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CHAPTER – 9 Life in the Temperate Grasslands | CLASS 7TH | NCERT GEOGRAPHY IMPORTANT QUESTIONS & MCQS | EDUGROWN

Chapter - 9 Life in the Temperate Grasslands

MCQs

 

Question 1.
Approximately how much area of earth is covered with grasslands?
(a) 40%
(b) 25%
(c) 10%
(d) 33%

Answer

Answer: (b) 25%

Question 2.
What are the Temperate Grasslands of North America called?
(a) Prairies
(b) Sahara
(c) Nile
(d) Tropical region

Answer

Answer: (a) Prairies

Question 3.
Which is the Latin word that means meadow?
(a) Priata
(b) Susu
(c) Both (a) and (b)
(d) None of these

Answer

Answer: (a) Priata

Question 4.
Which country does the river Mississippi drain?
(a) Africa
(b) USA
(c) Amazon
(d) Canada

Answer

Answer: (b) USA

Question 5.
Rocky mountains are bounded by which of the grasslands on their east?
(a) Pampos
(b) Prairies
(c) Velds
(d) Sheep

Answer

Answer: (b) Prairies

Question 6.
Due to the absence of the north-south barriers a local wind blows in USA which is called
(a) loo
(b) cool breeze
(c) chinook
(d) none of these

Answer

Answer: (c) chinook

Question 7.
How much lowest temperature has been recorded during winter in North America?
(a) 20°C
(b) -20°C
(c) 10°C
(d) -10°C

Answer

Answer: (b) -20°C

Question 8.
What are the cattle farms in North America called?
(a) Velds
(b) Arches
(c) Sheds
(d) Ranches

Answer

Answer: (d) Ranches

Question 9.
What is the second major industry of Canada?
(a) Dairy farming
(b) Coal mining
(c) Gold mining
(d) None of these

Answer

Answer: (a) Dairy farming

Question 10.
The important cities in American Prairies are
(a) Chicago
(b) Minneapolis
(c) Kansas
(d) All of these

Answer

Answer: (d) All of these

Question 11.
What lies to the west of veld grasslands?
(a) Drakensburg
(b) River Orange
(c) Kalahari desert
(d) Nothing

Answer

Answer: (c) Kalahari desert

Question 12.
Which is the coldest month in the Veld grasslands?
(a) January
(b) July
(c) June
(d) October

Answer

Answer: (b) July

Question 13.
Which of these animal is not found in the Velds?
(a) Leopard
(b) Cheetah
(c) Kudu
(d) Dodo

Answer

Answer: (d) Dodo

Question 14.
What is Kimberley famous for?
(a) Gold
(b) Diamonds
(c) Silver
(d) Platinum

Answer

Answer: (b) Diamonds

Match the contents of Column A with that of Column B

Column AColumn B
1. Veld(a) Tribes
2. Apache, cree(b) Local wind in prairies
3. Coyotes, gophers(c) Ranches
4. Chinook(d) Dutch people
5. Bison(e) Animals
Answer

Answer:

Column AColumn B
1. Veld(d) Dutch people
2. Apache, cree(a) Tribes
3. Coyotes, gophers(e) Animals
4. Chinook(b) Local wind in prairies
5. Bison(c) Ranches

Fill in the blanks with appropriate words:

1. Areas with little rainfall have short ……………

Answer

Answer: grasses

2. Velds are drained by the rivers …………. and ……………

Answer

Answer: orange, Limpopo

3. A machine called …………… can do the tasks of threshing, sowing and ploughing.

Answer

Answer: combine

4. Prairies have large mineral deposits of coal and ……………..

Answer

Answer: iron

Question 1.
Define forests and grasslands.
Answer:
Forests:
Forests are defined as the places where trees are the main type of vegetation.

Grasslands:
Grasslands are defined as regions where grasses form the dominant type of plant life.

Question 2.
Give the main features of Grasslands.
Answer:
Main Features of Grasslands:

  • Grasslands spread almost over 25% of the total land surface.
  • The type of plants that grow in grasslands greatly depend on the type of climate and the type of soil.
  • Climate plays an important role in the formation of grasslands.
  • Hence it is generally used as a basis to divide the World’s Grasslands.
  • They are classified into two broad categories:
  • Temperate Grasslands: They grow in the temperate regions.
  • Tropical Grasslands: They occur in the tropical regions.

Question 3.
Name various grasslands along with their areas.
Answer:
Various grasslands along with their areas are:
Tropical grasslands:

  • Savannah – East Africa
  • Campos – Brazil
  • Linos – Venezuela

Temperate grasslands:

  • Pampas – Argentina
  • Prairie – North America
  • Veld – South Africa
  • Steppe – Central Asia
  • Down – Australia.

The Prairies

Question 1.
Explain the main features of Prairie Grasslands.
Answer:
Major Features of Prairie Grasslands:
The temperate grasslands of North America are termed as Prairies.

  • It is region of flat, gently sloping or hilly land,
  • They are covered chiefly by grasses.

Prairies are treeless but, woodlands can be found near the low lying plains, flanked by river valleys.

  • Trees are few and far between.
  • They are actually a “sea of grass.”

Question 2.
Where are the Prairies situated? Which rivers drain them?
Answer:

  • The prairies are bound by the Rocky Mountains in West and the Great Lakes in the East.
  • They cover parts of United States of America and parts of Canada.
  • In the U.S.A., the area is drained by the tributaries of Mississippi.
  • The Canadian Prairies are drained by the tributaries of Saskatchewan Rivers.

Question 3.
Name the various tribes living in the prairies.
Answer:
Various tribes living in prairies—native Americans called ‘Red Indians’, and the other tribes like the Apache, the crow, the cree and the pawnee.

Climate

Question 1.
Describe the climate of Prairies.
Answer:
Climate of Prairies:

  • The prairies are located in the heart of North American Continent.
  • The climate is of continental type with extremities of temperatures.
  • Summers are warm with temperatures of around 20°C.
  • In winter temperatures of -20°C are recorded in Winnipeg, Canada. During this season thick blanket of snow covers the region.
  • The annual rainfall is moderate.
  • It is ideal for the growth of grass.
  • Due to the absence of the north-south barter, a local wind “chinook” blows here. It is hot and raises the temperature in winter in a short time.

Question 2.
What is “Chinook”?
Answer:
Chinook is a hot wind that blows in winter and raises the temperature within a short period of time.

  • This increase in temperature results in melting of snow.making pasture Jiand available for grazing.

Flora and Fauna

Question 1.
Give an account of flora and fauna of the Prairie Grasslands.
Answer:
Flora and Fauna of the Prairie Grasslands:

  • Prairies are practically treeless.
  • With the availability of winter, trees like willows, alders and poplars grow here and there.

Places that receive rainfall of over 50 cm. are suitable for farming due to fertile soil.

  • Major crop of this area is maize.
  • Potatoes, soyabean, cotton and alfa-alfa are also grown in this region.

Areas where rainfall is very less or unreliable, grasses are short and sparse.

  • These areas are suitable for cattle rearing.
  • Large cattle farms called ranches are looked after by sturdy men called cowboys.
  • Bison or the American buffalo is the most important animal of this region.
  • Bison nearly got extinct due to its indiscriminate hunting.
  • It is now a protected species.
  • The other animals found in this region include rabbits, coyotes, gophers and Prairie dogs.

People

Question 1.
Describe the life of the people in the Prairie Grasslands.
Answer:
Life of the people in the Prairie Grasslands:

  • People of the prairie grasslands are very hardworking.
  • They have successfully used technology to utilise their rich natural resources.
  • There are two most developed countries in the world.
  • They are USA and Canada.
  • Prairie region spreads in both the countries.
  • Scientific methods of cultivation and use of tractors, harvesters and combines have made North America a surplus food producer.
  • The prairies are also known as “Granaries of the World” due to the huge surplus of wheat production.
  • Dairy farming is another major industry.
  • The dairy belt extends from the Great Lakes region to the Atlantic coast in the east.
  • Dairy farming and extensive agriculture both promote setting up of food processing industries in this region. People are engaged in their activities in large numbers.
  • Large mineral deposits particularly coal and iron ore found in abundance here.
  • There is a good network of roads, railways and canals in this region.
  • Both these have made it the most industrialised region in the world.

Question 2.
Mention the important cities of the U.SA and Canada Prairies.
Answer:
Important cities in the U.S.A. are:

  • Chicago
  • Mineapolis
  • Indianapolis
  • Kansas
  • Denver

In Canadian Prairies the important cities are:

  • Edmonton
  • Saskatoon
  • Calgary
  • Winnipeg

Question 3.
Write the uses of machine ‘combine’.
Answer:
Combine is a single machine which can combine the tasks of sowing, ploughing and threshing.

The Velds

Question 1.
Explain the topography of the Velds Grasslands?
Answer:
Topography of the Velds Grasslands:

  • Velds are the temperate grasslands of South Africa.
  • They are rolling plateaus with varying heights between 600 m and 1100 m.
  • The region is bounded by the Drakensburg Mountains on the east, by the Kalahari desert on the west and by “high Velds” on the north-eastern part.
  • On the north-eastern part, the region attains a height of more than 1600 m in some places.
  • The countries that are covered by the Velds are:
  • Namibia, Botswana, South Africa, Sawaziland and Lesotho. –
  • The tributaries of River Orange and Limpopo drain the region.

Climate

Question 1.
Explain the climate of Velds Grasslands.
Answer:
Climate of Velds Grasslands:
The Velds lie under the influence of the Indian ocean. Hence their climate is mild.

Winters are cold and dry.

  • Temperatures vary between 5°C and 10°C.
  • July is the coldest month.
  • The rainfall is scanty in the winter months from June till August.
  • During the period drought may occur.

Summers are short and warm.

  • Johannesburg records about 20°C temperature in the summer.
  • The Velds receive rainfall mainly in the summer months from November to February.
  • This is mainly because of the warm rear currents that wash the shores of the Velds.

Flora and Fauna

Question 1.
Give an account of the flora and fauna found in the Velds Grasslands.
Answer:
Flora and Fauna Veld Grasslands:

  • In the Velds grasslands vegetation is sparse.
  • Grasses dominate the landscape.
  • Red grass grows in bush Velds.
  • In the high Velds acacia and maroola grow well.
  • The animals of the Velds are primarily lions, leopards, cheetah and kudu.

People

Question 1.
Describe the life of the people inhabiting the Velds Grasslands.
Answer:
Life of People inhabiting the Velds Grasslands:

  • In the Velds, people are engaged in cattle rearing and mining.
  • The soils are not very fertile in the Velds due to the presence of discontinuous grasses exposing barren surface.

In the areas where land is fertile, crops are grown.

  • Main crops of the region are maize, wheat, barley, oats and potatoes.
  • Cash crops like tobacco, sugarcane and cotton are also grown.

Sheep rearing is the most important occupation of the people.

  • Sheep is bred mainly for wool.
  • Easy availability of wool has given rise to the woollen industry in the Velds.
  • Merino sheep is a popular species.

Dairy farming is the other important occupation of the people.

  • Cattle are reared in the warmer and wetter regions.
  • Major dairy products like butter, cheese are produced for both domestic supply and also for export.

Question 2.
Describe mining as another occupation of the people of Veld region.
Answer:
Mining is yet another important occupation of the people.

  • The Velds have rich reserve of minerals.
  • Iron and steel industry has developed where coal and iron are mined.

Gold and diamond mining are major occupations of the people of this region.

  • Johannesburg is known for being the Gold Capital of the world.
  • Kimberley is famous for its diamond mines.

Mining of diamond and gold in South Africa led to the establishment of trade ties with Britain.

  • South Africa gradually became a British Colony.
  • This mineral rich area has a well-developed network of transport and communication.
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CHAPTER –  8 Human Environment Interactions: The Tropical and the Subtropical Region | CLASS 7TH | NCERT GEOGRAPHY IMPORTANT QUESTIONS & MCQS | EDUGROWN

Chapter - 8 Human Environment Interactions: The Tropical and the Subtropical Region

MCQs

Question 1.
What are the common needs of all the people?
(a) Food
(b) Toys
(c) Camera
(d) All of these

Answer

Answer: (a) Food

Question 2.
The place where a river flows into another water body is called
(a) river’s mouth
(b) river’s nose
(c) river’s leg
(d) all of these

Answer

Answer: (a) river’s mouth

Question 3.
How is the climate of Amazon basin characterized?
(a) By cold and wet
(b) By hot and wet
(c) By dry or wet
(d) None of these

Answer

Answer: (b) By hot and wet

Question 4.
At night the temperature goes down in the Amazon basin but the humidity
(a) remains same
(b) remains low
(c) remains high
(d) none of these

Answer

Answer: (c) remains high

Question 5.
The forests are in fact so thick that the dense ‘roof is created by
(a) cement
(b) concrete
(c) leaves
(d) stones

Answer

Answer: (c) leaves

Question 6.
Toucans are the type of
(a) animals
(b) crops
(c) birds
(d) reptiles

Answer

Answer: (c) birds

Question 7.
Manioc food belongs to the area of
(a) South America
(b) South Africa
(c) Amazon area
(d) Ganga basin

Answer

Answer: (a) South America

Question 8.
Where is one horned rhinoceros found?
(a) Brahmaputra plain
(b) Amazon basin
(c) Ghaghra plain
(d) None of these

Answer

Answer: (a) Brahmaputra plain

Question 9.
What is the main occupation of the people living in Ganga-Brahmaputra basin?
(a) Fishing
(b) Lumbering
(c) Mining
(d) Agriculture

Answer

Answer: (d) Agriculture

Question 10.
Where is Bengal Tiger found?
(a) Mountain area
(b) Amazon basin
(c) Sundarbans delta
(d) All of these

Answer

Answer: (c) Sundarbans delta

Question 11.
On which river bank are Allahabad, Kanpur, Varanasi, located?
(a) River Ganga
(b) River Brahmaputra
(c) River Hooghly
(d) River Yamuna

Answer

Answer: (a) River Ganga

Match the contents of Column A with that of Column B:

Column AColumn B
1. Susu(a) Variety of snakes
2. Kolkata(b) Important port
3. Cassava(c) Stored water in leaves
4. Bromeliads(d) Blind dolphin
5. Anaconda and boa(e) Underground root
Answer

Answer:

Column AColumn B
1. Susu(d) Blind dolphin
2. Kolkata(b) Important port
3. Cassava(e) Underground root
4. Bromeliads(c) Stored water in leaves
5. Anaconda and boa(a) Variety of snakes

Fill in the blanks with appropriate words:

1. Women of warrior tribe in Roman empire were called ……………

Answer

Answer: Amazons

2. Small rivers that join a main river are called …………..

Answer

Answer: tributaries

3. Large houses called …………. have steep slanting roof.

Answer

Answer: maloca

4. West Bengal and Assam are known for ………… plantations.

Answer

Answer: tea

5. People in …………… eat queen ants and their eggs.

Answer

Answer: Amazon basin

Question 1.
Why is Renuka excited?
Answer:
Renuka is excited as her wildlife photographer uncle was coming back home. He had introduced her to the books having pictures of distant lands and life of people there.

Question 2.
What are the similarities or differences between the people of different countries?
Answer:
People of deserts, frozen land or hot wet forests only look different, they have same basic needs of food clothing and shelter. The children are all alike,they play same games, sing, dance, fight or make up.
The main difference is that some of them live close to nature and have learnt to use and protect nature.

Life in the Amazon Basin

Question 1.
Describe the situation and location of the Amazon Basin.
Answer:
Situation and Location of the Amazon Basin:

  • Look at the world map (on page 56 of the textbook), the Amazon Basin lies very close to the equator, between 10°N to 10°S.
  • This region is known as the equatorial region.
  • The river Amazon flows through this region.

It flows1 from the mountains in the west and reaches the Atlantic Ocean in the east.

  • Numerous tributaries join in the Amazon river and they together form the Amazon Basin.
  • The river basin drains portions of Brazil, parts of Peru, Bolivia, Ecuador, Columbia and a small part of Venezuela.

Question 2.
Name the countries of the basin through which the equator passes.
The countries of the basin through which the equator passes are
South America:

  • Ecuador
  • Columbia
  • Brazil

Africa:

  • Yabon
  • Dem.Rep of Congo
  • Uganda
  • Kenya

Asia:

  • Indonesia

Question 3.
What is river’s mouth?
Answer:
The place where a river flows into another body of water is called the river’s mouth.

Question 4.
Define the tributary.
Answer:
The small rivers that join the main river are called its tributaries, for example Son, Yamuna are tributaries of Ganga.

Climate

Question 1.
Give an account of the climate of Amazon Basin.
Answer:
Climate of Amazon Basin:

  • Amazon basin stretches directly on the Equator.
  • It has hot and wet climate throughout the year.
  • Both day and nights are almost equally hot and humid.
  • Skin feels sticky.
  • It rains almost every day.
  • It rains without much warning.
  • The day temperatures are high with high humidity.
  • At night the temperature goes down but humidity is high.

Rainforests

Question 1.
Give an account of rain forests and wild life of Amazon Basin.
Answer:
Rainforests of Amazon Basin:

  • In Amazon basin, it rains heavily.
  • Thick forests grow here.

They are in fact so thick and dense that “roof* created by leaves and branches do not allow the sunlight to reach the ground.

  • The ground remains dark and damp.
  • Only shade tolerant vegetation grows here.
  • Orchids, bromeliads grow as plant parasites.

Wild Life of Amazon Basin

  • The rainforests are rich in fauna.
  • Birds like toucans, humming birds, birds of paradise with their brilliantly coloured plumage, oversized bills for eating make them different from birds found in India.
  • These birds also make loud sound in the forests.
  • Animals like monkeys, sloth and ant-eating tapirs are found here.
  • Various species of reptiles and snakes are also found in these jungles.
  • Crocodiles, snakes, pythons abound.
  • Anaconda and Boa constrictor are some of the species.
  • Amazon basin is also the home of thousands of species of insects.
  • Several species of fish like the flesh-eating Piranha fish is also found in the river.
  • Amazon basin is actually extraordinarily rich in the variety of life found there.

People of the rainforests

Question 1.
Describe the life of people of the Rainforests of Amazon”Basin.
Answer:
Life of the People of the Rainforests of Amazon Basin:
People grow most of their food in small areas after clearing some trees in the forest.

  • Men hunt and catch fish along the rivers.
  • Women take care of the crops.
  • They mainly grow tapioca, pineapple, and sweet potato.
  • Hunting and fishing being uncertain, it is the women who keep their families alive by feeding them the vegetables they grow.
  • They practise “slash and bum agriculture”.
  • The staple food is manioc. It is also known as cassava. It grows under the ground like the potato.
  • The people also eat queen ants and egg sacs.
  • Cash crops like coffee, maize and cocoa are also grown in the Amazon Basin.

The rainforests provide a lot of wood for the houses.

  • Some families live in thatched houses. They are shaped like beehives.
  • There are other large apartment-like houses called “Maloca”. They have steeply slanting roofs to allow rain water flowing down easily.

Question 2.
What changes have occurred with life of the people of Amazon Basin in recent times?
Answer:
Life of the people of the Amazon basin is slowly changing.
In the early days, to reach the heart of the forest, river was the only means of transport.

  • In modem times means of transport have developed considerably. In 1970 the Trans Amazon highway made all parts of the rainforest accessible.
  •  Aircrafts and helicopters are also used for reaching various places.
  • The aborigines (indigenous) population was pushed out.
  • Diverse rain forests are being destroyed with long term consequences.

Question 3.
What is the affect of Developmental activities in the Amazon basin?
Answer:
The developmental activities are leading to the gradual destruction of the biologically diverse rainforests. Annually a large area is disappearing. The top soil is being washed away and the land is becoming barren.

Question 4.
Give an account of Slash and Burn Agriculture.
Answer:
Slash and Bum Agriculture:

  • It is a way of cultivating land where farmers clear a piece of land by slashing or cutting down trees and bushes.
  • These are then burnt, which release the nutrients into soil.
  • New crops are grown in this cleared field for a few years.

After repeatedly using the patch of land, the soil loses its nutrients.

  • So it is abandoned.
  • Then they clear another plot of land to plant.

In the meantime young trees grow in the old field.

  • In this way soil fertility is restarted (restored).
  • People then return to it.
  • They start cultivating again by repeating the process.

Life in the Ganga-Brahmaputra Basin

Question 1.
Explain the physiography of the Ganga-Brahmaputra Basin.
Answer:
Physiography of the Ganga-Brahmaputra Basin:
The tributaries of river Ganga and Brahmaputra together form the Ganga- Brahmaputra basin in the Indian subcontinent.

  • It lies in the sub-tropical region.
  • It is located between 10°N and 30°N latitudes.

The tributaries of the River Ganga like the Ghagra, the Son, the Chambal, the Gandak, the Kosi and the tributaries of Brahmaputra drain it.

Human Environment Interactions The Tropical and the Subtropical Region Class 7 Extra Questions Geography Chapter 8 - 3

  • Some of the tributaries of the river Brahmaputra are:
  • Dihang, Dibang. Lohit and Dhansiri.

The main physiographical features of the Ganga-Brahmaputra Basin are:

  • Mountains and foothills of the Himalayas
  • Sundarbans delta
  • Ox-bow lakes dot the plain area.

Question 2.
River Brahmaputra is known. by different names in different places. It is called Tsangpo in Tibet. Find the other names of the river.
Answer:
Dehang, Dahang, Jarnuna, Meghna, Padma etc.

Question 3.
What is the climate of Ganga-Brahmaputra Basin?
Answer:

  • The Ganga-Brahamputra Basin is dominated by monsoon climate.
  • The monsoon brings rains from mid-June to mid-September.
  • The summers are hot.
  • The winters are cool and generally dry.

Question 4.
Look at the Map of’ India. List the states in which the Ganga-Brahmaputra Basin lies.
Answer:
Ganga:

  • Uttarakhand
  • Uttar Pradesh
  • Northern Madhya Pradesh
  • Northern Chhattisgarh
  • Bihar
  • Jharkhand
  • West-Bengai.

Brahmaputra:

  • Arunachal Pradesh
  • Assam
  • Meghalaya

Question 5.
How does environment play a dominant role in the distribution of population in the Ganga-Brahmaputra basin?
Answer:
Ganga-Brahmaputra Basin:

  • Ganga-Brahmaputra basin has varied topography.
  • The environment plays a dominant role in the distribution of the population here.
  • The mountain areas with steep slopes have inhospitable terrain.
    Hence less number of people live in the mountain area of the Ganga-Brahmaputra basin.
  • The plain area provides the most suitable land for human habitation.
  • The soil is fertile.
  • Agriculture is the main occupation of the people.
  • The density of population is very high.
  • Since cultivation of paddy requires sufficient water, it is grown in the areas where the amount of rainfall is high or enough water is available.

Question 6.
Give an account of agriculture in the Ganga-Brahmaputra Basin.
Answer:
Agriculture in Ganga-Brahmaputra Basin:

  • Wheat, Maize, Sorghum, Gram and Millets are major crops that are grown as food crops.
  • Cash crops like sugarcane and jute are grown in large quantities.
  • Banana plantation are seen in some areas of the plain.

Human Environment Interactions The Tropical and the Subtropical Region Class 7 Extra Questions Geography Chapter 8 - 2

  • In West-Bengal and Assam tea is grown in plantations.
  • Silk is produced through the cultivation of silk worms in parts of Bihar and Assam.
  • In the mountains and hills, crops are grown on terraces made on gentle slope.

Question 7.
Explain the forest wealth of Ganga-Brahmaputra Basin.
Answer:

  • The vegetation cover is according to the type of landforms.
  • Delta region is covered with mangrove forests.
  • In this basin tropical deciduous trees grow along with teak, sal, peepal.
  • Thick bamboo groves are in Brahmaputra plains.
  • In parts of Uttarakhand, Sikkim and Arunachal Pradesh and other small states of the North-east coniferous trees like pine, deodar, and fir are seen.

Question 8.
Write about the fauna of Ganga-Brahmaputra basin.
Answer:
A wide variety of wild life is found here:

  • Elephants, tigers, deer and monkeys are common.
  • One homed rhinoceros, Bengal tiger, crocodiles and alligators are found.
  • Large aquatic life is found in fresh waters like rohu, catla, hilsa.

Question 9.
Why are terraces built on the mountain slopes?
Answer:
Terraces are built on the gentle (mountain) slopes to create flat surfaces on which crops are grown. The slope is removed so that water does not ran off rapidly.

Question 10.
Where is blind variety of dolphin found?
Answer:
In the fresh water of River Ganga and River Brahmaputra, blind variety of dolphin, locally called Susu, is found.

Question 11.
Why is blind dolphin facing extinction?
Answer:
The blind dolphin or Susu is facing extinction at the hand of humans.

  • The Dolphin eats small fish only. The presence of Susu is an indication of the health of the river.
  • The untreated industrial and urban wastes with high amounts of chemical are killing this species.

Question 12.
Which towns and cities are located in the Ganga-Brahmaputra Basin?
Answer:

  • The Ganga-Brahmaputra Plain has several big towns and cities.
  • The cities of Allahabad, Kanpur, Varanasi, Lucknow, Patna all with a population of more than ten lakhs are located along the River Ganga.
  • The waste water from these towns and industries is discharged into the river leading to its pollution.

Question 13.
Write a note on the transportation found in the Ganga-Brahmaputra Basin.
Answer:

  • All the four means of transport are well-developed in Ganga-Brahmaputra basin.
  • In the plain areas the roadways and railways transport the people from one place to another.
  • The waterways, is an effective means of transport particularly along the rivers. Kolkata is an important port on the river Hooghly.
  • The plain areas have a large number of airports.

Question 14.
Explain:
tourism is an important activity of the Ganga-Brahmaputra basin.
Answer:
Tourism is an important activity of the basin.

The following make the basin important from the point of tourism.

  • Taj Mahal on the banks of River Yamuna in Agra.
  • Allahabad on the confluence of the River Ganga, Saraswati and Yamuna.
  • Buddhist centres in Uttar Pradesh and Bihar. ,
  • Lucknow with its Imambara.
  • Assam with Kaziranga and Manas wild life sanctuaries.
  • Arunachal Pradesh with a distinct tribal culture.

There are so many other places to visit.

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CHAPTER –  7 Geography Human Environment: Settlement, Transport and Communication | CLASS 7TH | NCERT GEOGRAPHY IMPORTANT QUESTIONS & MCQS | EDUGROWN

MCQs

Question 1.
Where did early man live?
(a) On trees and in caves
(b) In kuchcha houses
(c) In pucca houses
(d) In huts

Answer

Answer: (a) On trees and in caves

Question 2.
Which type of settlement is occupied for a short time?
(a) Permanent settlements
(b) Temporary settlements
(c) Both (a) and (b)
(d) None of these

Answer

Answer: (b) Temporary settlements

Question 3.
The natural conditions for selection of an ideal site are
(a) favourite climate
(b) availability of water
(c) suitable land
(d) all of these

Answer

Answer: (d) all of these

Question 4.
In which environment do people build slanting roofs of their houses?
(a) Heavy rainfall
(b) Bright sun light
(c) Heavy cold
(d) None of these

Answer

Answer: (a) Heavy rainfall

Question 5.
In which of the following settlements are the people engaged in activities like fishing, agriculture, craftswork etc.?
(a) Rural settlements
(b) Urban settlements
(c) Forestry settlements
(d) None of these

Answer

Answer: (a) Rural settlements

Question 6.
Why do people move from one place to other?
(a) For jobs
(b) For better education
(c) For medical facilities
(d) All of these

Answer

Answer: (d) All of these

Question 7.
Roads built underground are called
(a) subways
(b) expressways
(c) airways
(d) flyovers

Answer

Answer: (a) subways

Question 8.
Which country has the largest railway network in Asia?
(a) China
(b) India
(c) Pakistan
(d) Japan

Answer

Answer: (b) India

Question 9.
Name the mode of transport used to reach an island.
(a) Train
(b) Ship
(c) Car
(d) Bus

Answer

Answer: (b) Ship

Question 10.
Which is the best means to transport to reach inaccessible areas?
(a) Airways
(b) Waterways
(c) Railways
(d) Roadways

Answer

Answer: (a) Airways

Question 11.
Which one of the following is NOT a means of communication?
(a) Table
(b) Mobile phone
(c) Newspaper
(d) Magazine

Answer

Answer: (a) Table

Match the contents of Column A with that of Column B:

Column AColumn B
1. Manali-Leh(a) Manufacturing, trading, services
2. Waterways(b) Highest rail route
3. Xining to Lhasa(c) Agriculture, fishing, forestry
4. Urban areas(d) Highest roadways
5. Rural areas(e) Cheapest mode of transport
Answer

Answer:

Column AColumn B
1. Manali-Leh(d) Highest roadways
2. Waterways(e) Cheapest mode of transport
3. Xining to Lhasa(b) Highest rail route
4. Urban areas(a) Manufacturing, trading, services
5. Rural areas(c) Agriculture, fishing, forestry

Fill in the blanks with appropriate words:

1. People of deserts or deep forests live in ………… settlements.

Answer

Answer: temporary

2. In regions of heavy rainfall houses have …………. roofs.

Answer

Answer: slanting

3. …………. are built over raised structures.

Answer

Answer: Flyovers

Question 1.
How did early human beings depend entirely on nature?
Answer:
Early human beings depended entirely on nature for food, clothing and shelter.

Question 2.
What new skills did the human beings learn in course of time?
answer:
In course of time human beings learnt new skills, like:

  • to grow food, use fire, use wheel.
  • to build homes, and
  • to develop better means of transport and communication.

In this way human beings modified the environment where they lived.

Question 3.
What are settlements? How (when/why) did human beings start to have permanent settlements?
Answer:

  • Settlements are places where people build their homes and live there.
  • Early human beings lived on trees and in caves.
  • When they started to grow crops it became necessary to have a permanent home.

Question 4.
How have the settlements changed over a period of time?
Answer:
Settlements are places where people build homes and live. They have changed over a period of time due to many other changes:

  • Early man lived in caves and under trees and with the beginning of agriculture more permanent settlements were developed.
  • The settlements grew near the river valleys due to availability of water and fertile soil.
  • With the growth of trade and industries these settlements became larger leading to development of civilization.
  • With the growth in technology these settlements further grew.

Question 5.
Do you recall the names of civilizations that grew along the banks of rivers Indus, Tigris, Nile and Hwang-Ho?
Answer:

  • Indus – Indus valley civilisation
  • Tigris – Mesopotamia civilisation
  • Nile – Egyptian civilisation
  • Hwang-Ho – Chinese civilisation

Question 6.
What is a site? Which factors help to select a site for settlement?
Answer:
The place where a building or a settlement is developed is called a site.
The factors for selecting a site for settlement are:

  • Favourable climate.
  • Availability of water, electricity.
  • Land for cultivation and construction.
  • Fertile soil.
  • Availability of other resources.

Question 7.
What are the two types of settlements on the basis of period for which they are occupied? Give some features of temporary settlements.
Answer:
Settlements are of two types on the basis of period of their occupation. They are :

  • Permanent
  • Temporary.

Features of Temporary Settlements:
Settlements which are occupied for a short time are called temporary settlements.

  • The people who live in deep forests, hot and cold deserts, and mountains often reside in temporary settlements.
  • They practise hunting, gathering, shifting cultivation and transhumance.

Question 8.
Explain major features of permanent settlements.
Answer:
Features of Permanent Settlements:

  • More and more settlements today are permanent settlements.
  • In these settlements, people build homes to live in permanently.
  • These settlements are generally found in the plains, on the uplands or near the water bodies.
  • People have agriculture and industries as their major occupations.
  • People also have engaged themselves in tertiary and quaternary activities.
  • Houses in these settlements are built of bricks, concrete, cement and steel.
  • The houses are also generally multistoreyed.

Question 9.
Define the term transhumance.
Answer:
Transhumance is the seasonal movement of people specially nomads, who shift along with their herd in search of a place according to change in climate.

Question 10.
Why was Gurpreet late for Mary’s birthday party?
Answer:
Gurpreet came late that too coughing and wheezing due to heavy traffic and related pollution.

Question 11.
What is the reason behind increased urban population?
Answer:
People come looking for jobs, better education and medical facilities.

Question 12.
How does rise in population affect the city?
Answer:
Rise in population in cities due to availability of facilities is creating problems also:

  • This leads to increase in number of vehicles and therefore traffic jams.
  • Increase in slum dwelling and squatter settlements and unhygienic conditions.
  • Shortage of water, power and other resources.
  • Pollution because of vehicles and excess of garbage.

Question 13.
What is situation of villages in comparison with cities?
Answer:
Villages do not have big cinema houses or well equipped schools and hospitals. But, they have open spaces, fresh air to breathe.

Question 14.
What are different types of settlements?
Answer:
Settlements are of the following types:

  1. Rural settlements
  2. Urban settlements
  • The villages are Rural Settlements.
  • In these settlements people are engaged in agriculture, fishing, forestry, crafts work and trading etc.

Rural settlements are of two types:

  1. Compact and
  2. Scattered.
  • A Compact settlement is a closely built area of dwellings. They are built on flat land.
  • In a scattered settlement dwellings are spaced over an extensive area. These settlements are mostly found in hilly tracts, thick forests, and regions of extreme climate.
  • In rural areas, people build houses to suit their environment.
  • In regions of heavy rainfall, they have slanting roofs.
  • In the places where water accumulates in the rainy season, the houses are constructed on a raised platform or stilts.
  • Thick mud walled houses with thatched roots are very common in areas of hot climate.
  • Local materials like stones, mud, clay, straw etc. are used to construct , houses.
  • The towns are small urban settlements and the cities are larger urban settlements.

Transport

Question 1.
What is transport? Give a brief history of transport development.
Answer:

  • Transport is the means by which people and goods move.
  • In the early days it took a great deal of time to travel long distances.
  • People had to walk and used animals to carry their goods.
  • Invention of the wheel made transport easier.

With the passage of time, different means of transport developed but even today people use animals for transport.

  • In our country, donkeys, mules, bullocks and camels are common.
  • In the Andes Mountains of South America, llamas are used.
  • Yaks are used in Tibet.
  • The early traders from other countries used to take several months to reach India.
  • They took either the sea route or the land route.
  • Aeroplanes have made travel faster.
  • Now it takes only 6-8 hours to travel from India to Europe.
  • Modern means of transport thus saves time and energy.

Question 2.
Name the means of transport.
Answer:
Four Means of Transport:

  • Roadways
  • Railways
  • Waterways
  • Airways

Roadways

Question 1.
Describe roadways as a means of transport.
Answer:
Roadways as a Means of Transport:

  • The most commonly used means of transport, especially for short distances, are roads.
  • They are of two types:
  • Metalled (Pucca) and
  • Unmetalled (Kuchcha)
  • The plains have a dense network of roads.
  • Roads have also been built in deserts, forests and even high mountains.
  • Manali-Leh highway in the Himalayan-mountains is one of the highest roadways in the world.
  • Roads built underground are called subways/under passes or paths.
  • Flyovers, are built over reused structures.

Question 2.
Can you tell why there are more roads in the plains than in the hills?
Answer:
Yes, because of the following reasons:

  • Less costly.
  • Less time consuming
  • Less needs for building bridges and culverts
  • Dense population requires more road transport
  • Agriculture and industries need roads urgently
  • Movements of goods and traffic is the need of the plains.

Question 3.
What are expressways? Give example.
Answer:
6-8 lane highways for fast moving traffic are called expressways e.g., Noida expressway.

Railways

Question 1.
Account for Railways as a means of land transport.
Answer:
Railways as a means of land transport:

  • The railways carry heavy goods and people over long distanced quickly and cheaply.
  • The invention of steam engine and the Industrial Revolution helped in speedy development of rail transport.
  • Diesel and electric engines have largely replaced the steam engines.
  • In several places superfast trains have been introduced to make the journey faster.
  • Railway network is well-developed in the plains.
  • Advanced technological skills have enabled laying of railway lines in difficult mountain terrains also. But they are much fewer in number.
  • Indian railway network is well-developed with improvement on stations, internet booking information etc.
  • It is the largest in Asia.

Waterways

Question 1.
Describe inland waterways as a means of transport.
Answer:
Inland Waterways:
In early days waterways were used for transportation.

  • Waterways are the cheapest for carrying heavy and bulky goods over long distances.
  • They are mainly of two types:
  • Inland waterways, and
  • Sea routes.
  • Navigable rivers and lakes are used as inland waterways.

Some of the important inland waterways are:

  • Ganga-Brahmaputra river system.
  • Great Lakes in North America.
  • River Nile in Africa.

Question 2.
Write nugor features of Sea Routes.
Answer:
Major features of Sea Routes:
Sea and oceanic routes are mostly used for transporting merchandise and goods from one country to another.

  •  The terminal points are on these ports.
  •  Some of the important ports of the world are:
  • Singapore and Mumbai in Asia.
  • New York, Los Angeles in North America.
  • Rio-de-Janerio in South America.
  • Durban and Cape Town in Africa.
  • Sydney in Australia.
  • London and Rotterdam in Europe.

Name of some more Ports of the World are:

  • New Orleans; Philadelphia, Boston, Miami
  • Hawana, Sao Paulo, Buenos Aires, Lima.
  • Kolkata, Colombo.
  • Manila, Shanghai.
  • Perth, Darwin.

Airways

Question 1.
Give an account of Airways as a means of transport.
Answer:
Airways as a means of transport:

  • Air transport is the fastest means of transport.
  • It was developed in the early twentieth century.
  • It is also the most expensive due to high cost of fuels.
  • Air traffic is adversely affected by bad weather like fog and storms.
  • It is the only mode of transport to reach the most remote and distant areas especially where there are no roads and railways.
  • Helicopters are extremely useful in most inaccessible areas.
  • In times of calamities they are extensively used for rescuing people and distributing relief supplies like food, water, clothes and medicines.
  • Some of the important airports of the world are Delhi, Mumbai, New York, London, Paris, Frankfurt, Singapore and Hongkong.

Names of a few more airports are:

  • Chennai, Kolkata, Hyderabad, Guwahati, Amritsar, Ahmedabad.
  • Tokyo, Osaka.
  • Singapore, Jakarta, Kualalumpur, Porth, Sydney, Yangoon, Bangkok.
  • Hongkong, Beijing.
  • Colombo.

Communication

Question 1.
Write a note on Communication.
Answer:
Communication:

  • Communication is the process of conveying messages to others.
  • With the development of technology, humans have devised new and fast modes of communication.

Different modes of communication are used

  • to provide information.
  • to educate
  • to entertain

Through Newspapers, Radio, and Television we communicate with a large number of people.
These are therefore called mass media.

Satellites have made communication very fast.

  • Satellites have helped in
  • Oil exploration
  • Survey of forest
  • Underground water
  • Mineral wealth
  • Weather forecast and
  • Disaster warning.
  • Electronic mails or e-mails through Internet have become popular these days.
  • Wireless telephonic communications through cellular phones have also become very popular today.
  • Internet not only provides us with worldwide information and interaction but also makes our lives more comfortable.
  • Now we reserve tickets for railways, airways and even cinemas and hotels sitting at home.
  • With this kind of inter-connectivity—people to people, people to services and institutions—across the world, we
    are becoming a large global society.
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CHAPTER – 6 Natural Vegetation and Wild Life | CLASS 7TH | NCERT GEOGRAPHY IMPORTANT QUESTIONS & MCQS | EDUGROWN

Chapter - 6 Natural Vegetation and Wild Life

MCQs

Question 1.
The growth of vegetation depends on
(a) temperature and moisture
(b) only temperature
(c) only moisture

Answer

Answer: (a) temperature and moisture

Question 2.
Tropical evergreen forests are also called
(a) tropical rain forests
(b) tropical dry forests
(c) tropical deciduous forests
(d) none of these

Answer

Answer: (a) tropical rain forests

Question 3.
Where are tropical evergreen forests found?
(a) India
(b) Brazil
(c) China
(d) None of these

Answer

Answer: (b) Brazil

Question 4.
What is the name of the largest snake found in tropical rainforest?
(a) Anaconda
(b) Black cobra
(c) Two mouth snake
(d) None of these

Answer

Answer: (a) Anaconda

Question 5.
Which of the following is not found in Tropical Deciduous Forests?
(a) Tiger
(b) Elephant
(c) Silver Fox
(d) Monkeys

Answer

Answer: (c) Silver Fox

Question 6.
Where are temperate evergreen forests found?
(a) South east USA
(b) South China
(c) South east Brazil
(d) All of these

Answer

Answer: (d) All of these

Question 7.
In which season do plants shed their leaves in temperate deciduous forests?
(a) Dry season
(b) Wet season
(c) Both (a) and (b)
(d) None of these

Answer

Answer: (a) Dry season

Question 8.
What helps reduce transpiration in Mediterranean trees?
(a) Thick Bark
(b) Wax coated leaves
(c) None of these
(d) Both of these

Answer

Answer: (d) Both of these

Question 9.
What does Taiga mean in Russian language?
(a) Tei-rible
(b) Impure
(c) Pure
(d) Hard

Answer

Answer: (c) Pure

Question 10.
Where are Savannah grasslands located?
(a) Africa
(b) America
(c) Amazon
(d) Brazil

Answer

Answer: (a) Africa

Question 11.
What is the name of the tropical grasslands of Venezuela?
(a) Savanna
(b) Campos
(c) Leanos
(d) Down

Answer

Answer: (c) Leanos

Question 12.
Name the animal found in tropical grasslands.
(a) Camel
(b) Monkey
(c) Giraffe
(d) Cow

Answer

Answer: (c) Giraffe

Question 13.
The temperate grassland of Argentina is called
(a) prairie
(b) veld
(c) steppe
(d) pampas

Answer

Answer: (d) pampas

Question 14.
In which type of climate are thorny bushes mainly found?
(a) Hot and humid tropical climate
(b) Hot and dry desertic climate
(c) Cold Polar climate
(d) None of these

Answer

Answer: (b) Hot and dry desertic climate

Match the contents of Column A with that of Column B

Column AColumn B
1. Trees shed leaves in dry season(a) Brazil
2. Oak, Pine, Eucalyptus(b) Temperate evergreen
3. Chir, Pine, Cedar(c) Coniferous
4. Trees do not shed leaves altogether(d) Tropical evergreen
5. Campos(e) Tropical deciduous
Answer

Answer:

Column AColumn B
1. Trees shed leaves in dry season(e) Tropical deciduous
2. Oak, Pine, Eucalyptus(b) Temperate evergreen
3. Chir, Pine, Cedar(c) Coniferous
4. Trees do not shed leaves altogether(d) Tropical evergreen
5. Campos(a) Brazil

Fill in the blanks with appropriate words:

1. Tropical evergreen forests of Brazil are called …………. of the earth.

Answer

Answer: lungs

2. Mediterranean regions are known as the ………….. for their fruit cultivation.

Answer

Answer: orchards of the world

3. Thick barks and wax coated leaves reduce …………….

Answer

Answer: transpiratign

4. ………….. is the desert of India.

Answer

Answer: Thar

5. Tundra type of vegetation is found in polar regions of Europe and ………….

Answer

Answer: North America

Question 1.
Why was Salima excited? Where had she gone during her summer vacation?
Answer:

  • Salima was excited about the summer camp.
  • She had gone to Manali in Himachal Pradesh alongwith her class friends.

Question 2.
What surprised her during her journey?
Answer:
She was surprised to see the changes in landforms and vegetation. As their bus climbed higher the dense jungles of teak and sal slowly disappeared. Gradually they could see more of coniferous trees with pointed leaves on the hill slopes.

Question 3.
Name the brightest flower on tall trees.
Answer:
Rhododendron is the brightest flower on tall trees at high altitudes.

Question 4.
What do we surmise from Salima’s observations?
Answer:
From Salima’s observations, we surmise that there is a close relationship between height of land and the types of vegetations.

  • With the increase in height climate changes.
  • Climate changes natural vegetation.
  • The growth of vegetation depends on temperature and moisture.
  • It also depends on factors like slope and thickness of soil.

Question 5.
How is natural vegetation classified?
Answer:
Three broad categories of natural vegetation:

  • Forests: Grow in regions of high temperature and rain.
  • Grasslands: Grow in regions of moderate rainfall.
  • Thorny shrubs and scrubs: Grow in dry regions.

Question 6.
What experiences did Salima’s father tell her about a variety of natural vegetation in different parts of different continents? What did Salima realise?
Answer:

  • Salima shared her experience of Himalayan trip with her father.
  • Her father had visited various places in the world.
  • He told Salima about his observation of variety of vegetation in different parts of the different continents.
  • He mentioned about coniferous forests in the sub-polar regions.
  • Thorny bushes in the deserts.
  • Thick tropical hardwood forest in the humid regions and many more.
  • Salima realised that Himalayas have almost all variety of vegetation which one can see while moving from equator to the polar region.

Question 7.
Why do type and thickness of natural vegetation vary from place to place?
Answer:
The type and thickness of natural vegetation vary from place to place because of the variation in the factors like, height, climate (temperature and moisture), slope and thickness of the soils.

Forests

Tropical Evergreen Forests:

Question 1.
Write down the features of Tropical Evergreen Forests.
Answer:
Tropical Evergreen Forests:
Tropical evergreen forests are also called tropical rain forests.

They occur in the region near the equator and close to the tropics.

  • These regions are hot.
  • They receive heavy rainfall during the year.
  • With no dry season, the trees do not shed their leaves altogether.
    They are called evergreen.
  • The thick canopies of the closely spaced trees do not allow the sunlight to penetrate the forest even in day time.
  • Hardwood trees like Rosewood, Ebony, Mahagany are common trees.

Tropical Deciduous Forests

Question 1.
Write the features of Tropical Deciduous Forests.
Answer:
Features of Tropical Deciduous Forests:

  • Tropical deciduous forests are monsoonal forests.
  • They are found in a large part of India, northern Australia and in Central America.
  • These regions experience seasonal changes.
  • Trees shed their leaves in the dry season to conserve water.
  • The hardwood trees are found in these forests.
  • They are Sal, Teak, Neem, and Shisham.
  • Hardwood trees are extremely useful for making furnitures, transport and constructional materials.
  • Tiger, Lion, Elephants are the common animals of these regions.

Temperate Evergreen Forests

Question 1.
Where are Temperate Evergreen forests located?
Answer:
Mid latitudinal coastal regions have temperate Evergreen forests. Commonly the eastern margins of the continents like south east USA, south China or south east Brazil have these forests. Both hard and soft wood trees like oak, pine, eucalyptus are found in temperate evergreen forests.

Temperate Deciduous Forests

Question 1.
Describe major features of Temperate Deciduous Forest.
Answer:
Major Features of Temperate Deciduous Forest:

  • Going towards higher latitudes, there are more temperate deciduous forests.
  • They are found in the north-eastern part of USA, China, New Zealand, Chile.
  • They are also found in the coastal regions of Western Europe.
  • They shed their leaves in the dry season.
  • The common trees of these forests are oak, ash, beech etc.
  • Deer, foxes, wolves, are the animals which commonly live in these forests.
  • Common birds are pheasants and monals.

Mediterranean Vegetation

Question 1.
Which region is called the “orchards of the world” and why?
Answer:
Mediterranean region is known as the orchards of the world because of their fruit cultivation.

Question 2.
Write major features of Mediterranean Vegetation.
Answer:
Major Features of Mediterranean Vegetation:

  • Most of the east and the north-east margins of the continents are covered with temperate evergreen and deciduous trees.

The west and the south west margins of the continents are different.

  • They have Mediterranean vegetation.
  • It is mostly found in the areas around the Mediterranean sea in Europe, Africa and Asia.
  • This vegetation is also found outside the actual Mediterranean region in California in the U.S.A., South-West Africa.
  • These regions are marked for hot dry summers and rainy mild winters.
  • Citrus fruits like oranges, figs, olives and grapes are commonly cultivated here because people have removed the natural vegetation in order to cultivate what they want to. There is not much wildlife here.

Coniferous Forests

Question 1.
Give an account of the main features of Coniferous Forests.
Answer:
Major Features of Coniferous Forests

  • In the higher latitudes (50°-70°) of Northern Hemisphere coniferous forests are found.
  • They are also called as Taiga.
  • They are also found in the higher latitudes.
  • They are also found in Himalayas in abundance.
  • They are tall, softwood, evergreen trees.
  • These woods are used in making paper and newsprint.
  • Match boxes and packing boxes are also made from softwood.
  • Chir, Pine, Cedar are the important variety of trees in these forests.
  • Silver fox, Mink, Polar bear are the common animals found in these forests.

Grasslands

Tropical Grasslands

Question 1.
Describe main features of Tropical Grasslands.
Answer:
Main features of Tropical Grasslands:

  • Tropical grasslands grow on either side of the equator and extend up to the tropics.
  • Grass grows in the areas of moderate to low amount of rainfall.
  • They grow very tall, about 3 to 4 metres in height.
  • Example: Savannah grasslands of Africa.
  • Elephants, Zebras, Giraffes, Deer, Leopards are common wild-life animals in tropical grasslands.

Temperate Grasslands

Question 1.
Write major features of Temperate Grasslands.
Answer:
Mtgor features of Temperate Grasslands:

  • Temperate grasslands are found in the mid latitudinal zones and in the interior part of the continents.
  • Usually, grass here is short and nutritious.
  • Wild buffaloes, bisons, antelopes are common in the temperate grasslands.

Thorny Bushes

Question 1.
Write major features of Thorny Bushes.
Answer:
Thorny bushes are found in dry desert regions like tropical and sub-tropical regions:

  • The vegetation cover is scarce due to less rainfall and extreme temperatures.
  • The trees have thorns to reduce transpiration and thick stems, wax coated leaves and long roots.
  • The main vegetation is cacti, thorny bushes etc.
  • Camel, fox, wolf, goat, sheep are common animals.

Question 2.
Explain major features of Tundra Type of Vegetation.
Answer:
Major features of Tundra Type of Vegetation:

  • Polar regions qre extremely cold.
  • Growth of natural vegetation is very limited here.
  • Only mosses, lichens and very small shrubs grow here during short summer.
  • This vegetation grows in Polar areas of Europe, Asia and North America.
  • The animals of this region have thick fur and thick skin to protect themselves from cold climate conditions.
  • Seal, walruses, reindeer, mink (musk oxen), Arctic owl, polar bear, snow foxes are some of the common animals found in this region.

Question 3.
What was Salima’s observation after seeing the photographs of thick forests?
Answer:
Salima’s father showed her the photographs of thick forests. On the question of why the forests are being cleared he explained that local people wanted land for settlement and agriculture.
Salima wondered if all the forests cleared then from where will we get oxygen, timber, fruits etc? What will happen to the habitats of wildlife?

Question 4.
Do you agree with Salima? Hold a discussion with your friends about the depletion of our diversified flora and fauna. Suggest some measures to conserve them.
Answer:

  • Yes, we agree with Salima.
  • “The students should perform this activity in their class.”

Measures to conserve forests:

  • Afforestation
  • Complete ban on cutting forests.
  • Social and community forestry.
  • Farm Forestry.
  • Plantation of trees in a big way.
  • Planting of 10 plants if one cuts, one tree.
  • Van-Mahotsava.
  • Heavy punishment to poachers and smugglers.

 

 

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CHAPTER -5 Water | CLASS 7TH | NCERT GEOGRAPHY IMPORTANT QUESTIONS & MCQS | EDUGROWN

Chapter -5 Water

MCQs

Question 1.
Which is the process through which water continuously changes its form?
(a) Water cycle
(b) Food cycle
(c) Rain
(d) All of these

Answer

Answer: (a) Water cycle

Question 2.
Which water is salty?
(a) River water
(b) Pond water
(c) Rain water
(d) Sea water

Answer

Answer: (d) Sea water

Question 3.
Which one of the following is an artificial enclosure for keeping small house plants?
(a) Terrarium
(b) Thermosphere
(c) Climate
(d) Evaporation

Answer

Answer: (a) Terrarium

Question 4.
Sea water contains
(a) 97.3% of salt
(b) 2% of salt
(c) 0.68% of salt
(d) 0.973% of salt

Answer

Answer: (a) 97.3% of salt

Question 5.
Which day of the year is celebrated as Water Day?
(a) 26 January
(b) 15 January
(c) 15 August
(d) 22 Marc

Answer

Answer: (d) 22 March

Question 6.
The movements that occur in oceans can be broadly called
(a) wave
(b) circulation
(c) water cycle
(d) all of these

Answer

Answer: (b) circulation

Question 7.
Which is the Japanese word which means ‘Harbour Waves’?
(a) Tsunami
(b) Sea wave
(c) Ocean wave
(d) None of these

Answer

Answer: (a) Tsunami

Question 8.
When did Tsunami strike the Indian ocean?
(a) 26 December, 2004
(6) 26 December, 2005
(c) 26 December, 2006
(d) 26 December, 2007

Answer

Answer: (a) 26 December, 2004

Question 9.
The largest Tsunami wave travels at the speed of
(a) more than 700 km per hour
(b) more than 500 km per hour
(c) more than 250 km per hour
(d) more than 100 km per hour

Answer

Answer: (a) more than 700 km per hour

Question 10.
The rhythmic rise and fall of ocean water twice in a day is known as
(a) tide
(b) wave
(c) ocean current
(d) none of these

Answer

Answer: (a) tide

Question 11.
The Labrador and Gulf stream are the examples of:
(a) Tides
(b) Ocean currents
(c) Tsunami
(d) Waves

Answer

Answer: (b) Ocean currents

Match the contents of Column A with that of Column B

Column AColumn B
1. Spring tides(а) Between Europe and Africa
2. Gulf stream(b) Cold current
3. Labrador current(c) Low tide
4. Neap tides(d) High tide
5. Mediterranean sea(e) Warm current
Answer

Answer:

Column AColumn B
1. Spring tides(d) High tide
2. Gulf stream(e) Warm current
3. Labrador current(b) Cold current
4. Neap tides(c) Low tide
5. Mediterranean sea(а) Between Europe and Africa

Fill in the blanks with appropriate words:

1. The major sources of fresh water are rivers and ……………

Answer

Answer: springs and glaciers (Any one)

2. About ………….. % of water is present in the oceans and …………….. % as ice-caps.

Answer

Answer: 97.3, 02.0

3. The movements that occur in oceans are waves, …………. and ………….

Answer

Answer: tides, currents

4. …………. Point in the Andaman and Nicobar islands got submerged after the tsunami of 2004.

Answer

Answer: Indira

5. High tides help in ………….. and fishing.

Answer

Answer: navigation

6. …………. sea is the largest lake.

Answer

Answer: Caspian.

State whether the given statements are true or false.

1. We have about 0.68% of water as ground water.

Answer

Answer: True

2. Ocean water is calm and still.

Answer

Answer: False

3. Tsunami can be caused by underwater landslides.

Answer

Answer: True

4. Tides are highest on a full or new moon day.

Answer

Answer: True

5. Cold currents carry water from lower latitudes to poles.

Answer

Answer: False

6. Tides help in generating electricity.

Answer

Answer: True

Question 1.
When you think of water, what images came to your mind?
Answer:
Three states of water: solid, liquid and gaseous.

  • Water running in rivers, canals, streams etc.
  • Frozen and moving like glaciers.
  • In the form of steam (evaporation)
  • In the form of droplets (condensation)
  • Falling as rainfall (Rainfall)
  • As ground water/Water in taps.
  • In the wells, ponds, pools etc

Question 2.
Where do the puddles of water vanish?
Answer:
Most of the water percolates into the ground.

  • The sun’s heat evaporates the water as vapours. On cooling these vapours condenses and forms clouds
  • Then this water may fall on land or sea as rain, snow or sleet.

Question 3.
What is water cycle?
Answer:
The continuous circulation of water between oceans, atmosphere and land is called water cycle.

Question 4.
What is a terrarium?
Answer:

  • A terrarium is an artificial enclosure used for keeping small house plants.
  • Our earth is like a terrarium.

Question 5.
Why is our earth like a terrarium?
Answer:
Our earth is like a terrarium as the water which existed centuries ago still exists. The water used to irrigate fields in Haryana might have in Amazon River centuries ago.

Question 6.
Name the sources of fresh water.
Answer:

  • Rainfall, snow, rivers, ponds, springs and glaciers etc.
  • Water from underground.

Question 7.
Why is sea water salty?
Answer:
There is a large amount of water in seas and oceans but it is salty or saline. It is because it contains a large amount of dissolved salts like sodium chloride or common salt.

Distribution of Water Bodies

Question 1.
Define salinity.
Answer:
Salinity is the amount of salt in grams present in 1000 grams of water. The average salinity of oceans is 35 parts per thousand (= 0.035%)

Question 2.
Discuss the distribution of water bodies.
Answer:

  • Nearly 75% of the earth’s surface is covered with water.
  • There is more water than land on the earth, still so many countries face water scarcity due to the fact that most of this water is salty or it is polluted beyond use.
  • Moreover all the water on the earth is not available to us.
  • The following table gives the distribution of water in percentage.

Water Class 7 Extra Questions Geography Chapter 5 - 2

Question 3.
Why is water important to us? Suggest few ways to conserve water.
Answer:
Water is very necessary for us. Water alone can quench the thirst thirsty.
Water is needed for survival of plant and animal life.
Water is very essential and we should conserve it:

  • By not wasting it during brushing, bathing, washing etc.
  • By trapping the rain water by water shed development or rain water harvesting.
  • By recycling water.
  • By making check dams and bunds on the fields etc.

Question 4.
Swimmers can float in dead sea. Give reasons.
Answer:
Dead Sea in Israel has salinity of 45 parts per thousand and there the water is dense making it easier for swimmers to float.

Ocean Circulation

Question 1.
What is so magical or fascinating about sea?
Answer:
The continuous movement of ocean water is fascinating. The wet sand on beach, sea birds, the salty cool breeze, rhythmic movement of waves attracts one and all. On the other hand the water of ponds, lakes etc is calm.

Question 2.
Which movements occur in oceans?
Answer:The movements of oceans are categorized as tides, currents and waves.

Waves

Question 1.
What are sea waves?
Ans,
Sea Waves:

  • When the water on the surface of the ocean rises and falls alternately, they are called waves.
  • When we are playing throw ball on the beach and the ball falls into the water, it begins to go up and down.
  • It is fun that the ball gets washed back to the shore by the waves.

Question 2.
How are Tsunamis formed? How do they cause destruction?
Answer:
Tsunami is a Japanese word meaning harbour waves.

  • Winds blowing at high speed during a storm form huge waves.
  • An earthquake, volcanic eruption or underwater landslides can shift large amount of ocean water.
  • These tidal waves called Tsunami may be as high as 15 m. It travels at a speed of more than 700 km/hr.
  • The areas near the coasts get submerged and it leads to earthquakes also.

Question 1.
Briefly write about the sequence of events leading to Tsunami of 2004 in the Indian Ocean.
Answer:
Tsunami of 26 December 2004 was the result of the earthquake that had its epicentre close to western boundary of Sumatra. It caused havoc in the Indian Ocean.

  • Due to the earthquake measuring 9.0 on Richter scale the Indian plate went under Burma plate.
  • The ocean floor was displaced by about 10-20 m. Huge mass of ocean water flowed to fill the gap.
  • After thrusting the Indian plate and Burma plate, this water rushed back towards the coastline.
  • Tsunami at the speed of 800km /hr washed some of the islands in the Indian Ocean.
  • As the wave moved away from the epicentre of earthquake the speed declined 700-900km/hr to 70-80km/hr.
  • Waves travelled up to a depth of 3 km from the coast:

Question 4.
What were the effects of the Tsunami?
Ans.
Tsunami caused severe destruction.

  • Some of the islands of Indian Ocean were completely washed away.
  • Indira point in Andaman got completely submerged.
  • More than 10,000 people were killed and more than a lakh of houses were affected.
  • Coastal areas of Tamil Nadu. Kerala, Puducherry, Andhra Pradesh and the Andaman and Nicobar islands were worst affected.

Question 5.
Can such an event be predicted in advance?
Answer:
Earthquake cannot be predicted in advance but it is possible to give 3-4 hour notice of potential Tsunami. Such system are there in Pacific Ocean but not in Indian Ocean. Seismic activity and Tsunami threat is higher in the Pacific.

Question 6.
Why was the Tsunami of December 26, 2004 very devastating?
Answer:

  • The Tsunami that ravaged the South and South-east Asian coasts in December 2004 was the most devastating Tsunami in the last several hundred years.
  • The large damage caused to life and property was primarily a result of the following:
  • lack of monitoring,
  • the early warning systems, and
  • lack of knowledge among the coast dwellers of the Indian ocean.
  • The first indication that Tsunami is approaching was the rapid withdrawal of water from the coastal region.
  • It was followed by destructive wave.
  • When this happened on the coast, instead of people going to high ground, they started assembling at the coast to view the miracle.
  • It resulted in a large casualty of curious onlookers when the gigantic wave-tsunami struck.

Tides

Question 1.
What are tides?
Answer:
The rhythmic rise and fall of ocean water twice a day is called a tide. When water rises to its highest level and covers much of the ocean it is called high tide. During low tide the water falls to its lowest level and recedes from the shore.

Question 2.
Explain Spring and Neap Tides.
Answer:
During the full moon and new moon days, the sun, the moon and the earth are in the same liNe.

  • On this day the tides are highest.
  • These tides are called Spring Tides.
  • But when the moon is in its first and last quarter, the ocean waters get drawn in diagonally opposite direction by the gravitational pull of the sun and the earth.
  • It results in low tides.
  • These tides are called Neap Tides.

Question 3.
Describe the importance of tides to man.
Answer:

  • High tides help in navigation.
  • They raise the water level close to the shores.
  • This helps the ships to arrive at the harbour more easily.
  • The high tides also help in fishing.
  • Many more fish come closer to the shore during the high tides.
  • This enables fishermen to get a plentiful catch.
  • The rise and fall of water due to tides is used to generate electricity in some places like the gulf of Khambant.

Ocean Currents

Question 1.
What are Ocean currents?
Answer:
Ocean currents are streams of water flowing constantly on the ocean surface in definite directions. They may be warm or cold currents:

  • Warm currents originate near equator and move towards poles. They bring about warm temperatures over land surfaces, for example Gulf stream.
  • Cold currents originate near poles and move towards tropical or lower latitudes. They bring about coolness over land surfaces, for example Labrador current.

Question 2.
Explain the advantages and disadvantages of ocean currents to man.
Answer:
The ocean currents influence the temperature conditions of the coastal areas.

  • Warm currents increase the temperature over land surface.
  • The areas where warm and cold currents meet, provide the best fishing grounds of the world.
  • Seas Around Japan and the eastern coast of North America are such examples.
  • The areas where a warm and cold current meet, also experience foggy weather making it difficult for navigation.

Question 3.
Seas around Japan are good fishing ground but difficult for navigation. Give reasons.
Answer:
Cold and warm currents meet and create good fishing grounds around Japan and Eastern Coast of North America.

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CHAPTER -4 Air | CLASS 7TH | NCERT GEOGRAPHY IMPORTANT QUESTIONS & MCQS | EDUGROWN

Chapter - 4 Air

MCQs

Question 1.
Which gas released in the atmosphere creates a greenhouse effect trapping the heat?
(a) Carbon dioxide
(b) Oxygen
(c) Nitrogen
(d) All of these

Answer

Answer: (a) Carbon dioxide

Question 2.
Excess amount of CO2 is responsible for
(a) global cooling
(b) global warming
(c) both (a) and (b)
(d) none of these

Answer

Answer: (b) global warming

Question 3.
What are the important objects for survival of plants and animals?
(a) Rainfall
(b) Sun light
(c) Oxygen
(d) All of these

Answer

Answer: (d) All of these

Question 4.
Which one of the following gases is present in the atmosphere in the highest amount?
(a) Oxygen
(b) Carbon dioxide
(c) Nitrogen
(d) Lithium

Answer

Answer: (c) Nitrogen

Question 5.
Which gas is used by the green plants to make their food?
(a) Oxygen
(b) Carbon dioxide
(c) Nitrogen
(d) None of these

Answer

Answer: (b) Carbon dioxide

Question 6.
Which is the important gas used by human beings for breathing?
(a) Nitrogen
(b) Carbon dioxide
(c) Oxygen
(d) Sodium chloride

Answer

Answer: (c) Oxygen

Question 7.
When the air is heated it becomes
(a) Lighter?
(b) Heavier?
(c) Colder?
(d) None of these

Answer

Answer: (a) Lighter?

Question 8.
What is the average height of the troposphere?
(a) 3 km
(b) 6 km
(c) 9 km
(d) 13 km

Answer

Answer: (d) 13 km

Question 9.
As we go up in troposphere layer of the atmosphere the pressure
(a) increases
(b) decreases
(c) no change
(d) all of these

Answer

Answer: (b) decreases

Question 10.
Which one of the following gases protects us from harmful sun’s rays?
(a) Ozone
(b) Nitrogen
(c) Carbon dioxide
(d) Oxygen

Answer

Answer: (a) Ozone

Question 11.
Which of the following are part of weather forecast in the newspapers?
(a) Temperature
(b) Humidity
(c) Time of Sunset
(d) All of These

Answer

Answer: (d) All of These

Question 12.
Which element of weather is measured in degree Celsius?
(a) Temperature
(b) Pressure
(c) Wind
(d) Gravity

Answer

Answer: (a) Temperature

Question 13.
The water boils at
(a) 10°C
(b) 50°C
(c) 75°C
(d) 100°C

Answer

Answer: (d) 100°C

Question 14.
Where is the air pressure highest?
(a) Moon
(b) Sea Level
(c) Stratosphere
(d) Exosphere

Answer

Answer: (b) Sea Level

Question 15.
What is very hot wind called?
(a) Loo
(b) Cool breeze
(c) Monsoon air
(d) Trade wind

Answer

Answer: (a) Loo

Question 16.
Which one of the following is a local wind?
(a) Sea breeze
(b) Trade wind
(c) Monsoon wind
(d) None of these

Answer

Answer: (a) Sea breeze

Question 17.
Rain, snow sleet or hail are the different forms of:
(a) Condensation
(b) Evaporation
(c) Precipitation
(d) All of these

Answer

Answer: (c) Precipitation

Match the contents of Column A with that of Column B

Column AColumn B
1. Temperature(a) Bacteria in soil
2. Pressure(b) Thermosphere
3. Seasonal wind(c) Barometer
4. Radio waves transmission(d) Thermometer
5. Nitrogen from air(e) Change directions in different seasons
Answer

Answer:

Column AColumn B
1. Temperature(d) Thermometer
2. Pressure(c) Barometer
3. Seasonal wind(e) Change directions in different seasons
4. Radio waves transmission(b) Thermosphere
5. Nitrogen from air(a) Bacteria in soil

Fill in the blanks with appropriate words:

1. Earth is surrounded by a blanket of air called ………….

Answer

Answer: atmosphere

2. Green plants produce …………. during photosynthesis.

Answer

Answer: oxygen

3. Increased volume of ………….. is affecting the earth’s weather and climate.

Answer

Answer: carbon dioxide

4. Ionosphere is the part of ……………

Answer

Answer: thermosphere

5. Amount of rainfall is measured by ………….

Answer

Answer: rain gauge

6. Insolation influences the distribution of …………….

Answer

Answer: temperature

State whether the given statements are true or false.

1. Hot air is dense and heavy and cold air is lighter and expands.

Answer

Answer: False

2. Without Greenhouse effect earth would have been too cold to live.

Answer

Answer: True

3. Ionosphere contains the ozone layer.

Answer

Answer: False

4. Helium and hydrogen float from exosphere into space.

Answer

Answer: True

5. Wind-vane shows the direction of wind.

Answer

Answer: True

6. Air moves from high pressure to low pressure.

Answer

Answer: True

Question 1.
Define the term atmosphere.
Answer:
Blanket of air surrounding the earth is known as the atmosphere.

Question 2.
How do all living beings depend on the atmosphere for their survival?
Answer:
All living beings depend on the atmosphere for their survival.

  • Atmosphere provides them the air they breathe.
  • It protects them from the harmful effects of the sun’s rays.
  • Without its protection, they would be baked alive by the heat of the sun during day and get frozen during night.

Question 3.
What is green house effect?
Answer:
Carbon dioxide in the atmosphere traps the heat radiated from the earth creating a green house effect. This makes the temperatures livable. Without this earth would have been too cold to live. But the increased emissions from vehicles and factories increases the temperature leading to global warming.

Question 4.
What is global warming? What is its affect?
Answer:
When the heat retained through greenhouse gas increases the temperature of the earth, it causes global warming:

  • The plants maintain the balance of gases. However this balance is upset by burning fuels such as coal, petroleum oil and large scale deforestation.
  • This rise in temperature causes the snow in coldest parts to melt.
  • As a result the sea level rises causing floods in the coastal areas.
  • This may bring changes in weather and climate leading to extinction of certain plants and animal species.

Composition of the Atmosphere

Question 1.
Name the two gases which influence the atmosphere to a great extent.
Answer:

  • Two gases such as carbon dioxide and ozone influence the atmosphere to a large extent.
  • Their percentage in the atmosphere is as under:
  • Carbon dioxide 0.03%
  • Ozone 0.00006%

Question 2.
Describe the composition of the atmosphere.
Answer:
Composition of the Atmosphere:

  • The air we inhale while breathing is actually a mixture of numerous gases.
  • Nitrogen and oxygen are two gases which make up the most of the atmosphere.
  • Carbon dioxide, helium, ozone, argon and hydrogen are found in lesser quantities.
  • Tiny dust particles are also present in the air.

Air Class 7 Extra Questions Geography Chapter 4 - 1

Question 3.
How is nitrogen present in atmosphere used by plants?
Answer:
Nitrogen is the most plentiful gas in the air.

  • Plants need nitrogen for their survival. They cannot take nitrogen directly from the air.
  • Bacteria in the soil or the roots fix nitrogen by changing its form so that plants can use it.

Question 4.
Which is the second most plentiful gas in the atmosphere?
Answer:
Oxygen is the second most plentiful gas in the atmosphere. Humans and animals use it for breathing. Green plants produce oxygen through photosynthesis and thus oxygen balance is maintained in air. This gets disturbed if we cut trees.

Question 5.
Explain how the oxygen and carbon dioxide balance is maintained in air?
Answer:
Green plants use carbon dioxide to make their food and during this process release oxygen:

  • Humans and animals release carbon dioxide and take oxygen from air.
  • The amount of carbon dioxide released by them is equal to amount used by plants
    to make their food. Hence a balance is maintained.
  • But now the excess of carbon dioxide is released by burning of fuels. The reduction in number of plants upset the balance of gases like carbon dioxide affecting earth’s weather and climate.

Question 6.
Explain the circulation of air in atmosphere.
Answer:
When air is heated it expands, becomes lighter and rises up:

  • Cold air is dense, so, it sinks down.
  • When hot air rises up, cold air from surrounding areas fills in the gap.
  • This is the process of circulation of air.

NOTES: News reports around the world

  • Due to burning of fuels and cutting of trees C02 level are increasing
  • Globed sunscreen thinned
  • Warning unstoppable
  • It can bring back Jurassic era.

Structure of the Atmosphere

Question 1.
Discuss the structure of the atmosphere.
Answer:
Structure of the Atmosphere:
The atmosphere is divided into five layers according to height, starting from the earth’s surface.
They are

  • Troposphere
  • Stratosphere
  • Mesosphere
  • Thermosphere
  • Exosphere

Question 2.
Which is most important layer of the atmosphere?
Answer:
Troposphere

  • Troposphere is the important layer of the atmosphere.
  • Its average height is 13 km.
  • It is 8 kilometres on the poles and 18 kilometres on the equator.
  • The air (which living beings breathe) exists here.
  • All the weather phenomena like winds, rainfall, fog, hailstorm etc. occur in this layer.

Air Class 7 Extra Questions Geography Chapter 4 - 2

Question 3.
Which layer the most suitable conditions for flying aeroplanes?
Answer:
Stratosphere:

  • The stratosphere lies above the troposphere.
  • It extends up to a height of 50 km.
  • This layer is almost free from clouds.
  • No weather phenomenon occurs in this layer making conditions most ideal for flying aeroplanes.
  • Stratosphere contains a layer of ozone gas.
  • It protects living beings from the harmful effects of the sun rays.

Question 4.
What is the third layer of atmosphere?
Answer:
Mesosphere:

  • Mesosphere is the third layer of the atmosphere.
  • It lies above the stratosphere.
  • It extends up to a height of 80 km.
  • Meteorites bum up in this layer on entering from the space.

Question 5.
Briefly write about thermosphere?
Answer:
Thermosphere

  • In thermosphere temperature rises very rapidly with increasing height.
  • Ionosphere is a part of this layer.
  • It extends between 80 and 400 km.
  • This layer helps in radio transmission.
  • Radio waves transmitted from the earth are reflected back to the earth by this layer.

Question 6.
Which is the uppermost layer of the atmosphere?
Answer:
Exosphere

  • The uppermost layer of the atmosphere is known as exosphere.
  • This layer has very thin air.
  • Light gases like helium and hydrogen float into the space from here.

Weather and Climate

NOTES: Many questions are asked about days conditions especially on an important day like cricket match or wedding etc. Questions like’ will it rain or will it be sunny; etc. basically are related to day’s weather. Such questions are not asked about climate

Question 1.
What is weather?
Answer:
Weather is the day to day condition of the atmosphere. For example a sunny day or rainy day. Weather is like a control knob of climate.

Question 2.
Define the term climate.
Answer:
The sum total of all weather conditions prevailing over large area for a longer period of time is called climate.

Question 3.
What is the difference between weather and climate?
Answer:
Weather is hour-hour conditions of atmosphere like hot humid weather may make us irritable but same day breezy or pleasant evening may make one cheerful. We have hot or cold climate over a period of few months.
Therefore we have daily forecast of weather and long term predictions of climatic conditions.

Question 4.
Name different types of weather measuring instruments.
Answer:
Thermometer – measures temperature
Barometer – measures atmospheric pressure
Rain gauge – measures amount of rainfall
Wind wane – shows direction of wind

Temperature

Question 1.
What is temperature?
Answer:

  • The degree of hotness or coldness is called the temperature.
  • Temperature changes not only between day and night but also from season to season.

Question 2.
What is insolation?
Answer:
Insolation is the incoming solar energy intercepted by the earth. It influences the distribution of temperature.

Question 3.
Why are poles covered with snow?
Answer:
The amount of insolation decreases from equator towards poles, therefore the temperature also reduces. But if the earth’s temperature rises too high, it would be too warm to raise crops.

Question 4.
Why cities are more hotter than villages?
Answer:
The temperature in cities is much higher than that of villages because the concrete and metals in the buildings and the tar and asphalt in the roads gets heated throughout the day and absorbs heat. This heat is released at night hence there is the difference in the temperature.
The crowded high rise buildings trap the warm air and thus raise the temperature of the cities.

Air Pressure

Question 1.
Why don’t we feel the air pressure?
Answer:
The air above us presses us from all sides with great force but we do not feel it. This happens because our body exerts a counter pressure.

Question 2.
Define the term air pressure.
Answer:
Air pressure is the pressure exerted by the weight of air on the earth’s surface. As we move in the upper layers of atmosphere, the pressure falls rapidly.

Question 3.
How does air pressure vary from equator to poles and from surface to heights?
Answer:
Variation in Distribution of Pressure

  • As we go up the layers of atmosphere, the pressure falls rapidly.
  • The air pressure is highest at sea level
  • It decreases with increase in height.
  • Horizontally the distribution of air pressure is influenced by temperature of air at a given place.

Question 4.
What is the relation between temperature and pressure?
Answer:
Distribution of air pressure is influenced by the temperature of the area:

  • Where temperature is high the air gets heated and rises. This creates a low pressure area.
  • Low pressure is associated with cloudy skies and wet weather.
  • In areas with low temperature, the air is cold and heavy so, it sinks down. This creates a high pressure area.
  • High pressure is associated with clear and sunny skies.
  • Air always moves from high pressure to low pressure areas.

Question 5.
Why do Astronauts wear a protective gear on moon?
Answer:
Astronauts wear a protective suit filled with air when they go to moon because the counter pressure exerted by the body would make the blood vessels burst.

Wind

Question 1.
Define the term wind. Explain with examples.
Answer:
The movement of air from high pressure to low pressure areas is called wind. For example wind blows dry leaves or strong wind uproots trees. Blowing smoke or dust is the work of wind. Strong wind makes it difficult to walk or hold umbrella.

Question 2.
Which are the three components of cyclone?
Answer:
Three components of cyclone are wind velocity, rain and tidal surge.

Question 3.
What are the various categories of wind? Explain with a diagram.
Answer:
Winds can be broadly divided into three types:

  • Permanent winds – which blow constantly throughout the year in a particular direction.
    Example, easterlies and westerlies.
  • Seasonal winds – which change directions in different seasons. For example, monsoon winds.
  • Local winds – blow only during a particular period of the day or the year in a small area. For example, land or sea breeze, or loo.

Air Class 7 Extra Questions Geography Chapter 4 - 3
Question 4.
What is Cyclone?
Answer:
A powerful and destructive storm with very high speed winds that moving in circular motion around an area of low pressure.

Question 5.
Describe the fury of cyclone taking example of ‘Super cyclone’ of Odisha.
Answer:
Odisha on eastern sea coast of India is prone to cyclones originating in Bay of Bengal.

  • Odisha was hit by cyclone on 17th-18th October 1999 and again on 29th October.
  • Cyclone originated as a ‘depression’ in the Gulf of Thailand near Port Blair.
  • It moved in northwest direction on 25th October and intensified into super cyclone and hit Odisha.
  • Wind speed was upto 260 km/hr which lasted for 36 hours.
  • Trees were uprooted kutcha houses, roof tops industrial sheds etc blown away.
  • Power supply and communication lines damaged.
  • Continues rains flooded the major rivers. Tidal waves swept 20 km of inland areas including cities of Bhubaneshwar and Cuttack and destructed 28 coastal towns.
  • 7-10 m high tidal waves caused damage to paddy crops, vegetables fruits and agricultural land turned infertile due to salination.
  • 13 million people were affected. Livestock was killed.
  • Plantations of teak, sal, bamboo, mangrove forests of Paradeep and Konark disappeared.

Moisture

Question 1.
What is humidity?
Answer:
When water evaporates from different water bodies and land it turns into water vapours or moisture. Moisture in air at any time is known as humidity.

Question 2.
What is a humid day?
Answer:
A day when air is full of water vapour is called a humid day. With the air getting warmer its capacity to hold moisture increases so it becomes more humid. On such days clothes takes longer to dry and even body sweat does not evaporate easily.

Question 3.
How are clouds formed? How do clouds cause precipitation?
Answer:

  • When water vapour rises, it starts cooling.
  • Water vapour condenses which results in formation of droplets of water.
  • These droplets hanging in the air above are called clouds.
  • Clouds are masses of these water droplets.
  • When these droplets of water become too heavy to float in the air, they come down as precipitation.

Question 4.
Why do jet planes leaves a white trail behind them?
Answer:
Jet planes flying in the sky leave a white trail behind them,

  • The moisture from their engines condenses.
  • We see trails of this condensed moisture for sometime when there is no air movement to disturb it.
  • These trails of condensed moisture are actually clouds.

Question 5.
What are different forms of precipitations?
Answer:
Different forms of precipitations are: dew, rainfall, hail, snowfall, fog, sleet.

Question 6.
What is rain? What is its importance?
Answer:
Precipitation in liquid form is called rain. Most of the ground water comes from rainwater. It is important for survival of plants and animals. It brings fresh water to earth.
If rainfall is more or trees are cut on hills, rain water can cause flooding in low lying areas. If it is less than water scarcity or drought may occur.

Question 7.
What are the types of rainfall?
Answer:
Based on the mechanism rainfall can be of three types: Convectional, Orographic or Cyclonic.

Objective type Questions

Question 1.
Fill in the blanks with appropriate words:
1. Earth is surrounded by a blanket of air called ………………..
2. Green plants produce ……………………… during photosynthesis.
3. Increased volume of ……………………. is affecting the earth’s weather and climate.
4. Ionosphere is the part of ……………………….
5. Amount of rainfall is measured by ………………………
6. Insolation influences the distribution of ……………………
Answer:
1. atmosphere
2. oxygen
3. carbon dioxide
4. thermosphere
5. rain gauge
6. temperature

Question 2.
State whether the given statements are true or false.
1. Hot air is dense and heavy and cold air is lighter and expands.
2. Without Green house effect earth would have been too cold to live.
3. Ionosphere contains the ozone layer.
4. Helium and hydrogen float from exosphere into space.
5. Wind – vane shows the direction of wind.
6. Air moves from high pressure to low pressure.
Answer:
1. False
2. True
3 False
4. True
5. True
6. True.

Question 3.
Match the contents of Column A with that of Column B
Air Class 7 Extra Questions Geography Chapter 4 - 4
Answer:
1. (d)
2. (c)
3. (e)
4. (b)
5. (a)

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CHAPTER -3 Our Changing Earth | CLASS 7TH | NCERT GEOGRAPHY IMPORTANT QUESTIONS & MCQS | EDUGROWN

Get Chapter Wise MCQ Questions for Class 7 Geography with Answers prepared here according to the latest CBSE syllabus and NCERT curriculum. Students can practice CBSE Class 7 Science MCQs Multiple Choice Questions with Answers to score good marks in the examination.  Students can also visit the most accurate and elaborate NCERT Solutions for Class 7 History. Every question of the textbook has been answered here.

Chapter - 3 Our Changing Earth

MCQs

Question 1.
The earth’s crust is broken into a number of huge parts. They are called
(a) lithospheric plates
(b) metamorphic plates
(c) sedimentary plates
(d) none of these

Answer

Answer: (a) lithospheric plates

Question 2.
Which one of the following forces originates in the interior of the earth?
(a) Exogenic forces
(b) Endogenic forces
(c) Both (a) and (b)
(d) None of these

Answer

Answer: (b) Endogenic forces

Question 3.
Sudden movements in the earth are called
(a) earthquakes
(b) building mountains
(c) focus
(d) none of these

Answer

Answer: (a) earthquakes

Question 4.
The place on the surface above the focus is known as
(a) epicentre
(b) focus
(c) forces
(d) lithosphere

Answer

Answer: (a) epicentre

Question 5.
What is the name of the instrument used for measuring earthquake?
(a) Thermometer
(b) Seismograph
(c) Weighing machine
(d) All of these

Answer

Answer: (b) Seismograph

Question 6.
On which scale is the earthquake measured?
(a) Plane scale
(b) Richter scale
(c) Compass
(d) Divider

Answer

Answer: (b) Richter scale

Question 7.
In which continent is the highest waterfall ‘Angel Falls of Venezuela’ located?
(a) South America
(b) South Africa
(c) South India
(d) North India

Answer

Answer: (a) South America

Question 8.
Where is ‘Niagara falls’ located?
(а) On the border between Canada and USA
(б) On the border between India and China
(c) On the border between India and Pakistan
(d) On the border between India and Nepal

Answer

Answer: (а) On the border between Canada and USA

Question 9.
The triangular collection of sediments at the mouth of a river forms
(a) beach
(b) delta
(c) arches
(d) glaciers

Answer

Answer: (b) delta

Question 10.
The steep rocky coast rising almost vertically above the sea water is called
(a) sea cliff
(b) beach
(c) sea cave
(d) erosion

Answer

Answer: (a) sea cliff

Question 11.
Which of the following is an example of a glacier
(a) Gangotri
(b) Aravali
(c) both of these
(d) none of these

Answer

Answer: (a) Gangotri

Question 12.
Deposition of sand in a low hill like structure is known as a:
(a) Glacier
(b) Sand dimes
(c) Hill
(d) Desert

Answer

Answer: (b) Sand dimes

Match the contents of Column A with that of Column B

Column AColumn B
1. Mushroom rock(a) Zimbabwe and Zambia
2. Meander(b) Deserts
3. Stacks(c) S waves
4. Glacier(d) Second course of river
5. Victoria falls(e) River of ice
6. Transverse waves(f) Sea waves
Answer

Answer:

Column AColumn B
1. Mushroom rock(b) Deserts
2. Meander(d) Second course of river
3. Stacks(f) Sea waves
4. Glacier(e) River of ice
5. Victoria falls(a) Zimbabwe and Zambia
6. Transverse waves(c) S waves

Fill in the blanks with appropriate words:

1. Magma inside the earth moves in a …………. motion.

Answer

Answer: circular

2. A ………….. is a vent in the earth’s crust through which molten material comes out.

Answer

Answer: volcano

3. The place in the crust where the earthquake starts is called ……………

Answer

Answer: epicentre

4. The processes of ………… and …………. create different landform on the surface of earth.

Answer

Answer: erosion, deposition

5. Deposition of layers of fine soil along the bank of rivers forms …………..

Answer

Answer: flood plains

6. Sand deposits over larger areas are called …………….

Answer

Answer: loess

Write whether the given statements are true or false:

1. Sudden movements like earthquake do not cause mass destruction.

Answer

Answer: False

2. Deposition is breaking up of rocks on the earth’s surface.

Answer

Answer: False

3. Wearing away of the land by different agents like water, wind and ice is called erosion.

Answer

Answer: True

4. Sea caves become bigger and only the roof remains forming the sea arches.

Answer

Answer: True

5. Moraine is a depositional feature of glaciers.

Answer

Answer: True

6. River is an agent of erosion and deposition in the desert.

Answer

Answer: False

Question 1.
What are lithospheric plates?
Answer:

  • The lithosphere is broken into numerous pieces.
  • These big pieces are called lithospheric plates.
  • The earth’s crust consists of several large and small, rigid, irregularly shaped plates/pieces.
  • The movement of these plates causes changes on the surface of the earth.

Question 2.
Why do the lithospheric plates move slowly?
Answer:
The lithospheric plates move slowly because of the slow movement of molten magma inside the earth in a circular manner.

Question 3.
What are the two types of the earth’s forces?
Answer:

  • The earth’s movements are divided on the basis of the forces which cause them.
  • The forces which act in the interior of the earth are called endogenic forces.
  • The forces that work on the surface of the earth are called exogenic forces.
  • Endogenic forces sometimes produce sudden movements.
  • At other times they produce slow movements.
  • Sudden movements are earthquakes and volcanoes.
  • They cause mass destruction over the surface of the earth.

Our Changing Earth Class 7 Extra Questions Geography Chapter 3 - 1
Question 4.
Define a volcano.
Answer:
A volcano is a vent or a hole in the earth’s crust through which molten material erupts suddenly.
Our Changing Earth Class 7 Extra Questions Geography Chapter 3 - 2

Question 5.
What are earthquakes? Define focus and epicentre.
Answer:
Earthquake

  • When the lithosphere plates move, the surface of the earth vibrates.
  • The vibrations travel all around the earth.
  • These vibrations are called earthquake.

Focus:
The place or point in the crust where the movement starts is called Focus.

Epicentre:
The place or the surface above the focus is called Epicentre.

  • Vibrations travel outwards from the epicentre as waves.
  • Greatest damage occurs closest to the epicentre.
  • The strength of the earthquake decreases, going away from the centre.

Our Changing Earth Class 7 Extra Questions Geography Chapter 3 - 3

Question 6.
What are three types of earthquake waves?
Answer:
There are three types of earthquake waves:

  • P waves or longitudinal.
  • S waves or transverse waves.
  • L waves or surface waves.

Question 7.
How can we minimise the impact of an earthquake?
Answer:

  • Earthquakes cannot be predicted.
  • Their impact can certainly be minimised if we are prepared before hand.

Question 8.
Give an account of some common earthquake prediction methods adopted locally by people.
Answer:
Some of the common earthquake prediction methods adopted locally by people are:

  • Wild animal behaviour.
  • Agitated fish in the ponds.
  • Snakes coming out to the surface from their holes.
  • Animals trying to untie themselves and run away.
  • Birds leaving their nests and beginning to chatter loudly.
  • Aborigines beginning to run to higher grounds.

Question 9.
What is seismograph? How is the magnitude of earthquake measured?
Answer:

  • An earthquake is measured with a machine.
  • It is called a seismograph.

The magnitude of the earthquake is measured on Richter scale.

  • An earthquake of 2.0 or less is felt only a little.
  • An earthquake over 5.0 causes damage from things falling.
  • A 6.0 or higher magnitude is considered very strong and 7.0 is classified as a major earthquake.

Question 10.
Explain Earthquake preparedness.
Answer:
Earthquake Preparedness:
When an earthquake strikes we should do the following:

  • We should be in a safe spot like: under a kitchen counter, table or desk.
  • We should stand against an inside comer or wall.
  • We should stay away from fire places, areas around chimneys, windows that shatter including mirrors and picture frames.
  • We should be prepared by arousing awareness amongst our friends and family members.
  • We should face any disaster confidently.

NOTES: Case Study Bhuj Earthquake:

  • An earthquake measuring 6.9 on richter scale hits Bhuj in Gujarat.
  • Schools worst affected.
  • Communication water power supply affected
  • Hundreds of fire started
  • Emergency declared and CM appeals for help.

Major Land Forms

Question 1.
What are the two processes which continuously wear away the landscape? Explain them.
Answer:
The Processes:
The landscape is continuously worn away by two processes.
They are:

  • Weathering and erosion.
  • Weathering is the breaking up of rocks on the earth’s surface.
  • Erosion is the wearing away of the landscape by different agents like water, wind and ice.
  • The eroded material is carried away or transported by water, wind etc.
  • They deposit material eventually.
  • This process of erosion and deposition creates different landforms on the surface of the earth.

Work of a River

Question 1.
What is a waterfall? Explain with example.
Answer:
When the rivers tumble at steep angle over the hard rocks of a deep steep valley it forms a waterfall.
For example: Victoria waterfalls or Niagara waterfall.

Question 2.
Describe the work of a river.
Answer:
Work of a River:

  • Running water in the river erodes the landscape.
  • When the river tumbles at steep angle over very hard rocks or down a steep valley side, it forms a waterfall.
  • When the river enters the plain it twists, turns and forms large bends. These bends are known as meanders.

Due to continuous erosion and deposition along the sides of the meander, the ends of the meander loop come closer and closer.

  • In due course of time the meander loop cuts-off from the river and forms a cut-off lake.
  • It is called an ox-bow lake.
  • At times the river overflows its banks.
  • This leads to the flooding of the neighbouring areas.
  • The flood water deposits layers of fine soil and other material.
  • They’are called sediments, along its banks.
  • This leads to the formation of a flat fertile land called a flood plain.
  • The raised banks are called levees.

As the river approaches the sea, the speed of the running water decreases.

  • The river begins to break up into a number of streams. They are called distributaries.
  • Now the river becomes so slow that it begins to deposit its load.
  • Each distributary forms its own mouth.
  • The collection of sediments from all the mouths forms a delta, the triangular shaped land mass.

Work of Sea Waves

Question 1.
Write a note on the work of sea-waves.
Answer:
Work of Sea Waves

  • Erosion and deposition of the sea waves form coastal land forms.
  • Sea waves continuously strike at the rocks.
  • Cracks develop.
  • In course of time they become larger and wider.
  • Hollow like caves are formed on the rocks.
  • They are called sea caves.
  • As caves become bigger and bigger only the roofs of the caves remain. This leads to formation of Sea arches.
  • Continuous erosion breaks the roofs and only walls are left.
  • These wall-like features are called stacks.
  • The steep rocky coast rising almost vertically above sea water is called sea cliff.
  • The sea waves deposit sediments along the shores.
  • This leads to formation of sea beaches.

Work of Ice

Question 1.
Describe the work of ice.
Answer:
Work of Ice:

  • Glaciers are “rivers” of ice.
  • They too erode the landscape by bulldozing soil and stones to expose the solid rock below.
  • Glaciers carve out deep hollows.
  • As the ice melts they get filled up with water and become beautiful lakes in the mountains.
  • The material carried by the glacier like big and small rocks, sand, silt gets deposited.
  • These deport from glacial moraines.

Work of Wind

Question 1.
Give an account of the work of wind.
Answer:
Work pi Wind:
An active agent of erosion and deposition in the deserts is wind.
In deserts there are numerous rocks with a shape of a mushroom.

  • They are commonly called mushroom rocks.
  • Winds erode the lower section of the rock more than the upper part.
  • Such rocks have narrower base and wider top.

When the wind blows, it lifts and transports sand from one place to another.

  • When it stops blowing, the sand falls and gets deposited in low hill like structures.
  • These are called sand dunes.

When the grains of sand are very fine and light, the wind carries it over very long distances.

  • When such a sand is deposited in large areas, they are called loess. Large deposits of loess are found in China.

Objective Type Questions

Question 1.
Fill in the blanks with appropriate words:
1. Magma inside the earth moves in a ………………………. motion.
2. A ………………………… is a vent in the earth’s crust through which molten material comes
out.
3. The place in the crust where the earthquake starts is called ……………………..
4. The processes of …………………………….. and ………………………. create different landform on the surface of earth.
5. Deposition of layers of fine soil along the bank of rivers forms …………………………….
6. Sand deposits over larger areas are called………………………….
Answer:
1. circular
2. volcano
3. epicentre
4. erosion, deposition
5. flood plains
6. loess,

Question 2.
Write whether the given statements are true or false:
1. Sudden movements like earthquake do not cause mass destruction.
2. Deposition is breaking up of rocks on the earth’s surface.
3. Wearing away of the land by different agents like water, wind and ice is called erosion.
4. Sea caves become bigger and only the roof remains forming the sea arches.
5. Moraine is a depositional feature of glaciers,
6. River is an agent of erosion and deposition in the desert.
Answer:
1. False
2. False
3. True
4. True
5. True
6. False.

Question 3.
Match the contents of Column A with that of Column B
Our Changing Earth Class 7 Extra Questions Geography Chapter 3 - 4
Answer:
1. (b)
2. (d)
3. (f)
4. (g)
5. (a)
6. (c

 

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CHAPTER -2 Inside our Earth | CLASS 7TH | NCERT GEOGRAPHY IMPORTANT QUESTIONS & MCQS | EDUGROWN

Chapter - 2 Inside our Earth

MCQs

Question 1.
Where is the deepest mine in the world located?
(a) South America
(b) South Africa
(c) South India
(d) South Australia

Answer

Answer: (b) South Africa

Question 2.
The depth of the deepest mine in South Africa is
(a) one km
(b) two km
(c) three km
(d) four km

Answer

Answer: (d) four km

Question 3.
The upper most layer of the earth’s surface is called
(a) the crust
(b) the brust
(c) the roads
(d) the forest

Answer

Answer: (a) the crust

Question 4.
What is the radius of the earth?
(a) 3671 km
(b) 7163 km
(c) 6371 km
(d) 1736 km

Answer

Answer: (c) 6371 km

Question 5.
Any natural mass of mineral matter that makes up the earth’s crust is called a
(a) rock
(b) road
(c) sediment
(d) none of these

Answer

Answer: (a) rock

Question 6.
The sediments are transported and deposited by
(a) wind
(b) water
(c) wind and water
(d) none of these

Answer

Answer: (c) wind and water

Question 7.
The process of transformation of the rock from one form to another is known as
(a) road cycle
(b) food cycle
(c) rock cycle
(d) all of these

Answer

Answer: (c) rock cycle

Question 8.
Which rock is the molten magma made up of?
(a) Igneous
(b) Metamorphic
(c) Sedimentary
(d) None of these

Answer

Answer: (a) Igneous

Question 9.
What is the latin term of Igneous?
(a) Ignis
(b) Sedimentum
(c) Metamorphose
(d) None of these

Answer

Answer: (a) Ignis

Question 10.
Rocks which contain fossils are called
(a) metamorphic rocks
(b) igneous rocks
(c) core
(d) sedimentary rocks

Answer

Answer: (d) sedimentary rocks

Match the contents of Column A with that of Column B.

Column AColumn B
1. Sial(a) Extrusive igneous rocks
2. Sima(b) Intrusive igneous rocks
3. Nife(c) Metamorphic rocks
4. Basalt(d) Silica and Alumina
5. Granite(e) Silica and Magnesium
6. Slate and Marble(f) Nickel and Ferrous
Answer

Answer:

Column AColumn B
1. Sial(d) Silica and Alumina
2. Sima(e) Silica and Magnesium
3. Nife(f) Nickel and Ferrous
4. Basalt(a) Extrusive igneous rocks
5. Granite(b) Intrusive igneous rocks
6. Slate and Marble(c) Metamorphic rocks

Fill in the blanks with appropriate words:

1. Lava is the molten magma from ……….. of the earth’s surface.

Answer

Answer: interior

2. Like a …………. the earth is made up of …………. layers.

Answer

Answer: onion, concentric

3. Crust is about ………….. km on the continental mass and ………….. km on the ocean floor.

Answer

Answer: 35 and 5

4. The mantle makes up _______ % of the Earth by volume.

Answer

Answer: 57%

5. Core has a radius of about ………….. km and has very high temperature and ………..

Answer

Answer: 3500, pressure

6. Limestone under excessive heat and pressure changes into ………….

Answer

Answer: marble

State whether the given statements are true or false:

1. Crust is the thickest of all the layers.

Answer

Answer: False

2. Core is the innermost layer of the earth.

Answer

Answer: True

3. Mantle extends up to the depth of 2900 km.

Answer

Answer: True

Question 1.
How is the earth a dynamic planet?
Answer:

  • The earth is our homeland.
  •  It is a dynamic planet.
  • It is constantly undergoing changes inside and outside.

Interior of the Earth

Question 1.
Have you ever wondered what lies in the interior of the earth? What is the earth made up of?
Ans.

  •  Yes.
  • The interior has three major layers of rocks of different densities.
  • The earth is made up of rocks.

Question 2.
Describe the interior of the earth.
Answer:
Interior of the Earth:
The earth is made up of several concentric layers with one inside another, just like an onion.
Crust:

  • The uppermost layer on the earth’s surface is called the crust.
  •  It is the thinnest of all the layers.
  • It is about 35 km, thick on the continental masses and only 5 km thick on the ocean floors.
  • Main minerals constituent of the continental mass are silica and alumina.
  • It is thus called sial (si – silica and al – alumina).

Inside Our Earth Class 7 Extra Questions Geography Chapter 2 - 2

  • The oceanic crust mainly consists of silica and magnesium.
  • It is therefore called sima (si – silica and ma – magnesium).

Inside Our Earth Class 7 Extra Questions Geography Chapter 2 - 3

Mantle

  • Just beneath the crust is the mantle.
  • It extends up to a depth of 2900 km below the crust.

Core

  • The innermost layer is the core with a radius of about 3500 km.
  • It is mainly made up of nickel and iron.
  • Hence it is called nife (ni—nickel and fe—ferrous i.e., iron).
  • The central core has very high temperature and pressure.

Rocks and Minerals

Question 1.
What is earth’s crust made up of?
Answer:
Earth’s crust is made up of different type of rocks. Rock is a natural mass of mineral matter. It is of different sizes, colours and texture and shapes. Earth is made up of sedimentary, igneous or metamorphic rocks.

Question 2.
Describe igneous rocks.
Ans.
Igneous Rocks

  • The molten rock material is called magma.
  • When it cools, it becomes solid.
  • Rocks formed in this way are called igneous rocks.
  • They are also called primary rocks because other rocks are formed out of these rocks.

There are two types of igneous rocks.

  • Intrusive Rocks and
  • Extrusive Rocks

Formation of Extrusive and Intrusive Rocks:

  • Due to extreme heat in the interior of the earth, rocks are found in the form of molten material called magma.
  • When magma comes out on the surface of the earth, it cools down and turns into solid rocks. Such rocks are termed as extrusive rocks.

Examples:

  • Basalt.
  • Deccan Trap is built of basalt.

When the molten magma cools down within the interior of the earth, it becomes solid to form intrusive rocks.
Examples:

  • Granite
  • Garbo

Question 3.
What is lava?
Answer:
Lava is the hot red magma coming out from the interior of the earth to the surface. It cools down and become solid.

Question 4.
What are two types of Igneous rocks?
Answer:
Igneous rocks are formed by cooling of the lava. When the lava cools down on the crust it forms extrusive igneous rock for example basalt. They have grained structure.
Sometimes when it cools down deep inside the crust it forms intrusive igneous rocks. They have large grains for example Granite. Grinding stones are made of granite.

Question 5.
Define the term sediment.
Answer:
Rocks due to cracks and hitting, breakdown into smaller fragments called sediments.

Question 6.
Give an account of sedimentary rocks.
Answer:
Sedimentary Rocks
The small particles are called sediments.

  • These sediments are transported and deposited by wind, water etc. in low areas.
  • These loose sediments are compressed and hardened to form layers of rocks.
  • These layered rocks are called sedimentary rocks.

Examples:

  • Sandstone.
  • These rocks also contain fossils of plants, animals and other micro-organisms that once lived on them.

Inside Our Earth Class 7 Extra Questions Geography Chapter 2 - 4

Question 7.
What are Fossils?
Answer:
Fossils:
The remains of dead plants and animals trapped in the layers of rocks are known as fossils.

Question 8.
How are metamorphic rocks formed?
Answer:
Igneous and Sedimentary rocks changes into metamorphic rocks under heat and pressure.

Metamorphic Rocks:
When under heat and pressure igneous rocks and sedimentary rocks change their form and more precious rocks are formed to be known as metamorphic rocks.
Examples:

  • Granite into granite gneiss.
  • Coal into slate.
  • Slate into schist.
  • Limestone into marble.

Limestone is changed into marble due to the following reasons:

  • The overlying layers of rocks put pressure on the underlying rocks.
  • From surface to interior of the earth, temperature and heat go on increasing.
  • Due to pressure and heat, the original limestone changes into marble.g

Question 9.
What are the uses of rocks?
Answer:
Uses of Rocks:

  • Hard rocks are used in making buildings and barrages.
  • Houses and buildings are built of rocks (stones, slates, granite, marble).
  • Stones are used in numerous games:
  • Seven stones (phitthoo).
  • Hop scotch (stapu, kit kit).
  • Five stones (gitti).
  • Rocks (stones and slates) are used in building bridges, embankments.

Question 10.
Briefly describe the ‘rock cycle’.
Answer:
One rock changes into another under certain conditions in a cyclic manner.
Molten magma cools down and solidify to form igneous rocks. These rocks are broken down due to pressure and climatic conditions into sediments.
These are transported and deposited to form sedimentary rocks. The igneous and sedimentary rocks under heat and pressure change into metamorphic rocks.
These metamorphic rocks under great heat and pressure melt down to form molten magma. This again cools down to form igneous rocks. This process of transformation of rocks is called ‘rock cycle’.

Question 11.
What are minerals? How are minerals important to us?
Answer:
Minerals:

  • Rocks are made up of different minerals.
  • Minerals are naturally occurring substances which have certain physical properties and definite chemical composition.
  • Minerals are very important to us.
  • Some are used as fuels.

Examples:

  • Coal.
  • Natural gas.
  • Petroleum.

They are also used in industries as energy and raw material.
Examples:

  • Iron.
  • Aluminium.
  • Gold.
  • Uranium.

They are used in medicine, in fertilisers etc.

Objective Type Questions

Question 1.
Fill in the blanks with appropriate words:
1. Lava is the molten magma from ……………………… of the earth’s surface.
2. Like a ………………………, the earth is made up of ……………………… layers.
3. Crust is about ……………………… km on the continental mass and ……………………… km on the
ocean floor.
4. Mantle forms about ……………………… of the earth’s volume.
5. Core has a radius of about ……………………… km and has very high temperature and ………………………
6. Limestone under excessive heat and pressure changes into ………………………
Answer:
1. interior
2. onion, concentric
3. 35 and 5
4. 16%
5. 3500, pressure
6. marble

Question 2.
State whether the given statements are true or false:
1. Crust is the thickest of all the layers.
2. Core is the innermost layer of the earth.
3. Mantle extends up to the depth of 2900 km.
4. The loose sediments are hardened to form metamorphic rocks.
5. Deccan plateau is made up of basalt.
6. Fossils are remains of dead plants and animals.
Answer:
1. False
2. True
3. True
4. False
5. True
6. True

Question 3.
Match the contents of Column A with that of Column B.
Inside Our Earth Class 7 Extra Questions Geography Chapter 2 - 1
Answer:
1. (d)
2. (e)
3. (f)
4. (d)
5. (b)
6. (c).

 

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CHAPTER -1 Environment | CLASS 7TH | NCERT GEOGRAPHY IMPORTANT QUESTIONS & MCQS | EDUGROWN

Get Chapter Wise MCQ Questions for Class 7 Geography with Answers prepared here according to the latest CBSE syllabus and NCERT curriculum. Students can practice CBSE Class 7 Science MCQs Multiple Choice Questions with Answers to score good marks in the examination.  Students can also visit the most accurate and elaborate NCERT Solutions for Class 7 History. Every question of the textbook has been answered here.

Chapter - 1 Environment

MCQs

Question 1.
Which one of the following is a basic life support system?
(a) Music system
(b) Environment
(c) Transportation
(d) None of these

Answer

Answer: (b) Environment

Question 2.
Which one of the following is created by nature?
(a) Cars, scooters and buses
(b) Mountains, rivers and trees
(c) Roads, books, pen and copies
(d) All of these

Answer

Answer: (b) Mountains, rivers and trees

Question 3.
The domain of water is referred to
(a) hydrosphere
(b) lithosphere
(c) atmosphere
(d) biosphere

Answer

Answer: (a) hydrosphere

Question 4.
What do plant and animal kingdom make together?
(a) Biosphere
(b) Hydrosphere
(c) Atmosphere
(d) All of these

Answer

Answer: (a) Biosphere

Question 5.
Which one of the fallowing animals is called the ship of the desert?
(a) Camel
(b) Goat
(c) Cow
(d) Dogs

Answer

Answer: (a) Camel

Question 6.
When is the World Environment Day celebrated every year?
(a) 25th December
(b) 23rd June
(c) 26th January
(d) 5th June

Answer

Answer: (d) 5th June

Question 7.
Who interact with the environment and modify it according to their needs?
(a) Human beings
(b) Animals
(c) Rivers
(d) Mountains

Answer

Answer: (a) Human beings

Question 8.
Which one of the following is not a threat to environment?
(a) Growing population
(b) Growing plants
(c) Growing industries
(d) All of these

Answer

Answer: (b) Growing plants

Match the contents of Column A with that of Column B.

Column AColumn B
1. Land(a) lithosphere
2. Animals, plants(b) atmosphere
3. Mountain, plateau and plains(c) abiotic
4. Gases, water vapour, dust(d) biotic
Answer

Answer:

Column AColumn B
1. Land(c) abiotic
2. Animals, plants(d) biotic
3. Mountain, plateau and plains(a) lithosphere
4. Gases, water vapour, dust(b) atmosphere

Fill in the blanks with appropriate words:

1. Hydrosphere is a part of …………….

Answer

Answer: biosphere

2. Two main constituents of environment are …………. and …………..

Answer

Answer: natural, man-made

3. …………. is the hard top layer of the earth.

Answer

Answer: Lithosphere

4. …………. modify the natural environment.

Answer

Answer: Human beings

Write whether the given statements are true or false:

1. Landforms are found only over continents.

Answer

Answer: False

2. Trade in which goods are exchanged without the use of money is called barter system.

Answer

Answer: True

3. Gravitational force of the earth holds the atmosphere around it.

Answer

Answer: True

4. No life can exist in biosphere.

Answer

Answer: False

5. Abiotic environment consists of living organism.

Answer

Answer: False

Question 1.
What made Ravi sad while going to school after vacation?
Answer:
After the long vacation while going to school Ravi noticed that the only play-ground next to the school is dug up. He was told that a multi storey building would be constructed there.

This made him sad as the big playground with grass, marigolds and butterflies would be gone forever. He shared his feelings with his classmates.

Question 2.
What all are the part of our environment?
Answer:
Our Surroundings constitute environment. Buildings furniture like tables, chairs, open field, road, garbage etc. are all part of our environment. Some things like mountains, rivers, trees are created by nature. Others like chair, table, roads and clothes are made by man.

Question 3.
Why is our environment changing?
Answer:

  • It is all because of our needs.
  • They are increasing day by day.
  • We are therefore modifying and at times even destroying our natural surroundings.

Question 4.
How do human beings modify the environment?
Answer:
Environment provides the basic life support system like air, water, food and land. The man made things like car pollute the air, factories build on land, containers for food and water are the examples of modification of environment.

Question 5.
Distinguish between biotic and abiotic environments.
Answer:
Biotic Environment

  • The world of living organisms is called biotic environment.
  • Examples: Plants and animals.
    Abiotic Environment
  • The world of non-living elements is called abiotic environment.
  • Example: Land.

Question 6.
Explain with examples the different components of environment.
Answer:
Major Components of environment are – Man-made, natural and Human beings.
Major Components of the Environment:
Natural Components:

  • Land (Lithosphere).
  • Water (Hydrosphere).
  • Air (Atmosphere).
  • Living things (Organisms).

Human-made Components:

  • Buildings.
  • Parks.
  • Bridges.
  • Roads.
  • Monuments.
  • Industries.

Humans

  • Individuals
  • Family
  • Community
  • Religion
  • Education
  • Economic
  • Political situation

Examples of Human-made Environment:

  • Buildings
  • Parks
  • Bridges
  • Roads
  • Monuments
  • Industries

Environment Class 7 Extra Questions Geography Chapter 1 - 3
Question 7.
What is environment?
Answer:
The surrounding in which we live forms environment. It is the basic life support system having natural and man-made components.

  • The people, the place, the things, the nature and the living organisms that surround us are called environment.
  • It is a combination of natural and human made phenomena.
  • The natural environment refers to both biotic and abiotic conditions existing on the earth.
  • Human environment reveals the activities, creations and interactions among human beings.

Natural Environment

Question 1.
What comprises natural environment?
Answer:
Land, air, water, plants and animals are all the part of natural environment.

Question 2.
Describe lithosphere and hydrosphere.
Answer:
Lithosphere

  • It is the solid crust or the hard top layer of the earth.
  • It is made up of rocks and minerals.
  • It is covered by a thin layer of soil.
  • It is an irregular surface with various landforms like mountains, plateaus, plains, valleys etc.
  • Landforms spread over the continents and also on the ocean floors.

Lithosphere provides us the following:

  • Forests.
  • Grasslands for grazing.

Environment Class 7 Extra Questions Geography Chapter 1-2

  • Land for agriculture and
  • Human settlements.
  • It is also a source of mineral wealth.

Hydrosphere is the domain of water.

  • It comprises various sources of water.
  • The different types of water bodies like rivers, lakes, seas, oceans, etc. are its major components.
    • It is essential for all living organisms.

Question 3.
Give an account of the atmosphere.
Answer:

  • The atmosphere is the thin layer of air that surrounds the earth.
  • The gravitational force of the earth holds the atmosphere around it.
  • It protects us from the harmful rays and scorching heat of the sun.
  • It consists of numerous gases, dust and water vapour.
  • The changes in the atmosphere produce changes in the weather and climate.

Question 4.
Define the term ‘Biosphere’.
Answer:
Biosphere: Plants and animals found in the narrow strip at the junction of lithosphere, atmosphere and hydrosphere together make biosphere.

What is Ecosystem?

Question 1.
What do you understand by the term “Ecosystem”?
Answer:
Ecosystem: An ecosystem is formed by the interaction of all living organisms with one another and with the physical and chemical factors of the environment in which they live. All are linked by transfer of energy and material. They are interdependent.

Question 2.
Compare and contrast the climatic conditions of Kerala and Rajasthan.
Answer:
Kerala, a southern state of India gets ample rainfall. It has lush green vegetation and coconut plantations.
Rajasthan, on the other hand, gets very less rainfall. It has thorny bushes, kikar and babul as vegetation.

Question 3.
Name some animals found in deserts.
Answer:
Camels, snakes, lizards, insects are found in deserts.

Question 4.
Why do the animals and vegetation vary from place to place?
Answer:
Animals and vegetation vary from place to place because

  • They are dependent on their immediate surroundings.
  • They depend on the environmental conditions like climate, soil, water etc.
  • All of them sire interdependent on each other.

Question 5.
What forms the ecosystem? Give some examples of ecosystems.
Answer:
The relationship between the living organisms and their surroundings form the ecosystem. Rain forest, grassland, deserts, mountains, lake, river, ocean and pond are some of the examples of ecosystems.

Question 6.
Do you think the park in which Ravi and his friends played formed an ecosystem?
Answer:
Yes.

Human Environment

Question 1.
Define barter system.
Answer:
Barter system is the exchange of goods without the use of money.

Question 2.
What has brought a change in interaction between humans and their surroundings?
Answer:
Human being modifies nature according to their need. Early humans adapted themselves to their natural surroundings. They led a simple life fulfilling their needs from nature.

With changes in needs new methods and technologies were invented. Settled life brought agriculture domestication of animals. Invention of wheel, surplus food led to development of trade and commerce. Barter system emerged.

Industrial revolution, changes in transportation increased production. Growth in communication system made life easier and speedy. Humans learned new ways to use and change the surroundings.

Question 3.
What is important for a harmonious life?
Answer:
Certain things are used in a certain way like watermelon in summer or roasted peanuts in winter. We need a balance between natural and human environment. Human beings must use their natural environment in a sustainable way to maintain the balance.

 
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CHAPTER -10 Eighteenth Century Political Formations | CLASS 7TH | NCERT HISTORY IMPORTANT QUESTIONS & MCQS | EDUGROWN

Chapter - 10 Eighteenth Century Political Formations

MCQs

Question 1.
The British East India Company established its power after
(a) 1757
(b) 1761
(c) 1768
(d) 1771

Answer

Answer: (a) 1757

Question 2.
Aurangzeb had depleted the military and financial resources by fighting a long war in the
(a) East India
(b) North India
(c) Deccan
(d) none of these

Answer

Answer: (c) Deccan

Question 3.
Aurangzeb died in the year
(a) 1700
(b) 1710
(c) 1725
(d) 1707

Answer

Answer: (d) 1707

Question 4.
Ahmad Shah Abdali was the ruler of
(a) Afghan
(b) Iran
(c) Iraq
(d) none of these

Answer

Answer: (a) Afghan

Question 5.
Ahmad Shah Abdali invaded North India times between 1748 and 1761.
(a) 3
(b) 4
(c) 5
(d) 6

Answer

Answer: (c) 5

Question 6.
During which century the Mughal Empire declined?
(a) 18th
(b) 16th
(c) 19th
(d) 21th

Answer

Answer: (a) 18th

Question 7.
Which of the following enjoyed the zat rank of 7000?
(a) Asaf Jah
(b) Murshil Quli Khan
(c) Both of these
(d) None of these

Answer

Answer: (c) Both of these

Question 8.
Who were the Telugu warrior chiefs’?
(a) Nayakas
(b) Jathas
(c) Misl
(d) All of these

Answer

Answer: (a) Nayakas

Question 9.
Who was the powerful governor of Bengal?
(a) Sa’adat Khan
(b) Murshid Quli Khan
(c) Asaf Jah
(d) Alivardi Khan

Answer

Answer: (b) Murshid Quli Khan

Question 10.
During whose rule Jagat Seth became prosperous in Bengal?
(a) Murshil Quli
(b) Sa’adat Khan
(c) Alivardi Khan
(d) Asaf Jah

Answer

Answer: (c) Alivardi Khan

Question 11.
Sawai Jai Singh founded his new capital here:
(a) Malwa
(b) Amber
(c) Jodhpur
(d) Jaipur

Answer

Answer: (d) Jaipur

Question 12.
Dalkhalsa was set up in 1699 by
(a) Guru Nanak Singh
(b) Guru Tegh Bahadur
(c) Guru Gobind Singh
(d) Guru Har Kishan

Answer

Answer: (c) Guru Gobind Singh

Question 13.
Small political groups of the Sikhs were called
(a) Khalsa
(b) Misls
(c) Dalkhalsa
(d) none of these

Answer

Answer: (b) Misls

Question 14.
Chauth was the ……….. of the land revenue.
(a) 10%
(b) 20%
(c) 25%
(d) 30%

Answer

Answer: (c) 25%

Question 15.
Who was the founder of Maratha empire?
(a) Shivaji
(b) Tipu Sultan
(c) Raja Jai Singh
(d) None of these

Answer

Answer: (a) Shivaji

Question 16.
Shivaji adopted the title of Chhatrapati in
(a) 1701
(b) 1760
(c) 1752
(d) 1762

Answer

Answer: (d) 1762

Question 17.
Tax levied by Marathas was called
(a) zat
(b) sardeshmukhi
(c) umara
(d) none of these

Answer

Answer: (b) sardeshmukhi

Question 18.
Under whose leadership Bharatpur emerged as a strong Jat State?
(a) Churaman
(b) Suraj Mai
(c) Jawahir Shah
(d) Nadir Shah

Answer

Answer: (b) Suraj Mai

Match the contents of Column A with that of Column B:

Column AColumn B
1. Sadat Khan(a) Hyderabad
2. Murshid Quli Khan(b) Gujarat
3. Asaf Jah(c) Malwa
4. Ijaradars(d) Awadh
5. Raja Ajit Singh(e) Bengal
6. Sawai Raja Jai Singh(f) Revenue farmers
Answer

Answer:

Column AColumn B
1. Sadat Khan(d) Awadh
2. Murshid Quli Khan(e) Bengal
3. Asaf Jah(a) Hyderabad
4. Ijaradars(f) Revenue farmers
5. Raja Ajit Singh(b) Gujarat
6. Sawai Raja Jai Singh(c) Malwa

Fill in the blanks with appropriate words:

1. Third battle of Panipat (1761) was fought between Marathas and ………….

Answer

Answer: Ahmad Shah Abdali

2. Ruler of Iran ………… plundered the city of Delhi in 1739.

Answer

Answer: Nadir Shah

3. Mughal nobles were divided in two factions, the ………….. and the …………..

Answer

Answer: Iranis, Turanis

4. Revenue in Bengal was collected in ……………

Answer

Answer: cash

5. Chief Minister of Marathas was called ……………..

Answer

Answer: Peshwa

6. System of rakhi offered protection to cultivators on payment of a tax of ……………. of produce.

Answer

Answer: 20%

State whether the given statements are true or false:

1. Nobles appointed as Governors by the Mughals had no control over Diwani and Faujdari.

Answer

 

2. Ahmad Shah Abdali invaded north India 5 times between 1748-1761.

Answer

 

3. Banking house of Jagat Seth became extremely prosperous during the rule of Murshid Quli Khan.

Answer

 

4. Khalsa was instituted in 1699.

Answer

 

5. Ranjit Singh was an important leader of Marathas.

Answer

 

6. Jats consolidated their power under the leadership of Churaman.

Answer

Question 1.
How were the boundaries of the Mughal Empire reshaped in the first
half of the 18th century?
Answer:

  • The boundaries of the Mughal Empire were reshaped by the emergence of a number of independent kingdoms.
  • By 1765, another power, the British, had successfully grabbed major chunks of territory in eastern India.
  • The political conditions in eighteenth century India changed quite dramatically
    and within a relatively short span of time.

NOTES: New political groups emerged in the subcontinent.
It happened after the death of Aurangzeb in 1707 till third battle of Panipat in 1761.

The Crisis of the Empire and the Later Mughals

Question 1.
What were the causes responsible for various crises of the Mughal Empire towards the closing year of the 17th century?
Answer:
Mughal Empire reached the height of its success and started facing a variety of crises towards the closing years of the seventeenth century.
These were caused by a number of factors:

  • Emperor Aurangzeb had depleted the military and financial resources of his empire by fighting a long war in the Deccan.
  • Under his successors, the efficiency of the imperial administration broke down.
  • It was increasingly difficult for the later Mughal emperors to keep a check on their powerful mansabdars.
  • Nobles appointed as governors (subadars) often controlled the offices of revenue and military administration (diwani and faujdari) as well.
  • The governors consolidated their control over the provinces and revenue declined.

Peasant and zamindari rebellions in many parts of northern and western India added to their problems:

  • These revolts were sometimes caused by the pressures of mounting taxes.
  • At other times there were attempts by powerful chieftains to consolidate their own position.
  • Mughal authority was challenged by rebellious groups in the past as well. But these groups were now able to seize the economic resources of the region to consolidate their positions.

The Mughal emperors after Aurangzeb were unable to arrest the gradual shifting of political and economic authority into the hands of provincial governors, local chieftains and other groups.

Question 2.
Which foreign invaders came in the middle of the economic and political crisis in 1739?
Answer:

  • In the middle of the economic and political crisis, the ruler of Iran, Nadir Shah, attacked and plundered the city of Delhi in 1739.
  • He took away immense amount of wealth.
  • A series of plundering raids by the Afghan ruler Ahmad Shah Abdali occurred afterwards. He invaded north India five times between 1748 and 1761.

Question 3.
How was the empire further weakened?
Answer:
The empire was already under severe pressures from all sides.
It was further weakened by competition amongst different groups of nobles.

  • They were divided into two major groups or fractions; the Iranis and Turanis.
  • For a long time, the later Mughal emperors were puppets in the hands of either one or the other of these too powerful groups.
  • The worst possible humiliation came when two Mughal emperors, Farrukh Siyar (1713-1719) and Alamgir II (1754-1759) were assassinated.
  • Two others Ahmad Shah (1748-1754) and Shah Alam II (1759-1816) were blinded by their nobles.

Question 4.
How a contemporary writer gave a account of bankruptcy of the empire?
Answer:
A contemporary writer wrote that:

  • The lords were helpless and impoverished.
  • Peasants raised two crops a year but taxes were not paid.
  • Administration collapsed and the lords didn’t get any benefit.
  • Lords could not maintain soldiers or horsemen.

Question 5.
Give an account of Nadir Shah attacking Delhi.
Answer:
Nadir Shah Attacked Delhi:

  • Nadir Shah’s looting is described as below:
  • Sixty lakh of rupees and some thousand gold coins, nearly one crore worth of gold- ware, nearly fifty crore worth of jewels, most of them unrivaled in the world, and the above included the peacock throne.
  • Another account described the invasion’s impact upon Delhi:
  • Those who had been masters were now in dire straits; and those who had been revered couldn’t even quench their thirst.
  • The New City (Shahjahanabad) was turned into rubble.
  • Nadir Shah then attacked the old quarters of the city and destroyed a whole world that existed there.

Emergence of New States

Question 1.
How did the new states emerge?
Answer:
Emergence of New States:

  • With the decline of the Mughal emperors, the governors of large provinces, subadars, and the great zamindars consolidated their authority in different parts of the subcontinent.
  • Through the eighteenth century, the Mughal Empire gradually fragmented into a number^of independent, regional states.

The states of the eighteenth century were divided into three overlapping groups:

  • States that were old Mughal provinces like Awadh, Bengal and Hyderabad.
  • The rulers of these states did not break their formal ties with the Mughal emperor.
  • States that had enjoyed considerable independence under the Mughals as watan jagirs.
  • They included several Rajput principalities.
  • The last group included states under the control of Marathas, Sikhs, and others like the Jats.
  • They were of differing sizes.
  • They had seized their independence from the Mughals after a long drawn armed struggle.

The Old Mughal Provinces

Question 1.
Who were the very powerful governors of Awadh, Bengal and Hyderabad among the early and later Mughal rulers?
Answer:

  • Sa‘adat Khan was powerful governor of Awadh with zat rank *6,000.
  • Murshid Quli Khan was powerful governor of Bengal with zat rank 7,000.
  • Asaf Jah was powerful governor of Hyderabad with zat rank 7,000.

Hyderabad

Question 1.
How did Nizam-ul-Mulk Asaf Jah become the actual ruler of the Deccan?
Answer:

  • Nizam-ul-Mulk Asaf Jah was the founder of Hyderabad state.
  • He was one of the most powerful member at the court of the Mughal Emperor Farrukh Siyar.
  • He was entrusted first with the governorship of Awadh and later given charge of the Deccan.
  • As the Mughal governor of the Deccan provinces, Asaf Jah already had full control over its political and financial administration.
  • He took advantage of the turmoil in the Deccan and the competition amongst the court nobility.
  • He gathered power in his hands and became the actual ruler of that region.

Question 2.
How did Asaf Jah consolidate his power?
Answer:

  • Asaf Jah brought skilled soldiers and administrators from northern India.
  • They welcomed the new opportunities in the south.
  • Asaf Jah appointed mansabdars and granted jagirs.
  • Although he was still a servant of the Mughal emperor, he ruled quite independently without seeking any direction from Delhi or facing any interference.
  • The Mughal emperor merely confirmed the decisions already taken by the Nizam.

Question 3.
Why was the state of Hyderabad constantly engaged in struggle? What was the result?
Answer:
The state of Hyderabad was constantly engaged in struggle because:

  • It was against the Marathas to the west and with independent Telugu warriors chief (nayakas) of the plateau.
  • The ambitions of the Nizam to control the rich textile producing areas of the coromandal coast in the east were checked by the British.
  • They were becoming increasingly powerful in that region.

Awadh

Question 1.
How did Burhan-ul-Mulk become powerful?
Answer:

  • Burhan-ul-Mulk Sa’adat Khan was appointed subadar of Awadh in 1722.
  • He founded a state which was one of the most important to emerge out of the break up of the Mughal Empire.
  • Awadh was a prosperous region.
  • It controlled the rich alluvial Ganga plain.
  • It served the main trade route between north India and Bengal.
  • Burhan-ul-Mulk also held the combined offices of subadari, diwani, and faujdari.
  • Actually he was responsible for managing the political, financial and military affairs of the province of Awadh.

Question 2.
How did Burhan-ul-Mulk try to decrease the Mughal influence?
Answer:
Burhan-ul-Mulk tried to decrease Mughal influence in the Awadh region.

  • He reduced the number of office holders (Jagirdars) appointed by the mughals.
  • He also reduced the size of jagirs.
  • He appointed his own loyal servants to vacant positions.
  • The accounts of jagirdars were checked to prevent cheating.

The revenues of all districts were reassessed by officials appointed by the Nawab’s court.
He seized a number of Rajput zamindaris and the agriculturally fertile lands of the Afghans of Rohilkhand.

Question 3.
How did the new social groups come into being?
Answer:

  • The state depended on local bankers and mahajans for loans.
  • It sold the right to collect tax to the highest bidders.
  • These ‘revenue farmers’ (ijaradars) agreed to pay the state a fixed sum of money.
  • Local bankers guaranteed the payment of this contracted amount to the state.
  • In turn, the revenue-farmers were given considerable freedom in the assessment and collection of taxes.
  • These developments allowed new social groups, like moneylenders and bankers, to influence the management of the state’s revenue system.
  • It was something which had not occurred in the past.

Question 4.
Who were Ijaradars?
Answer:
Ijaradars were the revenue farmers who bought the right to collect revenue and agreed to pay the state a fixed sum of money. This system was known as Ijaradari system.

Bengal

Question 1.
How did Murshid Quli Khan become powerful in Bengal?
Answer:

  • Bengal gradually broke away from Mughal control under Murshid Quli Khan.
  • Murshid Quli Khan was appointed as the naib, deputy to the governor of the province.
  • He was never a formal subadar, but he seized all the power of the subadar very quickly.
  • Like the rulers of Hyderabad and Awadh, he also commanded the revenue administration of the state.
  • In order to reduce Mughal influence in Bengal he transferred all Mughals’ jagirdars to Orissa.

He ordered a major reassessment of the revenues of Bengal:

  • Revenue was collected in cash with great strictness from all zamindars.
  • It resulted in, many zamindars being forced to borrow money from bankers and moneylenders.
  • Those unable to pay were forced to sell their lands to larger zamindars.

Question 2.
How did formation of a regional state in 18th century Bengal lead to considerable changes?
Answer:

  • The formation of a regional state in eighteenth century Bengal led to considerable change amongst the zamindars.
  • The close connection between the state and bankers which was noticeable in
    Hyderabad and Awadh was evident in Bengal under the rule of Alivardi Khan (1740-1756).
  • During his reign the banking house of Jagat Seth became extremely prosperous.

Question 3.
Describe the common features of the three states—Hyderabad, Bengal and Awadh.
Answer:
The three states of Hyderabad, Awadh and Bengal had certain common features:

  • They were all established by the Mughal nobles who were given the jagir or the governorship of the territory.
  • Their methods of tax collection differed and they used their own officials for this.
  • They contracted with “revenue farmers” for collection of revenue and the practice of “ijaradari” though disapproved by the Mughals spread all over India.
  • All these regional states had relationship with the bankers and money lenders.
  • They received land as security and collected tax from there through agents.
  • Social strata of these states was reorganized to a greater extent.

The Watan Jagirs of the Rajputs

Question 1.
Describe the watan jagirs of the Rajputs.
Ans.
The watan jagirs of the Rajputs:

  • Many Rajput kings mostly of Amber and Jodhpur, had served under the Mughals with distinction.
  • In exchange, they were permitted to enjoy considerable autonomy in their watan jagirs.
  • In the eighteenth century, these rulers attempted to extend their control over adjacent regions.
  • Ajit Singh, the ruler of Jodhpur, was also involved in the factional politics at the Mughal court.
  • These Rajput families claimed the subadari of the rich provinces of Gujarat and Malwa.
  • Raja Ajit Singh of Jodhpur held the governorship of Gujarat.
  • Sawai Raja Jai Singh of Amber was governor of Malwa.
  • These offices were renewed by Emperor Jahandar Shah in 1713.
  • They also tried to extend their territories by seizing portions of imperial territories adjacent to their watans.
  • Nagaur was conquered and annexed to the house of Jodhpur.
  • Amber seized large portions of Bundi.
  • Sawai Raja Jai Singh founded his new capital at Jaipur.
  • He was given the subadari of Agra in 1722.
  • Maratha campaigns into Rajasthan from the 1740s put severe pressure on these principalities and checked their further expansion.

Question 2.
Describe in brief about Raja Jai Singh of Jaipur.
Answer:

  • Raja Jai Singh was at the height of his power.
  • He was the governor of Agra for 12 years and of Malwa for 5 to 6 years.
  • He possessed a large army, artillery and great wealth.
  • His sway extended from Delhi to the banks of the Narmada.

Seizing Independence

The Sikhs

Question 1.
How did Sikhs become a political power?
Answer:

  • The organisation of the Sikhs into a political community during the seventeenth century helped in regional state-building in the Punjab.
  • Several battles were fought by Guru Gobind Singh against the Rajput and Mughal rulers, both before and after set up of the Khalsa in 1699.
  • After his death in 1708, the Khalsa rose in revolt against the Mughal authority uhder Banda Bahadur’s leadership.
  • The Khalsa declared their sovereign rule by striking coins in the name of Guru Nanak and Guru Gobind Singh.
  • They established their own administration between the Sutlej and the Jamuna.
  • Under a number of able leaders in the eighteenth century, the Sikhs organized themselves into a number of bands called jathas, and later on misls.
  • Their combined forces were known as the grand army (dal khalsa).

Question 2.
Which were the many practices started by the Sikhs?
Answer:

  • The entire body used to meet at Amritsar at the time of Baisakhi and Diwali to take collective decisions known as ‘resolutions of the Guru (gurmatas)’.
  • A system called rakhi was introduced, offering protection to cultivators on the payment of a tax of 20 per cent of the produce.
  • Guru Gobind Singh had inspired the Khalsa with the belief that their destiny was to rule (raj karega khalsa).
  • The khalsa declared their sovereign rule by striking their own coin again in 1765.
  • This coin bore the same inscription as the one on the orders issued by the khalsa in the time of Banda Bahadur.
  • The Sikh territories in the late eighteenth century extended from the Indus to the Jamuna.
  • They were divided under different rulers.
  • One of them, Maharaja Ranjit Singh, reunited these groups.
  • He established his capital at Lahore in 1799.

Question 3.
What is/are Khalsa and Jatha or Misls?
Answer:
Small political groups of the Sikhs were called the Jathas or the Misls. Their total number before Ranjit Singh was 12. The section of soldiers formed by 10th Guru Gobind Singh in 1699 was called Khalsa.

Question 4.
Who took over as leader of the Sikhs after Guru Gobind Singhji?
Answer:
Banda Bahadur took over as leader of the Sikhs after Guru Gobind Singhji.

The Marathas

Question 1.
Give an account of the Maratha Kingdom.
Answer:

  • The Maratha Kingdom was another powerful regional kingdom.
  • It rose out of a sustained opposition to Mughal rule.
  • Shivaji (1627-1680) carved out a stable kingdom with the support of powerful warrior families (deshmukhs).
  • Groups of highly mobile, peasant pastoralists (kunbis) provided the backbones of the Maratha army.
  • Shivaji used these forces to challenge the Mughals in the Peninsula.
  • After Shivaji’s death, effective power in the Maratha state was wielded by a family of Chitpavan Brahmanas who served Shivaji’s successors as Peshwa (or principal minister).
  • Poong. became the capital of the Maratha kingdom.

Question 2.
How did Maratha become a force to reckon with?
Answer:

  • Under the Peshwas, the Marathas developed a very successful military organisation.
  • Their success lay in by-passing the fortified areas of the Mughals.
  • They raided cities and engaged Mughal armies in areas where their supply line and reinforcements could be easily disturbed.
  • Between 1720 and 1761, the Maratha empire expanded.
  • It gradually chipped away at the authority of the Mughal Empire.
  • Malwa and Gujarat were seized from the Mughals by ]the 1720s.
  • By the 1730s, the Maratha king was recognised as the overlord of the entire Deccan peninsula.
  • He possessed the right to levy chauth and sardeshmukhi in the entire region.
  • After raiding Delhi in 1737 the frontiers of Maratha domination expanded rapidly.
  • into Rajasthan.
  • into Punjab in the north.
  • into Bengal and Orissa in the east.
  • into Karnataka and the Tamil and Telugu countries in the south.
  • These were not formally included in the Maratha empire. They were made to pay tribute as a way of accepting Maratha sovereignty.
  • Expansion brought enormous resources but it came at a price.
  • These military campaigns also made other rulers hostile towards the Marathas. This resulted in the reduced support to the Marathas during the third battle of Panipat in 1761.

Question 3.
Who were the Peshwas, Deshmukhs and Kunbis?
Answer:
Peshwas were the principal minister who served as successors of Shivaji. They were the Chitpavan Brahmanas. Deshmukhs were the powerful warrior families and the Kunbis were the peasant pastoralists who were the backbones of Maratha Army.

Question 4.
What were Chauth and Sardeshmukhi?
Answer:
By 1730’s the Maratha king was recognized as the overlord of the Deccan peninsula and had the right to collect chauth and sardeshmukhi from there. Chauth was the 25% of the land revenue and Sardeshmukhi was 9-10% of the land revenue.

Question 5.
Give an account of administrative system of the Marathas.
Answer:

  • The Marathas developed an effective administrative system.
  • Revenue demands were gradually introduced taking local conditions into account.
  • Agriculture was encouraged.
  • Trade revived.
  • This allowed Maratha chiefs (Sardars) like Sindhia of Gwalior, Gaekwad of Baroda and Bhonsle of Nagpur the resources to raise powerful armies.
  • Maratha campaigns into Malwa in the 1720s did not challenge the growth and prosperity of the cities in the region.
  • Ujjain expanded under Sindhia’s patronage.
  • Indore under Holkar’s.
  • By all accounts these cities were large and prosperous and functioned as important commercial and cultural centres.
  • New trade routes emerged within the areas controlled by the Marathas.
  • The silk produced in the Chanderi region now found a new outlet in Poona, the Maratha capital.
  • Burhanpur which had earlier participated in the trade between Agra and Surat now expanded its . hinterland. It included
  • Poona and Nagpur in the south.
  • Lucknow and Allahabad in the east.

The Jats

Question 1.
How was Jat power established?
Answer:
The Jats consolidated their power during the late 17th and 18th century. Under the leadership of Churaman they acquired control over territories to the west of Delhi. By the 1680’s they dominated the region between Delhi and Agra. For some time they controlled the city of Agra.

Question 2.
Describe the rule of Jats.
Answer:

  • The Jats were prosperous agriculturists.
  • Panipat and Ballabhgarh became important trading centres under Churaman a jat who dominated Delhi and Agra.
  • Under Suraj Mai the kingdom of Bharatpur emerged as a strong state.
  • When Nadir Shah sacked Delhi in 1739, many of the city’s notables took refuge there.
  • His Son Jawahir Shah had 30,000 troops of his own and hired another 20,000 Maratha and 15,000 Sikh troops to fight the Mughals.
  • Bharatpur fort was built in a fairly traditional style.
  • At Dig the Jats built an elaborate garden palace combining styles seen at Amber and Agra.
  • Its buildings were modelled on architectural forms first associated with royalty

 

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