
(iv) The Indian Desert, Western Ghats, Lakshadweep Islands

Answer

Project/ActivityLocate the peaks, passes, ranges, plateaus, hills, and duns hidden in the puzzle.Try to find where these features are located. You may start your search horizontally, vertically or diagonally.

Answer

Vertical

CHOTANAGPUR
ARAVALI
KONKAN
JAINTIA
MALWA
NILGIRI
SHIPKILA
VINDHYA
BOMDILA
SAHYADRI
SATPURA

Horizontal

NATHULA
CARDEMOM
GARO
KANCHENJUNGA
ANAIMUDI
EVEREST
PATLI

Important Links

Quick Revision Note – Ch 2 Physical Features of India

Most Important Questions – Ch 2 Physical Features of India

Important MCQs – Ch 2 Physical Features of India

For Free Video Lectures, Click here

The NCERT Solutions For Class 9th Geography (Social Science) are given below. Students Should also check NCERT Solutions Class 9 for other subjects to.

NCERT Book Solutions For Class 9 Geography Chapter 2

Page No: 2

1. Why 82°30’E has been selected as the Standard Meridian of India?

Answer

82°30′ E has been selected as the Standard Meridian of India because it is situated in the centre of all longitudes and latitudes in which our country is located.

2. Why is the difference between the durations of day and night hardly felt at Kanyakumari but not so in Kashmir?
Answer
The difference between the durations of day and night hardly felt at Kanyakumari because it is near equator. As equator receives the direct Sun rays, there won’t be hardly any difference between the day & night. But the Kashmir is far away from the equator.
Page No: 4
1. The number of Union Territories along the western and eastern coasts.
Answer

Union Territories on the western coast of India are — Diu and Daman, Dadra and Nagar Haveli, Mahe (Pondicherry) and Lakshadweep. Union Territories on the eastern coast of India are — Pondicherry and Andaman and Nicobar Islands. 
2. Area-wise which is the smallest and which is the largest state?

Answer

Largest Sate: Rajasthan
Smallest State: Goa

3. The states which do not have an international border or lie on the coast.

Answer

Haryana, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Telangana.

4. Classify the states into four groups each having common frontiers with
(i) Pakistan (ii) China (iii) Myanmar and (iv) Bangladesh. 
Answer

(i) States having common frontiers with Pakistan are Jammu and Kashmir, Punjab, Rajasthan, Gujarat.
(ii) States having common frontiers with China are Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh,
Uttarakhand, Sikkim and Arunachal Pradesh.
(iii) States having common frontiers with Myanmar are Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland, Manipur, Mizoram.(iv) States having common frontiers with Bangladesh are Meghalaya, Assam. West Bengal, Tripura.

Page No: 6

Excercise

1. Choose the right answer from the four alternatives given below :
(i) The Tropic of Cancer does not pass through:
(a) Rajasthan
(b) Chhattisgarh
(c) Odisha
(d) Tripura
► (c) Odisha

2. The eastern-most longitude of India is:
(a) 97°25′E
(b) 68°7′E
(c) 77°6′E
(d) 82°32′E
► (a) 97°25′E

3. Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, West Bengal and Sikkim have common frontiers with :
(a) China
(b) Bhutan
(c) Nepal
(d) Myanmar
► (c) Nepal

4. If you intend to visit the island Kavaratti during your summer vacations, which one of the following Union Territory of India you will be going to?
(a) Pondicherry
(b) Lakshadweep
(c) Andaman and Nicobar
(d) Diu and Daman
► (b) Lakshadweep

5. My friend hails from a country which does not share land boundary with India. Identify the country.
(a) Bhutan
(b) Tajikistan
(c) Myanmar
(d) Nepal
► (b) Tajikistan
2. Answer the following questions briefly.
(i) Name the group of islands lying in the Arabian Sea.
(ii) Name the countries which are larger than India.
(iii) Which island group of India lies to its south-east?
(iv) Which island countries are our southern neighbours?

Answer

(i) Lakshadweep
(ii) Russia, Canada, China, USA, Brazil and Australia.
(iii) Andaman and Nicobar group of islands.
(iv) Maldives, Sri Lanka.

3. The sun rises two hours earlier in Arunachal Pradesh as compared to Gujarat in the west but the watches show the same time. How does this happen?

Answer

The longitudinal gap between Arunachal Pradesh and Gujarat is about 30°. Due to this, there is time lag of about two hours between these states. Since Arunachal Pradesh is in the east hence the sun rises earlier here compared to in Gujarat. The Indian Standard Time is taken from the time of Standard Meridian of India and hence, the watches show the same time in both the states.

4. The central location of India at the head of the Indian Ocean is considered of great significance. Why?

Answer

The central location of India at the head of the Indian Ocean is considered of great significance because –
→ It has given India a strategic advantage due to the Trans Indian ocean routes which connect the countries of Europe in the West and the countries of East Asia.
→ The Deccan Peninsula protrudes into the Indian Ocean helps India to establish close contact with West Asia, Africa and Europe from the Western coast and with the Southeast and East Asia from the Eastern coast.
→ The vast coastline and the natural harbours have benefitted India in carrying out trade and commerce with its neighbouring and distant countries.
→ It has given India a distinct climate than the rest of the Asian Continent.

Map Skills
1. Identify the following with the help of map reading.

(i) The island groups of India lying in the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal.
(ii) The countries constituting Indian Subcontinent.
(iv) The states through which the Tropic of Cancer passes.
(iv) The northernmost latitude in degrees.
(v) The southernmost latitude of the Indian mainland in degrees.
(vi) The eastern and the western most longitudes in degrees.
(vii) The place situated on the three seas.
(viii)The strait separating Sri Lanka and India.
(ix) The Union Territories of India.

Answer

(i) Lakshadweep

(ii) Countries which make the Indian subcontinent are Pakistan in the north-west, India at the core, Nepal in the north, Bhutan in the north-east and Bangladesh in the east.

(iii) Tropic of Cancer passes through the states of Gujarat, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, West Bengal, Tripura and Mizoram.
(iv) 37°6′ N
(v) 8°4′ N
(vi) Western – 68°7′ E, Eastern – 97°25′ E
(vii) Kanyakumari

(viii) The Palk Strait.
(ix) Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Chandigarh, Dadra and Nagar Haveli, Daman and Diu, Delhi, Lakshadweep, Puducherry (Pondicherry).

Important Links

Quick Revision Note – Ch 1 India – Size and Location

Most Important Questions – Ch 1 India – Size and Location

Important MCQs – Ch 1 India – Size and Location

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The NCERT Solutions For Class 9th Economics (Social Science) are given below. Students Should also check NCERT Solutions Class 9 for other subjects to.

NCERT Book Solutions For Class 9 Economics Chapter 4

Page No: 53

Excercise

1. How is food security ensured in India?

Answer

Food security is ensured in a country when the three dimensions of food security are taken care of. The three dimensions are:
Availabilityof food – Presence of enough food for all the persons
Accessibilityof food – Absence of barrier on access to food
Affordabilityof food – Capability of all persons to buy food of acceptable quality

2. Which are the people more prone to food insecurity?
Answer
A large section of people suffer from food and nutrition insecurity in India. However, the worst affected groups areas follows:
→ Landless and land-poor households, traditional artisans, providers of traditional services, petty self-employed workers and destitute including beggars (in the rural areas).
→ People employed in ill-paid occupations and casual labourers engaged in seasonal activities (in the urban areas).
→ People belonging to the backward sections of society, namely SCs, STs and OBCs
→ People belonging to economically-backward states with high incidence of poverty, tribal and remote areas and regions more prone to natural disasters.
→ People affected by natural disasters who have to migrate to other areas in search of work.
→ Large proportion of pregnant and nursing mothers, and children under the age of 5 years.

3. Which states are more food insecure in India?

Answer

The economically-backward states with high incidence of poverty are more food insecure in India. The states of Uttar Pradesh (eastern and south-eastern parts), Bihar, Jharkhand, Orissa, West Bengal, Chattisgarh, parts of Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra account for the largest number of food insecure people in the country.

4. Do you believe that Green Revolution has made India self-sufficient in food grains? How?

Answer

In the late 1960s, the Green Revolution introduced the Indian farmer to the cultivation of high-yielding varieties (HYVs) of seeds. The HYVs (coupled with chemical fertilisers and pesticides) led to a growth in the productivity of food grains (especially wheat and rice), thereby helping India attain self-sufficiency in food grains. Since the advent of the Green Revolution, the country has avoided famine even during adverse weather conditions.

5. A section of people in India are still without food. Explain.

Answer

Despite large increase in foodgrain production we find people without food in India. Poor people suffer from chronic hunger. They find themselves unable to buy food. Over one-fifth of the country’s population still suffers from chronic hunger.

6. What happens to the supply of food when there is a disaster or a calamity?

Answer

When there is a disaster or a calamity, the production of food grains decreases in the affected area. This in turn creates a shortage of food in the area. Due to the food shortage, the prices go up. The raised prices of food materials affect the capacity of many people to buy the same. When the calamity occurs in a very wide spread area or is stretched over a long period of time, it may cause a situation of starvation. A massive starvation can take the form of famine.

7. Differentiate between seasonal hunger and chronic hunger.

Answer

Seasonal hunger is related to cycles of food growing and harvesting. This is prevalent in rural areas because of the seasonal nature of agricultural activities, and in urban areas because of the casual labour (e.g., there is less work for casual construction labour during the rainy season). This type of hunger exists when a person is unable to get work for the entire year.Chronic hunger is a consequence of diets persistently inadequate in terms of quantity and/or quality. Poor people suffer from chronic hunger because of their very low income and in turn, inability to buy food even for survival.

8. What has our government done to provide food security to the poor? Discuss any two schemes launched by the government?

Answer

The food security is ensured in India by the Government by carefully designed food security system. This system is composed of two components:
(a) Maintaining a Buffer Stock of food grains,
(b) Through the distribution of these food grains among the poorer sections of the society with the help of a Public Distribution System (PDS).
In addition to the above, the Government has launched several Poverty Alleviation Programmes (PAP) that comprise a component of food security. Some of these programmes are – Mid-Day Meals, Antyodaya Anna Yojana (AAY), and Food-For-Work (FFW) etc.
Two schemes launched by the government to provide food security to the poor are:
→Antyodaya Anna Yojana (AAY): This scheme was launched in December 2000. Under this scheme one crore of the poorer among the BPL families, covered by the Public Distribution System (PDS) were identified. Twenty-five kilograms of food grains were made available to each of the eligible family at a highly subsidized rate. After about two years, the quantity was enhanced from 25 kg to 35 kg. In June 2003, and August 2004, additional 50 lakh families were added to this scheme twice. In this way about 2 crore families have been brought under the AAY.  
→ Food for Work (FFW): This programme was launched in November 2004 in 150 most backward districts of the country. The main objective of this scheme is to intensify the generation of supplementary wage employment. This scheme is open to all rural poor who are willing to do unskilled labour. In return of the work, the workers are supplied foodgrains or money as they like.
9. Why is a buffer stock created by the government?

Answer

A buffer stock of food grains is created by the government so as to distribute the procured food grains in the food-deficit areas and among the poorer strata of society at a price lower than the market price. A buffer stock helps resolve the problem of shortage of food during adverse weather conditions or during periods of calamity.

10. Write notes on:
(a) Minimum support price
(b) Buffer stock
(c) Issue price
(d) Fair-price shops

Answer

(a) Minimum Support Price (MSP) – This is the pre-announced price at which the government purchases foodgrains particularly, wheat and rice from the farmer in order to crate a buffer stock. This price is announced by the government every year before the sowing season to give incentive to the farmers to raise the production of the desired crop. The rising MSPs have raised the maintenance cost of procuring food grains by the government as well as induced farmers to divert land from production of coarse grains to the production of these crops.

(b) Buffer Stock – It is the stock of food grains particularly, wheat and rice which the government procures through the Food Corporation of India (FCI). The FCI purchases these cereals directly from the farmers of those states where they are in surplus. The price of these commodities is much before the actual sowing season of these crops. The food grains thus purchased by the FCI are kept in big granaries and are called Buffer Stock. Maintaining buffer stock is a step taken by the government in order to ensure food security in the country.  
(c) Issue Price – In order to help the poor strata of the society, the government provides them food grains from the buffer stock at a price much lower than the market price. This subsidized price is known as the Issue Price.
(d) Fair Price Shops – The foodgrains procured by the government through FCI is distributed to the poor section of the society through ration shops. The Ration Shops are called Fair Price Shops because food grains are supplied to the poor through these shops at much reasonable and a fair price than the market price which is often high. Any family with a ration card can purchase stipulated amount of food grains, sugar, kerosene etc. every month from the nearby fair price shop.
11. What are the problems of the functioning of the ration shops?

Answer

There are various problem of the functioning of ration shops such as ;
→ Ration cards are issued only to those people who have their proper residential addresses. Hence a large number of homeless poor fail to get ration from these shops.
→ The owners of these shops sell ration in the open market at higher prices.
→ Sometimes shopkeepers make bogus entries in the ration cards.
12. Write a note on the role of cooperatives in providing food and related items.

Answer

The cooperatives are playing an important role in food security in India, especially in the southern and western parts of the country. The cooperative societies set up shops to sell goods to the poor people at lower prices. For example, out of all fair price shops operating in Tamil Nadu, nearly 94 percent are being run by the cooperatives. In Delhi, Mother Dairy is providing milk and vegetables to the consumers at controlled prices which are decided by the Delhi Government. Amul is another example in this regard. It has brought about the White Revolution in the country. There are many more cooperatives and NGOs also working intensively towards this direction.

Important Links

Quick Revision Note – Ch 4 Food Security in India

Most Important Questions – Ch 4 Food Security in India

Important MCQs – Ch 4 Food Security in India

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The NCERT Solutions For Class 9th Economics (Social Science) are given below. Students Should also check NCERT Solutions Class 9 for other subjects to.

NCERT Book Solutions For Class 9 Economics Chapter 3

Page No: 40

Excercise

1. Describe how the poverty line is estimated in India.

Answer

In India poverty line is measured or calculated considering the following factors required for subsistence:
1. Minimum level of food requirement,
2. Clothing
3. Footwear
4. Fuel and Light
5. Education and
6. Medical requirement etc.
These physical quantities are multiplied by their prices. The present formula for food requirement is based on the desired calorie requirement. On the basis of these calculations in 1999 – 2000, the poverty line in the rural areas was fixed Rs.328 per capita per month and in urban areas, it was Rs.454. People earning more than this amount were considered above the poverty line and earning less than this amount were considered as living below the poverty line.

2. Do you think that present methodology of poverty estimation is appropriate?
Answer
The present methodology of poverty estimation does not look appropriate. It only takes one factor in view and that is the economic factor. Moreover it considers about a “minimum” subsistence level of living rather than a “reasonable” level of living.
Poverty has many dimensions. It is no longer confined to economic factors alone. With development, the definitions of what constitutes poverty also changes. Its concept has broadened to human poverty. A few persons may have been able to feed themselves but if they are without education, without shelter, without health-care, without job security, without self-confidence, without social equality, they are considered poor. If poverty is to be removed in real sense and the people are to be brought above the poverty line, not only that we need to increase their income but also, we have to provide the people with education, shelter, health-care, job-security, respect, dignity all.
3. Describe poverty trends in India since 1973.

Answer

As per the data, there is a substantial decline in poverty ratio in India from 55 percent in 1973 to 36 percent in 1993. There was further decline from 36 percent in 1993 to 26 percent in 2000. Although the number of poor people remained stable (about 320 million) in the earlier two decades (1973 to 1993), there was significant reduction in the number of the poor to about 260 million till 2000. It may also be noted that poverty ratio always remained higher in rural areas compared to urban  areas.If the present trend continues, the people below poverty line may come down to less than 20 percent in the next few years.

 4. Discuss the major reasons for poverty in India.
Answer

The major reasons for poverty in India are:
→ Colonial Rule: India went through a long phase of low economic development under the British colonial administration. The policies of the colonial government ruined traditional handicrafts and discouraged development of industries like textiles.
→ High growth in Population: The rapid growth of population, particularly among the poor, is considered one of the major causes behind Indian poverty. Poor people are illiterate and have traditional outlook. Hence, they are either ignorant of birth control measures or not convinced of the need of birth control. Moreover, they consider male child as an asset, that is, as a source of income and a source of security during old age.
→ Low Rate of Economic Development : The actual rate of growth in India has always been below the required level. It has been around 4 per cent since 1951. This has resulted in less job opportunities. This was accompanied by a high growth rate of population.
→ Unemployment : Another important factor that can be held responsible for the incidence of high poverty in India is the high degree of unemployment and underemployment. The job seekers are increasing at a higher rate than the increase in the employment opportunities.
→ Unequal Distribution: Although national income of India has been increasing since 1951, it was not properly distributed among different sections of the society. A large proportion of increased income has been pocketed by a few rich. They become richer. Consequently, the majority of people have to live below the poverty line.
→ Social Factors : Various social factors, viz., caste system, joint family system, religious faiths, law of inheritance, etc., have blocked the path of economic development.

5. Identify the social and economic groups which are most vulnerable to poverty in India.

Answer

Social Groups Vulnerable to Poverty :
→ Scheduled caste households → Scheduled tribe householdsEconomic Groups Vulnerable to Poverty : → Rural agricultural labour households → Urban casual labour households

6. Give an account of interstate disparities in poverty in India.
Answer
The proportion of poor is not the same in every state. Though there has been a decline in poverty in every state from the early seventies, the success rate of reducing poverty has varied from state to state. In 20 states and union territories, the poverty ratio is less than the national average of 26. In others, the poverty ratios are higher than the national average. Among these, Orrisa and Bihar continue to be the two poorest states with poverty ratios of 47 and 43 per cent respectively. Both rural and urban poverty are quite high in these states. On the other hand, states like Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Kerala, Punjab and Jammu and Kashmir and West Bengal have shown a significant decline in poverty. Public distribution of food grains, focus on human resource development, high agricultural development and land reform measures are some of the factors responsible for the decline in poverty in these states.
7. Describe global poverty trends.

Answer

The proportion of people in developing countries living on less than $1 per day has fallen from 28 per cent in 1990 to 21 per cent in 2001. There has been a substantial reduction in global poverty since the nineteen eighties. However, the reduction in poverty is marked with great regional differences. Due to rapid economic growth and massive investment in human resource development, poverty declined substantially in China and Southeast Asian countries.
On the other hand, in South Asian countries (India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Bangladesh, Bhutan), the decline has not been as rapid. While the ratio of poverty in Latin America has remained the same,in sub-Saharan Africa, poverty has risen from 41 per cent in 1981 to 46 per cent in 2001. According to the world development report of 2001, countries like Nigeria, Bangladesh and India still have a large percentage of people living under poverty.
Poverty has also resurfaced in some of the former socialist countries like Russia, where officially it was non-existent earlier.

8. Describe current government strategy of poverty alleviation.

Answer

Removal of poverty has one of the major objectives of Indian developmental strategy. The current government strategy of poverty alleviation is based on two planks:
(1) Promotion of Economic Growth
(2) Targeted Anti-poverty Programmes

Some of the anti-poverty programmes undertaken by government at present are discussed below:
→ Prime Minister’s Rozgar Yojana (PMRY): Started in 1993, this programme aims to create self-employment opportunities for educated unemployed youth in rural areas and small towns.
→ Pradhan Mantri Gramodaya Yojana (PMGY): Launched in 2000, this aims to create and improve basic services like primary health, primary education, rural shelter, rural drinking water and rural electrification.
→ National Food for Work programme (NFWP): Launched in 2004 in 150 most backward districts of the country, this programme is open to all rural poor who are in need of wage employment and desired to do manual unskilled work.
→ National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (NREGA): This act was passed in September 2005. The act provides 100 days assured employment every year to every rural household in 200 districts. Later, the scheme will be extended to 600 districts and also one third to the proposed jobs would be reserved for women.
9. Answer the following questions briefly –
(i) What do you understand by human poverty?
(ii) Who are the poorest of the poor?
(iii) What are the main features of the National Rural Employment Guarantee Act 2005?

Answer

(i) Human poverty is a concept that goes beyond the limited view of poverty as lack of income. It refers to the denial of political, social and economic opportunities to an individual to maintain a “reasonable” standard of living. Illiteracy, lack of job opportunities, lack of access to proper healthcare and sanitation, caste and gender discrimination, etc., are all components of human poverty.

(ii) Women, children (especially the girl child) and elder people in a poor family are regarded as the poorest of the poor because they are systematically denied equal access to resources available to the family.

(iii) Main features of the National Rural Employment Guarantee Act 2005:
→ The Act assures 100 days employment every year to every household.
→ Initially covering 200 districts, the Act would be extended later on to cover 600 districts.
→ One-third of the jobs are reserved for women.

Important Links

Quick Revision Note – Ch 3 Poverty as a Challenge

Most Important Questions – Ch 3 Poverty as a Challenge

Important MCQs – Ch 3 Poverty as a Challenge

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The NCERT Solutions For Class 9th Economics (Social Science) are given below. Students Should also check NCERT Solutions Class 9 for other subjects to.

NCERT Book Solutions For Class 9 Economics Chapter 2

Page No: 27

Excercise

1. What do you understand by ‘people as a resource’?

Answer

People as a resource is a way of referring to the country’s working population in terms of their
existing productive skills and abilities.

2. How is human resource different from other resources like land and physical capital?

Answer

Human resource makes use of other resources like land and physical capital to produce an output. The other resources cannot become useful on their own. This is the reason why human resource is considered to be superior to the other resources.

3. What is the role of education in human capital formation?

Answer

Education is the most important component of human resource development.
→Proper education and training enable the formation of this human capital. An educated population is an asset, a resource. → Education enhances the quantity and quality of individual productivity, which in turn adds to the growth of the economy. →It develops personality and sense of national consciousness among the people which are important for rapid economc growth.
4. What is the role of health in human capital formation?
Answer
Health plays an important role in human capital formation. A healthy person is more likely to realize his full potential and can become an asset for the economy. An unhealthy person is less likely to realize his potential and can become a liability for the economy.

5. What part does health play in an individual’s working life?

Answer

The health of an individual helps him to realise his potential and also gives him the ability to fight illness. An unhealthy individual is a liability to his place of work. The health of a person is directly related to his efficiency. As compared to an unhealthy individual, a healthy person can work more efficiently and with greater productivity.

6. What are the various activities undertaken in the primary sector, secondary sector and tertiary sector?

Answer

Primary sector comprises activities related to the extraction and production of natural resources. Agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry, fishing, poultry farming, mining and quarrying are the activities undertaken in this sector.

Secondary sector comprises activities related to the processing of natural resources. Manufacturing is included in this sector.

Tertiary sector comprises activities that provide support to the primary and secondary sectors through various services. Trade, transport, communication, banking, education, health, tourism, insurance, etc., are examples of tertiary activities.

7. What is the difference between economic activities and non-economic activities?

Answer

Activities that add value to the national income are called economic activities. These have two parts – market activities (production for pay or profit) and non-market activities (production for self consumption).
Non-economic activities are the ones that do not add to the national income; for example, an individual performing domestic chores.

8. Why are women employed in low-paid work?

Answer
Education and skill are the major determinants of the earning of any individual in the market. Due to gender discrimination, women are generally denied the education and the necessary skills to become worthy contributors to the national income. As a result, a majority of women have meagre education and low skill formation. This is one of the reasons why they get paid less than men.

9. How will you explain the term unemployment?
Answer

Unemployment is a situation in which people who are able and willing to work at the going wages cannot find jobs.An individual is termed as unemployed if he or she is part of the workforce of a country, and is capable and willing to work for payment, but is unable to do so.

10. What is the difference between disguised unemployment and seasonal unemployment?

Answer

Disguised unemployment: When more persons are working in a job than actually required, the situation is termed as disguised unemployment. For example, if in an agricultural activity eight people are engaged but this work/activity actually requires the services of five people, then three persons are extra. If these three people out of eight are withdrawn, total production will remain unaffected.
Seasonal unemployment: Seasonal unemployment occurs when people are able to find jobs only during some months of the year. For Example, Agricultural labourers find work only during the busy seasons, i.e., sowing, harvesting, weeding and threshing. This is because of the seasonal character of agriculture in India.

11. Why is educated unemployment a peculiar problem of India?

Answer

Educated Unemployement is the situation wherein a number of youth with matriculation, graduation and post graduation degrees are not able to find suitable jobs. India has a huge population and every year a large number of people graduate from schools and colleges. Employment generation in various sectors is not keeping pace with the number of educated people coming out of educational institutions. Due to this, educated unemployed is a peculiar problem of India.

12. In which field do you think India can build the maximum employment opportunity?

Answer

India can build the maximum employment opportunity in the agricultural sector and its based industries. Agriculture is the most labour absorbing sector of the economy. When the efficient and quality packaging happen with agricultural products then it can generate a lot of employement oppurtunities.
13. Can you suggest some measures in the education system to mitigate the problem of the educated unemployed?

Answer

Measures in the education system to mitigate the problem of the educated unemployed:
→ Make education at the secondary level more career-oriented, which would endow individuals with not only education but also the requisite skills for gaining successful employment.
→ Create a sort of screening process whereby each individual chooses subjects that suit his or her abilities.
→ The introduction of newer subjects and fields of study at the school level should be accompanied by a growth of job opportunities in the sectors that would employ the students electing to study such subjects.

15. Which capital would you consider the best – land, labour, physical capital and human capital? Why?

Answer

Human capital makes use of the other resources like land, labour and physical capital to produce an output. The other resources cannot become useful on their own. Hence, human capital may well be considered the best among all the resources.

Important Links

Quick Revision Note – Ch 2 People as Resource 

Most Important Questions – Ch 2 People as Resource 

Important MCQs – Ch 2 People as Resource 

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The NCERT Solutions For Class 9th Economics (Social Science) are given below. Students Should also check NCERT Solutions Class 9 for other subjects to.

NCERT Book Solutions For Class 9 Economics Chapter 1

Page No: 14

Excercises

1. Every village in India is surveyed once in ten years during the Census and some of the details are presented in the following format. Fill up the following based on information on Palampur.a. LOCATION:
b. TOTAL AREA OF THE VILLAGE:
c. LAND USE (in hectares):

Cultivated Land	Land not available for cultivation (Area covering dwellings, roads, ponds, grazing ground)
Irrigated	Unirrigated
–	–	26 hectares

d. FACILITIES:

Educational	–
Medical	–
Market	–
Electricity Supply	–
Communication	–
Nearest Town	–

Answer

a. LOCATION: Bulandshahar district, Western Uttar Pradesh
b. TOTAL AREA OF THE VILLAGE: 226 hectares
c. LAND USE (in hectares):

Cultivated Land	Land not available for cultivation (Area covering dwellings, roads, ponds, grazing ground)
Irrigated	Unirrigated
200 hectares	–	26 hectares

d. FACILITIES:

Educational	2 primary schools and 1 high school
Medical	1 primary health centre and 1 private dispensary
Market	Raiganj and Shahpur
Electricity Supply	Most of the houses have electric connections. Electricity powers all the tube wells in the fields and is used in various types of small businesses.
Communication	Well-connected with neighbouring villages and towns. 3 kms from Raiganj. All-weather road connects it to Raiganj and further on to Shahpur. Many kinds of transport like bullock carts, tongas, bogeys, motorcycles, jeeps, tractors and trucks are present.
Nearest Town	Shahpur

2. Modern farming methods require more inputs which are manufactured in industry. Do you agree?

Answer

Modern farming methods involve the use of high-yielding variety seeds. These seeds require a combination of chemical fertilisers and pesticides, agricultural implements like tractors, and proper irrigation facilities like electric tube wells to produce the best results. All these elements are manufactured in industries. Hence, it would be right to say that modern farming methods make use of a greater number of industrial outputs as compared to traditional farming methods.

3. How did the spread of electricity help farmers in Palampur?
Answer
The spread of electricity has helped the farmers of Palampur village in the following ways :
→ Most of the houses have electric connections.
→ Electricity is used to run tubewells in the fields.
→ Electricity is used in various types of small business.
4. Is it important to increase the area under irrigation? Why?

Answer

India is an agricultural country. Nearly two-thirds of the people are dependent on farming for
their livelihood. But of the total cultivated area in the country, a little less than 40 per cent is
irrigated even today. In the remaining areas, farming is largely dependent on rainfall which is
irregular and uncertain. Modern farming methods cannot be used in the absence of assured
adequate water supplies. India cannot achieve the goal of self-sufficiency in food grains unless
the area under irrigation is increased.

5. Construct a table on the distribution of land among the 450 families of Palampur.

Answer

Number of families	Land (hectare)
150	0
240	Less than 2
60	More than 2

6. Why are the wages for farm labourers in Palampur less than minimum wages?

Answer

Farm workers at Palampur village get lower wages than the minimum wages fixed by the government. The minimum wages for a farm labourer is fixed at Rs 115 per day. But farm labourers get only Rs 70 – 80. This happens because of heavy competition for work among the farm labourers at Palampur village.
8. What are the different ways of increasing production on the same piece of land? Use examples to explain.

Answer

The different ways of increasing production on the same piece of land are:
→ Multiple Cropping : It is the most common way of increasing production on a given piece of land. Under it, more than one crop is grown on the same piece of land during the year. Indian farmers should grow at least two main crops in a year. In India, some farmers are growing a third crop also over the past 20 years.→ Modern Farming Methods : Production on the same piece of land can also be increased by adopting modern farming methods. The Green Revolution in India is a remarkable example of it. Under modern farming, more cultivable areas should be brought under HYV seeds and irrigation. The use of simple wooden plough must be replaced by tractors. The increasing use of farm machinery like tractors, threshers, harvesters, etc. make cultivation faster.
9. Describe the work of a farmer with 1 hectare of land.
Answer
A farmer with 1 hectare of land shall put under the category of small farmer. Most of the work would be done by the farmer and his family members. The farmer will normally use a pair of bullocks to plough the field. His family members would assist him in sowing the seeds. During harvest time, he may require to hire some labourers.

10. How do the medium and large farmers obtain capital for farming? How is it different from the small farmers?

Answer

Medium and large farmers usually have surplus cash by selling their farm produce. Since they have land and house, they easily get loan from banks. Small farmers, on the other hand, may not be able to get bank loans. They have to depend on the local merchant and moneylender for loan.

11. On what terms did Savita get a loan from Tejpal Singh? Would Savita’s condition be different if she could get a loan from the bank at a low rate of interest?

Answer

Savita required money for buying seeds, fertilisers and pesticides, and water for irrigation. She also needed money for repairing her farm instruments. So, she decided to borrow money from Tejpal Singh, a large farmer in her village. Tejpal Singh agreed to give the loan of Rs. 3000 at an interest rate of 24 per cent for four months. He also got her to agree to work on his field during the harvest season for Rs. 35 a day.
Savita’s condition would have been better if she could get a loan from the bank. The bank would have provided her the loan at a low rate of interest. Moreover, Savita could have devoted more time on her own field instead of working for Tejpal Singh as farm labourer.
14. What can be done so that more non-farm production activities can be started in villages?

Answer

Three things that need to be done to encourage non-farm production activities in villages:
→ The government should set up schemes whereby landless labourers and small farmers are able to get cheap loans to start small individual/community businesses.
→ In addition to financial assistance, the government should set up rural workshops to enable the villagers to build on their skill levels.
→ The government should also work towards improving the infrastructure of villages so that the rural parts of the country are well connected to the urban areas.

Important Links

Quick Revision Note – Ch 1 The Story of Village Palampur

Most Important Questions – Ch 1 The Story of Village Palampur

Important MCQs – Ch 1 The Story of Village Palampur

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The NCERT Solutions For Class 9th History (Social Science) are given below. Students Should also check NCERT Solutions Class 9 for other subjects to.

NCERT Book Solutions For Class 9 History Chapter 8

Page No: 178

Questions

1. Explain the reasons for the changes in clothing patterns and materials in the eighteenth century.

Answer

After the 18th century, the colonisation of most of the world by Europe, the spread of democratic ideals and the growth of an industrial society completely changed the ways in which people thought about dress. People could use styles and materials that were drawn from other cultures and locations. Western dress styles for men were adopted worldwide.

2. What were the sumptuary laws in France?

Answer

From 1294 to the time of the French Revolution in 1789, the people of France were expected to strictly follow the sumptuary laws. These rules tried to regulate the lifestyles of the lower classes by regulating the amount and type of clothes they bought. The laws tried to control:
→ the behaviour of those considered socially inferior→ preventing them from wearing certain clothes→ consuming certain foods and beverages→ hunting game in certain areas.
3. Give any two examples of the ways in which European dress codes were different from Indian dress codes.
Answer

Two examples of the ways in which European dress codes were different from Indian dress codes:→ In Europe, dress codes were enacted on a socio-economic bias, while in India, these norms were along the lines of caste.
→ While the lower classes in Europe were barred from wearing specific materials, the lower castes in India were barred from wearing particular clothes; for example, the Shanar women, who were disallowed from covering their upper bodies like the higher caste women.

4. In 1805, a British official, Benjamin Heyne, listed the manufactures of Bangalore which included the following:
Women’s cloth of different musters and names
Coarse chintz
Muslins
Silk clothsOf this list, which kind of cloth would have definitely fallen out of use in the early 1900s and why?

Answer

Muslin would have fallen out of use as machine cloth had flooded the Indian markets and was cheaper. Muslin was expensive and hence was not used. In fact, the Industrial Revolution brought about a complete change in which muslin cloth had no place.

5. Suggest reasons why women in nineteenth century India were obliged to continue wearing traditional Indian dress even when men switched over to the more convenient Western clothing. What does this show about the position of women in society?

Answer

Women in the 19th century India were obliged to continue wearing traditional Indian dress even when men switched over to more convenient western clothes. This clearly shows that women during that time were accorded a lower status than men in society. They were not allowed to be aware of what was going on outside the house and were confined within the four walls of their homes. Modernity and change were not for them.

6. Winston Churchill described Mahatma Gandhi as a ‘seditious Middle Temple Lawyer’ now ‘posing as a half naked fakir’. What provoked such a comment and what does it tell you about the symbolic strength of Mahatma Gandhi’s dress?

Answer

Mahatma Gandhi went to the Viceroy’s house clad in a dhoti. This provoked such a comment. This signified the symbolic strength of his dress. It showed the pride he had for his nation and its people, especially the peasants. It also signified how he identified with his people and the strength he derived from them.

7. Why did Mahatma Gandhi’s dream of clothing the nation in khadi appeal only to some sections of Indians?
Answer

Mahatma Gandhi’s dream of clothing the nation in khadi appealed only to some sections of Indians because of different reasons. For the socially deprived, emancipation opened new doors – they wanted to experiment with Western dress styles now that dress restrictions did not hamper with their wishes anymore. This adoption of Western clothing was symbolic of new-found self and public respect for them. Others found khadi expensive to buy, and women in south India complained that they could not afford nine yards of khadi (standard length of the sari in the south).

Important Links

Quick Revision Note – Ch 8 Clothing: A Social

Most Important Questions – Ch 8 Clothing: A Social

Important MCQs – Ch 8 Clothing: A Social

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The NCERT Solutions For Class 9th History (Social Science) are given below. Students Should also check NCERT Solutions Class 9 for other subjects to.

NCERT Book Solutions For Class 9 History Chapter 7

Page No: 157

Questions

1. Test cricket is unique game in many ways. Discuss some of the ways in which it is different from other team games. How are the peculiarities of Test cricket shaped by its historical beginnings as a village game?

Answer

Test cricket is a unique game in many ways. It was the first modern team game to give itself rules and regulations. Unlike other team games, it can go on for five days and still end in a draw. No other modern team sport takes even half as much time to complete. While most team games (such as hockey and football) specify the dimensions of the playing area, the laws of cricket do not state the specific dimensions of the playing field.
The peculiarities of Test cricket are :
→ A match can go on for five days and still end in a draw. No other modern day team sport takes even half as much time to complete. Baseball completes nine innings in less than half the time that it takes to play a limited overs match.
→ The length of the pitch is specified (22 yards) but the size or shape of the ground is not. No dimensions of the playing area are mentioned for cricket.

2. Describe one way in which in the nineteenth century, technology brought about a change in equipment and give one example where no change in equipment took place.

Answer

Witht the changing times technology brought about a change in Cricket equipment but it remained true to its origins:
→ Introduction of pads and protective gloves. These protective equipments came forth as a result of the invention of vulcanised rubber.
→ Cricketing most important tools are made from natural and pre-industrial materials. The bats, even today, are made of wood. Also, they are not factory manufactured, but made by hand.

3. Explain why cricket became popular in India and the West Indies. Can you give reasons why it did not become popular in countries in South America?

Answer

Cricket became popular in India and the West Indies because of its colonial background. British imperial officials used it as a symbol of racial and social superiority. They did not popularise the game for the masses. For the colonised, playing cricket implied being the racial equals of the British. Success at cricket came to imply a measure of racial equality and political progress. On the other hand, the game was not so popular in countries like those of South America since they were not dominated by imperial England.

4. Give brief explanations for the following:
(i) The Parsis were the first Indian community to set up a cricket club in India.(ii) Mahatma Gandhi condemned the Pentangular tournament.
(iii) The name of the ICC was changed from the Imperial Cricket Conference to theInternational Cricket Conference.
(iv) The shift of the ICC headquarters from London to Dubai.

Answer

(i) The Parsis were a small trading community in close contact with the British, and hence, they were the first ones to westernise. During this process of westernisation, they founded the first Indian cricket club, in Bombay, in 1848, called the Oriental Cricket Club.
(ii) Mahatma Gandhi condemned the Pentangular tournament as he felt that it was a divisive competition that went against the need of the hour. At a time when the nationalists were trying to unite India’s diverse population, the Pentangular tournament divided them on communal lines and the colonial government encouraged these divisions.

(iii) The name was changed because of decolonisation. This was a process by which the British influence in many areas, one of them sports, declined. Cricket was no longer the monopoly of the imperial powers. Cricket was becoming international. In time, it came to be accepted that the laws of cricket could not continue to be framed for British or Australian conditions of play and they became part of the technique of all bowlers, everywhere in the world.

(iv) The shift of the ICC headquarters from London to Dubai happened on account of India’s location in South Asia. Since India has the largest viewership and market for cricket, the balance of power in cricket has shifted from the colonial domain to the decolonised domain. The shifting of headquarters symbolised and formally marked the end of English or imperialist domination over the game.

5. How have advances in technology, especially television technology, affected the development of contemporary cricket?

Answer

Advances in technology, especially television technology, have affected the development of contemporary cricket by making it marketable game:→ Cricket boards sold television rights to television companies and reaped profits.
→ Television channels sold television spots to companies. They aired their commercials and advertised their commodities to a large number of audience. They made huge profits.
→ Continuous television coverage made cricketers celebrities.They became rich. They were paid by cricket boards and also by companies whose commercials they endorsed.
→ Cricket audience expanded. Cricket was taken to the smaller towns. People could watch and learn by imitating their heroes.
→ Coloured uniforms, protective equipments, field regulations, and day-night, limited-overs matches have all helped this pre-industrial, rural game to adapt to the changing modern world.
→ Balance of power shifted to South Asia as most viewership was from here. ICC headquarters shifted from London to tax-free Dubai.

Important Links

Quick Revision Note – Ch 7 The Story of Cricket 

Most Important Questions – Ch 7 The Story of Cricket 

Important MCQs – Ch 7 The Story of Cricket 

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