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In This Post we are  providing Chapter- 1 ACCOUNTING FOR NOT-FOR-PROFITING ORGANISATION NCERT MOST IMPORTANT QUESTIONS for Class 12 ACCOUNTANCY which will be beneficial for students. These solutions are updated according to 2021-22 syllabus. These MCQS  can be really helpful in the preparation of Board exams and will provide you with a brief knowledge of the chapter

NCERT MOST IMPORTANT QUESTIONS ON ACCOUNTING FOR NOT-FOR-PROFITING ORGANISATION

Question 1:

What is subscription? How is it calculated?

ANSWER:

Subscription is the main source of income for an NPO besides entrance fees, donations, grants, etc. Subscriptions refer to the amount of money paid by the members on periodic basis for keeping their membership with the organisation alive. It is paid monthly, quarterly, half yearly or annually by the members.

It is shown in the debit side of the Receipt and Payment Account with the total amount received during the year that may be related to the current period and to the previous and next accounting period.

While calculating subscription for the current period, advance subscription received for the current period in the previous period and outstanding subscription for the current period are added to the subscription received during the current period. Whereas, on the other hand, advance subscription received for the next accounting period during the current period and outstanding subscription for the preceding period are deducted from the subscription received during the current period.

Calculation of Subscription

Subscription received during the year		***
Add: Subscription received (in advance) during previous year for current year	***
Add: Subscription outstanding at the end of the year	***
		***
Less: Subscription received in advance for the next year	***
Less: Subscription outstanding for the previous year	***	***
## Subscription shown in Income and Expenditure Account		***

## This subscription is related to the current accounting period and is shown in the Income side of the Income and Expenditure Account.

Question 2:

What is Capital Fund? How is it calculated?

ANSWER:

Capital fund is the excess of NPOs’ assets over its liabilities. In other words, the excess of assets over the liabilities for a profit earning organisation is termed as capital and the same for an NPO is termed as capital fund. Any surplus or deficit ascertained from Income and Expenditure account is added to (deducted from) the capital fund. It is also termed as Accumulated Fund.

Calculation of Capital Fund

Capital Fund at the beginning of the year		**
Add: Surplus from Income and Expenditure Account	**
Add: Subscription Amount (Capitalised amount)	**
Add: Life membership fee.	**	**
Less: Deficit from Income and Expenditure Account		**
Capital Fund at the end of the year		***

Question 3:

Explain the statement: “Receipt and Payment Account is a summarised version of Cash Book”.

ANSWER:

Receipts and Payments Account is a summary of the Cash Book. This account is prepared by those organisations which maintain their books on cash basis. All cash receipts are recorded on the Receipts side (i.e. Debit side) and all cash payments are recorded on the Payments side (i.e. Credit side) of Receipts and Payments Account. It is prepared on the basis of cash and bank transactions recorded in the Cash Book. It begins with the opening balance of cash and bank and ends with the closing balances of cash and bank (balancing figure) at the end of the accounting period. It records all the cash and bank transactions both of capital and revenue nature. It not only records the cash and bank transactions relating to the current accounting period, but also cash and bank receipts (or payments) received during the current accounting period that may be related to the previous or next accounting period. This account only helps us to ascertain the closing balance of the cash and bank and helps in assessing the cash position of an NPO. It also forms the basis for the preparation of Income and Expenditure Account.

Similarities between Receipt and Payments Account and Cash Book

The following are the features of Receipt and Payment Account that are common to those of Cash Book:

1. Nature: It is a summarised version of the Cash Book. Similar to the Cash Book, the Receipt and Payment Account is also a Real Account.

2. Nature of Transactions: It records only cash and bank transactions similar to a Two-Column Cash Book. Transactions other than cash and bank like depreciation, loss/ profit on sale of assets, etc. are not recorded in this account.

3. No distinction between Capital and Revenue items: It records all the cash and bank receipts and payments of both capital and revenue nature. Likewise, the transactions recorded in the Cash Book are also of both capital and revenue nature.

4. Opening and closing balance: It begins with the opening balance of cash and bank and ends with the closing balance of the cash and bank (balancing figure) at the end of the accounting period.

5. Purpose: It reveals the cash position of an organisation. It helps to ascertain the total amount paid and received during an accounting period. Similarly, a Cash Book also helps us to assess the cash position of an organisation.

Thus, on the basis of the above mentioned points and similarities, the statement ‘Receipt and Payment Account is a summarised version of Cash Book’ is justified.

Question 4 :

“Income and Expenditure Account of a Not-for-Profit Organisation is akin to Profit and Loss Account of a business concern”. Explain the statement.

ANSWER:

Income and Expenditure Account (I&E) is similar to Profit and Loss Account (P&L), in the sense that the former is prepared by Not-for-profit-Organisations and the latter is prepared by profit earning organisations. Both the accounts are prepared on the accrual basis.

Similar to the P&L, all the expenses and losses pertaining to the current accounting period are recorded on the debit side (Expenditure side) and all the gains and income of the current accounting period are recorded on the credit side (Income side) of the I&E. The balancing figure of the I&E is surplus or deficit and that of the P&L is net profit or net loss. Both the accounts record only revenue items which are related to the current accounting period.

Similarities between Income and Expenditure Account and Profit and Loss Account

I&E Account of an NPO is akin to the Profit and Loss Account of a profit earning business in the following manners.

1. Nature of Account: Both the concerned accounts are nominal in nature.

2. Basis of Recording: Both the accounts record only revenue expenses and revenue income related to the current accounting period. The items of capital nature are not ignored while preparing these accounts.

3. Period: Transactions related to current year are recorded in Income and Expenditure account in the same manner in which profit and loss account is prepared. Transactions related to previous year or next year are excluded.

4. Adjustments: The treatment of adjustments like, outstanding expenses, prepaid expenses, income received in advance, income due but not received, depreciation, bad debts etc. is same as that in Profit and Loss Account. Thus, both the accounts are prepared on the accrual basis.

Question 5:

Distinguish between Receipts and Payments Account and Income and Expenditure Account.

ANSWER:

Basis of Difference	Receipts and Payments Account	Income and Expenditure Account
1. Nature	It is a summary of cash and bank transactions	It is a summary of current year income and expenses
2. Revenue and Capital	It records transactions related to both revenue and capital nature.	It records transactions related to revenue nature only.
3. Debit Side	Debit side of this account records cash and bank receipts during an accounting period.	Debit side of this account records expenses and losses incurred in the current accounting period.
4. Credit side	Credit side of this account records payments in cash and through cheques.	Credit side of this account records income and gains earned in the current accounting period.
5. Type of account	It is a Real Account	It is a Nominal Account
6. Period	It records receipts and payments made during the year that may be related to the current accounting period or the preceding period and the succeeding accounting period.	It only records income and expenditure made during the current accounting period.
7. Object	This account depicts the cash position of an NPO.	This account shows the net result in terms of surplus or deficits due to the business activities during the year.
8. Opening Balance	This account begins with the opening balance of cash in hand and cash at bank or overdraft.	Usually, it has no opening balance but sometimes surplus or deficits forwarded from the last accounting period (if not added to the Capital Fund) can be shown as the opening balance of this account.
9. Closing balance	The balancing figure of this account is expressed in terms of the closing balance of cash in hand and cash at bank or overdraft.	The balancing figure is expressed in terms of either surplus (if incomes > expenses) or deficit (if expenses > incomes).
10. Depreciation	It does not include non-cash items like depreciation, appreciation, etc.	It includes non-cash items like depreciation, bad-debts, provisions, etc. in order to ascertain the actual net profit or net loss.
11. Adjustment	Receipts and Payments during the year can be adjusted before preparation of the financial statements.	Adjustments regarding both cash and non-cash transactions can be made.
12. Transfer of Balance	The opening balance of this account is brought forward from the last year’s Receipts and Payments Account and the closing balance of this account is carried forward to the subsequent year’s Receipts and Payments Account and is shown in the Balance Sheet of the current accounting period.	If the closing balance of this account is surplus then it is added to the Capital Fund in the Balance Sheet. If the closing balance is deficit then it is deducted from the Capital Fund in the Balance Sheet.
13. System	It is prepared on cash basis.	It is prepared on accrual basis.

Question 6:

Explain the basic features of Income and Expenditure Account and of Receipt and Payment Account.

ANSWER:

Income and Expenditure Account (I&E) Account is a Nominal Account and is prepared on the accrual basis. It records all transactions of revenue nature that are related to the current accounting period (whether outstanding or prepaid) for which the books are maintained. All expenses and losses are recorded on the debit side (Expenditure side) and all income and gains are recorded on the credit side (Income side) of I&E Account. The closing balance or the balancing figure of I&E Account is termed as surplus (or deficit), if the sum total of the Income side exceeds (is lesser than) the sum total of the Expenditure side.

The following are the basic features of Income and Expenditure Account

1. Nature: It is a Nominal Account. The debit side of I&E records all expenses and losses and the credit side records all incomes and gains related to the current accounting period.

2. Basis: It is prepared on the basis of Receipt and Payment Account (R&P). All the revenues items whether incomes or expenditures are transferred from R&P.

3. Excludes Capital Transactions: The transactions those are capital in nature are excluded from this account. For example, only profit or loss on sale of fixed assets is recorded but the total amount of sales is not recorded since sale of fixed asset is considered as a capital receipt.

4. Akin to Profit and Loss Account: Income and Expenditure Account (I&E) is similar to the Profit and Loss Account in the sense that while the former is prepared to ascertain surplus or deficit during an accounting period the latter is prepared to ascertain net profit or net loss incurred during an accounting period.

5. Records only Current Year’s items: This account records only those transactions that are related to current accounting year. In other words, transactions related to the preceding or succeeding accounting period are excluded even if these transactions are realised in the current period.

6. Adjustments: Various cash and non-cash items like, outstanding expenses, prepaid expenses, income received in advance, income due but not received, depreciation, bad debts, etc. can be adjusted in this account.

7. Balancing Figure: The balancing figure of this account is expressed in terms of either surplus (if incomes > expenses) or deficit (if expenses > incomes). The surplus balance, if any, is added to the Capital Fund, whereas, the deficit balance, if any, is deducted from the Capital Fund.

Receipts and Payments Account is a summary of the Cash Book. All the cash receipts are recorded on the Receipts side (i.e. Debit side) and all the cash payments are recorded on the Payments side (i.e. Credit side) of Receipts and Payments Account. It is prepared on the basis of cash and bank transactions recorded in the Cash Book. It begins with the opening balance of cash and bank and ends with the closing balances of cash and bank (balancing figure) at the end of the accounting period. It records all the cash and bank transactions both of capital and revenue nature. It not only records the cash and bank transactions relating to the current accounting period but also cash and bank receipts (or payments) received during the current accounting period that may be related to the previous or next accounting period.

The following are the features of Receipt and Payment Account.

1. Nature: It is a Real Account. It is a summarised version of the Cash Book.

2. Nature of Transactions: It records only cash and bank transactions. Transactions other than cash and bank like depreciation, loss/ profit on sale of assets, etc. are not recorded in this account.

3. No distinction between Capital and Revenue items: It records all cash and bank receipts and payments of both capital and revenue nature.

4. Opening and closing balance: It begins with the opening balance of cash and bank and ends with the closing balance of the cash and bank (balancing figure) at the end of the accounting period.

5. Purpose: It reveals the cash position of an organisation. It helps to ascertain the total amount paid and received during an accounting period.

Question 7:

The following is the account of cash transactions of the Nari Kalayan Samittee for the year ended December 31, 2017:

Receipts	AmountRs	Payments	AmountRs
Balance from last year	2,270	Rent	6,600
Subscriptions	32,500	Electric charges	3,200
Life membership fee	3,250	Lecturer’s fee	730
Donation	2,500	Office expenses	1,480
Profit from entertainment	7,250	Printing and Stationery	1,050
Sale of old Books (books value Rs 1,000)	750	Legal fee	1,870
Interest	350	Books	6,500
		Furniture purchased	8,600
		Expenses on nukar drama	1,300
		Cash in hand	8,040
		Cash at bank	9,500
	48,870		48,870

You are required to prepare an Income and Expenditure Account after the following adjustments:

(a) Subscription still to be received are Rs 750, but subscription include Rs 500 for the year 2018.

(b)  In the beginning of the year the Sangh owned building Rs 20,000 and furniture Rs 3,000 and Books Rs 2,000.

(c) Provide depreciation on furniture @ 5% (including purchase), books @ 10% and building @ 5%.

ANSWER:

Books of  Nari Kalyan SamitteeIncome and Expenditure Account as on Dec. 31, 2017
Dr.			Cr.
Expenditure	AmountRs	Income	AmountRs
Rent	6,600	Subscription	32,500
Electric Charges	3,200	Add: Outstanding for 2017	750
Lecturer’s fee	730	33,250
Office Expenses	1,480	Less: Advance for 2018	(500)	32,750
Printing and Stationery	1,050	Donation	2,500
Legal Fee	1,870	Profit from Entertainment	7,250
Depreciation on:		Interest	350
Books	750
Furniture	580
Building	1,000	2,330
Expenses on Nukar Drama	1,300
Loss on Sale of Books	250
Surplus	24,040
	42,850		42,850

Balance Sheet as on Dec. 31, 2016
Liabilities	AmountRs	Assets	AmountRs
Capital Fund as Dec. 31, 2016	27,270	Building	20,000
(Balancing Figure)		Furniture	3,000
		Books	2,000
		Cash and Bank	2,270
	27,270		27,270

Balance Sheet as on Dec. 31, 2017
Liabilities	AmountRs	Assets	AmountRs
Capital Fund	27,270		Building	20,000
Add: Life Membership Fees	3,250		Less: 5% Depreciation	(1,000)	19,000
Add: Surplus	24,040	54,560
		Furniture	3,000
Advance Subscription for 2018	500	Add: Purchases	8,600
			11,600
		Less: 5% Depreciation	580	11,020
		Books	2,000
		Add: Purchases	6,500
		8,500
		Less: Sales	1,000
				7,500
		Less: 5% Depreciation	750	6,750
		Cash in Hand		8,040
		Cash at Bank		9,500
		Subscription Outstanding		750
	55,060		55,060

Question 8:

Following is the Receipt and Payment Account of Indian Sports Club, prepared Income and Expenditure Account, Balance Sheet as on December 31, 2017:

Receipt and Payment Account for the year ending December 31, 2017
Receipts	AmountRs	Payments	AmountRs
Balance b/d	7,890	Salary	11,000
Subscriptions	52,000	Electric charges	5,500
Life member ship fee	2,200	Billiard Table	17,500
Entrance fee	3,200	Office expenses	4,100
Tournament fund	26,000	Printing and Stationery	2,300
Locker Rent	1,250	Tournament expenses	18,500
Sale of old sports goods (Costing Rs 2,200)	2,500	Repair of ground	2,000
Sale of Old Newspaper	750	Furniture purchased	7,700
Legacy	37,500	Sports equipments	12,000
		Cash in Hand	12,690
		Cash at Bank	10,000
		Fixed Deposit (on 1.10.17 for 10% p.a)	30,000
	1,33,290		1,33,290

Other Information:

Subscription outstanding was on December 31, 2016 Rs 1,200 and Rs 3,200 on December 31, 2017. Locker rent outstanding on December 31, 2017 Rs 250. Salary outstanding on December 31, 2017 Rs 1,000.

On January 1, 2017, club has Building Rs 36,000, furniture Rs 12,000, Sports equipments Rs 17,500. Depreciation charged on these items @ 10% (including Purchase).
 

ANSWER:

Indian Sports ClubIncome and Expenditure Account as on Dec. 31, 2017
Dr.			Cr.
Expenditure	AmountRs	Income	AmountRs
Salary	11,000		Subscriptions	52,000
Add: Outstanding for 2017	1,000	12,000	Add: Outstanding for 2017	3,200
Electric Charges	5,500		55,200
Office Expenses	4,100	Less: Outstanding for 2016	(1,200)	54,000
Printing and Stationery	2,300
Repair of Ground	2,000	Locker Rent	1,250
Depreciation on:		Add: Outstanding for 2017	250	1,500
Furniture	1,970
Building	3,600		Entrance Fees	3,200
Sports Equipments	2,730	8,300	Profit on Sale of Sports
Surplus	26,300	Equipments (Rs 2,500 – Rs 2,200)	300
		Sale of Old Newspapers	750
		Accrued Interest	750
	60,500		60,500

Balance Sheet as on January 01, 2016
Liabilities	AmountRs	Assets	AmountRs
Capital Fund (Balancing Figure)	74,590	Subscription Outstanding	1,200
			Building	36,000
		Furniture	12,000
		Sports Equipments	17,500
		Cash and Bank	7,890
	74,590		74,590

Balance Sheet as on Dec. 31, 2017
Liabilities	AmountRs	Assets	AmountRs
Salary Outstanding	1,000	Subscripting Outstanding	3,200
Tournament Fund	26,000		Locker Rent Outstanding	250
Less: Tournament Expenses	18,500	7,500	Building	36,000
		Less: 10% Depreciation	(3,600)	32,400
Capital fund	74,590
Add: Life Membership Fee	2,200		Furniture	12,000
Add: Legacy	37,500		Add: Purchases	7,700
Add: Surplus	26,300	1,40,590		19,700
		Less: 10% Depreciation	(1,970)	17,730
		Sports Equipments	17,500
		Add: Purchases	12,000
			29,500
		Less: Sales	(2,200)
			27,300
		Less: 10% Depreciation	(2,730)	24,570
		Billiard Table	17,500
		Cash in hand	12,690
		Cash at Bank	10,000
		Fixed Deposit	30,000
		Add: Accrued Interest	750	30,750
	1,49,090		1,49,090

Question 9:

From the following Receipt and Payment Account of Jan Kalyan Club, prepare Income and Expenditure Account and Balance Sheet for the year ending March 31, 2017.           

Receipt and Payment Account for the year ending March 31, 2017
Receipts	AmountRs	Payments	AmountRs
Cash in hand as on 1.4.16	6,800	Salaries	24,000
Subscription	60,200	Traveling Expenses	6,000
Donation	3,000	Stationery	2,300
Sale of furniture (Book value Rs 6000)	4,000	Rent	16,000
Entrance fee	800	Repair	700
Life membership fee	7,000	Books purchased	6,000
Interest on investment (@ 5% for full year)	5,000	Building purchased	30,000
		Cash in hand as 31.3.2017	1,800
	86,800		86,800

Additional Information:

	As on1.04.2016	As on31.03.2017
(i)	Subscription received in advance	1,000	3,200
(ii)	Outstanding subscription	2,000	3,700
(iii)	Stock of stationery	1,200	800
(iv)	Books	13,500	16,500
(v)	Furniture	16,000	8,000
(vi)	Outstanding rent	1,000	2,000

ANSWER:

Books of Jan Kalyan ClubIncome and Expenditure Account as on 31 March 2017
Dr.			Cr.
Expenditure	AmountRs	Income	AmountRs
Loss on Sale of Furniture (Rs 6,000 – Rs 4,000)	2,000	Subscription	60,200
Salaries		24,000	Less: Outstanding for 2016	(2,000)
Traveling Expenses	6,000		58,200
Stationery	2,300		Add: Outstanding for 2017	3,700
Add: Opening Stock	1,200			61,900
	3,500		Add: Advance in 2016	1,000
Less: Closing Stock	(800)	2,700		62,900
		Less: Advance in 2017	(3,200)	59,700
Repairs	700
Rent	16,000		Donation	3,000
Less: Outstanding for 2016	(1,000)		Entrance Fees	800
	15,000		Interest on Investments	5,000
Add: Outstanding for 2017	2,000	17,000
Depreciation on Books	3,000
Depreciation on Furniture	2,000
Surplus	11,100
	68,500		68,500

Balance Sheet as on April 01, 2016
Liabilities	AmountRs	Assets	AmountRs
Advance Subscription	1,000	Cash in Hand	6,800
Outstanding Rent	1,000	Investment {5,000 × (100/5)}	1,00,000
Capital Fund (Balancing figure)	1,37,500	Subscription Outstanding	2,000
		Stock of Stationery	1,200
		Books	13,500
		Furniture	16,000
	1,39,500		1,39,500

Balance Sheet as on March 31, 2017
Liabilities	AmountRs	Assets	AmountRs
Advance Subscription	3,200	Subscription Outstanding	3,700
Outstanding Rent	2,000	Stock of Stationery	800
Capital Fund	1,37,500		Investments	1,00,000
Add: Life Membership Fees	7,000
Add: Surplus	11,100	1,55,600	Books	13,500
			Add: Purchases	6,000
			19,500
		Less: Depreciation	(3,000)	16,500
		Building	30,000
		Cash in Hand	1,800
		Furniture	16,000
		Less: Sales	6,000
			10,000
		Less: Depreciation	(2,000)	8,000
	1,60,800		1,60,800

Question 10:

Receipt and Payment Account of Shankar Sports club is given below, for the year ended March 31, 2017

Receipt and Payment Account for the year ending March 31, 2017
Receipts	AmountRs	Payments	AmountRs
Opening Cash in hand	2,600	Rent	18,000
Entrance fees	3,200	Wages	7,000
Donation for building	23,000	Billiard table	14,000
Locker rent	1,200	Furniture	10,000
Life membership fee	7,000	Interest	2,000
Profit from entertainment	3,000	Postage	1,000
Subscription	40,000	Salary	24,000
		Cash in hand	4,000
	80,000		80,000

Prepare Income and Expenditure Account and Balance Sheet with help of following Information:

Subscription outstanding on March 31, 2016 is Rs 1, 200 and Rs 2,300 on March 31, 2017, opening stock of postage stamps is Rs 300 and closing stock is Rs 200, Rent Rs 1,500 related to 2015 and Rs 1,500 is still unpaid.

On April 01, 2016 the club owned furniture Rs 15,000, Furniture valued at Rs 22,500

On March 31, 2017. The club took a loan of Rs 20,000 (@ 10% p.a.) in 2017.
 

ANSWER:

Books of Shankar Sports ClubIncome and Expenditure Account as on 31 Dec. 2017
Dr.			Cr.
Expenditure	AmountRs	Income	AmountRs
Rent	18,000		Entrance Fees	3,200
Add: Outstanding for 2017	1,500		Locker Rent	1,200
	19,500		Profit from Entertainment	3,000
Less: Outstanding for 2016	(1,500)	18,000
		Subscription	40,000
Wages	7,000	Less: Outstanding for 2016	(1,200)
Depreciation on Furniture	2,500		38,800
Interest	2,000	Add: Outstanding for 2017	2,300	41,100
Postage	1,000		Deficit (Balancing Figure)	6,100
Add: Opening Stock	300
	1,300
Less: Closing Stock	(200)	1,100
Salaries	24,000
	54,600		54,600

Balance Sheet as on  December 31, 2016
Liabilities	AmountRs	Assets	AmountRs
Rent Outstanding	1,500	Cash in Hand	2,600
10%  Loan	20,000	Subscription Outstanding	1,200
		Furniture	15,000
		Stock of Postage Stamps	300
		Capital fund Deficit (Balancing figure)	2,400
	21,500		21,500

Balance Sheet as on December 31, 2017
Expenditure	AmountRs	Income	AmountRs
Rent Outstanding	1,500	Subscription Outstanding	2,300
10%  Loan	20,000	Stock of Postage Stamps	200
Donation for Building	23,000	Billiard Table	14,000
Capital Fund	(2,400)		Furniture	15,000
Add: Life Membership Fee	7,000		Add: Purchases	10,000
Less: Deficit	(6,100)				25,000
		Less: Depreciation	(2,500)	22,500
		Cash in Hand	4,000
		* Capital Fund (Deficit)	1500
	44,500		44,500

* NOTE 1:

Capital Fund	(2,400)
Add:	Life Membership Fees	7,000
Less:	Deficit	(6,100)
	Net Deficit	(1,500)

In This Post we are  providing Chapter- 5 DISSOLUTION OF PARTNERSHIP FIRM NCERT MOST IMPORTANT QUESTIONS for Class 12 ACCOUNTANCY which will be beneficial for students. These solutions are updated according to 2021-22 syllabus. These MCQS  can be really helpful in the preparation of Board exams and will provide you with a brief knowledge of the chapter

NCERT MOST IMPORTANT QUESTIONS ON DISSOLUTION OF PARTNERSHIP FIRM

1. What is Dissolution

 Dissolution means discontinuance of existing relationship among the partners. According to Indian Partnership Act, 1932, dissolution may be either of partnership or of a firm.

2.What is Dissolution of Partnership 

It changes the existing relationship between partners but the firm may continue its business as before.

3.What is Dissolution of Partnership Firm 

Dissolution of firm means dissolution of partnership among all the partners in the firm. In this case, business of the firm also comes to an end.

4.what are Modes of Dissolution of Partnership Firm

(i) Dissolution by mutual agreement                       (ii) Compulsory dissolution
(iii) Dissolution on the happening of an event         (iv) Dissolution by notice
(v) Dissolution by court

5.Settlement of Accounts in Case of Dissolution of Firm

(i)Treatment of Losses
Losses shall be paid, first out of profits, then out of partners’ capital and lastly, by the partners individually in their profit sharing ratio, if necessary.
(ii)Application of Assets
(a)Payment to outsiders/creditors
(b)Loans and advances of partners
(c)Payment of capital of partners
(d)The balance shall be divided among the partners in their profit sharing ratio

6.Hanif and Jubed were partners in a firm sharing profits in the ratio of their capitals. On 31st March, 2013 their balance sheet was as follows

On the above date the firm was dissolved
(i)Debtors were realised at a discount of 5%, 50% of the stock was taken over by Hanif at 10% less than the book value. Remaining stock was sold for Rs 65,000.
(ii)Furniture was taken over by Jubed for Rs 1,35,000. Machinery was sold as scrap for Rs 74,000.
(iii)Creditors were paid in full.
(iv)Expenses on realisation Rs 8,000 were paid by Hanif. Prepare realisation account. (All India 2014)
Ans.

7.Shanti and Satya were partners in a firm sharing profits in the ratio of 4:1. On 31st March, 2013 their balance sheet was as follows:

On the above date the firm was dissolved
(i)Shanti took over 40% of the stock at 10% less than its book value and the remaining stock was sold for Rs 40,000. Furniture realised Rs 80,000.
(ii)All unrecorded investment was sold for Rs 20,000. Machinery was sold at a loss of Rs 60,000.
(iii) Debtors realised Rs 55,000.
(iv) There was an outstanding bill for repairs for which Rs 19,000 were paid. Prepare realisation account.    (Delhi 2014)
Ans.

8.Verma and Sharma were partners sharing profits in the ratio of 3 : 1. On 31st March, 2011, their balance sheet was as follows:

The firm was dissolved on 1st April, 2011 and the assets and liabilities were settled as follows:
(i)Creditors of Rs 50,000 took over land and building in full settlement of their claim.
(ii)Remaining creditors were paid in cash.
(iii)Machinery was sold at a depreciation of 30%.
(iv)Debtors were collected at a cost of Rs 500.
(v)Expenses on realisation were Rs 1,700. Pass necessary journal entries for dissolution of the firm.  (Delhi 2012)
Ans.

9.A and B were partners in a firm sharing profits in the ratio of 3 : 2. On 31st March, 2011, the balance sheet of the firm was as follows:

The firm was dissolved on 1st April, 2011 and the assets and liabilities were settled as follows:
(i)Building was taken over by creditors as their full and final payment.
(ii)Furniture was taken over by B for cash payment at 5% less than the book value.
(iii)Debtors were collected by a debt collection agency at a cost of Rs 5,000.
(iv)Stock realised Rs 70,500.
(v)B agreed to bear all realisation expenses. For this service, B is paid Rs 500. Actual expense on realisation amounted to Rs 1,000.Pass necessary journal entries for dissolution of the firm.(Delhi 2012)
Ans.

10.Sanjay and Sameer were partners in a firm sharing profits in the ratio of 2 : On 31st March, 2011 the balance sheet of the firm was as follows:

The firm was dissolved on 1st April, 2011 and the assets and liabilities were settled as follows:
(i)Sanjay agrees to take over land and building at Rs 3,50,000 by paying cash.
(ii)Stock was sold for Rs 90,000.
(iii)Creditors accepted debtors in full settlement of their claim. Pass necessary journal entries for dissolution of the firm.(All India 2012)
Ans.

In This Post we are  providing Chapter- 6 CASH FLOW STATEMENT NCERT MOST IMPORTANT QUESTIONS for Class 12 ACCOUNTANCY which will be beneficial for students. These solutions are updated according to 2021-22 syllabus. These MCQS  can be really helpful in the preparation of Board exams and will provide you with a brief knowledge of the chapter

NCERT MOST IMPORTANT QUESTIONS ON CASH FLOW STATEMENT

1.Cash Flow Statement Cash flow statement is a statement showing the changes in financial position of a business concern during different intervals of time in terms of cash and cash equivalents.
The Revised Accounting Standard-3 has made it mandatory for all listed companies to prepare and present a cash flow statement along with other financial statements on annual basis.

2.Cash Flows Cash flows are inflows and outflows of cash and cash equivalent. It implies movement-in and movement-out of cash and cash equivalents. Receipt of cash from a non-cash item is termed as ‘cash inflow’, while cash payment in respect of such item is termed as ‘cash outflow’.
Cash Cash comprises of cash in hand and demand deposits with the bank.
Cash Equivalents Cash equivalents are ‘short-term highly liquid investments that are  readily convertible into known amount of cash and which are subjected to an insignificant risk of change in value’.

3.Objectives of Cash Flow Statement
(i)Useful in short-term financial planning.
(ii)Useful in efficient cash management.
(iii)Helpful in formulation of business policies.
(iv)Assists in preparation of cash budget.
(v)Used for assessment of cash flow from various activities, viz operating, investing and financing activities.

4.Limitations of Cash Flow Statement
(i)Based on historical cost principle.
(ii)Based on secondary data.
(iii)Ignores non-cash transactions.
(iv)No adherence of basic accounting principles.
(v)Cash flow statement is not a substitute for income statement.

5.Classification of Business Activities Accounting Standard-3 (Revised) requires that the changes resulting in inflows and outflows of cash and cash equivalents will be classified into following three activities:
(i) Cash flow from operating activities.
(ii)Cash flow from investing activities.
(iii)Cash flow from financing activities.

6.Cash Flow from Operating Activities Operating activities are the principal revenue producing activities of the enterprise and other activities that are not investing or financing activities.

For a Finance Company
(v)Cash received for interest and dividends (vi) Cash paid for interest
(vi)Sale of securities (vii) Purchase of securities
For an Insurance Company
(vii)Premiums and claims received (viii) Premiums and claims paid
For a Real Estate (Infrastructure) Company
(viii) Rent received      (ix) Rent paid

7.Cash Flow from Investing Activities As per AS-3, investing activities are the acquisition and disposal of the long-term assets and other investments, not included in cash equivalents.
Cash flow from investing activities are exhibited as follows:
h

8.Cash Flow from Financing Activities Financing activities are the activities which result in change in the size and composition of the owner’s capital (including preference share capital) and borrowings (including debentures) of the enterprise from other sources.
Cash flow arising from financing activities are exhibited as follows:

9.Format of Cash Flow Statement

10.Why is specific disclosure of cash flow from financing activities important while preparing cash flow statement?    
Ans. Separate disclosure of cash flows arising from financing activities is important because it is useful in predicting claims on future cash flows by providers of funds (both capital and borrowings) to the enterprise.

In This Post we are  providing Chapter- 2 ISSUE AND REDEMPTION DEBENTURES NCERT MOST IMPORTANT QUESTIONS for Class 12 ACCOUNTANCY which will be beneficial for students. These solutions are updated according to 2021-22 syllabus. These MCQS  can be really helpful in the preparation of Board exams and will provide you with a brief knowledge of the chapter

NCERT MOST IMPORTANT QUESTIONS ON ISSUE AND REDEMPTION DEBENTURES

1. What is the nature of Interest on Debentures?
Ans. Interest on debentures is a charge against the profits. It means that whether there is profit or loss it will be paid to the debenture holders.
2. What is meant by Redemption of Debentures?
Ans. Repayment of the amount borrowed by a company is called redemption of debentures. Debentures can be redeemed at Par or Premium. Students must remember that debentures are redeemed on the due date by paying the lump sum amount to the debenture holders or by paying in installments.
3. Give two sources of finance for Redemption of Debentures.
Ans.

1. Out of profits
2. issue of fresh Share Capital and Debentures.

4. Define Secured and Unsecured Debentures.
Ans. Secured or Mortgaged Debentures: Debentures are secured by a charge on the fixed assets of the company. If the company fails on payment of the principal amount or interest amount, assets under charge are sold to repay the amount due to the debenture holders.
Unsecured Debentures: Debentures are called unsecured in the sense that if the company defaults on payment of the principal amount or interest, debenture holder has to be along with other unsecured creditors of the company. In simple words, these debentures are not secured by the charge of fixed assets.

When Purchases consideration is more than net value of assets
Illustration 5 : A Company issued debentures of Rs.100 each at par for the purchases of the following assets and liabilities from Gupta Bros. at purchase consideration of Rs.5,00,000

Plant –	Rs.3,50,000	Stock	Rs.4,50,000
Land and Building	Rs.6,00,000	Sundry Creditors	Rs.1,00,000

Illustration 6 : Larson and Turbo Ltd. Issued 50,000 8% debentures of Rs.100 each payable on. Application at par and redeemable at par any time after 7 years from the date of the issue. Record necessary entries for the issue of debentures in the book of Company.
Solution:
In the books of Larson & Toubro Ltd.
Journal

Date	Particulars	L.F.	Debit (Rs.)	Credit (Rs.)
	Bank A/c      Dr.		50,00,000
	To % Debentures Application and Allotment A/c			50,00,000
	(Being the application money received)
	Debentures Application and Allotment A/c Dr.		50,00,000
	To 8% Debentures A/c			50,00,000
	(Being the transfer of application money to debenture account)

Illustration 7 : Claris Life Sciences Ltd. issued 5,000 14% Debentures of Rs. 100 each at a discount of 10%. Pass the necessary journal entries in the books of the company for the issue of debentures when debentures were to be:
(i) Redeemed at par.
(ii) Redeemed at a premium of 5%.
Journal

Date	Particulars	L.F.	Debit (Rs.)	Credit (Rs.)
	Bank A/c       Dr.		4,50,000
	To Debenture Application and Allotment			4,50,000
	(Application money received on 5,000 debentures @ Rs. 90 each)
(i)	Debentures Application and Allotment   Dr.		4,50,000
	Discount on issue of Debentures     Dr.		50,000
	To 14% Debentures			5,00,000
	(5,000 14% Debentures of Rs. 100 each issues at a discount of 10%)
(ii)	Debentures Application and Allotment  Dr.		4,50,000
	Loss on issue of Debentures A/c   Dr.		75,000
	To 14% Debentures			5,00,000
	To Premium on redemption of Debentures			25,000
	(5,000, 14% Debentures of Rs. 100 each issues at a discount of 10% but redeemable at a Premium of 5%)

Illustration 8 : ABC Company Ltd., had 6% debentures of Rs.1,00,000 on 1st January 2009 on which interest is paid on 3th June and 31st December. Pass necessary journal entries for the payment of interest for the year 2009, 10% tax is deducted at source from interest and remitted immediately. Books are closed on 31st December.
Solution:
ABC Ltd.
Journal

Date	Particulars	L.F.	Debit (Rs.)	Credit (Rs.)
2009 June 30	Interest on Debenture A/c    Dr.		3,000
To Debentures holder A/c			27,00
To Income Tax Payable A/c			300
(Half yearly debentures interest due and tax deducted at source)
June 30	Debentures holder A/c   Dr.		2,700
Income Tax Payable A/c   Dr.		300
To Bank			3,000
(Interest & Tax paid)
Dec 31	Interest on Debentures A/c     Dr.		3,000
To debentures holder A/c			2,700
To Income Tax Payable			300
(Half yearly debentures interest due and tax deducted at source)
Dec 31	Debentures Holders A/c     Dr.		2,700
Income Tax Payable Dr.		300	2,700
To Bank A/c			3,000
(Being Interest & Tax Paid)
Dec 31	Statement of Profit and Loss   Dr.		6,000
	To Interest on Debentures A/c			6,000
	(Debentures Interest (3000+3000)
	Transferred to Statement of Profit and loss)

Illustration 9 : B.G. Ltd. issued 2,000, 12% debentures of L100 each on 1st April 2012. The issue was fully subscribed. According to the terms of issue, interest on debentures is payable half yearly on 30th September and 31st March and tax deducted at source is 10%.
Pass necessary journal entries related to the debenture interest for the half-yearly ending 31st March, 2013 and transfer of interest on debentures of the year to the Statement of Profit & Loss.
Solution :
Books of B.G. Ltd.
Journal

Date	Particulars	L.F	Debit (Rs.)	Credit (Rs.)
2013 March 31	Interest on Debentures A/c    Dr.		12,000
To Debenture holder’s A/c			10,800
To income Tax Payable A/c /TDS from Debentures interest A/c			1,200
(Half yearly interest due on debentures and tax deducted at sources)
March 31	Debenture’s A/c     Dr.		10,800
To Bank A/c			10,800
(Payment of Interest)
March 31	Income Tax Payable / TDS from
Debentures Interest A/c     Dr.		1,200
To bank A/c			1,200
(TDS Deposited with income tax authorities)
March 31	Statement of Profit & Loss		24,000
To interest on Debentures A/c			24,000
(Interest transferred to Statement of P/L)

Question 10: Fill in the missing figures in the following entries: –
Journal

Date	Particulars	L.F.	Debit (Rs.)	Credit (Rs.)
	Case 1
	Bank A/c		….
	To Debentures Application & Allotment A/c			….
	(Being application money received)
	Debentures Application & allotment A/c Dr.		40,000
	Loss on issue of Debentures A/c Dr.		….
	To 10% Debentures A/c			….
	To Premium on Redemption A/c			….
	(Being issue of 400, 10% Debentures of Rs. 100 each at par and redeemable at premium of 10%)
	Case 2
	Bank A/c		….
	To Debentures Application & Allotment A/c			….
	(Being Application money Received)
	Debentures application & Allotment A/c   Dr.		….
	Loss an issue of Debentures A/c   dr.		….
	To 12% Debentures A/c			….
	To Premium on Redemption of Debentures A/c			….
	(Being 200, 12% Debentures issued at Rs. 90 repayable at Rs. 110)
	Case 3
	Bank A/c    Dr.		….
	To Debentures Application & Allotment A/c			….
	(Being Application money Received)
	Debentures Application & Allotment A/c Dr.		….
	Loss on issue of Debentures A/c		….
	To 10% Debentures A/c			….
	To Securities Premium Resources A/c			….
	To Premium of Redemption of Debentures A/c			….
	(Being 100, 10% Debentures issued at Rs. 105 repayable Rs. 110)

In This Post we are  providing Chapter- 3 FINANCIAL STATEMENTS OF A COMPANY NCERT MOST IMPORTANT QUESTIONS for Class 12 ACCOUNTANCY which will be beneficial for students. These solutions are updated according to 2021-22 syllabus. These MCQS  can be really helpful in the preparation of Board exams and will provide you with a brief knowledge of the chapter

NCERT MOST IMPORTANT QUESTIONS ON FINANCIAL STATEMENTS OF A COMPANY

1. Under which major sub-headings, the following items will be placed in the balance sheet of a company as per Schedule III, Part I of the Companies Act, 2013.
(i)Accrued incomes
(ii)Loose tools
(iii)Provision for employees benefits
(iv)Unpaid dividend
(v)Short-term loans
(vi) Long-term loans (Delhi 2014; Modified)
Ans.

2.Under which sub-headings will the following items be placed in the balance sheet of a company as per Schedule III, Part I of the Companies Act, 2013.
(i)Capital reserves
(ii)Bonds
(iii)Loans repayable on demand
(iv)Vehicles
(v)Goodwill
(vi)Loose tools (All India 2014; Modified)
Ans.

3.State under which major headings the following items will be presented in the balance sheet of a company as per Schedule III Part I of the Companies Act, 2013.
(i)Long-term borrowings                       (ii) Trade payables
(iii) Provision for tax                              (iv) Securities premium reserve
(v) Patents                                                (vi)Accrued incomes (Compartment 2014; Modified)
Ans.

4.State under which major headings the following items will be presented in the balance sheet of a company as per Schedule III Part I of the Companies Act, 2013.
(i)Trade marks
(ii)Capital redemption reserves
(iii)Income received in advance
(iv)Stores and spares
(v)Office equipments
(vi)Current investments   (Compartment 2014; Modified)
Ans.

5.State the major headings under which the following items will be put as per Schedule III, Part I of the Companies Act, 2013.
(i) Long-term investments                  (ii) Bills of exchange
(iii)Motor car                                          (iv) Discount on issue of shares
(v)Securities premium reserve           (vi) Unclaimed dividend (All India 2011; Modified)
Ans.

6.Give the major headings under which the following items will be shown in a company’s balance sheet as per Schedule III, Part I of the Companies Act, 2013.
(i)Sundry creditors
(ii)Provision for tax
(iii)Preliminary expenses
(iv)Loose tools
(v)Interest accrued on investments
(vi)Goodwill (All India 2011; Modified)
Ans.

7.List the items which are shown under the heading ‘current assets’ as per Schedule III, Part I of the Companies Act, 2013. (Delhi 2011; Modified)
Ans. Current Assets
(i) Current investments
(ii)Inventories
(iii)Trade receivables
(iv) Cash and cash equivalents
(v) Short-term loans and advances
(vi) Other current assets

8.List the items which are shown under the heading ‘current liabilities’ as per Schedule III, Part I of the Companies Act, 2013.  
Ans. Current Liabilities
(i) Short-term borrowings
(ii)Trade payables
(iii)Other current liabilities
(iv)Short-term provisions

9.Show the major headings into which the liabilities side of a company’s balance sheet is organised and presented as per Schedule III, Part I of the Companies Act, 2013.
Ans. Liabilities side of the company’s balance sheet as per Schedule III, Part I of the Companies Act, 2013
Name of the Company…………..
Balance Sheet
as at…………  (Rs in…… )

10.Show the major headings into which the assets side of a company’s balance sheet is organised and presented as per Schedule III, Part I of the Companies Act, 2013.(Delhi; All India 2008; Modified)
Ans. Assets side of the company’s balance sheet as per Schedule III of Part I of the Companies Act, 2013.
Name of the Company……….
Balance Sheet
as at………….  (Rs in…… )

In This Post we are  providing Chapter- 4 ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL STATEMENT NCERT MOST IMPORTANT QUESTIONS for Class 12 ACCOUNTANCY which will be beneficial for students. These solutions are updated according to 2021-22 syllabus. These MCQS  can be really helpful in the preparation of Board exams and will provide you with a brief knowledge of the chapter

NCERT MOST IMPORTANT QUESTIONS ON ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL STATEMENT

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1. How would you show the following two items in a company‘s Balance Sheet as at 31st March, 2012 as per the requirement of Schedule VI:
   General Reserve (Since 31st March, 2011) Rs. 3,00,000, Statement of Profit and Loss (Debit Balance) for 2011-12 Rs. 2,00,000.Ans.
   Balance Sheet
   As at 31^st march, 2012 Equity and LiablitiesNote No.Rs.Shareholders‘ fund
   Reserve and Surplus 
   1 
   1,00,000Notes to Accounts:Reserve and SurplusGeneral Reserve(1st April, 2011)3,00,000Less: Statement of Profit and Loss(Dr. Balance)2,00,0001,00,000

2. Under Which main headings and sub-headings of Equity and Liabilities of the balance sheet as per the Revised Schedule VI of a company will you classify the following items:
   1. Proposed dividend.
   2. Fixed Deposit from Public
   Ans.Sr. No.ItemsMain-HeadingSub-Headingi.Proposed dividendCurrent-LiabilitiesShort-term provisionii.Fixed deposit from PublicNon-current liabilitiesLong term borrowing
3. State any two items which are shown under the head ’Investment‘ in a company balance sheet.
   Ans.
   (i) Government Securities.
   (ii) Sinking Fund Investment.
4. How is analysis of Financial statements suffered from the limitation of window dressing?
   Ans. Analysis of financial statements is affected from the limitation of window dressing as companies hide Some vital information or show items at incorrect value to portray better profitability and financial Position of the business, for example the company may overvalue closing stock to show higher profits.
5. What is the interest of Shareholders in the analysis of Financial Statements?
   Ans.
   (i) They want to judge the present and future earning capacity of the business.
   (ii) They want to judge the safety of their investment.

6. Name two tools of Financial Analysis?
   Ans. 
   1. Comparative Financial Statements.
   2. Ratio Analysis etc.
7. What is Horizontal Analysis?
   Ans: The analysis which is made to review and compare the financial statements of two or more then two Years is called Horizontal Analysis.
8. Give the example of Horizontal Analysis.
   Ans. Comparative Financial Statement.

9 Give the Main Heading and Sub- Heading of Equity and Liabilities of the Balance sheet of a company as per the Revised Schedule VI of the companies Act.1956.Ans.
2. EQUITY AND LIABILITIES
(5) Shareholders’ Funds
(d) Share Capital
(e) Reserves and Surplus
(f) Money received against share warrants
(6) Share Applications Money Pending Allotment
(7) Non-Current Liabilities
(e) Long-term borrowings
(f) Deferred tax liabilities(Net)
(g) Other Long-term Liabilities
(h) Long-term provisions
(8) Current Liabilities
(e) Short-term borrowings
(f) Trade payables
(g) Other current liabilities
(h) Short-term provisionsTOTAL

2. Give the Main Heading and Sub- Heading of Assets of the Balance sheet of a company as per the Revised Schedule VI of the companies Act.1956.
   Ans. ASSETS
   (1) Non-Current Assets
   (a) Fixed Assets 
   1. Tangible Assets
   2. Intangible assets
   3. Capital work-in progress
   4. Intangible assets under development
   2. Non-current investments
   3. Deferred tax assets (net)
   4. Long-term loans and advances
   5. Other non-current assets(2) Current Assets
   1. Current investments
   2. Inventories
   3. Trade receivables
   4. Cash and cash equivalents
   5. Short-term loans and advances
   6. Other current assets
3. Rearrange the following items under assets according to Revised or New Schedule VI:Ans.
   1. Livestock
   2. Loose Tools.
   3. Goodwill
   4. Trademarks
   5. Bills Receivable
   6. Debtors
   7. Land
   8. Leasehold
   9. Stock-in-Trade
   10. Stores and Spare Parts
   11. Vehicles
   12. Cash at Bank
   13. Work in Progress(Machinery)
   14. Interest accrued on Investment
   15. Furniture
   16. Advance to Subsidiaries
   17. Cash in Hand
   18. Plant
   19. Deposits with electricity supply company.
   20. Fixed Assets(Tangible): Livestock, Land, Leasehold, furniture, vehicles and plant
   21. Capital Work-in-progress: Work in progress(Machinery)
   22. Fixed Assets(Intangible): Goodwill and Trademarks
   23. Inventories: Loose Tools, Stock-in-Trade, Stores and Spare Parts.
   24. Trade Receivables: Bill Receivables, Debtors
   25. Cash and Cash Equivalents: Cash at Bank, Cash in Hand
   26. Long term Loans and Advances: Advance to Subsidiaries, Deposits with Electricity Supply Company.
   27. Other Current Assets: Interest Accrued on Investments.
4. List any three items that can be shown as contingent Liabilities in a company‘s Balance sheet.Ans:
   1. Claims against the Company not acknowledged as debts.
   2. Uncalled Liability on partly paid shares.
   3. Arrears of Dividend on Cumulative preference shares.108
5. How is a Company‘s balance sheet different from that of a Partnership firm? Give Two point only
   Ans. 
   1. For company‘s Balance Sheet there are two standard forms prescribed
      under the companies Act.1956 .Whereas, there is no standard form prescribed under the Indian partnership Act,1932 for a partnership Firms balance sheet.
   2. In case of a company‘s Balance sheet previous year‘s figures are required to be given whereas it is not so in the case of a partnership firms balance sheet.

10 Prepare Comparative and Common Size income statement from the following information for the year‘s ended march 31, 2008 and 2009.
Particulars2008(Rs.)2009(Rs.)1.Net Sales
2.Cost of Goods Sold
3.Indirect Expenses
4.Income Tax rate8,00,000
60% of sales
10% of Gross profit
50%10,00,000
60% of sales
10% of Gross Profit
60%Ans.Comparative Income statement:articular2008
amount2009
amountChange in
amountChange in
PercentageNet Sales
Less: C.O.G.S.8,00,000
4,80,00010,00,000
6,00,0002,00,000
1,20,00025%
25%Gross Profit
Less: Indirect Expenses3,20,000
32,0004,00,000
40,00080,000
8,00025%
25%Operating Profit/ PBT
Less: tax2,88,000
1,44,0003,60,000
2,16,00072,000
72,00025%
50%Profit after tax1,44,.0001,44,000———-————Common Size Income statementParticular2008
amount2009
amountPercentage of
Net sales in
P.Y.Percentage of
Net sales in
C.Y.Net Sales
Less: C.O.G.S.8,00,000
4,80,00010,00,000
6,00,000100%
60%100%
60%Gross Profit
Less: IndirectExpenses3,20,000
32,0004,00,000
40,00040%
4%40%
4%Operating Profit/ PBT
Less: tax2,88,000
1,44,0003,60,000
2,16,00036%
18%36%
21.6%Profit after tax1,44,.0001,44,00018%14.4%

In This Post we are  providing Chapter- 5 ACCOUNTING RATIOS NCERT MOST IMPORTANT QUESTIONS for Class 12PHYSICS which will be beneficial for students. These solutions are updated according to 2021-22 syllabus. These MCQS  can be really helpful in the preparation of Board exams and will provide you with a brief knowledge of the chapter

NCERT MOST IMPORTANT QUESTIONS ON ACCOUNTING RATIOS

1.OM Ltd has a current ratio of 3.5 : 1 and quick ratio of 2 : 1. If the excess of current assets over quick assets as represented by inventory is Rs 1,50,000, calculate current assets and current liabilities. (Delhi2012)
Ans.

2.X Ltd has a current ratio of 3 : 1 and quick ratio of 2 :1. If the excess of current assets over quick assets as represented by inventory is Rs 40,000, calculate current assets and current liabilities. (All India 2012)
Ans.

3.From the following information, calculate any two of the following ratios
(i)Debt-equity ratio
(ii)Working capital turnover ratio (iii) Return on investment
Information Equity share capital Rs 10,00,000, general reserve Rs 1,00,000, balance of statement of profit and loss after interest and tax Rs 3,00,000, 12% debentures Rs 4,00,000, creditors Rs 3,00,000, land and buildings Rs 13,00,000, furniture Rs 3,00,000, debtors 12,90,000, cash Rs 1,10,000.Revenue from operations i.e. sales for the year ended 31st March, 2011 was Rs 30,00,000. Tax rate is 50%. (All India 2012; Modified)
Ans.

4.From the following information, calculate the following ratios
(i)Liquid ratio
(ii)Proprietary ratio

Ans.

5.From the following information, calculate any two of the following ratios
(i) Operating ratio      (ii) Inventory turnover ratio (iii) Proprietary ratio

Ans.

6.From the following information, calculate any two of the following ratios (i) Liquid ratio (ii) Debt equity ratio

Ans.

7.From the following information, calculate any two of the following ratios (i) Net profit ratio (ii) Debt equity ratio

Ans.

8.From the following calculate the ‘gross profit ratio’ and ‘working capital turnover ratio’:

Ans.

9.(i)From the following information, compute ‘debt equity ratio’

(ii) The current ratio of X Ltd is 2 : 1. State with reason which of the following transaction would increase, decrease or not change the ratio 
(a)Included in the trade payables was a bills payable of Rs 9,000 which was met on maturity.
(b)Company issued 1,00,000 equity shares of Rs 10 each to the vendors of machinery purchased. (Delhi 2014)
Ans.

10.The quick ratio of a company is 1.5 : 1. State with reason which of the following
transactions would (a) increase (b) decrease or (c) not change the ratio
(a)Paid rent Rs 3,000 in advance.
(b)Trade receivables included a debtor Shri Ashok who paid his entire amount due Rs 9,700.
(ii) From the following information compute ‘proprietary ratio’

Ans. (i) (a) Not change the ratio
Reason As there is a simultaneous increase and decrease in current asset, i.e. prepaid expenses and cash, therefore it will not affect the value of current asset.
(b) Not change the ratio
Reason As there is a simultaneous increase and decrease it will not affect the value of current asset.

In This Post we are  providing Chapter- 1 ACCOUNTING FOR A SHARE CAPITAL NCERT MOST IMPORTANT QUESTIONS for Class 12 ACCOUNTANCY which will be beneficial for students. These solutions are updated according to 2021-22 syllabus. These MCQS  can be really helpful in the preparation of Board exams and will provide you with a brief knowledge of the chapter

NCERT MOST IMPORTANT QUESTIONS ON ACCOUNTING FOR A SHARE CAPITAL

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Illustration 1: S T L Global Ltd. was formed with a nominal Share Capital of Rs. 40,00,000 divided into 4,00,000 shares of Rs. 10 each. The Company offers 1,30,000 shares to the public payable Rs. 3 per share on Application, Rs. 3 per share on Allotment and the balance on First and Final Call. Applications were received for 1,20,000 shares. All money payable on allotment was duly received, except on 200 shares held by Y. First and Final Call was not made by the Company.
How would you show the relevant items in the Balance Sheet of STL Global Ltd.?
Solution 1:
Balance Sheet (Extract) of S T L Global Ltd. (Relevant Part only)
As at ________________

Particular	Notes. no	(Rs.)
Equity and Liabilities
Shareholder’s Funds:
(a) Share Capital	(1)	7,14,000
Assets
Current Assets:
Cash and Cash Equivalents (Cash at Bank)		7,14,000
Particular	Details	(Rs.)
(1) Share Capital
Authorised Capital :
4,00,000 Shares of Rs. 10 each		40,00,000
Issued Capital :
1,30,000 shares of Rs 10 each		13,00,000
Subscribed but not fully paid capital:
1,20,000 shares of Rs. 10 each Rs. 6 per share called – up	7,20,000
Less : calls in Arrears (200 shares x Rs. 3)	6,000
		7,14,000

Illustration 2: On 1st April, 2012, Janta Ltd. was formed with an authorized capital of 50,00,000 divided into 1,00,000 equity shares of 50 each. The company issued prospectus inviting application for 90,000 Shares. The issue price was payable as under:
On Applicant : Rs. 15
On Allotment : Rs. 20
On call : Balance amount
The issue was fully subscribed and the company allotted shares to all he applicants. The company did not make the call during the year.
Show the following :

1. Share capital in the Balance Sheet of the company as per revised schedule – VI, Part-I of the companies Act, 1956.
2. Also prepare Notes to Account’s for the same.

Solution :
Balance Sheet of Janta Ltd.
As at……………………. (As per schedule iii)

Particulars	Note. no	Amount Current Years	Amount Previous Years
Equity & liabilities  1. Shareholder’s funds (a) Share Capital	1.	31,50,000

Notes to Accounts

Particulars	(Rs.)
1. Share Capital
Authorised Capital
1,00,000 equity shares of Rs. 50 Each	50,00,000
Issued Capita;
90,000 equity shares of Rs. 50 Each	45,00,000
Subscribed capital
Subscribed but not fully paid
90,000 shares of Rs. 50 each Rs. 35 called up Rs.	31,50,000

Issue of Shares  Shares can be issued in two ways 1. for cash 2. for consideration other than cash Terms of Issue of Shares Shares can be issued in two ways. 1. Issue of shares at Par 2. Issue of shares at Premium

Issue of shares against Lump sum payment : When whole amount due on shares is payable in one instalment. The journal entries will be as follow:
Illustration 3 : Vaibhav Ltd. issued 1,00,000 shares of Rs. 10 each at per. The whole amount was payable with application. Pass the necessary journal entries in the books of company.
Solution:
Journal

Date	Particulars	L.F	Debit(Rs.)	Credit(Rs.)
	Bank A/c		10,00,000
	To Share Application and allotment A/c			10,00,000
	(Being the application money received on 1,00,000 shares at Rs. 10 per share)
	Share Application and allotment A/c Dr.		10,00,000
	To Share Capital A/c			10,00,000
	(Being the share allotted and transfer of application money an 1,00,000 shares to share capital account)

Illustration 4 : X Ltd. invited application for 10,000 shares of the value of Rs. 10 each. The amount is payable as Rs. 2 on application and Rs. 5 on allotment and balance on First and Final Call. The whole of the above issue was applied and cash duly received. Give Journal entries for the above transaction.

Date	Particulars	L.F	Debit(Rs.)	Credit(Rs.)
	Bank A/c     Dr.		20,000
	To share application A/c			20,000
	(Being the application money received on 10,000 shares at Rs. Per share)
	Share Application A/cv    Dr.		20,000
	To Share Capital A/c			20,000
	(Being the transfer of application money on 10,000 shares to share capital account).
	Share Allotment A/c      Dr.		50,000
	To Share Capital A/c			50,000
	(Being the amount due on 10,000 shares at Rs. 5 per Share)
	Bank A/c      Dr.		50,000
	To Share Allotment A/c			50,000
	(Being the receipt of Rs. 5 on 10,000 Shares)
	Shares first & final Call A/c     Dr.		30,000
	To Share Capital A/c			30,000
	(Being the amount due on 10,000 Shares at Rs. 3 per share)
	Bank A/c               Dr.		30,000
	To Share first & final all A/c			30,000
	(Being the receipt of Rs. 3 on 10,000 shares)

Illustration 5 : V Ltd. Issued 20,000 Equity shares of Rs. 10 each at a premium of Rs. 3 payable as follows:
On Application Rs. 4
On Allotment Rs. 5 (including Securities Premium Reserve)
On First Cell Rs. 2
On Final Call Rs. 2
All shares were duly subscribed and all money duly received. Pass necessary Journal Entries.
Solution :
In the Book of X Ltd.

Date	Particulars	L.F	Debit(Rs.)	Credit(Rs.)
	Bank A/c     Dr.		80,000
	To Equity Share Application A/c			80,000
	(Being the application money received on 20,000 Equity Shares at Rs. 4 per Equity Share)
	Equity Share Application Account    Dr.		80,000
	To Equity Share Capital Account			80,000
	(Being the transfer of application money on 20,000 Equity Shares of Equity Shares Capital Account)
	Equity Share Allotment Account    Dr.		1,00,000
	To Equity Share Capital Account			40,000
	To Securities Premium Reserve A/c			60,000
	(Being the amount due on 10,000 Equity Shares at Rs. 5 including Premium Rs. 3 Shares)
	Bank A/c		1,00,000
	To Equity Share allotment A/c			1,00,000
	(Being the receipt of Rs. 5 on 10,000 Equity Shares)
	Equity Share First Call A/c      Dr.		40,000
	To Equity Share Capital Account			40,000
	(Being the amount due on 20,000 Equity Shares at Rs. 2 Equity Shares)
	Bank A/c    Dr.		40,000
	To Equity Shares First Call A/c			40,000
	(Being the receipt of Rs. 2 on 20,000 Equity Shares)
	Equity Share Final Call A/c     Dr.		40,000
	To Equity Share Final Call A/c			40,000
	(being the receipt of Rs. 2 on 20,000 Equity Shares)
	Bank A/c    Dr.		40,000
	To Equity Shares First Call A/c			40,000
	(being the receipt of Rs. 2 on 20,000 Equity Shares)

Issue of shares at discount [Section 53] : A company cannot issue shares at discount other than sweat equity shares.
Shares Issue for Consideration Other than Cash
When a company purchases any fixed asset or business and makes the payment to the vendor in form of issue of shares in place of cash it is called the issue of shares for consideration other than cash.
Share can be issued at par, at premium.
Journal entries for issue of shares to vendors/consideration other than cash

Date	Particulars	L.F	Debit (Rs.)	Credit(Rs.)
	On Purchases of asset:		Amount of purchase price
	Sundry Asset Account       Dr.
	To vendor
	On Purchases of business:
	When purchases consideration is more then net asset
	Sundry Asset Account      Dr.			Agreed
	Goodwill Account (B/F)			Value
	To Sundry Liabilities		Consideration	Agreed  Value
	To Vendor		-Net assets	Purchase Consideration
	When purchase consideration is less than net asset
	Sundry Assets Account		Agreed Value	Agreed
	To Sundry Liabilities			Value
	To Vendor			Purchases
	To capital Reserve A/c (B/F)			Condsideration
				Difference
	On Issue of Shares (a) at Par
	Vendor       Dr.
	To share Capital
	(b) On Issue of Share At Premium
	Vendor      Dr.
	To Share Capital A/c
	To Securities Premium Reserve A/c

Note: When name of vendor is given then we write the name of vendor
Illustration 6 : Atlas Co. Ltd. Purchased a machine from HMT Co. for Rs 64,000. It was decided to pay Rs. 10,000 in cash and balance will be paid by issue of shares of Rs. 10 each,
Pass journal entries shares

1. Issued at par
2. Issued at premium of 20%

Solution :
Journal

Date	Particulars		Debit (Rs.)	Credit (Rs.)
	Machinery Account        Dr.		64,000
	To HMT Ltd.			54,000
	To Bank Account			10,000
	(being the machine purchased and Rs. 10,000 paid cash and balance to be paid by issue of shares)
	(a) When Shares are issued at par
	HMT Ltd. (Vendor)		54,000
	To Share Capital			54,000
	(Being 5,400 shares of Rs, 10 each at pa at HMT Ltd.)
	(b) when Shares are issued at premium
	HMT Ltd. (vendor)      Dr.		54,000
	To Share Capital Account			45,000
	To Share Premium Account			9,000
	(being 4 ,500 shares of issued to vendor at a premium of Rs. 2 per share 54,000/10+2 = 4500

Illustration 7 : A company issued 15,000 fully paid up equity shares of Rs. 100 each for the purchases of the following assets and liabilities from Gupta Bros.
Plant – Rs. 3,50,000; Stock Rs. 4,50,00;
Land and Building Rs. 6,00,000; Sundry Creditors Rs. 1,00,000
Pass necessary Journal entries.
Solution:
Journal

Date	Particulars	L.F	Debit (Rs.)	Credit(Rs.)
	Plant A/c    Dr.		3,50,000
	Land and Building A/c      Dr.		6,00,000
	Stock Account       Dr.		4,50,000
	Good will Account (b/f)     Dr.		2,00,000
	To Sundry Creditors A/c			1,00,000
	To Gupta Bros.			15,00,000
	(Being the purchase of Business)
	Gupta Bros.       Dr.		15,00,000
	To Equity Shares Capital Account			15,00,000
	(Being issue of 15,000 shares of Rs. 100 each as payment of business price)

Note : Calculation : Goodwill = Purchases consideration + Liabilities – assets = Rs. 15,00,000 + Rs. 1,00,000 = Rs, 14,00,000 Rs. 2,00,000.
Illustration 8 : A company purchased a running business from Mahesh for a sum of Rs.
1,50,000 payable as Rs. 1,20,000 in fully paid equity shares of Rs. 10 each and balance in cash. The assets and liabilities consisted of the following Plant and Machinery Rs. 40,000; Stock Rs. 50,000; Building Rs. 40,000; Cash Rs, 20,000 Sundry debtors Rs, 30,000; Sundry creditors Rs. 20,000
Pass necessary Journal entries.
Solution
Journal

Date	Particulars	L.F	Debit (Rs.)	Credit(Rs.)
	Plant and Machinery A/c     Dr.		40,000
	Building A/c      Dr.		40,000
	Sundry Debtors    Dr.		30,000
	Stock Account     Dr.		50,000
	Cash A/c		20,000
	To sundry Creditors A/c			20,000
	To Mahesh			1,50,000
	To Capital Reserve A/c			10,000
	(Being the purchase of Business)
	Mahesh		1,50,000
	To Equity Shares Capital A/c			1,20,000
	To Bank A/c			30,000
	(Being the payment made to Mahesh in form of Shares)

Note : Calculation; Net assets – liabilities = Rs. 1,800,000- Rs. 20,000 Rs. 1,60,000 Capital reserve = Net Asset – Purchase consideration = Rs. 1,60,000 – Rs. 1,50,000 = Rs. 10,000
Illustration 9 : Pass necessary journal entries for the following transactions in the Books of Rajan Ltd.

1. Rajan Ltd. purchased machinery of Rs. 7,20,000 from Kundan Ltd. The payment was made to Kundan Ltd. by issue of equity shares of Rs. 100 each at 20% Premium.
2. Rajan Ltd. purchased a running business from Vikas Ltd. for a sum of Rs. 2,50,000 payable as Rs. 2,20,000 in fully paid equity shares of Rs.10 each and balance by a bank draft. The assets and liabilities consisted of the following:
   Plant & Machinery Rs, 90,000; Buildings Rs, 90,000;
   Sundry Debtors Rs. 30,000; Stock Rs. 50,000; Cash Rs. 20,000;
   Sundry Creditors Rs. 20,000

Solution
Rajan Ltd.
Journal

Date	Particulars	L.F	Debit(Rs.)	Credit(Rs.)
(a)	Machinery A/c    Dr.		7,20,000
	To Kundan Ltd.			7,20,000
	(Machinery purchased from Kundan)
	Kundan Ltd.      Dr.		7,20,000
	To Equity Share Capital A/c			6,00,000
	To Securities premium A/c			1,20,000
	(6,000 Equity Shares of Rs. 100 each issued as purchase consideration)
(b)	Plant & Machinery A/c     Dr.		90,000
	Building A/c     Dr.		90,000
	Sundry Debtors A/c    Dr.		30,000
	Stock A/c      Dr.		50,000
	Cash A/c    Dr.		20,000
	To Sundry Creditors A/c			20,000
	To Vikas Ltd.			2,50,000
	To Capital Reserve A/c			10,000
	(Business Purchased)
	Vikas Ltd.   Dr.		2,50,000
	To Equity Share Capital A/c			2,20,000
	To bank A/c			30,000
	(Shares issued and draft given

Illustration 10 : Ram holding 10 shares of Rs. 10 each of which Rs. 2 on application Rs. 3 on allotment but could not pay Rs. 3 on first call. His shares were forfeited by the Directors. The Final call is not made as yet. Give Journal entries in the book of company.
Solution:
Journal

Date	Particulars	L.F.	Debit (Rs.)	Credit (Rs.)
	Share Capital A/c (10×8)      Dr.		80
	To share First Call/calls in arrear A/c			30
	To Forfeited Shares A/c			50
	(Being 10 Shares forfeited for nonpayment of first call money)

Forfeiture of Shares Issued at Premium :

1. when the premium has been received;
2. When the premium has not been received.

Case 1: When the premium has been received : In such cases premium received will not be forfeited and will not record anywhere in the forfeiture journal entry.
Journal

Date	Particulars	L.F	Debit (Rs.)	Credit (Rs.)
	Shares Capital A/c       Dr.		Amount Called
	To various Calls/calls in arrear A/c		(Excluding Premium)	Unpaid Amt.
	To Forfeited Shares A/c			Amt. received (Excluding Premium)

In This Post we are  providing Chapter- 10 WAVE OPTICS NCERT MOST IMPORTANT QUESTIONS for Class 12PHYSICS which will be beneficial for students. These solutions are updated according to 2021-22 syllabus. These MCQS  can be really helpful in the preparation of Board exams and will provide you with a brief knowledge of the chapter

NCERT MOST IMPORTANT QUESTIONS ON WAVE OPTICS

1.(a) State Huygens’s principle for constructing wavefronts?
(b) Using Huygens’s principle deduce the laws of reflection of light?
(c) What changes in diffraction pattern of a single slit will you observe. when the monochromatic source of light is replaced by a source of white light?
Ans.(a) According to Huygens’s principle
(1) Each source of light spreads waves in all directions.
(2) Each point on the wavefront give rise to new disturbance which produces secondary wavelets which travels with the speed of light.
(3) Only forward envelope which encloses the tangent gives the new position of wavefront.
(4) Rays are always perpendicular is the wavefront.
(b) A plane wave front AB incident at A hence every point on AB give rise to new waves. Time taken by the ray to reach from P to R







Since all the secondary wavelets takes the same time to go form the incident wavefront to the reflected wavefront so it must be independent of Q
i.e sin i– sin r = O
sin i = sin r
or i = r  law of Reflection of light
(c) (1) The diffracted light consists of different colours.
(2) It results in overlapping of different colours.

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2.(a) Coloured spectrum is seen, when we look through a muslin cloth. Why?
(b) What changes in diffraction pattern of a single slit will you observe. when the monochromatic source of light is replaced by a source of white light?
Ans. (a) Muslin cloth consist of very fine threads which acts as fine slits and when light pass through it, light gets diffracted giving rise to a coloured spectrum.
(b) (i) Diffracted lights consist of different colours
(ii) It results in overlapping of different colours.

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3.A slit of width ‘a’ is illuminated by light of wavelength. For what value
of ‘a’ will the :-
(i) First maximum fall at an angle of diffraction of?
(ii) First minimum fall at an angle of diffraction?
Ans.

(1) For first maximum



(2) For first minimum





 

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4.(a) Derive all expression for the fringe width in young’s double slit experiment?
(b) If the two slits in young’s double slit experiment have width ratio 4:1, deduce the ratio of intensity of maxima and minima in the interference pattern?
Ans.Path difference between

——–(A)


——(1)
Using Binomial theorem expand equation. (1) and neglect higher terms

Similarity ——(2)
Substituting equation (1) & (2) in equation (A)





For bright fringes
Path difference = 




For fringe width


(b) 


Using 
 

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5.Monochromatic light of wavelength 589 nm is incident from air on a water surface. What are the wavelength, frequency and speed of (a) reflected, and (b) refracted light? Refractive index o
f water is 1.33.
Ans.Wavelength of incident monochromatic light,
 = 589 nm = 
Speed of light in air, c = 3 × 108 m/s
Refractive index of water,  = 1.33
(a) The ray will reflect back in the same medium as that of incident ray. Hence, the wavelength, speed, and frequency of the reflected ray will be the same as that of the incident ray.
Frequency of light is given by the relation,


















Hence, the speed, frequency, and wavelength of the reflected light are  m/s,  Hz, and 589 nm respectively.
(b) Frequency of light does not depend on the property of the medium in which it is travelling. Hence, the frequency of the refracted ray in water will be equal to the frequency of the incident or reflected light in air.
Refracted frequency,  = Hz
Speed of light in water is related to the refractive index of water as:


Wavelength of light in water is given by the relation,




Hence, the speed, frequency, and wavelength of refracted light are  respectively.

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6.In Young’s double-slit experiment using monochromatic light of wavelength , the intensity of light at a point on the screen where path difference is , is K units. What is the intensity of light at a point where path difference is  /3?
Ans.Let be the intensity of the two light waves. Their resultant intensities can be obtained as:

Where,
= Phase difference between the two waves
For monochromatic light waves,



Phase difference = 
Since path difference =  ,
Phase difference, 

Given,
I‘ = K
 …(1)
When path difference,
Phase difference, 
Hence, resultant intensity, 

Using equation (1), we can write:

Hence, the intensity of light at a point where the path difference is is units.

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7. A beam of light consisting of two wavelengths, 650 nm and 520 nm, is used to obtain interference fringes in a Young’s double-slit experiment.
(a) Find the distance of the third bright fringe on the screen from the central maximum for wavelength 650 nm.
(b) What is the least distance from the central maximum where the bright fringes due to both the wavelengths coincide? 
Ans.Wavelength of the light beam, 



Wavelength of another light beam, 
Distance of the slits from the screen = D
Distance between the two slits = d
(a) Distance of the nth bright fringe on the screen from the central maximum is given by the relation,

For third bright fringe. N=3

(b) Let the nth bright fringe due to wavelength and (n – 1)th bright fringe due to wavelength coincide on the screen. We can equate the conditions for bright fringes as:

520n=650n-650
650=130n

Hence, the least distance from the central maximum can be obtained by the relation:


Note: The value of d and D are not given in the question.

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8.Explain how Corpuscular theory predicts the speed of light in a medium, say, water, to be greater than the speed of light in vacuum. Is the prediction confirmed by experimental determination of the speed of light in water? If not, which alternative picture of light is consistent with experiment?
Ans.No; Wave theory
Newton’s corpuscular theory of light states that when light corpuscles strike the interface of two media from a rarer (air) to a denser (water) medium, the particles experience forces of attraction normal to the surface. Hence, the normal component of velocity increases while the component along the surface remains unchanged.
Hence, we can write the expression:
C sin i=v sin r
C sin i=v sin r
Where,
i = Angle of incidence
r = Angle of reflection
c = Velocity of light in air
v = Velocity of light in water
We have the relation for relative refractive index of water with respect to air as:

Hence, equation (i) reduces to

But, > 1
Hence, it can be inferred from equation (ii) that v > c. This is not possible since this prediction is opposite to the experimental results of c > v.
The wave picture of light is consistent with the experimental results.

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9.Answer the following questions: (a) In a single slit diffraction experiment, the width of the slit is made double the original width. How does this affect the size and intensity of the central diffraction band?
(b) In what way is diffraction from each slit related to the interference pattern in a double-slit experiment?
(c) When a tiny circular obstacle is placed in the path of light from a distant source, a bright spot is seen at the centre of the shadow of the obstacle. Explain why?
(d) Two students are separated by a 7 m partition wall in a room 10 m high. If both light and sound waves can bend around obstacles, how is it that the students are unable to see each other even though they can converse easily.
(e) Ray optics is based on the assumption that light travels in a straight line. Diffraction effects (observed when light propagates through small apertures/slits or around small obstacles) disprove this assumption. Yet the ray optics assumption is so commonly used in understanding location and several other properties of images in optical instruments. What is the justification?
Ans.(a) In a single slit diffraction experiment, if the width of the slit is made double the original width, then the size of the central diffraction band reduces to half and the intensity of the central diffraction band increases up to four times.
(b) The interference pattern in a double-slit experiment is modulated by diffraction from each slit. The pattern is the result of the interference of the diffracted wave from each slit.
(c) When a tiny circular obstacle is placed in the path of light from a distant source, a bright spot is seen at the centre of the shadow of the obstacle. This is because light waves are diffracted from the edge of the circular obstacle, which interferes constructively at the centre of the shadow. This constructive interference produces a bright spot.
(d) Bending of waves by obstacles by a large angle is possible when the size of the obstacle is comparable to the wavelength of the waves.
On the one hand, the wavelength of the light waves is too small in comparison to the size of the obstacle. Thus, the diffraction angle will be very small. Hence, the students are unable to see each other. On the other hand, the size of the wall is comparable to the wavelength of the sound waves. Thus, the bending of the waves takes place at a large angle. Hence, the students are able to hear each other.
(e) The justification is that in ordinary optical instruments, the size of the aperture involved is much larger than the wavelength of the light used.
 

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10.Two towers on top of two hills are 40 km apart. The line joining them passes 50 m above a hill halfway between the towers. What is the longest wavelength of radio waves, which can be sent between the towers without appreciable diffraction effects?
Ans.Distance between the towers, d = 40 km
Height of the line joining the hills, d = 50 m.
Thus, the radial spread of the radio waves should not exceed 50 km.
Since the hill is located halfway between the towers, Fresnel’s distance can be obtained as:
 = 20 km =  m
Aperture can be taken as:
a = d = 50 m
Fresnel’s distance is given by the relation,

Where,
 = Wavelength of radio waves


Therefore, the wavelength of the radio waves is 12.5 cm.Search

In This Post we are  providing Chapter- 11 DUAL NATURE OF RADIATION AND MATTER NCERT MOST IMPORTANT QUESTIONS for Class 12PHYSICS which will be beneficial for students. These solutions are updated according to 2021-22 syllabus. These MCQS  can be really helpful in the preparation of Board exams and will provide you with a brief knowledge of the chapter

NCERT MOST IMPORTANT QUESTIONS ON DUAL NATURE OF RADIATION AND MATTER

Question 1.
Write three characteristic features in photoelectric effect which cannot be explained on the basis of wave theory of light, but can be explained only using Einstein’s equation. (Delhi 2016)
Answer:
(a) (i) The maximum kinetic energy of the emitted electron should be directly proportional to the intensity of incident radiations but it is not observed experimentally. Also maximum kinetic energy of the emitted electrons should not depend upon incident frequency according to wave theory, but it is not so.
(ii) According to wave theory, threshold frequency should not exist. Light of all frequencies should emit electrons provided intensity of light is sufficient for electrons to eject.
(iii) According to wave theory, photoelectric effect should not be instantaneous. Energy of wave cannot be transferred to a particular electron but will be distributed to all the electrons present in the illuminated portion. Hence, there has to be a time lag between incidence of radiation and emission of electrons.

Question 2.
Sketch the graph showing variation of stopping potential with frequency of incident radiations for two photosensitive materials A and B having threshold frequencies v_A > v_B.
(i) In which case is the stopping potential more and why?
(ii) Does the slope of the graph depend on the nature of the material used? Explain. (All India 2016)
Answer:

Question 3.
The graphs, drawn here, are for the phenomenon of photoelectric effect.


(i) Identify which of the two characteristics (intensity/frequency) of incident light, is being kept constant in each case.

(iii) Justify the existence of a ‘threshold frequency’ for a given photosensitive surface. (Comptt. Delhi 2016)
Answer:
(i) (a) In graph 1 : intensity is being kept constant.
(b) In graph 2 : frequency is being kept constant.
(ii) (a) In graph 1 : Saturation current
(b) In graph 2 : Stopping potential.
(iii) For a given photo-sensitive surface electrons need a minimum energy to be emitted, this is called work function of the surface W.
∴ Photons energy hv should be greater/ equal to the work function.

which is justified to be called as threshold frequency.

Question 4.
Point out two distinct features observed experimentally in photoelectric effect which’ cannot be explained on the basis of wave theory of light. State how the ‘photon picture’ of light provides an explanation of these features. (Comptt. All India 2016)
Answer:
(a) (i) The maximum kinetic energy of the emitted electron should be directly proportional to the intensity of incident radiations but it is not observed experimentally. Also maximum kinetic energy of the emitted electrons should not depend upon incident frequency according to wave theory, but it is not so.
(ii) According to wave theory, threshold frequency should not exist. Light of all frequencies should emit electrons provided intensity of light is sufficient for electrons to eject.
(iii) According to wave theory, photoelectric effect should not be instantaneous. Energy of wave cannot be transferred to a particular electron but will be distributed to all the electrons present in the illuminated portion. Hence, there has to be a time lag between incidence of radiation and emission of electrons.

(b) Basic features of photon picture of electromagnetic radiation :
(i) Radiation behaves as if it is made of particles like photons. Each photon has energy E = hv and momentum p = h/λ.
(ii) Intensity of radiation can be understood in terms of number of photons falling per second on the surface. Photon energy depends only on frequency and is independent of intensity.
(iii) Photoelectric effect can be understood as the result of one to one collision between an electron and a photon.
(iv) When a photon of frequency
(v) is incident on a metal surface, a part of its energy is used in overcoming the work function and other part is used in imparting kinetic energy, so KE = h(v – v₀).

Question 5.
(i) How does one explain the emission of electrons from a photosensitive surface with the help of Einstein’s photoelectric equation?
(ii) The work function of the following metals is given : Na = 2.75 eV, K = 2.3 eV, Mo = 4.17 eV and Ni 5.15 eV. Which of these metals will not cause photoelectric emission for radiation of wavelength 3300 A from a laser source placed 1 m away from these metals? What happens if the laser source is brought nearer and placed 50 cm away? (Delhi 2017)
Answer:

Because the work function of Mo and Ni is more than the energy of the incident photons; so photoelectric emission will not take place from these two metals Mo and Ni. When the laser source is brought nearer and placed 50 cm away, the kinetic energy of photo-electrons will not change, only photoelectric current will change.

Question 6.
In the study of a photoelectric effect the graph between the stopping potential V and frequency v of the incident radiation on two different metals P and Q is shown here:
(i) Which one of the two metals has higher threshold frequency?
(ii) Determine the work function of the metal which has greater value.
(iii) Find the maximum kinetic energy of electron emitted by light of frequency 8 × 10¹⁴ Hz for this metal.
Answer:

Question 7.
Explain giving reasons for the following:
(a) Photoelectric current in a photocell increases with the increase in the intensity of the incident radiation.
(b) The stopping potential (V₀) varies linearly with the frequency (v) of the incident radiation for a given photosensitive surface with the slope remaining the same for different surfaces.
(c) Maximum kinetic energy of the photoelectrons is independent of the intensity of incident radiation.
Answer:
(a) The collision of a photon can cause emission of a photoelectron (above the threshold frequency). As the intensity increases, number of photons increases. Hence, the current increases.

hence, it depends on the frequency and not on the intensity of the incident radiation.

Question 8.
The given graph shows the variation of photocurrent for a photosensitive metal:

(a) Identify the variable X on the horizontal axis.
(b) What does the point A on the horizontal axis represent?
(c) Draw this graph for three different values of frequencies of incident radiation v₁ v₂ and v₃ (v₁ > v₂ > v₃) for same intensity.
(d) Draw this graph for three different values of intensities of incident radiation I₁ I₂ and I₃ (I₁ > I₂ > I₃) having same frequency.
Answer:
(a) ‘X’ is a collector plate potential.
(b) ‘A’ represents the stopping potential.
(c) Graph for different frequencies :

Question 9.
Draw a graph showing the variation of de Broglie wavelength of a particle of charge q and mass m with the accelerating potential. Proton and deuteron have the same de Broglie wavelengths. Explain which has more kinetic energy.
Answer:

Question 10.
(a) Draw the graph showing the variation of de Broglie wavelength of a particle of charge q and mass m with the accelerating potential.
(b) An electron and proton have the same de Broglie wavelengths. Explain, which of the two has more kinetic energy.
Answer:
(a) For Graph :


Since the mass of electron is less than that of proton, hence electron will have more kinetic energy.