In This Post we are providing CHAPTER 20 TRANSPORT AND COMMUNICATION CONTEXTNCERT MCQ for Class 12 GEOGRAPHY INDIA- PEOPLE AND ECONOMYwhich will be beneficial for students. These solutions are updated according to 2021-22 syllabus. These MCQS can be really helpful in the preparation of Board exams and will provide you with a brief knowledge of the chapter
NCERT MCQON TRANSPORT AND COMMUNICATION
Question 1: When was the Border Roads Development Organisation (BRO) set up? a) April 1951 b) April 1952 c) April 1955 d) May 1960
Answer : D
Question 2: Which one of the following places is famous for production of railways coaches? a) Nasik b) Kapurthala c) Kanpur d) Kochi
Answer : B
Question 3: The cheapest and fastest means of land transport is: a) Buses b) Cars c) Railways d) None of these
Answer : C
Question 4: Jawahar Tunnel on Jammu-Srinagar highway passes through- a) Pir Panjal range b) Karakoram Range c) Zaskar range d) Dhauladhar range
Answer : A
Question 5: The National highways system is the responsibility of? a) State Governments b) Central Government c) A Special Roads Authority d) State and Central Governments
Answer : B
Question 6Which is the longest railway platform in India as of 2019? a) Gorakhpur b) Kollam c) Kharagpur d) Bilaspur
Answer : A
Question 7: The first aircraft was invented in __. a) 1803 b) 1903 c) 1830 d) 1930
Answer : B
Question 8: Indira Gandhi International Airport is at a) Kolkata b) Mumbai c) Delhi d) Chennai
Answer : C
Question 9: The Big Trunk Route runs through: a) The Mediterranean-Indian ocean b) The North Atlantic Ocean c) The South Atlantic Ocean d) The North Pacific Ocean
Answer : B
Question 10: Gateway is the name given to a) Harbour b) Port c) Dock d) Tidal port
Answer : B
Question 11: Indian Railways are divided into how many zones? a) 17 b) 18 c) 19 d) 20
Answer : A
Question 12: Which railway line runs along the Indian west coast parallel to the Arabian Sea and the Western Ghats? a) South Central Railway b) Konkan Railways c) Southern Railway d) South Eastern Railway
Answer : B
Question 12: National ship design and research center, a premier national institution is located at a) Vishakapatnam b) Mangalore c) Cochin d) Kandla
Answer : A
Question 13: Which one among the following has the largest shipyard in India? a) Kolkata b) Kochi c) Mumbai d) Vishakhapatnam
Answer : B
Question 14: Kochi in Kerala is the example of which port of the following a) Tidal Port b) Natural Harbour c) Artificial Harbour d) Recently developed
Answer : B
Question 15: When was Shipping Corporation of India Ltd. established? a) October 2, 1961 b) October 27, 1986 c) September 18, 1992 d) January 26, 1998
In This Post we are providing CHAPTER 21INTERNATIONAL TRADE NCERT MCQ for Class 12 GEOGRAPHY INDIA- PEOPLE AND ECONOMYwhich will be beneficial for students. These solutions are updated according to 2021-22 syllabus. These MCQS can be really helpful in the preparation of Board exams and will provide you with a brief knowledge of the chapter
NCERT MCQON INTERNATIONAL TRADE
Question 1: What are the components of International trade?
(a) Volume
(b) Composition
(c) Direction
(d) All
Answer : D
Question 2: Which is the largest trading partner of India?
(a) UAE
(b) USA
(c) CHINA
(d) JAPAN
Answer : C
Question 3: Which of the following is a Oil port?
(a) Tripoli
(b) Mumbai
(c) London
(d) New York
Answer : A
Question 4: Where is WTO Headquarter located?
(a)Geneva
(b) Rome
(c) Hegue
(d) Paris
Answer : A
Question 5: Where is the headquarter of OPE(c)
(a) Vienna
(b) Singapore
(c) Jakarta
(d) Mumbai
Answer : A
Question 6: India’s balance of trade is negative due to
(a) Overpopulation
(b) high price of crude oil
(c) liberal policies of government
(d) all of above
Answer : D
Question 7: Which of the following is not an item of India s export
(a) agriculture and allied products
(b) paperboard and newspaper
(c) ores and minerals
(d) manufactured goods
Answer : B
Question 8: Which of the following is not a major trading partner of India
(a) South Africa
(b) U. S. A.
(c) U. A. E.
(d) China
Answer : A
Question 9: Diamond harbor is on the river
(a) Mahanadi
(b) Damodar
(c) Hugli
(d) Subernrekha
Answer : C
Question 10: Offshore terminal at Vadinar belongs to
(a) Marmagao
(b) Kandla
(c) Haldia
(d) Kochi
Answer : B
Question 11: Deepest harbor for large vessels is
(a) Paradwip
(b) Vishakhapatnam
(c) J L Nehru
(d) Tuticorin
Answer : A
Question 12: Silt accumulation is problem of this port
In This Post we are providing CHAPTER 22 GEOGRAPHICAL PERSPECTIVE ON SELECTED ISSUES AND PROBLEMSNCERT MCQ for Class 12 GEOGRAPHY INDIA- PEOPLE AND ECONOMYwhich will be beneficial for students. These solutions are updated according to 2021-22 syllabus. These MCQS can be really helpful in the preparation of Board exams and will provide you with a brief knowledge of the chapter
NCERT MCQON GEOGRAPHICAL PERSPECTIVE ON SELECTED ISSUESAND PROBLEMS
Question 1. What is the main source of pollution? (A) Solid waste (B) Crops (Q Animals (D) Forests
Answer: (A) Solid waste
Question 2. Which is the natural source of air pollution? (A) Man (B) Water (C) Agriculture (D) Volcanoes
Answer: (D) Volcanoes
Question 3. What is the source of pollution along the banks of Ganga? (A) Leather industry (B) Paper industry (C) Gases (D) Waste
Answer: (A) Leather industry
Question 4. Which town along the banks of Yamuna is polluted? (A) Lucknow (B) Mathura (C) Kanpur (D) Varanasi
Answer: (B) Mathura
Question 5. What is the unit for measuring noise pollution? (A) Millibar (B) Decibal (C) Decimetre (D) Centimetre
Answer: (B) Decibal
Question 6. In which Dharavi stream is located? (A) Karnataka (B) Gujarat (C) Maharashtra (D) Rajasthan
Answer: (C) Maharashtra
Question 7. Land degradation is not the result of: (A) Erosion (B) Salinity (C) Alkalinity (D) Forests
Answer: (D) Forests
Question 8. The wasteland in India covers: (A) 7.5% (B) 10.5% (C) 15.9% (D) 25.15%
Question 9. Jhabua district is located in: (A) Karnataka (B) Madhya Pradesh (C) Chhattisgarh (D) Jharkhand
Answer: (B) Madhya Pradesh
Question 10. By 2050, how many people will live in towns? (A) 1/4th (B) 1/3rd (C) 2/3rd (D) 3/4th
Answer: (C) 2/3rd
Question 11. Which one of the following rivers is highly polluted? (A) the Brahmaputra (B) the Yamuna (C) Satluj (D) Godavari
Answer: (C) Yamuna
Question 12. Which one of the following diseases is caused by water pollution? (A) Conjunctivitis (B) Respiratory infections (C) Diarrhoea (D) Bronchitis
Answer: (B) Diarrhoea
Question 13. Which one of the following is the cause of acid rain? (A) Water pollution (B) Noise pollution (C) Land pollution (D) Air pollution.
Answer: (A) Air Pollution
Question 14. Push and pull factors are responsible for: (A) Migration (B) Slums (C) Land degradation (D) Air pollution
Answer: (A) Migration
Question 15:
Which one of the following river is highly polluted-
In This Post we are providing CHAPTER 22 GEOGRAPHICAL PERSPECTIVE ON SELECTED ISSUES AND PROBLEMSNCERT MOST IMPORTANT QUESTIONS for Class 12 GEOGRAPHY INDIA- PEOPLE AND ECONOMY which will be beneficial for students. These solutions are updated according to 2021-22 syllabus. These MCQS can be really helpful in the preparation of Board exams and will provide you with a brief knowledge of the chapter
NCERT MOST IMPORTANT QUESTIONSON GEOGRAPHICAL PERSPECTIVE ON SELECTED ISSUES AND PROBLEMS
Question 1. How is environment pollution caused? Mention four types of pollution responsible for environmental degradation. Answer: Pollution is the contamination of the environment by the introduction of contaminants that can cause damage to the environment and harm or discomfort to humans or other living species.
It is the addition of another form of any substance or form of energy to the environment at a faster rate than that the environment can accommodate it by dispersion, breakdown recycling or shortage in some harmless form.
The four types of pollution which are responsible for environmental degradation are as follows:
Water pollution
Air pollution
Land pollution
Noise pollution
Question 2. How do industries pollute India’s water bodies? Explain with examples. Answer: Wastewater, poisonous gases, chemical residuals, numerous heavy metals, dust, smoke, etc from industries contribute to water pollution. During the last fifty years, the number of industries in India has grown rapidly. But water pollution is concentrated within a few sub-sections, mainly in the form of toxic wastes and organic pollutants.
Most of these defaulting industries are leather, pulp and paper, textiles, chemicals, sugar mills, distilleries and thermal power stations. Not all industries have treatment facilities for industrial effluents. As small scale industries cannot afford enormous investments in pollution control equipment as their profit margin is very slender.
Question 3. What is noise pollution? Explain any four sources of noise. OR Describe three main sources of noise pollution in India. OR How has noise pollution become hazardous in many big cities of India? Explain with examples. Answer: Noise pollution refers to a noise that causes a condition which is unbearable and uncomfortable for human beings. After technological innovations, it has become a serious problem, especially in urban areas.
The noise can be from various sources such as:
Factories, mechanised construction and demolition works, aircraft, automobiles loudspeaker, siren, etc.
The noise produced by traffic is a major source of noise pollution. It creates a huge inconvenience to the people. Intensity and nature of noise made by traffic are dependent on various factors such as type of vehicle, (aircraft, train, etc) condition of road and condition of the vehicle (in case of automobiles).
In sea traffic, noise pollution is limited to the harbour because of the loading and unloading activities of containers.
Noise pollution from industries is also a serious problem, but its intensity varies because of some factors such as types of industry, types of machines and tools, etc.
Question 4. Explain any three consequences of air pollution. OR Explain any three effects of air pollution on human life. OR Explain any three ill effects of air pollution ‘on human health in India. Answer: The main consequences of air pollution are as follows:
Air pollution is responsible for many diseases that cause harm to our respiratory, nervous and circulatory systems.
Air pollution is responsible for creating a smoky fog over cities which is known as urban smog. It also has negative effects on human health.
Air pollution is also responsible for acid rains. The first rain after summers in urban area always shows acidic nature of rainwater i.e. it shows a lower pH level than the subsequent rain.
Air pollution may be harmful to flora and fauna and to property.
Question 5. Why is the urban waste disposal a serious problem in India? Explain any three reasons. OR Analyse three problems arising as a result of urban waste disposal. OR Explain any three problems caused by urban waste disposal in India. OR Explain any three major problems associated with urban waste disposal in India, OR Explain with examples any three major problems associated with urban waste disposal in India. Answer: Mismanagement and environmental problem related to solid waste have now become a major problem, in India, most of the solid wastes are not collected properly.
Impacts of improper management of solid wastes are.
Solid wastes are a threat to human health and can cause various diseases. It creates the foul smell and it harbours flies and rodents that can cause typhoid, diphtheria, diarrhoea, malaria, cholera and other diseases.
Solid waste can create inconvenience rapidly if they are not properly handled, wind and rainwater can splitted it and cause discomfort to people.
Industrial solid waste can cause water pollution by dumping it into water bodies. Drains carrying untreated sewage also result in various health problems.
Question 6. Describe any three major problems of slums in India. All India, OR Analyse any three major problems of a slum dweller in India. OR Explain any three problems faced by slum dwellers in India. OR How do slums develop in India? Explain any four miserable conditions of the residents of slums areas. (HOTS; All India 2010) Answer: Slums are environmentally incompatible and degraded areas of the cities. These are occupied by the migrants who were forced to migrate from rural areas to urban areas for employment and livelihood.
But because of high rent and high costs of land, they could not afford proper housing and start to live in these areas.
Four problems faced by the residents of slums are as follows:
Slums are the least choice residential areas that have broken down houses, bad hygienic conditions, poor ventilation and does not have basic facilities like drinking water, light and toilet, etc.
They face various health-related problems such as malnutrition, illness and prone to various diseases. They are not able to send their children school to provide them with education, because of a low level of income.
Dwellers are vulnerable to drug abuse, alcoholism, crime, vandalism, escapism, apathy and social exclusion because of poverty.
Question 7. How is the degradation of cultivable land one of the serious problems in India? Explain in any three points. (Delhi 2010) Answer: Degradation of cultivable land is one of the serious problems in India because:
The limited availability and deterioration of quality of land, both are responsible to exert pressure on agricultural land.
Soil erosion, water logging, salinisation and alkalinisation of land lead to land degradation which declines productivity of the land.
Natural and man-made processes, both degrade the quality of the land.
Question 8. State any two major sources of air pollution in India. How is air pollution harmful to human health? Explain. (HOTS; Delhi 2008) Answer: The main sources of air pollution are a release of various gases such as oxides of sulphur and nitrogens, hydrocarbons, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, lead and asbestos by combustion of fossil fuels/mining and industries. For the effects of air pollution,
The main consequences of air pollution are as follows:
Air pollution is responsible for many diseases that cause harm to our respiratory, nervous and circulatory systems.
Air pollution is responsible for creating a smoky fog over cities which is known as urban smog. It also has negative effects on human health.
Air pollution is also responsible for acid rains. The first rain after summers in urban area always shows acidic nature of rainwater i.e. it shows a lower pH level than the subsequent rain.
Air pollution may be harmful to flora and fauna and to property.
Question 9. “ Indiscriminate use of water by increasing population and industrial expansion has led to degradation of the water quality considerably in India”. Explain the values that can help in maintaining the quality of water. Answer: Following values will help in maintaining the quality of water: Creating Awareness Creating awareness towards our environment is very important. The government should try to make people aware of the importance of water.
Participation of Community By creating awareness and making community participate in saving water will help in maintaining the quality of water. Use of New Techniques It will also maintain the quality of water.
Value Based Questions
Question 10. “The urban waste should be properly treated as a resource for various needs of mankind.” Explain the values that can help in changing urban waste into resources. Answer: The values that can help in changing urban waste into resources are as follows: Creating Awareness Creating awareness towards our environment is very important. The government should try to make people aware of health hazard through piles of garbage that may be around their locality.
When these wastes carelessly handle, they spread by wind and splattered through rainwater, thus cause many diseases. Participation of Community By creating awareness, the government wants people to come forward and give their helping hand to manage and dispose of urban waste properly. Use New Techniques There is a need to use improved quality control and process monitoring for garbage management.
For e.g. scraps can be immediately re-incorporated at the beginning of the manufacturing line so that they do not become a waste product.
In This Post we are providing CHAPTER 21 INTERNATIONAL TRADENCERT MOST IMPORTANT QUESTIONS for Class 12 GEOGRAPHY INDIA- PEOPLE AND ECONOMY which will be beneficial for students. These solutions are updated according to 2021-22 syllabus. These MCQS can be really helpful in the preparation of Board exams and will provide you with a brief knowledge of the chapter
NCERT MOST IMPORTANT QUESTIONSON INTERNATIONAL TRADE
Question 1. Why are the ports called ‘gateway^ of international trade’ ? Answer: Port. A port is a place on the coast which provides facilities such as docking, loading and unloading and storage facilities of cargo. A port handles the import and export trade of a country. A port is connected with its hinterland by rail-road transport. These land routes are used to transport the goods to a port from where these goods are exported through ocean routes.
Similarly, imports are sent to the hinterland of a port. In fact, a port acts as a point of entry for the goods received from foreign countries and a point of exit for the goods produced in its hinterland. Therefore, a port is called a gateway of international trade. For example, Kolkata is a commercial gateway for its hinterland comprising states of West Bengal, Bihar, Assam.
Question 2. Name the geographical conditions necessary for the development of an ideal port. Answer: A port handles the import-export trade of a country. It acts as a commercial gateway for its hinterland. The following conditions favour the development of an ideal port:
Presence of protected Harbour.
A deep water natural harbour is required.
Sufficient space is required for docking facilities.
The hinterland should be well connected with the port by rail-road routes.
A rich hinterland is required.
Favourable climate so that the port remains open throughout the year.
Fuel facilities should be available.
Question 3. What is the role of ‘World Trade Organisations’ as an international organisation ? Why has the World Trade Organisation been criticised by some countries? Explain the role of World Trade Organisation. Answer: Role of WTO :
It formulates the global rules of trade between countries.
It resolves disputes between its member nations.
It covers trade in services particularly banking and communication facilities.
Criticism :
Some countries criticise WTO due to effects of free trade.
It widens the gap between the rich and poor nations.
WTO focuses on the commercial interests.
It ignores the issues of environmental pollution, health, right of workers and child labour
Question 4. Distinguish between Barter trade and Monetary trade. Answer:
Barter Trade
Monetary Trade
1. It is the earliest form of local trade.2. Barter system means the exchange of goods without the use of money.3. It is limited in nature and has the difficulty of rate of exchange of goods.
1. It is modern system of international trade.2. Monetary system means the exchange of goods where one item is exchanged for the other.3. It is used for trade of a number of commodities from different countries.
Question 5. Distinguish between National trade and International trade. Answer:
National Trade
International Trade
1. National trade means the wholesale trade on a large scale within the boundaries of a country’.2. Tt is also known as internal trade.3. National trade depends upon the extent of a country.
1. International trade means exchange of goods, services, capital across the national boundaries.2. It is also known as foreign trade.3. Internationa trade depends upon the surplus production and purchasing power
Question 6. Distinguish between favourable balance of trade and unfavourable balance of trade. Or What is meant by balance of trade? Answer:
Favourable balance
Unfavourable balance
1. When there is an excess of exports, it is called a favourable balance of trade.2. In 1976-77 in India, the imports were of value = 5073 crore rupees while exports were of value = 5142 crore rupees. Balance of trade was + 69 crore rupees.3. It helps to strengthen the economy of a country.
1. When there is an excess of imports, it is called an unfavourable balance of trade.2. In India, in 1982-83. imports were of value = 14047 crore rupees. exports were of value = 8637 crore rupees. Balance of trade was 5410 crore rupees.3. It creates problems for the economy of a country.
Question 7. Explain any five bases of international trade. Or “The difference in national resources is the basis of international trade.” Analyse the statement. Answer: International trade means exchange of surplus goods among different nations. It depends upon some geographical and economic factors. These factors are known as the basis of international trade.
Basis of international trade
1. Difference in Natural Resources. The world’s Natural resources are unevenly distributed because of differences in their physical make up i.e. geology, relief soil and climate.
(a) Geological structure determines the mineral resource base and topographical differences ensure diversity of crops and animals raised. Lowlands have greater agricultural potential. Mountains attract tourists and promote tourism.
(b) Mineral resources are unevenly distributed the world over. The availability of mineral resources provides the basis for industrial development.
(c) Climate influences the type of flora and fauna that can survive in a given region. It also ensures diversity in the range of various products e.g. wool production can take place in cold regions, bananas, rubber and cocoa can grow in tropical regions.
2. Population factors. Size, distribution and diversity between people affect the type anf volume of goods traded.
(a) Cultural factors : Distinctive forms of art and craft develop in certain culture which are prized the world over e.g.: China produces the finest porcelains and brocades. Carpes of Iran are famous while North African leather work and Indonesian batik cloth are prizes handicrafts.
(b) Size of population: Densely populated countries have large volume of internal trade but little external trade because most of the agricultural and industrial production is consumed in the local markets. Standard of living of the population determines the demand for better quality imported products because with low standard of living only a few people can afford to buy imported costly goods.
3. Stage of economic development. At different stages of economic development of countries, the nature of items traded undergoes changes. In agricultural economics, agro products are exchanged for manufactured goods whereas industrialised nations export machinery and finished products and import foodgrains and other raw materials.
4. Extent of foreign Investment. Foreign investment can boost up trade in developing countries which lack in capital required for the development of mining, oil drilling, heavy engineering, lumbering and plantation agriculture. By developing such capital intensive industries in developing countries, the industrial nations ensure import of food stuffs and minerals and a market for finished products. This entire cycle steps up the volume of trade between nations.
5. Transport. In olden times lack of adequate and efficient means of transport restricted trade to local areas. Only high valued items e.g. gems to silk spices were traded over large distances. With expansions of rail, ocean and air transport, better means of refrigeration and preservation, the trade has experienced spatial expansion.
Question 8. Classify ports on different basis. Describe each type giving examples. Or Mention any two features of ‘Commercial Ports’. Answer: Types of Ports. Ports are the gateways of international trade. Generally, ports are classified according to the types of traffic which they handle.
Types of port according to cargo handled :
Industrial Ports. These ports specialise in bulk cargo-like grain, sugar, ore, oil, chemicals and similar materials.
Commercial Ports. These ports handle general cargo-packaged products and manufactured good. These ports also handle passenger traffic.
Comprehensive Ports. Such ports handle bulk and general cargo in large volumes. Most of the world’s great ports are classified as comprehensive ports.
Types of port on the basis of location : (i) Inland Ports. These ports are located away from the sea coast. They are linked to the sea through a river or a canal. Such ports are accessible to flat bottom ships or barges. For example, Manchester is linked with a canal; Memphis is located on the river Mississippi; Rhine has several ports like Mannheim and Duisburg; and Kolkata is located on the river Hoogli, a branch of the river Ganga.
(ii) Out Ports. These are deep water ports built away from the actual ports. These serve the parent ports by receiving those ships which are unable to approach them due to their large size. Classic combination, for example, is Athens and its out port Piraeus in Greece.
Types of port on the basis of specialised functions : (i) Oil Ports. These ports deal in the processing and shipping of oil. Some of these are tanker ports and some are refinery ports. Maracaibo in Venezuela, Esskhira in Tunisia, Tripoli in Lebanon are tanker ports. Abadan on the Gulf of Persia is a refinery port.
(ii) Ports of Call. These are the ports which orginally developed as calling points on main sea routes where ships used to anchor for refuelling, watering and taking food items. Later on, they developed into commercial ports. Aden, Honolulu and Singapore are good examples.
(iii) Packet Station. These are also known as ferry ports. These packet stations are exclusively concerned with the transportation of passengers and mail across water bodies covering short distances. These stations occur in pairs located in such a way that they face each other across the water body, e.g. Dover in England, and Calais in France across the English Channel.
(iv) Entrepot Ports. These are collection centres where the goods are brought from different countries for export. Singapore is an entrepot for Asia. Rotterdam for Europe, and Copenhagen for the Baltic region.
(v) Naval Ports. These are ports which have only strategic importance. These ports serve warships and have repair workshops for them. Kochi and Karwar are examples of such ports in India.
Question 9. Describe the different regional trading blocks. Or Give information on the growing importance of the Regional Trade Blocks in International Trade with special reference to the European Union (EU) and the Oil Producing and Exporting Countries (OPEC). Answer: Regional Trading Blocks. Most governments, have reduced tarrifs and quotas on import. Many countries have simple bilateral agreements with trading partners.
GATT. Since World War II, the primary vehicle for serving this purpose on the global level has been the General Agreement on Trade and Tarrifs (GATT). Through series of negotiations, it has systematically lowered tarrif rates worldwide. This has contributed to global economic boom in the post World War II period. Most countries of the world are now its members.
WTO. In 1995, the GATT metamorphosed into World Trade Organization (WTO), a permanent rather than adhoc organization in Geneva that also settles trade disputes. The WTO regulates trade in services too, but has yet to include important non-tarrif barriers, such as export restraints, inspection requirements, health and safety standards, and import licensing which inhibit imports.
Other Trading Blocs
1. European Union (E.U.) Originally it was founded in 1957 by six members—Italy, France, West Germany, Belgium, the Netherlands and Luxemburg. It was called the European Economic Community (EEC). Later it expanded to include most of Western Europe. The EEC changed into the European Union in 1995. It has harmonized several production and trade regulations.
A common currency, the euro; launched in early 1999, is effectively binding diverse countries into a single economy. With 400 million people, the EU is the largest single market in the world. Within Europe, the Mediterranean and East European states may be benefited more than their northern counterparts because labour moves north and capital flows south.
2. European Free Trade Association (EFTA). In 1960, seven countries i.e. United Kingdom, Austria, Denmark, Norway, Sweden, Portugal and Switzerland joined together to form EFTA with the objective of bringing cooperation in the field of trade. They abolished the tarrif between different members countries.
In December, 1972, United Kingdom and Denmark abandoned their membership and joined EEC while Iceland joined this Association and Finland accepted its co-membership. Now again there are seven members.
3. NAFTA. Compared to the EU, the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) is considerably more modest. NAFTA’s origin lay in the 1988 U.S.—Canada Free Trade Agreement, which gradually eliminated trade restrictions between the world’s two largest trading partners. In 1994, NAFTA was expanded to include Mexico. NAFTA has now been extended to include Latin American countries too. It has thus created a free trade zone extening from Alaska to Tirra del Fuego.
4. Organisation of Petroleum Export Countries (OPEC). The 13 member countries of OPEC are Algeria, Ecuador, Gabon, Indonesia, Iran, Kuwait, Libya, Nigeria, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates and Venezuela. This organisation was formed by the petroleum producing countries in 1960 to decide policies regarding petroleum crude oil prices.
5. ASEAN. The Association of South East Asian Nations was formed in 1967. Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, Philippines and Singapore, growing countries of this region, are its members. Tariff between ASEAN and the rest of the world is growing faster than within the region. ASEAN also helps its members by presenting a joint negotiating stance when dealing with Japan, EU and Australia and New Zealand. India has now become an associate member.
6. SAARC. The South Asian Countries (India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nepal, Bhutan, Sri Lanka, Maldives) have formed South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation. One of its objectives is to trade among the member nations. The progress on the trade front has been slow due to Indo-Pak relations.
7. CIS. This block is called Commonwealth of Independent States. Its headquarters are Minskat (Belarus). Twelve countries are its members namely Armenia, Azerbaiyan, Belarus, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Russia, Turkmenistan, Ukraine and Uzbekistan. The items of trade are crude oil, natural gas, gold, cotton, fibre, aluminium. They cooperate on matters of economics, defence and foreign policy.
8. LAIA. It is called Latin American Integration Association. Its headquarters is in Montevideo (Uruguay). Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Columbia, Ecudor, Mexico, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay and Venezuela are its members
Question 10. ‘Globalisation along with free trade can adversely affect the economies of the developing countries.’ Support the statement with examples. Or Mention any two ill effects of free trade and economic globalisation. Answer: Free trade. The act of opening up economies for trading is known as free trade. This is done by bringing down trade barriers like tarriffs. It allows goods and services from everywhere to complete with domestic products and services.
Globalisation, It means to adjust economy of country according to world economy. For this the import duty has been reduced or abolished.
Effects. Globalisation and free trade can adversely effect the economies of developing countries.
It does not give equal playing field by imposing conditions which are unfavourable.
Fast means of transport systems help the goods of developed countries to reach market faster than developing countries.
The developed countries can keep their own markets protected from foreign products of developing countries.
Dumped goods of cheaper prices can harm the domestic producers.
In This Post we are providing CHAPTER 20 TRANSPORT AND COMMUNICATIONNCERT MOST IMPORTANT QUESTIONS for Class 12 GEOGRAPHY INDIA- PEOPLE AND ECONOMY which will be beneficial for students. These solutions are updated according to 2021-22 syllabus. These MCQS can be really helpful in the preparation of Board exams and will provide you with a brief knowledge of the chapter
NCERT MOST IMPORTANT QUESTIONSON TRANSPORT AND COMMUNICATION
Question 1. Which shipping canal links the Atlantic ocean and the Pacific ocean? Explain its any four characteristics. Answer: The canal that links the Atlantic and Pacific ocean is the Panama Canal. For the characteristics of the Panama Canal
The Suez and the Panama Canal are the two vital man-made navigation canals. Suez Canal links the Mediterranean sea and the Red Sea. It was constructed in 1869. It is the vital man-made shipping canal which acts as a linkage between the Eastern and Western world. For characteristics of Suez Canal,
Following are the main characteristics of the Suez Canal:
Suez canal links Port Said in the North and Port Suez in the South connecting the Mediterranean sea and Red sea.
It reduced the sea route distance between Liverpool and Colombo as compared to the Cape of Good Hope route.
It opens a new route to the Indian Ocean for the Europeans
It has no locks.
It is 160 km long.
The depth of the Suez Canal is 10 t < n deep.
Panama canal connects the Atlantic Ocean with the Pacific. It is an artificial 48-mile waterway. Following are the main Characteristics of the Panama Canal:
Panama canal links Colon on the Atlantic ocean to Panama in the Pacific ocean.
It shortens the distance between New York and San Francisco by 13,000 km by sea. The distance between Western Europe and the West coast of the USA is also shortened.
This canal is about 72 km long and involves a deep cutting for a length of 12 km.
It has six lock systems and ships cross the different level through these lock systems.
Both the canals are economically significant as they have cut down the sea route by many thousand kilometres. The ships can now reach faster and hence more trade is possible. Though, the economic significance of the Panama canal is less than the Suez canal.
Question 2. What is the importance of railways as a mode of land transport? Explain any four main features of the railway network in Europe. OR Explain any five characteristics of rail transport in Europe. Answer: Railways cover long distances and they are ideal for the transportation of bulky goods. A large number of people also travel by railways. They also form the connecting link between the ocean vessels, barges, boats, motor trucks and pipelines.
Following are the characteristics of rail transport in Europe:
Most of the railways in Europe is double or multiple tracked.
The total length of railway line in Europe is 440,0 km.
Belgium has the highest railway density of 1 km of a railway for every 6.5 sq km area.
In many countries of Europe, passenger transport is more important than freight.
After the development of a more flexible system of roadways and airways. The trans-continental railway line has become less important.
Question 3. Which is the longest trans-continental railway in North America? Describe its any four features. Answer: The longest trans-continental railway of North America is Trans-Canadian railway. For the features of Trans-Canadian railway,
The Trans-Canadian railway line is considered the economic artery of Canada due to the following reasons:
This railway line covers a distance of 7,050 km running from Halifax in the East to Vancouver on the Pacific coast.
It connects important cities of Montreal, Ottawa, Winnipeg and Calgary.
It connects the Quebec-Montreal industrial region with the wheat belt of the Prairie region, thus gaining economic significance.
This line also connects the coniferous forest region in the North to Quebec-Montreal and the Prairies. All these regions have become complementary to each other.
A loop line from Winnipeg to Thunder Bay (Lake Superior) connects this rail line with one of the important waterways in the world.
Question 4. State any three characteristics of water transport. Why is traffic far less on the Cape of Good Hope route? Answer: Three characteristics of water transport are as follows:
Water transportation does not require route construction. The oceans are linked with each other and offer smooth routes travelable in all directions with fewer maintenance costs.
It is a cheaper means of transportation because the friction of water is less than that of the land and energy cost is lower.
Very heavy cargo like coal, cement, timber and metallic ores can be transported through inland waterways.
The reasons for the less traffic on the Cape of Good Hope route are as follows:
There are limited development and population in South America and Africa, so demand is less.
Both South America and Africa have similar products and resources.
Large scale industries are only present in South-Eastern Brazil and Plata estuary.
There is little traffic on the route which links Rio-de Janeiro and Cape Town.
Question 5. Which continent has the highest road density? Why do traffic congestions occur on road? Explain any three measures to solve the problem of traffic congestion. Answer: North America has the highest road density. About 33% of the world’s total motorable road length is present in North America. North America also accounts for the highest number of vehicles as compared to Europe.
There is a problem of chronic traffic congestion in most of the cities of the world. The congestion occurs because of the failure of the road networks in meeting the demands of traffic. In recent years, the traffic on roads has substantially increased. We can see peaks and troughs of traffic flow on roads at different times of the day.
The measures to solve the problem of traffic congestion are as follows:
The parking fee should be high.
Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) system should be developed.
The public bus services should be improved.
Expressways should be developed to facilitate smooth traffic flow.
Question 6. Explain the merits and demerits of road transport in the world. Answer: Merits of road transport are:
It is the most economical mode for short distances as compared to railways.
It offers door-to-door services.
It is best suited for the transportation of perishable and breakable goods.
Construction of the road is comparatively cheaper and easy.
In road transport, it is very easy to monitor vehicles and goods.
Following are the demerits of road transport:
Road transport is not sustainable in all seasons.
Unmetalled roads become unmotorable during the rainy season. Metalled ones are also damaged by floods.
Road construction is very difficult in mountainous or desert areas.
The maintenance of roads requires heavy expenditure.
Goods are susceptible to damage through careless driving.
Transport is subject to traffic delay in the case of road transport.
Question 7. Explain the significance of each of the transport and communication services available in the world. Answer: Significance of various transport services are as follows: Road Transport It is a cheaper and faster mode of transport over short distances and for door-to-door services. Railways It is best suited for bulky goods and passengers for long distances. Water Transport It is the cheapest mode of transport because of less friction of water. Ocean routes are cheaper for carrying of bulky material from one continent to another. Air Transport is the fastest means of transportation. It is best suited for long distance travel and worldwide transportation of valuable cargo.
Pipelines It is used to carry liquids and gases from the producing areas to the consuming areas. Significance of various communication services are as follows:
Satellite Communication In contemporary time, satellites communication has become very important with the Internet as the largest electronic network on the planet connecting about 1000 million people in more than 100 countries.
Cyber Space-Internet This electronic network has spread unprecedently the number of users from 400 million in AD 2000 to over two billion in 2010. It has brought people from different parts of the world closer to each other.
Question 8. Name the principal mode of transportation in the world which is used for carrying liquid and gaseous materials only. Mention any four characteristics of this mode of transportation. Answer: The principal mode used for carrying liquid and gaseous material is pipeline transport. For the characteristics of a pipeline,
The means of transport used extensively for carrying water, petroleum, natural gas and other liquids is pipeline transport. There is a dense network of pipelines in the USA which runs from the producing areas to the consuming areas. One such famous pipeline is Big Inch.
Pipelines are used extensively to connect oil wells to pots and the refineries or domestic markets. The longest proposed international oil and natural gas pipeline’ will pass through Iran, India and Pakistan.
In New Zealand, milk is being supplied through pipelines from farms to factories. In Europe, Russia and West Asia, oil wells are linked to refineries through pipelines. Turkmenistan in Central Asia has extended pipelines to Iran and also to parts of India.
Question 9. What is the significance of inland waterways? Explain the three factors responsible for the development of inland waterways in the world. Answer: Inland waterways consist of rivers, lakes, canals and streams linking the coastal areas. They have been used as waterways from time immemorial. Inland waterways are important for domestic and international transport and trade. Many rivers are modified to make inland waterways possible in different developed countries. The significance of inland waterways has been rising.
The three factors responsible for the development of inland waterways in the world are: Navigability This means the width and depth of the channel that makes navigation possible. Water Flow Another factor is the continuous flow of water throughout the year so that ships, boats can easily move in the waterways. Transport Technology Development of proper technology so that very heavy cargo like coal, timber, metallic ores can also be easily transported through inland waterways.
Question 10. What are the highways? Explain the significance of highways with examples from different continents, Answer: Highways are metalled roads constructed for uninterrupted vehicular movement. Highways link even city and port town in developed countries. The significance of highways can be explained through the following examples: North America Highways link the cities located on the Pacific coast with those of the Atlantic coast. Highway density is very high in North America, about 0.65 km per sq km. The Pan-American Highway connects the countries of, South America, Central America and USA. Europe In Europe, there is a well-developed network of highways, but faces competition from railways and waterways. Russia In Russia, important industrial regions are linked through highways. The Moscow-Vladivostok highway serves the region and it is one of the important highways of Russia. China All the major cities in China are linked through the highways. India In India, highways are connecting the major towns and cities. NH7 is the longest in the country which connects Varanasi and Kanyakumari. Africa In Africa, Algiers in the North is connected to Conakry in Guinea and Cairo is connected to Capetown through highways.
In This Post we are providing CHAPTER 19 PLANNING AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN INDIAN CONTEXTNCERT MCQ for Class 12 GEOGRAPHY INDIA- PEOPLE AND ECONOMYwhich will be beneficial for students. These solutions are updated according to 2021-22 syllabus. These MCQS can be really helpful in the preparation of Board exams and will provide you with a brief knowledge of the chapter
NCERT MCQON PLANNING AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN INDIAN CONTEXT
Question 1: Planning includes which of the following
a) process of thinking
b) formulation of schemes or programmes
c) implementation of set of actions to achieve goal
d) all of above
Answer : D
Question 2: Sectoral planning does not include
a) Irrigation
b) Transport
c) Hill area
d) Infrastructure
Answer : D
Question 3: Aim of regional planning is
a) develop agriculture
b) to improve roads
c) to reduce regional imbalance
d) to develop industry
Answer : C
Question 4: Hill area development programme does not include
a) Horticulture
b) poultry
c) small scale industry
d) large scale industry
Answer : D
Question 5: ITDP means
a) integrated tribal development project
b) Indian tribal development project
c) Indian tribal development program
d) integrated tribal development programme
Answer : A
Question 6: Sustainable development does not include
a) Fast development
b) dynamic development
c) ecological development
d) present and future development
Answer : A
Question 7: Indira Gandhi canal command area is in
a) Gujrat
b) Bihar
c) Rajasthan
d) Maharashtra
Answer : A
Question 8 : Negative influence of Indira Gandhi Canal command area includes
a) wind erosion
b) water logging
c) siltation
d) afforestation
Answer : A
Question 9: Promotion of sustainable development does not include
a) siltation of canals
b) lining of water resources
c) shelter belt
d) water management policy
Answer : A
Question 10: Bharmaur ITDP includes
a) development of infrastructure
b) development of transport
c) development of agriculture
d) all
Answer : D
Question 11. When did the Tenth Five Year Plan come to an end? (A) 2005 (B) 2006 (C) 2007 (D) 2008
Answer: (C)
Question 12.In which state in Bharmaur Tribal Region situated? (A) Uttarakhand (B) Jammu & Kashmir (C) Himachal Pradesh (D) Uttar Pradesh
Answer: (C)
Question 13. On which factor does the economic development of a region depends? (A) Relief (B) Climate (C) Population (D) Resources
Answer: (D)
Question 14. What should be the height of an area in the hill area development programme? (A) 500 metres (B) 600 metres (C) 700 metres (D) 800 metres
Answer: (B)
Question 15.In how many districts, drought-prone area are identified: (A) 47 (B) 57 (C) 67 (D) 77
In This Post we are providing CHAPTER 19 MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIESNCERT MCQ for Class 12 GEOGRAPHY INDIA- PEOPLE AND ECONOMYwhich will be beneficial for students. These solutions are updated according to 2021-22 syllabus. These MCQS can be really helpful in the preparation of Board exams and will provide you with a brief knowledge of the chapter
NCERT MCQON MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES
1. Which is not a factor of industrial location? (A) Market (B) Capital (C) Population Density (D) Power.
Ans. (C) Population Density
2. The earliest Iron and Steel Company to be established in India was: (A) IISCO (B) TISCO (C) Visvesvaralya Iron and Steel Works (D) Mysore Iron and Steel Works.
Ans. (A) IISCO
3. The first modern cotton mill was established in Mumbai because: (A) Mumbai is a port (B) It is located near cotton growing area (C) Mumbai was the financial centre (D) All of the above.
Ans. (D) All of the above.
4. The nucleus of the Hugli Industrial Region is: (A) Kolkata-Haora (B) Kolkata-Rishra (C) Kolkata-Medinipur (D) Kolkata-Konnagar
Ans. (A) Kolkata-Haora
5. On the basis of ownership industries are categorized as (A) public sector (B) private sector (C) joint sector (D) all of the above
Ans. (D) all of the above.
6. Which of the following river provides water to TISCO? (A) kharkai (B) subarnarekha (C) both A and B (D) none of the above
Ans. (C) both A and B
7. What is the full form of IISCO? (A) Indian iron and Steel company (B) Indian iron and Steel authority (C) Tata iron and Steel corporation (D) none of the above.
Ans. (B) Indian iron and Steel authority
8. Which of the following statement is it true regarding the Steel plants set up during second year plant? (A) Rourkela in Odisha (B) Bhilai in Chhattisgarh (C) Durgapur in West Bengal (D) all of the above
Ans. (D) all of the above
9. When was LPG policy announced? (A) 1991 (B) 1985 (C) 1996 (D) 2002
Ans. (A) 1991
10. Which of the following is called electric capital of India? (A) Delhi (B) Mumbai (C) Chennai (D) Bengaluru
Ans. (D) Bengaluru.
11. Between which cities the nucleus of Gujarat industrial region lies? (A) Ahmedabad and Vadodara (B) Ahmedabad and Kandla (C) Visakhapatnam and Kurnool (D) Birlanagar and Medinipur.
Ans. (A) Ahmedabad and Vadodara
12. Between which cities the nucleus of Hugli industrial region lies? (A) Ahmedabad and Vadodara (B) Ahmedabad and Kandla (C) Visakhapatnam and Kurnool (D) Birlanagar and Medinipur.
Ans. (D) Birlanagar and Medinipur.
13. Where the first cotton mill was established ? (A) Delhi (B) Kolkata (C) Mumbai (D) Chennai
Ans. (C) Mumbai, 1854.
14. Durgapur Steel plant was set up with the help of United Kingdom in which year? (A) 1962 (B) 1959 (C) 1964 (D) 1992
Ans. (A) 1962.
15. Which of the following is true regarding Steel plants and their partner country? (A) Durgapur Steel plant – United Kingdom (B) Bhilai Steel plant – Russia (C) Rourkela Steel plant – Germany (D) all of the above.
In This Post we are providing CHAPTER 17 MINERAL AND ENERGY RESOURCESNCERT MCQ for Class 12 GEOGRAPHY INDIA- PEOPLE AND ECONOMYwhich will be beneficial for students. These solutions are updated according to 2021-22 syllabus. These MCQS can be really helpful in the preparation of Board exams and will provide you with a brief knowledge of the chapter
NCERT MCQON MINERAL AND ENERGY RESOURCES
Question 1. Which is the hardest mineral? (A) Diamond (B) Granite (C) Basalt (D) Gabbro
Answer: (A) Diamond
Question 2. Which one of the following is a ferrous mineral? (A) Bauxite (B) Iron ore (C) Mica (D) Coal
Answer: (B) Iron ore
Question 3. The iron content in Hematite is: (A) 20 – 30% (B) 30 – 40% (C) 40 – 50% (D) 60 – 70%
Answer: (D) 60 – 70%
Question 4. Which one of the following is a famous Copper mine? (A) Bastar (B) Khetri (C) Nellore (D) Jharia
Answer: (B) Khetri
Question 5. Lignite coal is found in: (A) Jharia (B) Neyveli (Q Bokaro (D) Raniganj
Answer: (B) Neyveli
Question 6. Where is the largest solar plant located? (A) Nasik (B) Madhopur (C) Kaiga (D) Chandrapur
Answer: (B) Madhopur
Question 7. Which one of the following is a non-metallic mineral? (A) Iron (B) Limestone (C) Manganese (D) Copper
Answer: (B) Limestone
Question 8. For which mineral, is Hazaribagh Plateau famous? (A) Iron ore (B) Copper (C) Mica (D) Coal
Answer: (C) Mica
Question 9. Where is the largest coalfield of India? (A) Jharia (B) Raniganj (C) Neyveli (D) Singareni
Answer: (A) Jharia
Question 10. In which state is Kalpakkazn located? (A) Kerala (B) Karnataka (C) Tamil Nadu (D) Andhra Pradesh
Answer: (C) Tamil Nadu
Question 11. Which out of the following states has major oil fields? (A) Assam (B) Bihar (C) Rajasthan (D) Tamil Nadu
Answer: (A) Assam
Question 12. On which station out of the following, the first atomic station was set up? (A) Kalpakkam (B) Narora (C) RanaPartapSagar (D) Tarapur.
Answer: (D) Tarapur
Question 13. Out of the following, which mineral is called ‘Brown diamond’? (A) Iron ore (B) Lignite (C) Manganese (D) Mica
Answer: (B) Lignite
Question 14. Which is the non-renewable source of energy? (A) Hydel (B) Solar (C) Thermal (D) Wind
In This Post we are providing CHAPTER 19 PLANNING AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN INDIAN CONTEXTNCERT MOST IMPORTANT QUESTIONS for Class 12 GEOGRAPHY INDIA- PEOPLE AND ECONOMY which will be beneficial for students. These solutions are updated according to 2021-22 syllabus. These MCQS can be really helpful in the preparation of Board exams and will provide you with a brief knowledge of the chapter
NCERT MOST IMPORTANT QUESTIONSON PLANNING AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN INDIAN CONTEXT
Question 1. How has the introduction of Indira Gandhi canal irrigation in the drylands of Rajasthan influenced the environmental conditions of the region positively? Explain in any three points. Answer: The positive impacts of Indira Gandhi canal irrigation on the environmental conditions of the dryland area of Rajasthan are as follow:
CAD programmes (Command Area Development) i.e. afforestation and pastures programs developed the desertic area into Greenland.
An increase in agriculture, livestock productivity and intensity of cropping also have been recorded.
Commercial crops i.e. wheat, rice, cotton, groundnut replaced the drought-resistant crops like gram, bajra and jowar.
Question 2. Write in brief about the physical setting of Bharmaur region. Answer: Bharmaur region lies (between 32° 1T N and 32°41′ N latitudes and 76°22′ E and 76°53‘ E longitudes. It is spread over an area of about 1818 sq km. This region is the homeland of the Gaddi tribal community and surrounded by lofty mountains on all sides.
It has Pir Panjal in the North and Dhaula Dhar in the South. In the east, the extension of Dhaula converges with Pir Panjal near Rohtang Pass. The river Ravi and its tributaries, the Budhil and Bundchen, carve out deep gorges here and divide the region into the four Physiographic divisions such as:
Holi
Khani
Kugti
Tundah areas
Bharmaur experiences freezing weather conditions and snowfall in winter. Its mean monthly temperature in January remains 4°C and on July 26°C.
Question 3. Development is a multi-dimensional concept and signifies the positive, irreversible transformation of the economy, society and environment. Support the statement with suitable arguments from India. (HOTS; Delhi 2010) Answer: Development is a dynamic concept that used to describe the state of particular societies and the process of changes experienced by them. In early human history, the main criteria of determination of a society’s state were the interaction processes between human societies and their biophysical environment.
Societies helped in the development of various levels of technology and institutions upon which human environment processes depend. These have helped in increasing the pace of human-environment interaction, therefore the momentum generated and festinated technological progress and transformation and creation of the institution.
After the period of World war II, development and economic growth considered as one concept. But due to unequal distribution, a faster rate of growth in poverty is experienced by even the developed nations having high economic growth. Then redistribution with growth and equity broaden the term development in 1970.
Now the concept of development not only restricted to the economic sphere alone but also incorporates balance and equality among people in term of welfare and quality of life of people health, education and other facilities, equal opportunity to all and ensuring political and civil rights.
Hence, the concept of development has become multi-dimensional and stands for the positive, irreversible transformation of the economy, society and environment.
Question 4. “Hill Area Development Programmes in India were drawn keeping in view their topographical ecological, social and economic conditions”. Support this statement with a suitable explanation. (HOTS; All India 2010) Answer: Yes it is true, that Hill Area Development Programmes in India were drawn keeping in view their topographical, ecological, social and economic conditions because the main objectives of these programmes were on to the development of:
Horticulture
Plantation agriculture
Animal Husbandry
Poultry
Forestry
Small scale and village industry.
By this, exploitation of local resources may become possible. The programme was recommended by the National Committee on the Development of Backward Area (1981), which set a criterion that the hill areas having a height above 600 m and not covered under tribal sub-plan be treated as backward hill areas. The programme covers all the hilly districts of Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Mikir Hill and North hills of Assam, Darjiling district of West Bengal and Nilgiri district of Tamil Nadu. It was started in the Fifth Five Year Plan.
Question 5. Explain any five measures necessary for the promotion of sustainable development in ‘Indira Gandhi Canal Command Area’. OR Describe any five measures needed for the promotion of sustainable development in the ‘Indira Gandhi Canal Command Area’. Answer: Measures for promotion of sustainability in ‘Indira Gandhi Canal Command Area’ are as follows:
Rigorous implementation of water management policy is the first and foremost requirement of this project.
Adoption of plantation crops such as citrus fruits, instead of water-intensive crops.
In order to reduce the conveyance loss of water, few important programmes shall be taken into account such as the CAD (Command Area Development) programmes i.e.
the lining of watercourses.
land development and levelling.
Warabandi system (means equal distribution of canal water in the command area of the outlet).
The areas should be reclaimed that got affected by waterlogging and soil salinity.
Promoting eco-development in the fragile environment especially in stage II command area through afforestation, shelter belt, plantation and pasture development activities.
To promote social sustainability by providing financial and institutional support for land cultivation to the land allottees of poor background.
Other sectors of the economy in addition to agriculture, animal husbandry and allied activities should be encouraged for attaining economic sustainability.
Question 6. Describe five main points of the integrated tribal development project implemented in Bharmaur region. (All India 2008) Answer: Following steps are taken for the attainment of tribal sub-plan strategy:
Improving the quality of life of the Gaddis and narrowing the gap in the level of development between Bharmaur and other districts of Himachal Pradesh.
The highest priority was on the development of transport and communications, agriculture and attired activities as well as social and community services.
Improvement in the basic infrastructure of health care facilities, potable water supply, schools, transport and communication, training, marketing, credit and electricity supply, e.g. villages located along the river Ravi in Holi and Khani areas are main beneficiaries of infrastructural development.
Employment generation through agricultural allied activities like horticulture, animal husbandry and cottage industry.
The Gaddis had traditionally subsistence agriculture cum-pastoral economy, later on, during the last three decades of the twentieth century, pulses and other cash crops became one of the main crops of this region.
Question 7. Give a brief account of the two stages of the Indira Gandhi Canal Project. (All India 2008) Answer: Two stages of the Indira Gandhi Canal Project are as follows: Stage I of Indira Gandhi Canal Command Area This Command area covers Ganganagar, Hanumangarh and Northern part of Bikaner districts. Its culturable command area is 5.53 lakh hectares along with gentle undulating topography. An irrigation system was introduced in this stage in the early 1960s.
State II of Indira Gandhi Canal Command Area This stage II covers 14.10 lakh hectares culturable land of Bikaner, Jaisalmer, Barmer, Jodhpur, Nagaur and Chum districts. Hot desert with shifting sand dunes and temperature soaring to 50° C in summers are the main characteristics of the region.
Question 8. How would you define ecological, social and economic sustainabilities? Explain in brief. (All Indio 2008) Answer: Ecological, social and economic sustainabilities are as follows: Ecological Sustainability It means using our natural resources wisely in the short term so that these resources are available in the long term. Social Sustainability The ability of a community to develop processes and structures which not only meet the needs of its current members but also support the ability of future generations to maintain a healthy community. Economic Sustainability The use of various strategies for employing existing resources optimally, so that a responsible and beneficial balance can be achieved over the longer term.
Question 9. Suppose you have given the power to modify the planning process. How would you use this power wisely and what would be your plan? Explain with reason
Answer: If I had some power to modify the present planning process, I would have broadened the planning process by adding some important terms such as equity, sustainability and empowerment. These are described below:
Equity It means making equal access to opportunities available to everybody. The opportunities available to people must be equal irrespective of their gender, race, income and caste.
Sustainability It refers to continuity in the availability of opportunities. This means that each generation must have the same opportunities, therefore we must use our environmental, financial and human resources in such a way that our future generations are not deprived off these opportunities.
Empowerment It refers to have the power to make choices. Such power comes from increasing freedom and capability. Good governance and people-oriented policies are required to empower people. The empowerment of social and economically disadvantaged groups are of special importance.
Question 10. Explain in brief the meaning and purpose of Target Area Programme with suitable examples from India.Answer: The core focus of planning or process must be on economically backward areas. It is not obvious that resource-rich regions are wealthy from all spheres because there is a requirement of technology, investment and resources simultaneously, for better economic development. In spite of having one and a half decades experience of the planning process, there are still regional imbalances found in economic development which is lagging behind the economic sector. In order to combat both regional and social disparities, the planning commission introduced the target area and target group approach to planning.
Some of the examples of these are as follows:
Target Area Programme
Command Area Development Programme.
Drought Prone Area Development Programme.
Desert Development Programme.
Hill Area Development Programme.
Target Group Programmes
The Small Farmers Development Agency (SFDA).
Marginal Farmers Development Agency (MFDA).
As part of target area planning in the Eighth five-year plan, special programmes were designed to develop infrastructure in hill areas. North Eastern states tribal areas and backward areas integrated tribal development project of Bharmaur region in Himachal Pradesh, Indira Gandhi Canal Command Area Project in Rajasthan are some examples of such programmes.
