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In This Post we are  providing  CHAPTER 18 MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES NCERT MOST IMPORTANT QUESTIONS for Class 12 GEOGRAPHY INDIA- PEOPLE AND ECONOMY which will be beneficial for students. These solutions are updated according to 2021-22 syllabus. These MCQS  can be really helpful in the preparation of Board exams and will provide you with a brief knowledge of the chapter

NCERT MOST IMPORTANT QUESTIONS ON MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES

Question 1.
Explain with examples the factors that helped in the development of Hoogli Industrial region.
Or
Explain any five factors responsible for the development of Hoogli Industrial region.
Answer:
Hoogli region is located along the Hoogli river to a distance of 100 kms. The following factors favour the development of the Hoogli region.

• Opening of coal fields of Damodar Valley.
• Opening of rich port of Kolkata along the Hoogli river.
• Location of petroleum refinery at Haldia.
• Roads and railways provides subsequante lines to the great benefit of the region.

Question 2.
Study the following diagram and answer the questions that follow:
(10.1) Identify and name the steel plant shown in this diagram.
(10.2) Name the mining fields which supply coal and limestone to this plant.
(10.3) Mention the source of water for this plant.

Answer:
(10.1) Jamshedpur steel plant
(10.2) Coal from Jharia, limestone from Birmitrapur
(10.3) Water from rivers Subarnarekha and Kharkai

Question 3.
Explain the locational factors of Industries with the help of suitable examples.
Or
Explain five main geographical factors influencing location of industries giving suitable examples from Indian industries.
Or
Why do large scale industries choose different location? Explain any four factors which influence the industrial location.
Answer:
Manufacturing. Manufacturing is a secondary process of transforming raw materials into finished products. The raw materials of agriculture, forests, minerals are changed into new products. For example, clay is changed into pottery, timber is changed into furniture, etc.

These manufactured goods are more useful and valuable than the raw material. The location of manufacturing industries depends on a number of physical and socio-economic factors. These factors are called the basis of industries. No single factor decides the location of industries.

Geographical Factors

(1) Nearness to raw materials. Large quantities of raw materials are needed for industries. Therefore, industries are located near the source of raw materials. The industries are located near mines, forests, farms and seas. It saves the cost of transportation. Sugar mills are located in the areas where sugarcane is produced. Iron and steel industry uses bulky raw materials.

Steel centres are developed where coal and iron are easily available. Industries producing perishable goods (meat, fish and dairy products) are located near the areas of their production. Example. Jute mills in West Bengal and Cotton Textile mills in Maharashtra are located due to the availability of the raw materials.

(2) Power resources. Coal, oil and water-power are the main sources of power. Most of the industries are located around coal-fields. The industrial regions of Damodar Valley (India), Ruhr Valley (West Germany) depends upon coal. Some industries use large amount of electricity.

Such industries like Chemical Industries, Aluminium Industries and Paper Industry are located near hydro-electric stations. Petro-chemical Industries use large quantities of Petroleum. Example. Iron and Steel centres in India are located near Jharia and Raniganj coal fields. Chemical fertiliser plant is located at Nangal where cheap water power is available from Bhakra Project.

(3) Means of Transportation. Modern industries need cheap, developed and quick means of transportation. Water-transport is the cheapest means of transport. Cheap means of transportation are required for the movement of workers, raw materials and machinery to the factories. Manufactured goods should be sent to the market at low cost. Example. Delhi is the nodal point of transport and industries concentrated around it.

(4) Climate. Stimulating climate increases the efficiency of the labourers. Certain industries require special type of climate. Cotton Textile industry requires humid climate, Film industry needs good weather with clear blue sky. Areas with favourable climate become huge markets.

Example. Mumbai is the leading centre of Cotton Textile due to wet coastal climate. Dry climate has led to the location of Aircraft Industry at Bengaluru (India) and California (U.S.A.).

Non-Geographical factors

(5) Cheap land. Heavy industries need cheap level land. Steel industry at Jamshedpur is located in a broad river-valley.

(6) Capital. Large amount of capital is invested in many industries. Many industries have been located in big cities like Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata. Many banks and companies provide capital in these areas.

(7) Skilled labour. Cheap and skilled labour is essential for the location of the industries. Areas of dense population provide cheap and large labour force. Engineering industries need skilled labour. Cotton Textile industry in Lancashire, Glass industry in Ferozabad, Sports goods industry in Jalandhar are located due to the availability of the skilled labour. The Swiss are known for watch making, the British for specialised cotton textiles, the Japanese for electronic goods and Varanasi is known for Silk embroidery.

(8) Government policies. Most of the industries are located with government aid. Government policies may encourage or discourage the industries in an area. Government may offer cheap land, reduce taxes, help in providing machinery and transport. Bhilai and Rourkela tea plants were set up to develop tribal area.

(9) Nearness to market. Industries are located near the market for their manufactured goods. Urban and industrial centres with dense population provide a large market. Market is based on demand and the purchasing power of the people. Countries of Asia do not make a huge market because the people cannot afford to buy goods. Dairy Industry is located near the ready markets of towns. Light Engineering industries are located near the big factories which require these goods.

(10) Early start. Momentum of an early start leads to the location of an industry such as cotton textile in Mumbai.

(11) Defence. Some industries are located with a military motive such as Aircraft industry at Bengaluru.

(12) Historical Factors. Historical accident may bring an industry to a new location such as Automobile Industry at Detriot in U.S.A., Lock Industry at Aligarh.

(13) Other Factors. Some secondary factors also help in the location of industries such as availability of water, technical knowledge, political factors, etc. The location of industries keep on changing. A good location, today may become a bad location tomorrow.

Question 4.
Describe the location and development of Iron and Steel Industry in India.
Answer:
Iron and steel industry is the basis of modern industrialisation. It is the foundation of modern machines, tools, transportation (rail, road, water, air). It is used in making super structures, bridges, tanks, agricultural implements and many products of daily use. It has great strength, toughness, elasticity and low cost of production. The production and consumption of steel is the index of the nconomic development of country.

Ours is truly an ‘Age of Steel.’
Factors for the location of Iron and Steel industry.

• Raw Materials. Iron and steel industry needs the bulky raw materials of manganese, limestone and scrap iron.
• Coking coal. Coking coal or charcoal is required for smelting of iron ore.
• Cheap land. Modern steel plants, furnaces require cheap level land.
• Market. The products of iron and steel industry demand a big consumer market.
• Capital. Iron and steel industry requires huge capital. Lack of capital is a main obstacle to this industry in the developing countries.
• Other Factors. Iron and steel industry needs cheap transport, skilled labour and modern techniques.

The first modern steel plant was established in 1907 at Sakchi (Jamshedpur) in Jharkhand, by Jamshedji Tata. India produces the cheapest steel in the world. India has large reserves of high grade iron- ore, coking coal and limestone. These raw materials are found close to each other. India produces 340 lakh tons of steel. With the establishment of new steel plants, it is expected to reach 500 lakh tons of steel.

Iron steel industry

Centres of Production.

I. Damodar Valley. This region has TISCO (Tata Iron and Steel Company) steel plant at Jamshedpur and IISCO (India Iron and Steel Company) steel plant at Kulti-Burnpur.

Geographical Factors for location.

• Availability of iron ore from Singhbhum region.
• Coking coal from Jharia and Raniganj.
• Limestone, Manganese and Quartz are available nearby.
• Damodar, Subamrekha, Kharkai provide water and sand.
• Cheap labour from densely populated states of Bihar and West Bengal.
• Facilities of cheap transport and port of Kolkata.

II. Visvesvaraya Iron and Steel Limited. This steel plant is located at Bhadravati (Karnataka). It produces alloy and special steel. Iron ore is obtained from Babaudan Hills, charcoal from Kadur forests, water power from Jog Falls, limestone from Bhandigudda mines.

III. Steel Centres in Public Sector. Four steel plants have been developed in the public sector, under HSL (Hindustan Steel Limited) with the collaboration of some foreign countries.

Bhilai (Chhattisgarh)—with the help of Russia.

• Vishakhapatnam (Andhra Pradesh)
• Salem (Tamil Rourkela (Odisha)—By German Firm Krupps- Demag.
• Durgapur (West Bengal)—With British aid.
• Bokaro (Jharkhand)—With Russian help.

Geographical factors for location:

• Bhilai gets iron ore from Dhalli Rajhara hills; coal from Korba and Jharia coal fields; manganese from Balaghat ranges and limestone from Nandani mines.
• Durgapur gets iron ore from Singbhum; coal from Raniganj; lime stone from Gangpur and water from D.V.C.
• Rourkela gets iron from Bonai; coal from Jharia and Raniganj, limestone from Birmittrapur.
• Bokaro, an ore based steel plant gets coal from Jharia; iron from Keonjhar and water power from D.V.C.

IV. New Steel Plants. The Govt, has set up new steel plants at:

(i) Vishakhapatnam (Andhra Pradesh)
(ii) Salem (Tamil Nadu)
(iii) Vijayanagar (Near Hospet, Karnataka)
The capacity of the different steel plants is being expanded. The production of pig iron and steel is being increased by setting up new mini plants based on scrap iron. At present there are 169 mini steel plants in India. India exports about 20 lakh tonnes of steel every year earning a foreign exchange of ₹ 2000 crores. In 1973, SAIL (Steel Authority of India Limited) has been established for the better management of these steel plants.

Question 5.
Describe the location and development of Cotton Textile Industry in India.
Answer:
Cotton Textile Industry
Cotton textile industry is one of the oldest industries in India. Spinning and weaving were the earliest crafts of primitive man. The industry owes its rapid development due to Industrial revolution, Many spinning and weaving machines were invented, These inventions changed this industry from a household to mill industry.

India has a glorious part of cotton textile industry. The first cotton mill was established in 1854 in Mumbai. A large home market, manufacturing of textile machinery and abundant supply of cotton have led to the growth of this industry in India. There are


about 1824 textile mills scattered over 80 towns and the annual production of cloth is about 3000 crore metres. India is the second largest producer of cotton textile in the world.

Distribution of Cotton Textile Industry :

(i) Maharashtra. Mumbai is the oldest centre of cotton textile industry in India. Mumbai is known as “Cotton Polis of India.” Nagpur, Pune, Sholapur, Amaravati are other centres. The following factors have led to the concentration of this industry at Mumbai:

• Early start
• Large amount of capital
• Long staple cotton from Gujarat and Maharashtra
• Facilities of Mumbai as a port
• Easy import of machinery
• Humid climate
• Cheap labour
• Water power from Tata Hydro-electric works
• Large ready market
• Opening of Suez Canal route.

(ii) Gujarat. Ahmedabad is the largest producer of cotton textiles in India. It is known as the ‘Manchester of India’. Ahmedabad is situated in the heart of cotton growing area. Cheap land is also available.

(iii) Tamil Nadu. The development of hydro-electricity in the South and cul tivation of long staple cotton led to the location of this industry in Southern India. Madurai, Coimbatore, Salem and Chennai are the main centres.

(iv) West Bengal. Most of the mills are located at Kolkata in the Hugh basin.

(v) Uttar Pradesh. Kanpur is the main centre and is called ‘The Manchester of Northern India’.

(vi) The dispersal of this industry has led to the growth of new centres like Bhopal, Gwalior, Bengaluru, Phagwara, Bhiv/ani, Delhi and Kota.

Importance

• Cotton Textiles is the oldest and the biggest industry in India.
• About 10 lakh workers are engaged in this industry
• It has the largest amount of capital (X 1300 crores) invested
• It earns about a sum of X 8000 crores as foreign exchange by export of manufactured goods.

(v) Many industries such as dyes, chemicals, etc., depend on cotton products.

Question 6.
Describe the importance, location and distribution of Sugar industry in India.
Answer:
Sugar Industry. Sugar is an important article of food. It has a universal demand. Sugar is obtained from two major sources:
(a) Sugarcane
(b) Sugar beet.

India is regarded as the birth-place of sugarcane and sugar. The tropical areas have the sugarcane industry, while the temperate regions have the sugar beet industry.

Importance:

• India is the largest producer of sugar in the world.
• It is the second largest industry of India with a capital of ₹ 1000 crores.
• About 3 lakh workers are engaged in this industry
• About two crore farmers depend upon this industry.
• India exports about 5 lakh tonnes of Sugar every year.
• Many industries such as alcohol, paper, wax, fertiliser, cattle feed are based on its by-products.

India is one of the oldest producers of sugarcane in the world. The home industry was granted protection in 1932. Since then, the industry has rapidly developed. There are about 506 sugar mills producing about 160 lakh metric tons of sugar. North India (U.P. and Bihar) produces about 60% of sugar in India.

Factors of Growth :

• Availability of sugarcane in Northern India
• Cheap and skilled labour
• Large demand
• Availability of coal
• Cheap transport.

Main Centres:

• Uttar Pradesh. Saharanpur, Muzaffarnagar, Meerut, Gorakhpur, Sitapur, Bareilly.
• Bihar. Champaran, Patna.
• Maharashtra. Ahmednagar, Sholapur.
• Andhra Pradesh. Hyderabad.
• Punjab. Amritsar, Bhogpur, Phagwara, Batala, Nawanshahar, Nakodar, Mukerian and Zira.
• Ratlam. (M.P.), Rohtak (Haryana), Madurai (Tamil Nadu).

Problems. Sugar Industry is facing some problems. Yield of sugarcane and sugar content is low. It is a seasonal industry and there is absence of industries consuming the by-products of sugarcane. Moreover, the cost of sugar is also high.

Question 7.
Write a note on Petro-chemical industries of India: under the following heads:—
(i) Petro-chemicals
(ii) Polymers
(iii) Synthetic fibres.
Answer:
(i) Petro-chemical Industries. This group of industries is growing very fast in India. A variety of products come under this category of industries. At the same time, petroleum refining industry expanded rapidly. Many things are derived from crude petroleum, which provide raw materials to several new industries; these are collectively known as petro-chemical industries. Mumbai is the hub of petro-chemical industries. Cracker units are also located in Auraiya (Uttar Pradesh), Jamnagar, Nagothane, Gandhar, Haldia, Hazira (Gujarat) and Vishakhapatanam.

Three organisations are working in the petro-chemical sector under the administrative control of the Department of Chemicals and Petro-chemicals.

• First is the Indian Petro-chemical Corporation Limited (IPCL), a public sector undertaking.
• Second is the Petrofils Cooperative Limited (PCL)
• Third is the Central Institute of Plastics Engineering and Technology (CIPET), involved in imparting training.

(ii) Polymers. Polymers are made from ethylene and propylene. These materials are obtained in the process of refining crude oil. Polymers are used as raw material in the plastic industry. Among polymers, polyethylene is widely used thermoplastics. Plastic is first converted into sheets, powder, resin and pellets, then these are used for manufacturing plastic products.

Plastic products are preferred because of their strength, flexibility, water and chemical resistance and low prices. The National Organic Chemical Industries Limited, instituted by the Mafatlal Group in 1961, started the first naphtha-based chemical industry at Mumbai. Mumbai, Barauni, Mettur, Pimpri, and Risra are major producers of plastic materials. Production of polymers was 3441 thousand tonnes in 2000-01. There are about 19,000 units, consuming about 3500 thousand tonnes of virgin polymers.

(iii) Synthetic fibres are wudely used in manufacturing of fabrics because of their inherent strength, durability, washability and resistance to shrinkage. These fabrics are equally popular in urban and rural areas. Units of manufacturing nylon filament and polyester filament yarns are at Kota, Pimpri, Mumbai, Modinagar, Pune, Ujjain, Nagpur and Udhna. Acrylic staple fibre is manufactured at Kota and Vadodara. Plants of polyester staple fibre are at Thane, Ghaziabad, Manali, Kota and Vadodara. Production of synthetic fibres was 2.4 billion tonnes in 2012.

Question 8.
Describe the knowledge based industries of India.
Answer:
Knowledge-Based Industries
The advancement in information technology (IT) has a profound impact on country’s economy and people’s lifestyle. The IT revolution has opened up new possibilities of economic and social trans- formation. The Indian software industry has emerged as one of the fastest growing sectors in the econony. The total turnover of this industry increased from ₹ 3.45 billion in 1989-90 to ₹ 377.50 billion during 2000-01.

These industries include Telephone, Cellular Phones, Computers, Space crafts, equipment for weather forecasting, Hardware and Software. Bengaluru is the electronic capital of India. Science cities and Technology parks have been set up at 18 centres like Hyderabad, Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai, Kanpur, Kolkata, Lucknow, Coimbatore, etc.

The IT software and services industry accounts for almost 2 per cent of India’s GDP and export from this industry amounted to 14 per cent of India’s total exports during 2000-01. The Indian software exports rose from ₹ 2.50 billion in 1990-91 to ₹ 283.50 billion in 2000-01. A large number of Indian software companies have acquired international quality certification. Moreover, majority of the multinational companies operating in the area of Information Technology has either Software Development Centre or Research Development Centre in India.

Question 9.
Discuss the formation of industrial clusters in India. Classify them and account for their existence.
Or
Analyse the factors that favoured the concentration of iron and steel industries in Chhota Nagpur region in India.
Answer:
The concentration of industries has led to the formation of industrial clusters in different regions of India. These clusters are not as large as found in Europe and North America. Manufacturing industries are located closer to each other.

Eight major Industrial regions have been developed in India:
1. Hugli Industrial Region. This is the most prominent industrial region of India. It has developed along the banks of Hugli river upto 97 km. inland from the sea. This region has developed due to the following favourable factors:

• The port of Kolkata has the benefits of imports and exports.
• Coal and iron are available from Damodar Valley.
• It is well connected by a network of railways and road with the rich hinterland of Ganga and Brahmaputra plains.
• The Tea plantation of Assam and cultivation of Jute in West Bengal has led to the development of this industrial region.
• Kolkata is a commercial town.

Cheap labour is available from densely populated areas of Bihar and Odisha. The construction of Farakka Barrage on the Ganga and the development of new port of Haldia will provide additional advantages. Iron and Steel, Jute, paper manufactured goods and other industries have been developed in this region. (Delhi 2019)

2. Mumbai-Pune Region. This is the second largest industrial region of India. It has developed due to the growth of cotton textiles in this region. This region has developed in Mumbai, Thane, Kalyan and Pune region. The following factors have favoured the development of this region :

• The opening of first railway track between Mumbai and Thane in 1853.
• The development of Mumbai as a port with facilities of imports and exports.
• The opening of Suez Canal route.
• Water Power from Western Ghats.
• Availability of raw cotton from Maharashtra and Gujarat.
• Cheap and skilled labour from rich hinterland.
• The opening of Bhor Ghat and Thai Ghat connected this region by rail and road routes with the hinterland.
• Cotton textiles, oil refineries, chemical industries and Engineering industries have developed in this region.

3. Ahmedabad-Vadodara Region. This is the third largest industrial region of India. It is an inland industrial region. It has the following favourable factors:

• It is located near the raw cotton producing area.
• It is close to the marketing centres of Ganga- Sutlej plains.
• Cheap skilled labour is available.
• Cheap land is available.
• The discovery of oil in the Gulf of Cambay region has led to the establishment of an industrial complex of petro-chemical industries.
• The development of new port of Kandla has provided the facilities of import-exports.
• Ahmedabad is the major centre of cotton textiles and is known as the ‘Manchester of India’.

4. Madurai-Coimbatore-Bengaluru Region. This is the largest industrial region in Southern India. Many industries have developed at Chennai, Coimbatore, Madurai, Bengaluru and Mysore. This region has the following favourable factors:

• Cheap water power from Mettur, Pykara and Shivsamudram works.
• Cheap skilled labour is available.
• A huge local market.
• Favourable climate.
• Favourable climate.
• Raw cotton is available.
• Coimbatore has many industries like cotton textiles, coffee mills, leather tanneries and cement factories.

Bengaluru has Hindustan Aeronautics (Aircraft industry), Hindustan Machine Tools, Indian Telephone Industry, Bharat Electronics, etc. In other centres, Cotton textiles, Woollen textiles, Silk, Chemicals, Automobiles and Leather industries have developed.

5. Chottanagpur Plateau Region. This region has developed in Jharkhand-Odisha mineral region of Damodar valley. Many steel plants have been located in this region such as Jamshedpur, Bokaro, Durgapur, etc. This region is called ‘The Ruhr of India’. A number of factors have favoured the industrial development in this region:

• Coal from Jharia-Ramganj coalfields.
• Iron from Bihar-Odisha region.
• The facilities of port of Kolkata,
• Water power and thermal power from Damodar valley project.
• Many heavy industries and engineering industries have developed at Ranchi, Sindri, Chittranjan, Jamshedpur, Hazaribagh, etc.

6. Gurgaon-Deihi-Meerut Region. A number of industrial clusters have assumed importance after independence.
(1) These industries have developed in area adjoining to Delhi. One such industrial region has emerged between Agra-Mathura-Meerut and Saharanpur in U.P.

(2) Another parallel belt extends between Faridabad- Gurgaon-Ambala in Haryana. Both these belts merge in an agglomeration in the vicinity of Delhi.

(3) The hydro-electricity from Bhakra Nangal and thermal power from Harduaganj and Faridabad have very positively contributed to the industrial development of this region.

(4) Majority of the industrial units are agro-based, particularly sugar and textile mills.

(5) Glass, chemicals, engineering, paper, electronics and cycle are other important industries of the region.

(6) Main industries. Agra has glass industry, Mathura has an oil refinery with its petro-chemical complex. Gurgaon has a car factory as well as a unit of the IDPL. Faridabad has a number of engineering and electronics industries. Ghaziabad is a large centre of agro-industries. Saharanpur and Yamunanagar have paper mills. Modinagar, Sonipat, Panipat and Ballabhgarh are other important industrial nodes of this region.

7. Vishakhapatnam-Guntur Region. This industrial region extends from Vishakhapatnam district to Kurnool and Prakasam districts in the south. Industrial development of this region hinges upon Vishakhapatnam, and Machilipatnam ports and developed agriculture and rich reserves of minerals in their hinterlands. Coalfields of the Godavari basin provide power and energy.

Ship building industry was started at Vishakhapatnam in 1941. Petroleum refinery based on imported petroleum facilitated the growth of several petro-chemical industries. Sugar, textile, jute, paper, fertiliser, cement, aluminium and light engineering are principal industries of this region. One lead-zinc smelter is functioning in Guntur district. Iron and steel plant at Vishakhapatnam uses the ore from Bailadila.Vishakhapatnam, Vijayavada, Vijayanagar, Rajahumundry, Guntur, Eluru and Kurnool are important industrial centres.

8. Kollam-Thiruvananthapuram Region. This industrial region is spread over Thiruvananthapuram, Kollam, Alwaye, Ernakulam and Allappuzha districts. Plantation agriculture and hydropower provide industrial base to this region. Located far away from the mineral belt of the country, agricultural products processing and market oriented light industries predominate the region.

Among them, cotton textile, sugar, rubber, matchbox, glass, chemical fertiliser and fish-based industries are important. Food processing, paper, coconut coir products, aluminium and cement industries are important. Petroleum Refinery at Kochi is also useful. Kollam, Alluva, Kochi, Vishakhapatnam uses the Bailadila iron ore. Punalus is another important centre.

Question 10.
Account for the shifting of sugar industry towards southern India.
Answer:
Uttar Pradesh is the largest producer of sugar in India despite the fact that ideal conditions for sugarcane are found in southern India. But recently, the industry is shifting towards the states of Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh in Peninsular India.

• The yield per hectare of sugarcane is high in southern India
• The sucrose content in sugarcane is high in southern India as compared to that in(Solved))— northern India
• The southern states have installed new mills, where productivity is high and cost of productions is low.
• Climatic conditions are ideal in southern states

The co-operative movement has helped to install new mills in these areas.

In This Post we are  providing  CHAPTER 17 MINERAL AND ENERGY RESOURCES NCERT MOST IMPORTANT QUESTIONS for Class 12 GEOGRAPHY INDIA- PEOPLE AND ECONOMY which will be beneficial for students. These solutions are updated according to 2021-22 syllabus. These MCQS  can be really helpful in the preparation of Board exams and will provide you with a brief knowledge of the chapter

NCERT MOST IMPORTANT QUESTIONS ON MINERAL AND ENERGY RESOURCES

Question 1.
Classify mineral on the basis of chemical and physical properties.
Answer:
On the basis of chemical properties and physical properties, a mineral is classified into the following:

• Metallic minerals
• Non-metallic minerals

Question 2.
Explain one reason for the import of petroleum and its products in large quantities in India.
Answer:
The import of petroleum and its products in large quantities in India is due to the following reasons:

More vehicle purchase

• Increased use of diesel for irrigation due to weak monsoon.
• Rising industrialization.

Question 3.
Name any two ferrous minerals other than iron-ore.
Answer:
Two ferrous minerals are:

• Manganese
• Nickel

Question 4.
Name the place of Maharashtra, where an atomic power station is located.
Answer:
The atomic power station of Maharashtra is located in Tarapur.

Question 5.
Name the river-valley where Gondwana coal fields of India are located.
Answer:
Gondwana coal-fields are located in Damodar Valley.

Question 6.
Which are the two main types of iron-ore found in India?
Answer:
The two main types of iron-ore found in India are:

1. Hachette
2. Magnetite

Question 7.
“The promotion of the use of non-conventional sources of energy in India is the need of the hour.” Support the Statement.
Answer:
It is true that the promotion of the use of non-conventional sources of energy in India is the need of the hour due to the following reasons:

1. Unlike conventional sources of energy, most of the non-conventional energy sources are cheaper and renewable. The overall limitation and scarcity of fossil fuels have given rise to the urgent need for exploiting alternative energy sources.
2. Power from non-conventional and renewable sources is must in order to reduce carbon dioxide emissions of the coal-based power plants. It is exhaustible in nature and environment-friendly.
3. Locally available non-conventional and renewable power resources can meet localized rural energy with minimum transportation cost.

Question 8.
Explain the significance of bio-energy to humankind in India.
Answer:
The significance of bio-energy to humankind can be understood through the following points:

1. Bio-energy is a result of the processing of biological products such as agricultural residues, municipal, industrial and other wastes.
2. Bio-energy can be used by converting it into electricity or electrical energy, heat energy or gas for cooking food.
3. Apart from deriving energy, it can also solve the problem of garbage and waste in urban areas because energy can also be derived from these.
4. It can improve the economic life of rural peoples and also reduce environmental pollution pressure on fuelwood and enhance self-reliance.

Question 9.
Explain any three main characteristics of the mineral resources of India.
Answer:
The major characteristics of mineral resources are as follows:

1. Their distribution over the earth surface is uneven i.e. some regions may have rich in minerals whereas others may be lack behind in availability of minerals,
2. Minerals of good quality are less in amount and minerals of low quality are more in the amount on earth i.e. quality and quantity of minerals have an inverse relationship.
3. Minerals are exhaustible, i.e. once used they can’t be used again. Minerals take a long time to develop geologically and once they exhausted they cannot be available at that time for use.

Question 10.
Give two advantages of copper’. Mention four copper mining areas of India.
Answer:
Copper is a non-ferrous mineral found in India. It has various advantages such as:

• Copper due to its allowable, malleable and ductile properties mostly use in the electrical industry for making wires, electric motors, transformers, and generators.
• To give strength, copper is also mixed with gold in making jewelry. Four copper producing states of India are:
• Copper deposits mainly found in Singhbhum district in Jharkhand.
• It is found in Balaghat district of Madhya Pradesh.
• Alwar, Jhunjhunu, Bhilwara and Udaipur districts of Rajasthan are producers of copper.
• Agni Gundala in Guntur district of Andhra Pradesh. Chitradurga and Hassan districts of Karnataka and South Arcot district of Tamil Nadu are other producers of copper ore.

In This Post we are  providing  CHAPTER 16 WATER RESOURCES NCERT MCQ for Class 12 GEOGRAPHY INDIA- PEOPLE AND ECONOMY which will be beneficial for students. These solutions are updated according to 2021-22 syllabus. These MCQS  can be really helpful in the preparation of Board exams and will provide you with a brief knowledge of the chapter

NCERT MCQ ON WATER RESOURCES

Question 1.
How much part of the earth is covered with water?
(A) 51%
(B) 61%
(C) 71%
(D) 81%

Answer: (C) 71%

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Question 2.
How much freshwater is there out of total resources?
(A) 0.5%
(B) 1.0%
(C) 2.5%
(D) 3.0%

Answer: (D) 3.0%

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Question 3.
What is the share of India in the world’s water resources?
(A) 1%
(B) 2%
(C) 3%
(D) 4%

Answer: (D) 4%

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Question 4.
The total useful water resources of India are:
(A) 1122 cubic km
(B) 1222 cubic km
(C) 1322 cubic km
(D) 1422 cubic km

Answer: (A) 1122 cubic km

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Question 5.
How much percent of surface water in India can be used?
(A) 22%
(B) 25%
(C) 32%
(D) 35%

Answer: (C) 32%

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Question 6:

Which sector of economy is responsible for maximum exploitation of ground water resources?

(a) Domestic

(b) Industrial

(c) Agriculture

(d) None of these

Answer : C

Question 7:

Which group of states is highly affected by concentration of Arsenic:

(a) Rajasthan-Maharashtra

(b) Punjab-Haryana

(c) West Bengal-Bihar

(d) Madhya Pradesh-Chhattisgarh

Answer : C

Question 8:

Which group of states is highly affected by concentration of fluoride in ground water resources: 

(a) Uttar Pradesh

(b) Bihar-West Bengal

(c) Rajasthan-Maharashtra

(d) Punjab-Haryana 

Answer : C

Question 9:

Environment Protection Act was implemented in:

(a) 1974

(b) 1986

(c) 1988

(d) 1997

Answer : B

Question 10:

Haryali program is related to development of:

(a) Forest Cover

(b) Watershed Development

(c) Soil Conservation

(d) Food Grain Production 

Answer : B

Question 11:

Which one is not related to watershed development project:

(a) Haryali

(b) Neeru-Meeru

(c) ArwariPaniSansad

(d) Van Mahotsava

Answer : D

Question 12:

Which method is not related to rainwater harvesting?

(a) Green Belt

(b) Check dam

(c) Recharge well

(d) Eris

Answer : D

Question 13:

In which year national water policy was implemented?

(a) 2002

(b) 2008

(c) 2015

(d) 2005

Answer : A

Question 14 :

Which one of the following type describes water as a resource?

(a) Abiotic

(b) Biotic

(c) Cyclic

(d) Non Renewable resource

Answer : C

Question 15:

Neeru-Meeru program belongs to which state? 

(a) Gujarat

(b) Rajasthan

(c) Punjab

(d) Andhra Pradesh

Answer : D

In This Post we are  providing  CHAPTER 15 LAND RESOURCES AND AGRICULTURE NCERT MCQ for Class 12 GEOGRAPHY INDIA- PEOPLE AND ECONOMY which will be beneficial for students. These solutions are updated according to 2021-22 syllabus. These MCQS  can be really helpful in the preparation of Board exams and will provide you with a brief knowledge of the chapter

NCERT MCQ ON LAND RESOURCES AND AGRICULTURE

Question 1.
Which type of farming is known as Slash and Burn to farm?
(A) Primitive subsistence
(B) Intensive subsistence
(C) Plantation
(D) Commerical

Answer: (A) Primitive subsistence

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Question 2.
India is the second-largest producer of which crop in the world?
(A) Tea
(B) Coffee
(C) Rice
(D) Cotton

Answer: (C) Rice

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Question 3.
Which state is the largest producer of Jowar in India?
(A) Punjab
(B) Maharashtra
(C) Karnataka
(D) Rajasthan

Answer: (B) Maharashtra

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Question 4.
India is the leading producer of which crop in the world?
(A) Jute
(B) Rice
(C) Tea
(D) CoffeeAnswer

Answer: (C) Tea

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Question 5.
Which crop was introduced in Baba Budan Hills?
(A) Tea
(B) Coffee
(C) Rice
(D) Cotton

Answer: (B) Coffee

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Question 6.
Which is known as golden fiber?
(A) Cotton
(B) Silk
(C) Jute
(D) Wool

Answer: (C) Jute

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Question 7.
Which one of the following is a rabi crop?
(A) Rice
(B) Millets
(C) Gram
(D) Cotton

Answer: (C) Gram

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Question 8.
Which one of the following is a leguminous crop?
(A) Pulses
(B) Millets
(C) Jowar
(D) Sesamum

Answer: (A) Pulses

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Question 9.
Which one of the following price is announced by the government in support of a crop?
(A) Maximum support price
(B) Minimum support price
(C) Moderate support price
(D) Influential support price

Answer: (B) Minimum support price

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Question 10.
Cotton needs a frost-free period of
(A) 100 days
(B) 150 days
(C) 210 days
(D) 250 days

Answer: (C) 210 days

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Question 11.
What is the total production of food grains in India?
(A) 70 million tonnes
(B) 100 million tonnes
(C) 150 million tonnes
(D) 250 million tonnes

Answer: (D) 250 million tonnes

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Question 12.
Which state is the largest wheat producing state?
(A) Punjab
(B) Haryana
(C) Uttar Pradesh
(D) Rajasthan

Answer: (C) Uttar Pradesh

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Question 13.
In which season Kharif crops are grown?
(A) Winter
(B) Summer
(C) Spring
(D) Autumn

Answer: (B) Summer

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Question 14.
The net area sown in India is
(A) 77%
(B) 67%
(C) 45%
(D) 43%

Answer: (D) 43%

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Question 15.
In India, cereals occupy how much-cropped area?
(A) 34%
(B) 44%
(C) 54%
(D) 64%

Answer: (C) 54%

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In This Post we are  providing  CHAPTER 14 HUMAN SETTLEMENT NCERT MCQ for Class 12 GEOGRAPHY INDIA- PEOPLE AND ECONOMY which will be beneficial for students. These solutions are updated according to 2021-22 syllabus. These MCQS  can be really helpful in the preparation of Board exams and will provide you with a brief knowledge of the chapter

NCERT MCQ ON HUMAN SETTLEMENT

Question 1:  Which one of the following forms of settlement develops along either side of roads, rivers or canals?

a) Circular

b) Linear

c) Cross-shaped

d) Square 

Answer : B

Question 2:  Who coined the word, MEGALOPOLIS?

a) Patrick Geddes

b) Jean Guttmann

c) Ratzel

d) Sample 

Answer : B

Question 3:  Which of the following is a planned city?

a) Canberra

b) Mumbai

c) Calcutta

d) Lucknow 

Answer : A

Question 4:  In which of the following regions has the oldest well-documented urban settlement found?

a) Huang He valley

b) Indus valley

c) Nile valley

d) Mesopotamia 

Answer : D

Question 5: How many of the following cities in India have attained the million status in 2011?

a) 42

b) 48

c) 53

d) 56 

Answer : C 

Question 6: Which of following is the functional classification of an urban settlement?

a) Administrative

b) Industrial.

c) Mining Town

d) all of the above 

Answer : D

Question 7: The Population size of Metropolitian city is

a) less than 1 million

b) 1-5 million

c) more than 5 million

d) none of the above 

Answer : B

Question 8: Urbanization is expressed in terms of

a) Absolute number.

b) Ratio

c) Percentage

d) None of the above 

Answer : C

Question 9: Towns are classified on the basis of Evolution as -.

a) Ancient Towns

b) Modern Towns

c) Medieval Towns

d) All of the above 

Answer : D

Question 10:  The type of settlement is locally known as Para, pani, Nagal and dhani is

a) Clustered

b) Semi Clustered

c) Hamleted

d) Dispersed 

Answer : C

Question 11: Which of the following is Garrison Town

a) Agra

b) Jharia

c) Kolkata

d) Varanasi 

Answer : A

Question 12: What is the Population size of Class 1 town or city

a) 5000-9999

b) 10000-19999

c) 100000 & more

d) less than 5000 

Answer : C

Question 13: 8 Which of the following is a Mega city?

a) Delhi

b) Mumbai

c) Bengaluru

d) All the above 

Answer : D

Question 14:  Which of the following is Medieval town

a) Agra

b) Varanasi

c) Jamshedpur

d) Chandigarh 

Answer : A

Question 15: Which of the following is an educational Town

a) Varanasi

b) Aligarh

c) Pilani

d) All the above 

Answer : D

In This Post we are  providing  CHAPTER 16 WATER RESOURCES NCERT MOST IMPORTANT QUESTIONS for Class 12 GEOGRAPHY INDIA- PEOPLE AND ECONOMY which will be beneficial for students. These solutions are updated according to 2021-22 syllabus. These MCQS  can be really helpful in the preparation of Board exams and will provide you with a brief knowledge of the chapter

NCERT MOST IMPORTANT QUESTIONS ON WATER RESOURCES

Question  1.
Why is the demand of water for irrigation increasing day by day in India ? Explain any three reasons.
Answer:
In agriculture, water is mainly used for irrigation.

• Irrigation is needed due to variable rainfall in India.
• Drought prone areas like N-W India and Deccan needs irrigation.
• Dry seasons of winter and summer need irrigation for agriculture.
• Irrigation is needed during dry season.
• Certain crops like rice, sugarcane, jute require large water supply.
• Multiple cropping needs irrigation.
• HYV crops need regular water supply.
• Success of green revolution depends upon irrigation.

Question 2.
Give examples of Recycling and Reuse of Water.
Answer:
Recycle and Reuse of Water. Another way through which we can improve fresh water availability is by recycle and reuse. Use of water of lesser quality such as reclaimed waste-water would be an attractive option for industries for cooling and fire fighting to reduce their water cost. Similarly, in urban areas water after bathing and washing utensils can be used for gardening.

Water used for washing vehicle can also be used for gardening. This would conserve better quality of water for drinking purposes. Currently, recycling of water is practised on a limited scale. However, there is enormous scope for replenishing water through recycling.

Question 3.
What are the two water problems in India ? Explain with suitable examples.
Or
Why is the quality of water deteriorating in India? Explain with ‘ examples.
Answer:
Due to increase in population, the availability of water is decreasing. The two main water problems are:
(i) Deterioration of Water Quality : Quality refers to purity of water, or water without unwanted foreign substances. Water gets polluted by foreign matters such as micro-organisms, chemical, industrial and other wastes. Such matters deteriorate the quality of water and render it unfit for human use.

When toxic substances enter lakes, streams, rivers, oceans and other water bodies, they get dissolved or lie suspended in water. This results in pollution of water whereby quality of water deteriorates affecting aquatic systems. Sometimes, these pollutants also seep into earth and pollute groundwater. The Ganga and the Yamuna are the two highly polluted rivers in the country.

(ii) Water Conservation and Management :
Since there is a declining availability of fresh water and increasing demand, the need has arisen to conserve and effectively manage this precious life giving resource for sustainable development. Given that water availability from sea/ocean, due to high cost of desalinisation, is considered negligible,
India has to take quick steps and make effective policies and laws, and adopt effective measures for its conservation.

Besides developing water saving technologies and methods, attempts are also to be made to prevent the pollution. There is need to encourage watershed development, rainwater harvesting, water recycling and reuse, and conjunctive use of water for sustaining water supply in long run.

Question 4.
Describe the main features of India’s National Water Policy.
Answer:
Highlights of India’s National Water Policy, 2002 : The National Water Policy, 2002 stipulates water allocation priorities broadly in the following order: drinking water, irrigation, hydro-power, navigation, industrial and other uses. The policy stipulates progressive new approaches to water management. Key features include:

(1) Irrigation and multi-purpose projects should invariably include drinking water component, wherever there is no alternative source of drinking water.
(2) Providing drinking water to all human beings and animals should be the first priority.
(3) Measures should be taken to limit and regulate the exploitation of groundwater.
(4) Both surface and groundwater should be regularly monitored for quality. A phased programme should be undertaken for improving water quality.
(5) The efficiency of utilisation in all the diverse uses of water should be improved.
(6) Awareness of water as a scarce resource should be fostered.
(7) Conservation consciousness should be promoted through education, regulation, incentives and disincentives.

Question 5.
Describe the methods and effects of Rainwater Harvesting.
Answer:
Rainwater Harvesting. Rainwater harvesting is a method of capturing and storing rainwater for various uses. It is also used to recharge groundwater aquifers.

• It is a low cost and eco¬friendly technique for preserving every drop of water by guiding the rain water to bore well, pits and wells.
• Rainwater harvesting increases water availability.
• It checks the declining ground water table.
• It improves the quality of groundwater through dilution of contaminants like fluoride and nitrates.
• It prevents soil erosion, and flooding and arrests salt water intrusion in coastal areas if used to recharge aquifers.

Methods. Rainwater harvesting has been practised through various methods by different communities in the country for a long time. Traditional rainwater harvesting in rural areas is done by using surface storage bodies like lakes, ponds, irrigation tanks, etc.

In Rajasthan, rainwater harvesting structures locally known as Kund or Tanka (a covered underground tank) are constructed near or in the house or village to store harvested rainwater to understand various ways of rainwater harvesting.

Effects. There is a wide scope to use rainwater harvesting technique to conserve precious water resource. It can be done by harvesting rainwater on rooftops and open spaces. Harvesting rainwater also decreases the community dependence on groundwater for domestic use.

Besides bridging the demand supply gap, it can also save energy to pump groundwater as recharge leads to rise in groundwater table. These days rainwater harvesting is being taken up on massive scale in many states in the country. Urban areas can specially benefit from rainwater harvesting as water demand has already outstripped supply in most of the cities and towns.

Question 6.
What is Water Pollution ? Discuss- the methods and rules to check it. ;
Answer:
Prevention of Water Pollution. Available water resources are degrading rapidly.
(1) The major rivers of the country generally retain better water quality in less densely populated upper stretches in hilly areas.

(2) In plains, river water is used intensively for irrigation, drinking, domestic and industrial purposes. The drains carrying agricultural (fertilisers and insecticides), domestic (solid and liquid wastes), and industrial effluents join the rivers.

(3) The concentration of pollutants in rivers, especially remains very high during the summer season when the flow of water is low.

Polluted Rivers. The Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) in collaboration with State Pollution Control Boards has been monitoring water quality of national aquatic resources at 507 stations. The data obtained from these stations show that organic and bacterial contamination continues to be the main source of pollution in rivers.

The Yamuna river is the most polluted river in the country between Delhi and Etawah. Other severely polluted rivers are : the Sabarmati at Ahmedabad, the Gomti at Lucknow, the Kali, the Adyar, the Cooum (entire stretches), the Vaigai at Madurai and the Musi of Hyderabad and the Ganga at Kanpur and Varanasi. Groundwater pollution has occurred due to high concentrations of heavy/toxic metals, fluoride and nitrates at different parts of the country.

Question 7.
Examine the success of watershed management in Jhabua District of Madhya Pradesh.
Answer:
A case study for Water Shed Management Location: Jhabua district is located in the westernmost agro-climatic zone in Madhya Pradesh. It is, in fact, one of the five most backward districts of the country. It is characterised by high concentration of tribal population (mostly Bhils).

Problems: The people suffer due to poverty which has been accentuated by the high rate of resource degradation, both forest and land. The watershed management programmes funded by both the ministries of “Rural Development” and “Agriculture”, Government of India, have been successfully implemented in Jhabua district which has gone a long way in preventing land degradation and improving soil quality.

Programmes: Watershed Management Programmes acknowledge the linkage between land, water and vegetation and attempts to improve livelihoods of people through natural resource management and community participation. In the past five years, the programmes funded by the Ministry of Rural Development alone (implemented by Rajiv Gandhi Mission for Watershed Management) has treated 20 per cent of the total area under Jhabua district.

The Petlawad block of Jhabua is located in the northernmost part of the district and represents an interesting and successful case of Government-NGO partnership and community participation in managing watershed programmes. The Bhils in Petlawad block, for example (Sat Rundi hamlet of Karravat village), through their own efforts, have revitalised large parts of common property resources. Each household planted and maintained one tree on the common property.

They also have planted fodder grass on the pasture land and adopted social-fencing of these lands for at least two years. Even after that, they say, there would be no open grazing on these lands, but stall feeding of cattle, and they are thus confident that the pastures they have developed would sustain their cattle in future.

Question 8.
Explain any three factors responsible for depletion of water resources. Examine any two legislative measures for controlling water pollution in India.
Answer:
Depletion of water resources:

Water resources in India are very rapidly decreasing. It is due to the following reasons:

• The use of water is increasing due to increasing population.
• The Industrial sector is using water resources at a fast rate.
• Water is used for irrigation to increase the agricultural productivity.
• Water pollution is increasing.

Legislative measures :
(i) The legislative provisions such as the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act 1974 and Environment Protection Act 1986, have not been implemented effectively.

(ii) The Water Cess Act 1977, meant to reduce pollution has also made marginal impacts. There is a strong need to generate public awareness about the importance of water and the impacts of water pollution. The public awareness and action can be very effective in reducing the pollutants from agricultural activities, domestic and industrial discharge.

Question 9.
Analyse the economic and social values of rainwater harvesting.
Answer:
Economic and Social values of rainwater.

• It meets the ever increasing demand of water.
• It prevents the flooding of roads.
• It help to save energy.
• It helps in the economic development of a country.
• It reduces groundwater pollution.

Question 10.
Describe the Jal Kranti Abhiyan.
Answer:
In 2015-16 the Government of India launched the Jal Kranti Abhiyan with an aim to ensure water security through per capita availability of water in our country. In different regions of India people had practised their traditional knowledge of water conservation to ensure water availability. This Abhiyan aims at involving local bodies, NGO, etc. regarding its objectives.

Following are some activities of this Abhiyan:

• One water stressed village is selection in each 672 districts of the country to generate a Jal Gram.
• Abatement of pollution.
• Trough social media creating mass awarness.

In This Post we are  providing  CHAPTER 15 LAND RESOURCES AND AGRICULTURE NCERT MOST IMPORTANT QUESTIONS for Class 12 GEOGRAPHY INDIA- PEOPLE AND ECONOMY which will be beneficial for students. These solutions are updated according to 2021-22 syllabus. These MCQS  can be really helpful in the preparation of Board exams and will provide you with a brief knowledge of the chapter

NCERT MOST IMPORTANT QUESTIONS ON LAND RESOURCES AND AGRICULTURE

Question 1.
Discuss the geographical conditions favouring the cultivation of wheat. Describe production and areas of cultivation in India.
Answer:
Wheat is one of the master grains of the world. It is the ‘staple food’ for 1/3 people of the world. It is a valuable cereal due to high gluten content. It has been grown since pre-historic times. It was originally grown in Mediterranean lands.

Conditions of Growth. Wheat is a plant of temperate latitudes. It is grown in a variety of climates. The cultivation of wheat is widespread in the world. Every month, wheat is being seeded or being harvested in some part of the world.

(i) Temperature. Wheat requires a minimum temperature of 10°C in the growing period and a maximum temperature of 20°C in the harvesting period. A frost-free period of 100 days is required for wheat.

(ii) Rainfall. The wheat lands generally need a moderate rainfall between 50 to 100 cms. annually. Wheat needs a cool and wet growing season, but a warm and a dry harvesting season.

(iii) Irrigation. Means of irrigation are used in areas of low rainfall as in Indus and Punjab. Dry farming methods are also used.

(iv) Soil. Light clay or heavy loamy soil is the best soil for wheat.

(v) Land. Wheat needs well-drained level land. It suits the use of machinery and means of irrigation.

(vi) Economic Factors: Wheat is a soil exhausting crop. Better seeds, chemical fertilisers and new varieties are used to increase the yield per hectare. It is a mechanised agriculture.Machines like tractors, combines, harvesters are often used. Huge stores are required to store wheat.

Production in India: India ranks as the second largest producer of wheat in the world (12% production). Wheat is a winter crop and India produces about 67 million metric tons of wheat. India has become self-sufficient in wheat production due to Green Revolution, yield per hectare is 2618 kg.

Area of cultivation: Wheat is grown in most of the Sutlej-Ganga plain (N.W. India). Spring wheat is grown in hilly areas of Lahaul-Spiti (Himachal Pradesh), Ladakh, Sikkim in the Sub-Himalayan region, upto a height of 2700 metres. Wheat is grown on 14% of Net Sown area. Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, Haryana, Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan are the main wheat producing areas. These regions have the favourable conditions of fertile soils, winter rain, irrigation facilities.

Question 2.
Describe the conditions of growth, production and major area of cultivation of rice in India.
Answer:
Rice had been cultivated since pre-historic times. China and India are regarded as the birthplace of rice. Rice is the staple food of millions of people in monsoon Asia. Rice is also called ‘Gift of Asia’.

Types of rice:
There are many varieties of rice but rice is broadly divided into two types
(i) Upland Rice. This rice is grown in hilly areas and has low yields.
(ii) Lowland Rice. This rice is grown on the lowland areas of river valleys and deltas and has high yields.

Methods of cultivation:
Rice is sown by three methods:
(i) Drilling method
(ii) Broadcasting method.
(iii) Transplanting method.

Conditions of growth:
Rice is a crop of hot-wetland of the tropics. Rice cultivation is concentrated in Monsoon Asia.
(i) Temperature. Rice needs a temperature of 20°C during the growing season and a temperature of 27°C during the harvesting period. Due to uniformly high temperature, 3 crops of rice a year are produced in West Bengal.

(ii) Rainfall. Rice is a plant of wet areas with an annual rainfall between 100 to 200 cms. Rice is grown in flooded fields. Irrigation is used in areas of low rainfall as in Punjab.

(iii) Land. Rice needs level land so that the fields can be flooded. Rice is grown on hilly slopes with Terraced Agriculture upto a height of 2000 metres.

(iv) Soils. Heavy clay or loamy soil is the ideal soil for rice. River valleys, delta and coastal plains are most suited for rice cultivation.

(v) Cheap Labour. Rice needs large supply of cheap human labour. It is labour intensive crop because most of the work in the fields is done by hand. It is also called ‘Hoe-culture’. The densely populated areas supply cheap plentiful labour.

In brief we can say ‘Rice needs plenty of heat, plenty of water, plenty of alluvium, plenty of labour to produce plenty of rice for plenty of people. ’

India. India is the second largest producer of rice in the world. About 24% (22%) of the (40 million hect.) cultivated land is under rice. India produces about 86 million metric tons of rice. Over large areas, only one crop of rice is grown every year. The yield per hectare is not high. High-yielding varieties are being used to increase the production. Yield per hectare is 1562 kg.

West Bengal is the largest producer of rice in India. Due to hot and wet climate, 3 crops are grown on the same land in a year. Aman, Aus and Boro are the three types of rice crops. Rice is grown throughout the Sutlej-Ganges plain in Punjab, Haryana (with irrigation), Uttar Pradesh and Bihar and coastal plains.

Question 3.
Describe the conditions of growth, production, areas of cultivation of cotton in India.
Answer:
Cotton is the leading fibre crop of the world. Of all the fibres, cotton is produced in the largest quantity. It is known from the writing of Herodotus that cotton has been in use in India since 3000 BCE. It is a universal fibre. Now-a-days many synthetic fibres are being used, but the cheapness and lightness of cotton make it an ideal fibre for clothing.

Conditions of Growth. Cotton is a plant of tropical and subtropical areas.
(i) Temperature. Cotton needs uniformly high summer temperatures between 22°C to 32°C. It requires a warm climate with bright sunshine. Frost is harmful to cotton plant. A growing period of 210 frost free days is necessary. It is grown as an annual crop. Sea breezes increase the lustre and length of the cotton fibre.

(ii) Rainfall. Cotton needs light to moderate rainfall between 50 to 100 cms. It needs light showers during the growing period and a dry sunny picking period.

(iii) Irrigation. In arid areas, irrigation is used. It increases the yield per hectare as in Punjab.

(iv) Soils. Cotton grows best on rich,well-drained loamy soils. Lava soil is capable of retaining moisture and is highly suitable for the cultivation of cotton. Regular use of fertilisers is required to maintain the fertility of the soil.

(v) Cheap Labour. Cotton is picked by hand. Generally women labour is used. The presence of large, cheap and hard-working labour is necessary.

(vi) Land. Cotton is grown best on flat, or rolling lands. These are well-drained areas. Machinery can be used in such areas.

(vii) Absence of Diseases. The control of pests and diseases is necessary.
India. India is the fourth largest producer (8.3%) of cotton in the world. India has the largest acreage under cotton cultivation. India is the oldest cotton- producing country in the world. The Cotton Textile Industry depends on Indian cotton. India has low yield of cotton.

Mostly short staple cotton is produced. Long staple cotton is imported from Egypt, Sudan and Pakistan. About 65 lakh hectare area (4.7% area) is under cotton cultivation. The total production is 20 lakh tonnes.

Areas of Cultivation. Due to a great diversity in climate and soil the cotton producing areas are found scattered over India. Southern India produces more cotton than Northern India.

(i) Black Cotton Soil Region. This is chief cotton growing area of India on the lava soils of North-West Deccan. Gujarat, Maharashtra and Madhya Pradesh are the major cotton-producing states.

(ii) Red Soil Region. Medium staple cotton is grown in the red soil area including the states of Tamilnadu, Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh.

(iii) Alluvial Soil Region. Long staple cotton (Narma) is grown on the Alluvial soils of Northern plain. The states of Punjab, Haryana and Rajasthan are the important producers of cotton. Punjab has the highest yield per hectare due to wrarm climate, fertile soil and facilities of irrigation.

Question 4.
Describe the geographical conditions required for the cultivation of Tea. Describe its production and distribution in India.
Answer:
Tea is the most popular and stimulating drink in the world. Assam (India) and China are the native places of tea. Tea plantations were started by the Europeans. Tea is made from the leaves of a tropical bush. It contains a stimulating substance called Theme’or ‘Tannic acid.’

Types of Tea. Different varieties of Tea fall into four main types:

• Black Tea.
• Green Tea.
• Brick Tea.
• Oolong Tea.

Conditions of Growth. Tea is a plant of both tropical and temperate areas.
(i) Temperature. Tea requires uniformly high temperature (20°C – 30°C) throughout the year. More pickings can be done due to warm summers. Frost is harmful for tea leaves.

(ii) Rainfall. An annual rainfall of 150 cms. is essential for the growth of tea. Rainfall should be uniform and in frequent showers. Long-dry season is harmful for tea. Shady trees protect tea-bushes from strong sunlight. Irrigation is also used.

(iii) Soil. Tea requires a deep and fertile soil. Soil should be acidic to give better flavour. A content of iron and potash is helpful.

(iv) Land. Tea is grown on gently sloping, well- drained hilly slopes and valley-sides. Tea plantations are most suited upto a height of 300 metres above sea level.

(v) Labour. Tea is a labour intensive crop. It requires a cheap, skilled labour for picking tea leaves. Picking is done by hand. Mostly women labour is used for picking.

(vi) Management. A successful tea plantation requires a good management and huge capital.

(vii) Weather. Heavy fog, high humidity and morning dew favour the growth of tea leaves.

Major Producing Areas:

India. Tea is a commercial crop in India. India is the largest producer of Tea (28%) of the world. India is the third largest exporter of tea in the world, earning a foreign exchange of ? 1100 crores. There are about 12000 tea estates managed by 700 tea companies. The total production is 81 crore kg.
Areas of Cultivation. More tea is produced in Northern India than Southern India.

(a) Assam. Assam is the largest producer of tea in India. Tea is grown on the valley-sides of Brahmputra and in Duar region. Hot-Wet Monsoon climate, cheap labour, fertile land and good management are favourable factors.

(b) West Bengal. Tea is grown in Darjeeling and Jalpaiguri districts in West Bengal. Darjeeling tea has a special flavour. This flavour is due to slow growth under high humidity and low temperature due to high altitude.

(c) Southern India. Tea is grown on the slopes of Nilgiris, Cardamom and Anamalai hills. Coimbatore (Tamil Nadu), Malabar coast (Kerala), Coorg region (Karnataka) and Ratnagiri (Maharashtra) are important areas of tea production.

(d) Other Areas.

• Ranchi Plateau in Jharkhand.
• Palampur in Himachal Pradesh.
• Kumaon and Garhwal hills in Uttarakhand.
• Tripura Region.

Question 5.
Describe the conditions of growth, production and distribution of coffee in India.
Answer:
Coffee. Coffee is a plantation crop. It is a powder obtained from the seeds of berries of a tree. It contains a stimulating substance called “Caffeine”. Next to tea, coffee is the most popular drink in the world. It is prized for its flavour. Conditions of Growth. Coffee is a plant of tropical and sub-tropical regions.

(i) Temperature. Coffee requires uniformly high temperature (22 °C), throughout the year. Strong winds and frost are harmful. Therefore, coffee is planted on the protected hill slopes.

(ii) Rainfall. Coffee needs an annual rainfall of 100 to 150 cms. Coffee needs a hot-wet growing season, but a cool dry harvesting season. Irrigation is also used in dry season.

(iii) Shady Trees. Coffee can’t stand direct sunshine. Therefore coffee trees are planted under shady trees such as bananas.

(iv) Soils. Coffee needs deep, fertile soil. It should contain iron, potash and organic content. Lava soils and deep loams are suitable.

(v) Land. Coffee grows best on well-drained hill slopes. Most of coffee is grown at height up to 1000 metres.

(vi) Cheap Labour. Coffee has to be hand picked. Therefore a large, cheap labour is required. The transplanting, pruning, harvesting and processing of coffee need a large supply of human labour.

(vii) Absence of disease. Most of the coffee plantations have been destroyed due to insects like beetle. So plant protection from diseases is necessary.

India. Coffee was introduced by a Muslim faqir named Baba Boodan’. Coffee plantations were started in 1830 in Chick-mangloor district (Karnataka). India produces about two lakh tonne coffee on the area of 2 lakh hectares. About 60% of the total production is exported through the ports of Kozhi-Kode, Chennai

and Mangaluru. India earns a foreign exchange of about ₹ 1500 crores by this export.

Areas of Cultivation: Cool climate doesn’t encourage coffee cultivation in Northern India. Coffee is mostly grown in the hills and plateaus of Southern India in Shimoga, Kadoor, Hassan and Coorg districts (Nilgiris in Karnataka).

Question 6.
Analyse the geographical conditions required for the cultivation of Sugarcane. Describe the major producing areas of Sugarcane in India.
Answer:
Sugar is an important item in man’s food. Sugar is most widely liked and used in the world. This luxury item has a universal demand. The two main sources of sugar are sugarcane and sugar beet. About 5% sugar of the world is obtained from sugarcane. It is a commercial and industrial crop. Many products like Gur, Molasses, Paper, Wax and Fertilizers are prepared from sugarcane. India is considered the native place of sugarcane.

Conditions of Growth. Sugarcane is a plant of hot and wet tropical region.
(i) Temperature. High temperatures between 21°C and 27°C are required throughout the year. It is grown in a long sunny growing season. Frost and cloudiness are harmful for sugarcane.

(ii) Rainfall. A rainfall of 100 to 175 cms. is required. The harvesting period should be dry. Sugarcane is grown under irrigation in dry areas.

(iii) Soils. Sugarcane is grown well on deep, fertile soils which can retain moisture. Alluvial soils, volcanic soils and calcareous (Limestone) soils are best suited for the growth of sugarcane.

(iv) Cheap Labour. Large supply of cheap labour is required mainly at the harvest time.

(v) Land. Sugarcane is cultivated on level, well- drained low lands. Such areas provide easy transportation, irrigation and use of machines.

(vi) Sea-Breezes. In coastal areas, sea breezes are useful. These increase the sugar content.

(vii) Use of fertilisers. Soils are kept fertile with the use of fertilisers. It gives high yields.

Major Sugarcane Producing Areas:

India. India is the second largest and the oldest sugarcane producer (23%) in the world. India has the largest acreage (33%) under sugarcane in the world. But the yield is low. In India, favourable conditions are found in Southern India. This region with hot- wet climate gives better yield. About 60% of sugarcane  is produced in Northern plain due to fertile soils. India produces about 2900 lakh metric ton sugarcane on an area of 33 lakh hectares.

Areas of Cultivation: The sugar belt of India extends from Gurdaspur (Punjab) to Darbhanga (Bihar), Uttar Pradesh with a production of 88 lakh tonnes, is the largest producer of sugarcane in India. It is grown in Doab, Terai and Gorakhpur region. Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra, Punjab and Bihar are other main producers of sugarcane.

Question 7.
Describe the conditions of growth, production and distribution of Millets in India.
Answer:
Millets
(i) Jowar. Jowar ranks third in area among foodgrains. Jowar can be grown in semi-arid and arid having rainfall under 45 cms. High temperature is necessary for its growth. It is generally grown on poor soils and in precarious rainfall zones. Jowar is both kharif and rabi crop. About 7.0 million hectares (5.3%) are devoted to this crop in India. Thanks to the hybrid seeds, its production increased.

Jowar is grown throughout the peninsular India but its notable concentration is on heavy or medium black soils and in regions with annual rainfall under 100 cms. Half (50.1%) of the jowar cropped area of the country is in Maharashtra. Karnataka (21.2%), Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu and Madhya Pradesh are also major jowar producers.

(ii) Bajra. Bajra, an inferior millet crop, is grown on lighter soils and drier conditions than jowar, and therefore, does well on well-drained sandy, loamy soils and shallow black soils. Marusthali and Aravalli hills of Rajasthan, south-western Haryana, Chambal basin, south-western Uttar Pradesh; Kachchh, Kathiawar and northern Gujarat, and rain shadow area of Western Ghats of Maharashtra are important areas of bajra cultivation. It is also a rainfed kharif crop.

Bajra occupies 7.6 million hectares (about 5.0%) of cropped area of the country. Its production increased to 4.6 million tonnes. Rajasthan, is the largest bajra producing state in the country. Uttar Pradesh Maharashtra, Gujarat, and Haryana are other important producers of bajra.

(iii) Maize. Maize occupies 3.6 per cent of the cropped area of the country. Its production was 10.3 million tonnes. Both the area and production have increased rapidly. Use of yield raising hybrid strains, fertilisers, and irrigation helped in enhancing productivity. Production of maize has increased ten times between 1951 and 2001.

Maize is cultivated throughout the country. Karnataka ranks first in production, followed by Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and Andhra Pradesh. Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Gujarat, and Himachal Pradesh are other producers.

(iv) Pulses. Pulses are the main source of protein in Indian diet. They are leguminous crops and enhance soil fertility by fixing. Nitrogen Pulses need less moisture and survive even in dry conditions. Tur (pigeonpea), urd (black gram), moong (green gram), and moth (brown gram) are major kharif crops and gram, peas, tur, masoor (lentil) and urd are rabi crops. Their production rose from 8.4 million tonnes to 11.4 million tonnes.

(v) Gram is the principal pulse crop in the country. The major gram growing areas are the Malwa plateau of Madhya Pradesh, north-eastern Rajasthan and southern Uttar Pradesh. Madhya Pradesh produces more than two-fifths (40.8%) of the total gram output in the country, Uttar Pradesh is next to it (19.6%).

Tur is another important pulse crop. Major tur producers are Maharashtra and Uttar Pradesh. The distribution of other pulse crops varies widely. Uttar Pradesh produced 2.2 million tonnes (20.3%) of pulses, and thus was the largest producer of pulses in the country. Madhya Pradesh (19.5%), and Maharashtra (15.3%) are other major pulse producing states.

Question 8.
What is Green Revolution ? What are its effects ?
Answer:
Green Revolution. Since the 1960s a new strategy has beer used for the intensive agricultural development in India. It has led to a rapid increase in the production of foodgrains in the country. A revolution has taken place in the agricultural methods and technology.

This revolution is known as Green Revolution. It includes the use of better quality seeds, high yielding varieties, chemical fertilisers, agricultural machinery, and to provide irrigation facilities. It has led to a complete modernisation of Indian agriculture.

This strategy was introduced to do away with food shortage and import of foodgrains. In 1965, the total production of foodgrains was 90 million tonnes. It became essential to increase the cropped area total production and yield per hectare. Wonderful results were achieved through Green Revolution. The total production of foodgrains in 2005-2006 has increased to above 230 million tonnes. In fact, Green Revolution has been a grain revolution.

It is clear from the following table :

Year	Foodgrains production (Million tonnes)
1966—67	74
1970—71	107
1977—78	110
1980—81	111
1984—35	150
1989—90	175
2005—06	230
2015—16	280

The adoption of Green Revolution has given a boost to agricultural development in many aspects such as— (i) The cropped area has increased due to multiple cropping.

(ii) The use of high yielding varieties of wheat and rice like Kalyan, Sonalika, Jaya, Ratna, etc. has led to increased yields per hectare. The yield of wheat rose from 13 quintal per hectare to 33 quintal per hectare in Punjab. In case of rice, a 45% increase in productivity was obtained in Andhra Pradesh.

(iii) The use of extensive irrigation increased the total production of foodgrains.

(iv) Use of chemical fertilisers led to higher yield per hectare.

(v) Massive programme of farm mechanisation, use of better quality seeds, and pesticides, use of agricultural implements has led to the success of Green Revolution.

Social effects: The standard of living of farmers has risen due to increase in per capita income. Tractor is a common asset in Punjab. Literacy has risen among the farmers. Recreation facilities are increasing due to Green Revolution.

It has not been possible to apply Green Revolution all over the country. Due to inadequate facilities of irrigation, fertilisers, lack of capital to purchase machinery, uneconomic size of land holdings, the sm all farmers could not take the advantage of Green Revolution.

Question 9.
‘Inspite of significant I development, Indian Agriculture suffers from some problems? Explain.
Or
“Erratic monsoons and indebtness” are the major problems of Indians for agricultureSuggest and explain the measures to overcome these problems.
Or
Describe the major challenges of I agriculture in present india.
Or
“Lack of Land reforms and degradation I of cultivable land are the major problems of Indian agriculture.” Substantiate the ; statement.
Or
“Erratic monsoon and low productivity are the major problems of Indian ; agriculture.” Substantiate the ; statement.
Answer:
Problems of Indian Agriculture. Though Herculean efforts are being made for agricultural development, productivity of crops, however, is still low in comparison to the developed countries of the world. This situation is the result of the interplay of several factors. These are grouped into four classes: (i) environmental
(ii) economic
(iii) institutional, and
(iv) technological.

(i) Environmental Factors. The most serious problem is the erratic nature of the monsoon. Temperature remains high throughout the year. Therefore, crops can be grown all the year round if sufficient water could be supplied regularly. But it is not possible because major portion of the country receives rainfall during 3-4 months and rainfall amount and its seasonal and regional distribution are highly variable.

This situation affects the agricultural development. Major part of the country is sub-humid, sub-arid and arid as far as amount of rainfall is concerned. These regions suffer from frequent occurrences of droughts. Development of irrigation and water harvesting can raise productivity of these regions.

(ii) Economic factors. Investment in agriculture, use of inputs such as HYV, fertilisers etc. and transport facilities constitute economic factors. On account of lack of marketing facilities or non availability of loan on fair rate of interest, the cultivators are not able to invest the requisite resources in agriculture. This results in low productivity. In fact the pressure of population on land is continuously increasing. Consequently, per capita cropped land has declined from 0.444 hectare in 1921 to 0.296 hectare in 1961 and 0,219 hectare in 1991. The land holdings being small, the capacity to invest is also low.

(iii) Institutional factors. Increasing pressure of population is responsible for the sub-division and fragmentation of holdings. In 1961-62, about 52% of total holdings were marginal and small (below 2 ha. in size). In 1990-91, the percentage reached to 78% of the total holdings. Most of these holdings are also fragmented into a number of tiny plots. The uneconomic size of holdings is one of the major obstacles in the way of modernisation of agriculture. Land tenure system also does not favour large scale investment by tenants because of the insecurity of tenure.

(iv) Technological factors. Agricultural techniques are old and inefficient. Wooden plough and bullocks are still used by a majority of farmers. Mechanization is very limited. Use of fertilisers and HYV of seeds are also limited. Only one-third of the cropped area could be provided irrigation facilities. Its distribution is not in accordance with the deficit

Question 10.
Review any five measures adopted to solve the problems of Indian agriculture.
Answer:
Agriculture is a very important sector of Indian economy. In spite of the phenomenal progress particularly since the 1960s, Indian agriculture still suffers from several serious problems, such as :

(1) Dependence on Erratic Monsoon : Unfortunately, most parts of the India receive rainfall in 3 – 4 months of the rainy season and rest of the year is practically dry, large (parts) of the country do not receive sufficient amount of rainfall. Such areas can give high agricultural productivity if sufficient arrangements for irrigation and water harvesting are made.

(2) Low Productivity : Yields of almost all the crops in India is very low. High pressure of population results in low labour productivity. We have to use HYV seeds and fertilizes to increase the productivity.

(3) Small Farm Size: Small land holdings is major obstacle in the way of modernisation of agriculture. These are some states where consolidation of holding has not yet been carried out even once.

(4) Lack of Commercialisation : Indian agriculture is still of subsistence type. Foodgrains produced by small and marginal farmers are just sufficient to meet the requirement of the family members of the farmers. Irrigation and modern farm techniques has spread to the country at a rapid pace.

(5) Lack of development of rural infrastructure, withdrawal of subsidies and price support and crop rotation etc., reduce the regional imbalances if these implement properly.

In This Post we are  providing  CHAPTER 14 HUMAN SETTLEMENTNCERT MOST IMPORTANT QUESTIONS for Class 12 GEOGRAPHY INDIA- PEOPLE AND ECONOMY which will be beneficial for students. These solutions are updated according to 2021-22 syllabus. These MCQS  can be really helpful in the preparation of Board exams and will provide you with a brief knowledge of the chapter

NCERT MOST IMPORTANT QUESTIONS ON HUMAN SETTLEMENT

Question 1.
Describe any five patterns of rural settlements in the world on the basis of forms and shapes.
OR
Explain any five patterns of rural settlements in the world with the help of suitable diagram
OR
Name five patterns of rural settlements on the basis of forms or shapes developed in different regions of the world. Write one characteristic of each.
Answer:
Patterns of rural settlements reflect the way the houses are sited in relation to each other. The site of the village, the surrounding topography and terrain influence the size and shape of a village.

The patterns of rural settlements on the basis of forms and shapes are:
Linear Pattern In such settlements, houses are located along a road, river, canal edge of a valley or along a levee.

Rectangular/ Cross-shape Pattern Such patterns of rural settlements are found in the plain areas or wide intermontane valleys. The roads are rectangular and cut each other at right angles.

Circular Pattern Circular villages develop around lakes, tanks and some times the village is planned in such a way that the central part remains open and is used for keeping the animals to protect them from wild animals.

Star-like Pattern Where several roads converge, star-shaped settlements develop by the houses built along the roads.

T-Shaped, Y-shaped, Cross-Shaped or Cruciform Settlements T-shaped settlements develop at tri-junction of the roads while Y-shaped settlements emerge as the places where two roads converge on the third-one and houses are built along these roads. Cruciform settlements develop on the crossroads and houses extend in all the four directions.

Double Village These settlements extend on both sides of a river where there is a bridge or a ferry.

Question 2.
Explain any five major problems of the rural settlements in the developing countries of the world.
OR
Explain the meaning of rural settlements. Describe any four problems related to rural settlements of the world.
Answer:
Rural settlements are closely and directly related settlements to land. The primary occupation of these settlements is dominated by agriculture, animal husbandry, fishing, etc.

Rural settlements are now facing various problems which are as follows:
Scarcity of Water The villages of developing countries lacks proper water supply. Particularly, people from the mountainous area have to bring drinking water from long distances. Waterborne diseases like cholera and jaundice are prevalent in the villages of developing countries.

Improper Housing Facilities Houses in the rural areas of the developing countries are not properly ventilated. They are designed in such a way that animal sheds along with its fodder are kept within the houses. Pattern design and building materials are not according to ecological requirement. For instance, houses in areas prone to heavy rainfalls and flood are made up of mud, wood and thatch.

Lack of General Facilities Lack of sanitation facilities (i.e. toilet facilities garbage disposal facilities, etc) which cause health-related problems.

Lack of Connectivity Road networks is very primitive because roads are unmetalled and lack in a modem communication network. Due to lack of road network, rainy season cuts off the settlement and causes difficulties in providing emergency services.

Lack of Infrastructure Most of the villages has to face serious problems due to poor villagisation and extension of villages over a large area but in a scattered manner. South Asian villages face the situation like flood and drought which also affect the crop cultivation due to lack of irrigation facilities. In the developing countries, rural settlements lack proper infrastructure which causes great challenge and opportunity for planners.

Question 3.
Explain any five factors that affect the location of rural settlements of the World.
Answer:
The location of moral settlements is affected by the following factors:
Water Supply Generally, settlements are founded near water bodies like rivers, lakes and springs for water availability as water is needed for drinking, cooking, irrigation, etc. Water bodies provide fish as a food source and they are navigable too.

Land Fertile land is preferred by the people for the settlements because fertile lands are best suited for agriculture in Europe. Villages are found near the rolling country, avoiding swampy, low lying land whereas, in South-East Asia, people are located near low lying river valleys and coastal plains, best suited for rice cultivation.

Upland It is chosen for settlement because it prevents damage to houses and loss of life by a flood. It is a basically drypoint which prefers to settle on terraces and levees. People in tropical countries make their houses on stilts near marshy lands to avoid flood, insects and animal pests.

Building Material Wood and stone used as building material possess another advantage of settlements. Earlier, these villages grew after forest clearing. For instance, cave-dwelling were important in loess (sediment) areas of China. Houses in Africa are made up of mud bricks. Similarly, polar regions have Eskimos who build their houses by ice blocks i.e. igloos.

Defence At the time of political instability, war, the hostility of neighbouring groups, villages were built on hills and island for adherence of defence, e.g. upstanding inselbergs in Nigeria formed good defensive sites. Most of the forts in India are located on highland or hills.

Question 4.
Classify urban settlements on the basis of size, functions and services available into five categories and explain an important characteristic of each type.
OR
Name the five types of urban settlements in the world. Write one main feature of each type.
Answer:
Urban centres are chosen as a town, city, conurbation, megalopolis, million cities on the basis of size, availability of services and functions. These are the features of urban centres too.

The five types of urban settlements in the world and their main features are as follows:
Town The concept of ‘town’ can be understood with the act of looking at a village. They specialised in functions such as manufacturing, retail, wholesale, trade and professional services.

City A leading town which has transformed multi-functions regarded as a city which has become better, greater or larger than local or regional rivals. They foster to have transport terminals, major financial institutions and regional administration offices.

Conurbation In 1915, Patrick Geddes coined the term conurbation which means separated large area or urban development joining towns or cities. For instance, Greater London Manchester, Chicago and Tokyo.

Megalopolis In 1957, Jean Gottman popularised the term megalopolis which is a Greek word meaning great city. The term shows the extension of the super metropolitan region as a union of the conurbation. For instance, an urban landscape which is stretching from Boston in the North to the South of Washington in the USA is the best example of a megalopolis.

Million City The cities in the world are moving and growing day-by-day as never before. For instance, in 1800, London reached the million mark, Paris in 1850, New York in 1860 and in 1950 there was the number of cities crossing the million mark (i.e. 80 such cities). The number of million cities growing with the rate of increase which has been seen in three fold in every three decades.

Question 5.
Classify human settlements of the world into two types by their shapes. Explain any two features of each.
OR
What is a settlement? Classify settlements of the world on the basis of their shape into two categories. Mention any three characteristics of each.
Answer:
Human settlement refers to the cluster or group of human houses. These houses may vary from a small hut to a large house of any type or size.

They can be a temporary or permanent inhabited place which might be designed or redesigned. Every settlement is different from other in size, type and function but settlements are moving in continuity with time and space.

Settlements can be divided into two types on the basis of shape:
Compact/Nucleated Settlements
Characteristics of the nucleated/compact settlement are:

• In this type of settlement, houses are built very close to each other.
• It is found along river valleys and in fertile plains.
• People in communities are tied or linked together and share their common occupations.

Dispersed Settlements
Characteristics of dispersed settlements are:

• Houses in this settlement are spaced far apart and often interspersed with fields.
• These are dispersed but binds the settlement together through cultural features such as a place of worship or a market.
• The dispersed settlements are found in the form of few huts in remote jungles, hills with farms or pastures.

Question 6.
What are rural settlements? What are the two types of rural settlements in the world? How are they different from each other? Give three points of distinction.
Answer:
Rural settlements consist of villages in which most of the people are closely and directly related to land. They are dominated by primary activities. The two types of rural settlements in the world are compact or nucleated settlement and dispersed settlement.

Differences between compact settlements and dispersed settlements are as follows:

Compact Settlements	Dispersed Settlements
Spacing between houses is less as compared to dispersed settlements.	Spacing between houses is more as compared to compact settlements.
Fertile plains and river valleys are ideal for the development of this type of settlements.	Forested areas and areas having extreme temperature are ideal for the development of this type of settlements.
Compact and congested houses with a narrow street pattern are some features of this type of settlements.	Houses can be seen as isolated huts in remote jungle and hills with large farm and pastures.
Usually, people practise cultivation.	Usually, people rear their animals.
The population is more and it creates high pressure on available cultivable land.	The population is less and their pressure on land is negligible.

Question 7.
Explain any five major environmental problems related to urban settlements > in the developing countries. (Delhi 2009)
Answer:
Environmental problems related to urban settlements are as follows:

• The large urban population in developing countries not only uses but also disposes of a huge quantity of water and all types of waste materials.
• The massive use of traditional fuel in domestic and industrial sectors severely pollutes the air.
• An improper sewerage system creates unhealthy conditions.
• The domestic and industrial wastes are either let into the general sewerage or dumped without treatment at unspecified locations.
• Huge concrete structures created to accommodate the population also generate a lot of heat, thus creating environmental problems.

Question 8.
Classify human settlements of the world into two categories. Mention four characteristics of each category. (All Indio 2009)
Answer:
There are two categories of human settlement, which are described below:

Rural Settlements They are close to land and have direct contact with the natural environment. Dwellers are mostly engaged in primary activities such as agriculture, fishing and mining. The pressure of population on land is less.

Characteristics of rural settlements are as follows:

1. The main economic activities of dwellers are cultivation, fishing, animal husbandry, forestry and other primary activities.
2. Houses are built far from each other i.e. spacing between the houses is more.
3. Agriculture and other products in rural area support industries of urban areas. Rural area not only supports its population but also of urban areas in terms of food requirement.
4. Social bonds in rural areas are one and life is simple.

Urban Settlements Urban settlements are centres of industries and services. Most of the dwellers i.e. about 75% are engaged in these activities. The pressure of population is more on land as they have a high density of population. Towns, cities, etc are examples of urban settlements Characteristics of urban settlements are as follows:

1. (z) Unlike rural dwellers, urban people are engaged in secondary, tertiary and quaternary activities such as manufacturing, trade, transport, services, research and development.
2. Industries in urban areas are run by the raw material provided by rural areas and in return, they provide finished products and their services to rural people.
3. Houses are closely built to each other i.e. spacing between the houses is less.
4. Social bonds in urban areas are formal and life is complex, fast and surrounded by various problems.

Map-Based Questions

Question 9.
Identify the following on the given political map of the world.
(i) A megacity. (Delhi 2016)
(ii) A megacity, (All India 2016)
(iii) A megacity, (AH India 2015)
(iv) A megacity. (Delhi 2015)
(v) A megacity. (Delhi 2011)
(vi) The important mega city of Pakistan. (Delhi 2009)

Answer:

Question 10.
Identify the following on the given political map of the world,
(i) A megacity. (Delhi 2012.2008)
(ii) A megacity, (AH India 2011)
(iii) A megacity, (AH Indio 2010)
(iv) The megacity. (Delhi 2010)
(v) The important mega city of Iran. (All India 2009)

Answer:

In This Post we are  providing  CHAPTER 11 POPULATION: DISTRIBUTION, DENSITY, GROWTH AND POPULATION NCERT MCQ for Class 12 GEOGRAPHY INDIA- PEOPLE AND ECONOMY which will be beneficial for students. These solutions are updated according to 2021-22 syllabus. These MCQS  can be really helpful in the preparation of Board exams and will provide you with a brief knowledge of the chapter

NCERT MCQ ON POPULATION: DISTRIBUTION, DENSITY, GROWTH AND POPULATION

Question 1.
The average density of population of IndIa (2011) is per km.
(A) 216
(B) 382
(C) 221
(D) 324

Answer: (B) 382

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Question 2.
Which state has the largest population?
(A) Uttar Pradesh
(B) West Bengal
(C) Kerala
(D) Punjab

Answer: (A) Uttar Pradesh

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Question 3.
Which state has the highest density of population?
(A) Haryana
(B) Uttar Pradesh
(C) West Bengal
(D) Bihar

Answer: (D) Bihar

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Question 4.
Which state has the highest sex ratio?
(A) Kerala
(B) Himachal Pradesh
(C) Odisha
(D) Tamil Nadu

Answer: (A) Kerala

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Question 5.
Where does India rank as a world population?
(A) First
(B) Second
(C) Fifth
(D) Seventh

Answer: (B) Second

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Question 6.
The growth of population rate per decade is.
(A) 15.3%
(B) 17.3%
(C) 17.6%
(D) 21.3%

Answer: (C) 17.6%

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Question 7.
When was the first census held in India?
(A) 1871
(B) 1881
(C) 1891
(D) 1861

Answer: (B) 1881

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Question 8.
How much percent of World’s population is in India?
(A) 10.7%
(B) 12.7%
(C) 16.7%
(D) 18.7%

Answer: (C) 16.7%

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Question 9.
Which state has the lowest population?
(A) Punjab
(B) Sikkim
(C) Assam
(D) Rajasthan

Answer: (B) Sikkim

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Question 10.
Which state has the lowest density of population?
(A) Haryana
(B) Rajasthan
(C) Arunachal
(D) Mizoram

Answer: (C) Arunachal

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Question 11.
How many Million Plus towns are there in India (in 2001)?
(A) 25
(B) 27
(C) 30
(D) 54

Answer: (D) 54

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Question 12.
What is the average sex ratio In India (2011)?
(A) 910
(B) 923
(C) 940
(D) 953

Answer: (C) 940

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Question 13.
What is life expectancy in India?
(A) 55 years
(B) 60 years
(C) 66 years
(D) 70 years

Answer: (C) 66 years

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Question 14.
The literacy rate in India is:
(A) 55%
(B) 60%
(C) 74%
(D) 67%

Answer: (C) 74%

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Question 15.
In how many years India’s population will be doubled?
(A) 32 years
(B) 34 years
(C) 36 years
(D) 38 years

Answer: (C) 36 years

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In This Post we are  providing  CHAPTER 12 MIGRATION : TYPES , CAUSES AND CONSEQUENCES NCERT MCQ for Class 12 GEOGRAPHY INDIA- PEOPLE AND ECONOMY which will be beneficial for students. These solutions are updated according to 2021-22 syllabus. These MCQS  can be really helpful in the preparation of Board exams and will provide you with a brief knowledge of the chapter

NCERT MCQ ON MIGRATION : TYPES , CAUSES AND CONSEQUENCES

Question 1. In which stream, female migration is highest?

(a) Rural to Rural
(b) Rural to Urban
(c) Urban to Urban
(d) Urban to Rural

Answer (a)

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Question 2. When was for the first time migration recorded in the Census of India?

(a) 1881
(b) 1891
(c) 1981
(d) 1991Show Answer

Answer (a)

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Question 3. which sector do the immigrants mostly work?

(a) Agriculture
(b) Industry
(c) Services
(d) Others

Answer(b)

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Question 4. The migrants in India (2001 census) are:

(a) 10.7 crores
(b) 15.7 crores
(c) 20.7 crores
(d) 30.7 crores

Answer (d)

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Question 5. Which one of the following Urban Agglomeration (UA) has the highest share in-migrant population?

(a) Mumbai UA
(b) Delhi UA
(c) Bengaluru UA
(d) Chennai UA

Answer (a)

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Question 6: What are the causes of migration?

a) Push factors

b) Pull factors

c) Both

d) None 

Answer : C

Question 7: How many streams of migration?

a) 1

b) 2

c) 3

d) 4 

Answer : D

Question 8 : Which of the following cities, who receives highest no. of migrants?

a) Mumbai

b) New Delhi

c) Calcutta

d) Chennai 

Answer : A

Question 9: Which states of India receives highest amount of remittances from migrators?

a) Kerala

b) Punjab

c) Haryana

d) Bihar 

Answer : A

Question 10: In which sector do the immigrants mostly work?

a) Agriculture

b) Industry

c) Services

d) Others 

Answer : B

Question 11: Do you know the legislation for migrant in Europe, USA and Australia?

a) Yes

b) No

c) Partially

d) Not at all 

Answer : A

Question 12: Which state of India, receives maximum migrants?

a) Maharashtra

b) Punjab

c) Haryana

d) Gujrat 

Answer : A

Question 13: What are the main reason behind male migration in India from rural to urban areas?

a) Employment

b) Marriage

c) Education

d) All 

Answer : A

Question 14: What are the main reason behind female migration in India?

a) Marriage

b) Education

c) Health

d) Job 

Answer : A

Question 15: What are the causes of migration?

a) Poverty

b) Education

c) Health

d) All

Answer : D