In This Post we are providing CHAPTER 6SECONDARY ACTIVITIESNCERT MOST IMPORTANT QUESTIONS for Class 12 FUNDAMENTALS OF HUMAN GEOGRAPHY which will be beneficial for students. These solutions are updated according to 2021-22 syllabus. These MCQS can be really helpful in the preparation of Board exams and will provide you with a brief knowledge of the chapter
NCERT MCQON SECONDARY ACTIVITIES
Question 1.Which one of the following statements is wrong? (A) Cheap water transport has facilitated the jute mill industry along with the Hugh. (B) Sugar, cotton, textiles, and vegetable oils are footloose industries. (C) The development of hydroelectricity and petroleum reduced, to a great extent, the importance of coal energy as a locational factor for the industry. (D) Port towns in India have attracted industries.
Answer: (B)
Question 2.In which one of the following types of economy are the factors of production owned individually? (A) Capitalist (B) Mixed (C) Socialist (D) None
Answer: (A)
Question 3.Which one of the following types of industries produces raw materials for other industries? (A) Cottage Industries (B) Small-scale Industries (C) Basic Industries (D) Footloose Industries.
Answer: (C)
Question 4.Which one of the following pairs is correctly matched? (A) Automobile industry Los Angeles (B) Shipbuilding Industry Lusaka (C) Aircraft Industry Florence (D) Iron and Steel industry Pittsburg
Answer: (D)
Question 5.Which activities transform raw materials into valuable products? (A) Primary (B) Secondary (C) Tertiary (D) Quarternary
Answer: (B)
Question 6.Which industry has a global market? (A) Arms (B) Aluminium (C) Oilseeds (D) Cottage
Answer: (A)
Question 7.Which industry is located near raw materials? (A) Dairy (B) Cotton textiles (C) Handicrafts (D) Aircraft
Answer: (A)
Question 8.Aluminium Industry is located near the source of: (A) Market (B) Raw material (C) Skilled labour (D) Energy
Answer: (D)
Question 9.TISCO is an industry of which sector: (A) Public (B) Private (C) Joint (D) Multinational
Answer: (B)
Question 10.Which one of the following statements is wrong? (A) Cheap water transport has facilitated the jute mill industry along with the Hugh. (B) Sugar, cotton, textiles, and vegetable oils are footloose industries. (C) The development of hydroelectricity and petroleum reduced, to a great extent, the importance of coal energy as a locational factor for the industry. (D) Port towns in India have attracted industries.
Answer: (B)
Question 12.In which one of the following types of economy are the factors of production owned individually? (A) Capitalist (B) Mixed (C) Socialist (D) None
Answer: (A)
Question 13.Which one of the following types of industries produces raw materials for other industries? (A) Cottage Industries (B) Small-scale Industries (C) Basic Industries (D) Footloose Industries.
Answer: (C)
Question 14.Which one of the following pairs is correctly matched? (A) Automobile industry Los Angeles (B) Shipbuilding Industry Lusaka (C) Aircraft Industry Florence (D) Iron and Steel industry Pittsburg
Answer: (D)
Question 15.Which activities transform raw materials into valuable products? (A) Primary (B) Secondary (C) Tertiary (D) Quarternary
In This Post we are providing CHAPTER 6 SECONDARY ACTIVITIESNCERT MOST IMPORTANT QUESTIONS for Class 12 FUNDAMENTALS OF HUMAN GEOGRAPHY which will be beneficial for students. These solutions are updated according to 2021-22 syllabus. These MCQS can be really helpful in the preparation of Board exams and will provide you with a brief knowledge of the chapter
NCERT MOST IMPORTANT QUESTIONSON SECONDARY ACTIVITIES
Question 1. Describe some common products of household industries. Answer: Some common everyday products produced in this sector of manufacturing include foodstuffs, fabrics, mats, containers, tools, furniture, shoes and figurines from wood lot and forest; shoes, thongs and other articles from leather ; porcelain, pottery and bricks from clays and stones ; jewellery and figurines from jade, ivory, pearls, bronze, gold and silver; and home remedies, paints, dyes, lacquer ware from saps, barks and seeds of plants.
Question 2. Explain any five characteristics of large scale manufacturing in the world. Answer:
This manufacturing involves a huge market, different raw materials specialized workers advanced technology, etc. This type of manufacturing developed in the last 200 years.
A large proportion of employment in manufacturing industries.
Large scale industris use power driven heavy machines.
These industries form the basis of development in developed countries.
A large number of goods are produced for a bigger market.
Question 3. What are the characteristics of traditional large scale Industrial regions ? Answer: Traditional Large-Scale Industrial Regions These are based on heavy industry, often located near coalfields and engaged in metal smelting, heavy engineering, chemical manufacture or textile production. These industries are now known as smokestack industries.
Traditional industrial regions can be recognized by :
High proportion of employment in manufacturing industry.
High-density housing, often of inferior type, and poor services.
Unattractive environment, for example, pollution, waste tips, and so on.
Problems of unemployment, emigration and derelict land areas caused by closure of factories because of a world-wide fall in demand.
Question 4. What a techno pole ? Answer: Techno-poles. The locational impact of high-tech activities is already emerging in advanced industrialised countries. The most noticeable phenomena is the emergence of new technology-oriented complexes or techno-poles. A techno-pole is a planned development within a concentrated area, for technology innovative, industrial related production. Techno-poles include science or technology parks, science cities, and other high-tech industrial complexes.
Question 5. Write a short note on cotton textile industries of the world, Answer: Textile Industries. These are labourintensive industries that require less-skilled, low-cost workers. The production steps include spinning of fibre, weaving of yam, and finishing of fabric. Manufacturing is concentrated in countries where the main raw material-cotton-is grown. China, India, Pakistan, USA and Uzbekistan grow and produce more than half of the world’s cotton and cotton textiles.
The UK, Northwest Europe and Japan are also leading manufacturers depending on imported fibre and yarn. Europe alone accounts for nearly half of the world cotton imports. The industry has now declined in many countries but the main centres still retain some of the finishing trades. The future of the industry is bright in Asian countries due to the rising standard of living and a booming global market.
Question 6. (i) Distinguish between Private Sector and Public Sector. Answer:
Private Sector
Public Sector
1. The industries owned and managed by individuals are said to be under private sector.
1. The industries owned collectively by a community or the government means public sector.
2. Many industries run by capitalists like Birla, Tata are under private sector.
2. Schools, public buildings nationalised industries are under public sector. Bhilai Steel Plant is under public sector.
3. Private sector runs under strong competition as in Japan and U.S.A.
3. Public sector runs on socialistic pattern such as Russia and India.
(ii) Distinguish between Agro-Industries and Heavy Industries. Or Describe any three characterstics of agro based industries in the world. Answer:
Agro-Industries
Heavy Industries
1. Agro-industries are based on products of primary occupations such as agriculture.
1. Heavy industries are based on manufactured goods involving use of machines.
2. Agricultural products are processed to useful products such as textiles from cotton, sugar from sugarcane.
2. A number of complex products are manufactured from semi finished goods as iron used in the making of machinery.
3. These are labourintensive industries.
3. These are capitalintensive industries.
4. These cover small scale and medium scale industries.
4. These cover large sea industries.
(iii) Differentiate between small scale manufacturing and large scale manufacturing. Answer:
large scale manufacturing
Small scale manufacturing
1. Large scale industries use power driven heavy machines.
1. Small scale industries use small power driven machines.
2. Large amount of capital is invested.
2. A small amount of capital is invested.
3. These industries form the basis of development in developed countries.
3. These industries provide employment in developing countries.
Question 7. Classify industries on different bases. Answer: Classification of Industries Industries can be classified in many ways like-size, nature of products, raw materials, ownership, inputs and outputs.
1. Classification by Size The amount of capital invested, number of people employed and the volume of production determines the size of an industry. Accordingly, industries may be classified into the following groups: (a) Cottage or household (b) Small scale and (c) Large scale industries.
(a) Cottage or household industries. These are smallest manufacturing units. The craftsmen or the artisans with the help of their partime labour i.e., family members manufacture goods within their homes. These use local raw material and simple tools. The skills of production are passed on from one generation to the other.
The scale of operation is small. The tools and equipments are ordinary. The goods produced are generally sold locally. Example : Thus potters, carpenters, weavers and blacksmiths produce goods in the household sector.
(b) Small scale industries. They use modem power driven machines and employ semi skilled labour as well. The raw materials are also obtained from outside, if not available locally. These industries are larger in size than cottage industries. Their products are sold through traders beyond local markets. They provide employment to a large number of people.
Example : In countries like India, Brazil, Indonesia and China, a large number of goods such as clothes, toys, furniture, edible oil and leather goods are produced by small scale industries.
(c) Large scale industries. These include mainly heavy and capital intensive industries. These use energy, heavy machineries, employ large number of workers and produce goods for a bigger market. Emphasis is laid on quality control and production specialisation. Such industries require a very large resource base and hence raw materials are obtained from various places. The production of goods is also on a large scale, which is sent to distant markets.
These industries, therefore, require good infrastructure facilities such as roads, railways and power supply. Example : Iron and steel industry, petro-chemicals, textiles and automobiles fall under this category in U.K., U.S.A and Europe. These are located in Large scale industrial regions and High-technology regions.
2. On the basis of size of operation and the nature of products. There are two classes of industries, (i) Heavy industries are of large scale. They deal in bulky products and are heavily dependent on the raw materials and hence tend to be located near the source of raw material e.g. iron and steel industry,
(ii) Light industries are usually small-scale in operation. They deal in fighter and compact products. For them, accessibility is the most important factor. Example : The electronics is one example of this kind.
3. Classification by Outputs (a) Basic industries. Industries whose products are used to produce other goods are called basic industries. Iron and steel industry is one of the basic industries because steel produced by this industry is used in many other industries as a raw material. Some basic industries produce machines which are used to produce other goods.
(b) Consumer Goods Industries. Industries which produce goods for direct consumption such as tea, bread, soap and television are known as non-basic or consumer goods industries.
4. Classification by Inputs. Depending upon the raw materials used for the industries, they may be classified as agro-based, forest-based, metallic industries and chemical industries. (a) Agro-based Industries. These utilise agricultural products as raw materials. Cotton, tea, sugar and, food-processing, vegetable oil industries Eire its examples.
(b) Forest-based Industries. These utilise forest products as raw materials e.g. paper and furniture industry.
(c) Mineral-based Industries. These use minerals as raw materials, such as, iron, cement, copper, etc.
(d) Metallic Industries. Industries based on metals are known as metallic industries. These are further divided into ferrous and non-ferrous industries. Industries based on metals having iron content are called ferrous industries e.g. iron and steel industry. On the other hand, industries based on metals without iron content fall into the category of non-ferrous industries e.g. copper and aluminium.
(e) Chemical Industries. Industries based on chemicals are called chemical industries e.g. petro-chemical, plastics, synthetics, fibres and pharmaceuticals. Some of these industries use raw materials found naturally e.g. minerals such as mineral- oil, salts, sulphur and potash, and vegetable products such as pulp. Some chemical industries use the byproducts of other industries.
(f) Animal based industries such as leather, wool.
5. Classification by Ownership. On the basis of the ownership pattern and management practices, industries can be classified into Government or Public, Private and Joint Sectors.
(i) When the ownership and management of an industry is in the hands of the state, it is called a public sector industry. The state establishes and runs these units.
(ii) Industries owned and managed by an individual or a corporate body belong to the private sector.
(iii) When individuals invest their own capital to establish industries, they manage them as private enterprise. Sometimes individuals join together under partnership to establish industries. The share of partners both in the capital investment and profits is pre-deeided. Industries are also established by corporations. Such a body is formed by individuals or organisations to fulfill pre-determined objectives and goals. Capital for the industry is collected by selling shares.
Question 8. Explain the locational factors of industries with the help of suitable examples. Answer: Manufacturing. Manufacturing is a secondary process of transforming raw materials into finished products. The raw materials of agriculture, forests, minerals are changed into new products. For example, clay is changed into pottery; timber is changed into furniture. These manufactured goods are more useful and valuable than the raw materials. The location of manufacturing industries depends on a number of physical and socio-economic factors. These factors are called the basis of industries. No single factor decides the location of industries.
1. Nearness to raw materials. Large quantities of raw materials are needed for industries. Therefore, industries are located near the source of raw materials. The industries are located near mines, forests, farms and seas. It saves the cost of transportation. Sugar mills are located in the areas where sugarcane is produced.
Iron and steel industry uses bulky raw materials. Steel centres are developed where coal and iron are easily available. Industries producing perishable goods (meat, fish and dairy products) are located near the areas of production. Example: Jute mills in West Bengal and Cotton Textile mills in Maharashtra are located due to the availability of the raw materials.
2. Power resources. Coal, oil and water power are the main sources of power. Most of the industries are located around coal-fields. The industrial regions of Damodar Valley (India) and Ruhr Valley (Germany) depend upon coal.
Some industries use large amount of electricity. Such industries like chemical industries, aluminium industries and paper industry are located near hydro electric stations, Petro-chemical Industries use large quantities of petroleum. Example : Iron and steel centres in India are located near Jharia and Raniganj coal-fields. Chemical fertilizer plant is located at Nangal where cheap water power is available from Bhakra Project.
3. Means of transportation. Modern industries need cheap, developed arid quick means of transportation. Water-transport is the cheapest means of transport. Cheap means of transportation are required for the movement of workers, raw materials and machinery to the factories.
Manufactured goods should be sent to the market at low cost. Example : The great industrial regions of the world (Europe and the U.S.A.) lie at the ends of North Atlantic Ocean Route. Great Lakes provide cheap transport to the industrial region of the U.S.A.
4. Climate : Stimulating climate increases the efficiency of the labourers. Certain industries require special type of climate. Cotton Textile industry requires humid climate. Film industry needs good weather with clear blue sky. Areas with favourable climate become huge markets.
Examples : Mumbai is the leading centre of Cotton Textile due to wet coastal climate. Dry climate has led to the location of Aircraft Industry at Bengaluru (India) and California (U.S.A.).
5. Capital. Large amount of capital is invested in many industries. Many industries have been located in big cities like Delhi, Mumbai and Kolkata. Many banks and companies provide capital in these areas.
6. Skilled labour. Cheap and skilled labour is essential for the location of the industries. Areas of dense population provide cheap and large labour force. Engineering industries need skilled labour.
Example: Cotton Textile industry in Lancashire, Glass industries in Ferozabad, Sports goods industry in Jalandhar are located due to availability of the skilled labour. The Swiss are known for watch making, the British for specialised cotton textiles, the Japanese for electronic goods and Varanasi is known for silk embroidery.
7. Cheap land. Heavy industries need cheap level land. Steel industry at Jamshedpur is located in a broad river-valley.
8. Government policies. Most of the industries are located with government aid. Government policies may encourage or discourage the industries in an area. Government may offer cheap land, reduce taxes; help in providing machinery and transport.
9. Nearness to market. Industries are located near the market for the manufactured goods. Urban and industrial centres with dense population provide a large market. Market is based on demand and the purchasing power of the people. Countries of Asia don’t make a huge market because the people cannot afford to buy goods. Dairy industries are located near the ready markets of towns. Light Engineering industries are located near the big factories which require these goods. Aircraft and arm industry have a global market.
10. Early start. Momentum of an early start leads to the location of an industry such as Cotton Textile in Mumbai.
11. Defence. Some industries are located with a military motive such as Aircraft industry at Bengaluru.
Question 9. Describe the location and development of iron and steel industry in different countries of the world. Answer: Iron and steel industry. Iron and steel industry is the basis of modern industrialisation. It is the foundation of modem machines, tools, transportation (rail, road, water, air). It is used in making superstructures, bridges, tanks, agricultural implements and many products of daily use. It has great strength, toughness, elasticity and low cost of production. The production and consumption of steel is the index of the economic development of country. Ours is truly an ‘age of steel’.
Factors for the location of Industry.
Raw materials. Iron and steel industry needs the bulky raw materials of manganese, limestone and scrap iron.
Coking coal. Coking coal or charcoal is required for smelting of iron ore.
Market. The products of iron and steel industry demand a big consuming market.
Capital. Iron and steel industry requires huge capital. Lack of capital is a main obstacle to this industry in developing countries.
Other Factors. Iron and steel industry needs cheap transport, skilled labour and modern techniques.
World Production
During the last 50 years, world production of steel has increased six times. This industry is widely distributed in many countries.
Main Countries: 1. Russia. Russia is the largest producer of iron and steel in the world. Main areas (i) Ukraine region. Southern Ukraine (near Black Sea) is the oldest and the leading iron and steel producing region. Stalino Rostov and Voroshilovsk, Krivoirog, Donetsk are the main centres of steel production. (ii) Ural region: Magnitogorsk and Chelyabisk are chief steel centres. (iii) Moscow region: Moscow, Tula and Gorky are the main centres. (iv) Other areas: Stalinsk, Vladivostok, Tashkent, St. Petersberg, Tbilisi are other important centres of iron and steel industry.
2. U.S.A. The U.S.A. is the second largest producer of iron and steel in the world. Pittsberg-Youngstown is the leading centre of iron and steel industry.
The important steel centres : (i) Pittsberg : Youngstown Region. (Rust Bowl of U.S.A.) (ii) Great Lakes Region with:
(a) Duluth on Superior Lake.
(b) Chicago and Gary on Michigan Lake. (c) Detroit, Erie, Cleveland and Buffalo on Lake Erie. (iii) Birmingham: Alabama Region. (iv) Mid-Atlantic region with steel plants at Sparrow point, Bethleham and Morrisville. (v) The western states with centres as Puebelo, Tocoma, San Francisco, Los Angeles and Fontana.
3. Japan : Japan with 15% steel production is the third largest producer of iron and steel.
Main Centres:
Moji-Nagasaki region has Yawata Steel centre.
Kamaishi in Honshu island.
Mororan in Hokkaido island.
Kobe-Osaka region.
Tokyo-Yokohama region.
4. Germany: Iron and steel industry is centred in Westphalian Region in Ruhr Valley. The important steel producing centres are Essen, Bochum, Dortmund, Dusseldorf and Solingen. Germany has large reserves of coking coal, but iron ore is imported from Sweden. Rivers and canals provide cheap transport. Lecruresat and St. Ettienne are in France.
5. Great Britain : Great Britain has been the pioneer in steel industry. It was the largest producer of steel in the world till 1890. This region has advantage of an early start, local deposits of coal and iron ore, technical knowledge, cheap transport and huge demand. The main steel centres are :
South Wales—Cardiff.
N.E. Coast—New Castle, Middles Borough and Darlington.
Yorkshire—Sheffields (famous for cutlery goods).
Midland -Region-—Birmingham (known as Black country).
Scotland—Glasgow.
Lincolnshire—Fordingham.
6. China : China has made rapid progress in steel industry. China is the largest steel producer in Asia.
Main Centres
Manchuria—Anshan and Mukden.
Yangtz valley—Wuhan, Shanghai.
Shensi—Shansi Region—Beijing, Tientsin.
Canton, Tsingtao, Chinlingchen, Hupeh.
7. India: The first modem steel plant was established in 1907 at Sakchi (Jamshedpur) in Bihar, by Jamshedji Tata. India produces the cheapest steel in the world. India produces 320 lakh tons of steel and 100 lakh tons of pig iron. With the establishment of new steel plants, it is expected to reach 500 lakh tons of steel. Centres of production:
I. Damodar Valley. This region has TISCO (Tata Iron and Steel Company) steel plant at Jamshedpur and IISCO (Indian Iron and Steel Company) steel plant, at Kulti- Bumpur.
II. Visvesvaraya Iron and Steel Limited. This steel plant is located at Bhadravati (Karnataka). It produces alloy and special steel.
III. Steel Centres in Public Sector—Four steel plants have been developed in the public sector, under HSL (Hindustan Steel Limited) with the collaboration of some foreign countries.
Bhilai (Chhattisgarh)—With the help of Russia.
Rourkela (Odisha)—By German Firm Krupps — Demag.
Durgapur (W. Bengal)—With British aid.
Boka.ro (Jharkhand)—With Russian help.
IV. New Steel Plants. The government has decided to set up three new plants by Sail at:
Vishakhapatnam (Andhra Pradesh)
Salem (Tamil Nadu).
Vijaynagar (Near Hospet, Karnataka).
Question 10. Write a short note on Silicon Valley. Answer: ‘Silicon Valley’ technopolis : The development of Silicon valley is attributed to the work of Frederick Terman, a professor and later, Vice-President of Stanford University at Palo Alto, in the northwestern part of Santa Clara country in California. In 1930s, Terman encouraged his students in electrical engineering to stay in the areas and establish their own companies.
One of the first companies was set up by William Hewlett and David Packard in a garage near the University campus. Now it is one of the world’s largest electronic firms. By the end of 1950s Terman had persuaded Stanford University to develop a special industrial park for such new high-tech firms. It created a hot house of innovation and generating a significant specialized work force and produce services.
It has sustained the continued agglomeration of high-tech electronics and has also attracted other high-tech industries. For example, nearly a third of all employment in biotechnology in the USA is located in California. Of this, over 90 percent is located in the San Francisco Bay area. Stanford University has been receiving increasing amount of donations from grateful companies, which runs into millions of dollars annually.
In This Post we are providing CHAPTER 5 PRIMARY ACTIVITIESNCERT MOST IMPORTANT QUESTIONS for Class 12 FUNDAMENTALS OF HUMAN GEOGRAPHY which will be beneficial for students. These solutions are updated according to 2021-22 syllabus. These MCQS can be really helpful in the preparation of Board exams and will provide you with a brief knowledge of the chapter
NCERT MOST IMPORTANT QUESTIONSON PRIMARY ACTIVITIES
Question 1. Write notes on : (a) Market gardening (b) Truck farming (c) Flower culture (d) Fruit culture Answer: Horticulture. The specialised cultivation of fruit and vegetables and flowers solely for the urban markets is known as horticulture.
Area. It is well developed in the densely populated industrial and urban centres where demand is large. The main areas are N.W. Europe and N.E. parts of U.S.A.
Types of Horticulture : (a) Market Gardening. Vegetables are grown in sub-urban areas to meet the daily demand. London, Moscow and California are important centres.
(b) Truck Farming. Areas having favourable climate and so it grows fruits and vegetables for distant markets. It involves movement by trucks and is thus known as truck farming. California is the greatest vegetable growing state.
(c) Flower Culture. Netherlands specializes in the cultivation of spring flowers such as Tulips which are flown to all the major cities of Europe.
(d) Fruit Culture. In warm and sunny climate a variety of fruits are grown such as mangoes, apples, oranges, grapes, bananas, etc. Mangoes are exported from India to foreign markets of Russia, Middle East and Southern continents supply fruit in winter.
Question 2. Differentiate between co-operative farming and collective farming stating any five points of distinction. Or Define the term ‘Co-operative farming Or What is the basic principle of Collective farming ? Answer: Co-operative Farming (i) A group of farmers form a co-operative society by pooling in their resources voluntarily for more efficient and profitable farming.
(ii) Individual farms remain intact and farming is a matter of cooperative initiative.
(iii) Co-operative societies help farmers, to procure all important inputs of farming, sell the products at the most favourable terms and help in processing of quality products at cheaper rates.
(iv) Co-operative movement originated over a century ago and has been successful in many western European countries like Denmark, Netherlands, Belgium, Sweden, Italy etc.
(v) In Denmark, the movement has been so successful that practically every farmer is a member of a co-operative.
Collective Farming (i) Collective farming or the model of Kolkhoz was introduced in erstwhile Soviet Union to improve the inefficiency of the previous methods of agriculture and to boost agricultural production for self-sufficiency.
(ii) The farmers pool in all their resources like land, livestock and labour.
(iii) However, they are allowed to retain very small plots to grow crops in order to meet their daily requirements.
(iv) Yearly targets are set by the government and the produce is also sold to the state at fixed prices. Produce in excess of the fixed amount is distributed among the members or sold in the market.
(a) The farmers have to pay taxes on the farm produces, hired machinery, etc. Members are paid according to the nature of the work allotted to them by the farm management.
Question 3. Explain any five characteristics ‘ of extensive ‘commercial grain cultivation’ practised in the World. Answer: (i) It is practised in Temperate grasslands. (ii) Wheat is the main crop grown. (iii) The size of farm is very large. (iv) Mechanised agriculture is practised. (v) Yield per hectare is low. (vi) Field per person is high.
Question 4. Distinguish between the following : Or Describe any five characteristics of ‘subsistence agriculture’ practised in the world. (Delhi 2019) (i) Subsistence and Commercial Agriculture. (ii) Intensive and Extensive Agriculture. Answer: (i) Subsistence Agriculture and Commercial Agriculture
Subsistence Agriculture
Commercial Agriculture
1. Subsist ence a griculture is the type of farming in which crops are grown for local consumption.2. Sedentary agriculture and intensive agriculture are its main types.3. It is practised in densely populated areas of monsoon region like India. China. Indonesia. Bangladesh, etc.4. Rice is the main crop in S E. Asia. Other cereals are grown in dry areas.5. Size of the land holding is small.6. Simple implements, with large human labour, are used.7. Green manures and fertilizers are used to increase the fertility
1. Commercial agriculture includes the growing of crops for market.2. Plantation farming and extensive farming are its main types.3. It is practised in sparsely populated areas of temperate grasslands. Tropical regions have plantations. Mixed farming and dairy farming in Europe are other forms of it.4. Wheat is grown in temperate regions. Tea, coffee, sugarcane are grown in tropical region.5. Size of the land holding is large.6. Lt is highly mechanised farming.7. Chemical fertilizers are widely used.
(ii) Intensive and Extensive Agriculture (CBSE Output Delhi 2017)
Intensive Agriculture
Extensive Agriculture
1. Intensive agriculture means the application of large amount of labour and capital to small fields to obtain high yield per unit area of land and to produce many crops a year.2. It is carried on in densely populated areas like China. India. N.W. Europe etc. where availability of per capita land is low.3. It is practised in old world countries and is known as oriental agriculture also.4. It is of two types. In wet areas, it is intensive subsistence dominated by wet paddy. In other areas, it is dominated by other food crops.5. The size of land holdings is small.6. Much human labour is used. Machinery is not so widely used.7. Livestock farming is little developed due 1o poor pastures.
1. Extensive agriculture means highly mechanised farming on large holdings, employing little labour to get a large total yield. But it is a capital intensive farming.2. It is best developed in sparsely populated areas like Steppes, Prairies, the Pampas and Downs (Temperate Grasslands) where large land holdings are available.3. It is a new development and is carried out- in new world countries.4. It has a marked speci-alisation of wheat monoculture. It is a type of plantation agriculture in mid-latitudes5. The size of land holdings is very large (16,000 Hectares).6. It is highly mechanised farming. A small labour force is used.7. Livestock farming supplements agriculture due to availability of grasslands.
Question 5. (a) What is Gathering ? What are its main characteristics ? (b) In which areas, is it still practiced ? (c) What products are gathered from it ? (d) Examine the future of gathering in the world. Answer: Gathering is one of the oldest activity of man. Man survived on edible plants gathered from forests to meet food requirements. (а) Characteristics.
It is practised in regions with harsh climatic conditions
It involves primitive societies who extract both plants and animals to satisfy their needs for food, shelter and clothing.
This type of activity requires a small amount of capital investment.
It operates at very low level of technology.
The yield per person is very low and little or no surplus is produced.
(b) Areas. Gathering is practised in :
high latitude zones which include northern Canada, northern Eurasia and southern Chile.
Low latitude zones such as the Amazon Basin, tropical Africa, Northern fringe of Australia and the interior parts of Southeast Asia.
(c) Products In modern times some gathering is market oriented and has become commercial.
Gatherers collect valuable plants such as leaves, barks of trees and medicinal plants and after simple processing sell the products in the market.
They use various parts of the plants, for example, the bark is used for quinine, tanin extract and cork
leaves supply materials for beverages, drugs, cosmetics, fibres, thatch and fabrics; nuts for food and oils and tree trunk yield rubber, balata, gums and resins.
(d) Future of gathering Gathering has little chance of becoming important at the global level. Products of such an activity cannot compete in the world market. Synthetic products often of better quality and at lower prices have replaced many items.
Question 6. Describe the main features of Pastoral nomadism and the areas associated with it. Answer: Pastoralism. The domestication of animals was one of the early steps in the development of civilisation. People living in different climatic conditions selected and domesticated animals found in those regions e.g. cattle and horses in the grasslands, sheep and reindeer in the tundra regions, camel in the tropical deserts, and llama and yak in the high altitudes of the Andes and the Himalayas respectively.
These animals were the chief sources of milk, meat, wool and hides. In the tropical and temperate grasslands of the world, livestock, herding and rearing constitutes as pastoral nomadism.
Pastoral nomadism. It is a subsistence activity depending on animals. Since these people do not live a settled life, they are called nomads. Each nomadic community occupies a well-defined territory. The animals depend entirely on natural vegetation.
Cattle are reared in grasslands receiving more rain and having soft and long grasses. Sheep are reared in low rainfall areas with short grasses. Goats are common in the rugged terrain with scanty grasses. There are six widely distributed species reared by pastoral nomads : sheep, goats, camels, cattle, horses and donkeys.
Transhumance. In some parts of the world, the movement of herders follows the change in seasons. For example, in the mountainous regions such as the Himalayas, Gujars, Bakarwals, Gaddis and Bhotiyas migrate from the plains to the mountains in summers and from mountains to the plains in winters. Similarly, in the tundra region, the nomadic herders move from south to north in summers and from north to south in winters. Such seasonal migration of people with their animals is known as transhumance.
Areas. Pastoral nomadism is associated with seven distinct areas—high latitude sub-Arctic, Eurasian Steppe, mountainous south-west Asia. Saharan and Arabian deserts, sub-Saharan Savannas, the Andes and the Asian high altitude plateaus. These may broadly be grouped under three broad regions.
(i) Sahara, the largest region extends over nearly 13,000 km., from the Sahel and Sahara in Africa to Mongolia and Central China. (ii) Tundra, the second region includes the southern border of the tundra region in Eurasia. (iii) S.W. Africa, the third region comprises of south-west Africa. These areas are either too hot and dry or too cold. Today, nomadic herding supports only 15 to 20 million people in the world.
Question 7. Describe the development of commercial grazing in different types of grasslands. Answer: Commercial Grazing. Commercial grazing is a large scale domestication of animals, on permanent ranches, with scientific methods and fodder crops. It is practised in temperate grasslands. These areas with moderate rain, mild temperature and large surplus land favour the commercial form of grazing. Cattle are kept to produce the products of meat, wool, dairy products for export.
(a) Temperate Grasslands (i) Prairies. The Prairies grasslands of North America have many large ranches. Better breeds of cattle like Hereford, Friesian and Jersey cow are kept. Merino sheep are grazed on Edward and Mexico plateau. Cattle are fattened on corn for sending to slaughter houses. It is said in the U.S.A., ‘corn goes to market on hoofs’.
(ii) Pampas. S.E. South America includes the grazing lands of Pampas, Patagonia, Uruguay and southern Brazil. The Pampas with 50 to 100 cms rain, cool climate, Alfa-Alfa grass have helped commercial grazing of cattle for beef and wool. Uruguay and Brazil with green grasses are leading exporters of cattle products.
(iii) Australia. Temperate grasslands of Australia include ‘Downs’ grasslands over large areas of Victoria, N.S. Wales, and South Australia. Australia is the leading commercial grazing country of the world. Natural pastures, cool climate, artesian wells, large ranches favour commercial grazing.
(iv) New Zealand. The economic development of New Zealand depends upon sheep and cattle grazing. New Zealand is the leading exporter of beef, wool, butter. Sheep and dairy cattle are kept on small farms.
(v) South Africa. The veld region of South Africa plateau is a region of temperate grasslands. Sheep and Angora goats are grazed for beef and wool.
Question 8. What is plantation Agriculture ? What are its characteristics ? Name the areas and crops grown there. Or Describe any five features of plantation agriculture practiced in different regions of the world? Answer: Plantation Agriculture : Plantation agriculture is a large scale specialised commercial farm of a single cash crop on estates or plantations. Some of the main crops are rubber, oil palm, cotton, tea, cocoa, bananas, pineapples, coffee and sugarcane. The plantations were established by the Europeans during the colonial period in tropics.
Areas. Plantations are found in many parts of tropical regions of Asia, Africa and America. (i) West Indies, Cuba and Jamaica. (ii) Guinea and west coast of Africa. (iii) India, Sri Lanka, Malaysia and Indonesia, Phillipines.
Characteristics : (i) Plantation farms are generally large (more than 40 hectares) and known as estates or plantations. (ii) The European skill, organisation and large capital are used on plantations. These use scientific methods of cultivation and a single crop specialisation. (iii) Local or migrated labour is used on plantation such as Negroes in cotton belt of the U.S.A. and Tamils in tea plantations of Sri Lanka. The plantation system depends on the exploitation of cheap labour. (iv) It aims at high yields, high quality production and a large output for export. (v) Plantations are located in coastal areas with developed network of roads, railways, harbours and navigable rivers.
Areas : (a) Most of the estates are owned by Europeans. British companies own rubber plantations of Malaysia, Tea estates of India and Sri Lanka and Banana plantations in West Indies. (b) The French established cocoa and coffee plantation in west Africa. (c) The British established sugarcane and banana plantations in West Indies. (d) Spanish and Americans established coconut and sugarcane plantation in Phillipines.
Question 9. Write detailed notes on : Or (a) Compare the features of Mixed farming and Diary farming in five points? (a) Mixed Farming (b) Dairy Farming Answer: (a) Mixed Farming: Mixed farming involves the growing of crops and raising of animals on the same farm. Besides cultivation, other subsidiary occupations like cattle rearing, poultry farming, dairy farming etc. are practised.
Livestock is fed on fodder crops in winter. In summer, cattle graze on pastures. Many factors have favoured the development of mixed farming :
Urban and industrial population.
Facilities of transport.
Nearness to market.
Certain rainfall.
Intensive methods.
Areas. It is practised in highly developed parts of the world. Mixed farming is found through- out Europe, Eastern and Northern America, Pampas, S.E. Australia, New Zealand and South Africa. Characteristics : (i) This type of farming is highly intensive, scientific and specialised. (ii) Mixed farms are moderate in size. (iii) It represents truly mixed economy because crops and livestocks are equally integrated. (iv) Cereals are grown with other crops practising crop rotation, inter cropping and crop-combination. (v) Mixed farming is characterised by high capital expenditure on machinery and farm building. (vi) Chemical fertilizers are extensively used to maintain the fertility of the soils. (vii) The labour is skilled and expert in farming.
(viii) Mixed farming has threefold advantages:
It protects the farmers against the risk of poor prices, crop failure and diseases.
Labour is evenly spread throughout the year.
Soil fertility is maintained by crop rotation.
(ix) Livestock is fed on fodder crop, pastures and other crops. (x) The farmers have a higher standard of living.
(b) Dairy Farming: Dairy farming is an advanced type of farming. Cattle are kept to produce milk. Milk is a highly nutritious food. Milk is used to form many products like butter, cheese, condensed milk, etc. Dairy cattle include many breeds of cows and buffaloes.
Geographical factors favouring dairy farming :
A cool-temperate climate
Moderate temperatures
Sufficient rainfall
Rich pastures
Nearness to markets
Skilled labour
Capital
Developed means of transport.
Technical knowledge.
Modern methods of refrigeration, cold storage, milking and preparing dairy products need technical and scientific knowledge.
Major Dairy Regions. The major dairy regions of the world are found in the cool-temperate regions of the world.
1. N.W. Europe. This dairy region extends from Atlanic coast to Moscow for a distance of 3000 kms. This industry is highly developed in Denmark and the Netherlands. Denmark has 9000 co-operative societies engaged in dairy farming.
2. N.E. American Region. This dairy region extends from Atlantic coast to great lakes of North America. The U.S.A. and Canada are among the leading dairy countries of the world. St. Lawrence valley and Wisconsin states are the main area of dairy region.
3. Australia-New Zealand (Tasmania) Region. New Zealand and Australia have well developed dairy farming. Cattle are reared in North Iceland, Tasmania, Queensland and New South Wales. New Zealand is the largest exporter of butter and cheese in the world.
Question 10. Large scale mechanised grain cultivation results in low yield per acre, but High yield per man.” Discuss. Answer: Extensive agriculture is practised in temperate grasslands. It is a large scale mechanised farming on large farms. It results in low yield per acre but high yield per man.
(i) Wheat is the main cereal grown. The average yield is 20 Bushels per acre. It is low as compared to yield of wheat in countries having intensive cultivation, for example in Belgium it is 60 Bushels per acre.
(ii) The farms are highly mechanised. A single machine can do the work of 50 to 100 labourers. Labour force is small and the yield per man is high.
(iii) It is practised in sparsely populated areas. Therefore production per man is high.
(iv) The size of the farms is very large. The methods are not intensive. The total output is large but the yield per acre is low.
In This Post we are providing CHAPTER 4 HUMAN DEVELOPMENTNCERT MOST IMPORTANT QUESTIONS for Class 12 FUNDAMENTALS OF HUMAN GEOGRAPHY which will be beneficial for students. These solutions are updated according to 2021-22 syllabus. These MCQS can be really helpful in the preparation of Board exams and will provide you with a brief knowledge of the chapter
NCERT MOST IMPORTANT QUESTIONSON HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
Questions 1. “Leading a long and healthy life is an important aspect of human development.” Give an argument to support this statement. Answer: Life is meaningful when people are healthy, able to develop their talents, participate in society and be free to achieve their goals. This kind of life is an important aspect of human development.
Questions 2. Explain any three human values which are required to empower socially and economically disadvantaged people. OR “Equity is one of the most important pillars of human development.” Explain any three human values that are required to give equal access to opportunities to everybody. Answer: Equity means the availability of equal opportunities to everyone. If everybody has equal access to available opportunities, then a quality life is possible. The three human values required to give equal access to everybody are as follows:
Providing equal opportunities without any discrimination of caste or race.
Equal opportunities should be available irrespective of gender.
Equal opportunities without any discrimination of income or class.
Questions 3. “Development is a qualitative change, which is always value positive.” Support this statement with any three suitable arguments. Answer: Development means a qualitative change which is always value positive. This means that development cannot take place unless there is an increment or addition to the existing conditions. Development occurs when positive growth takes place. The given statement can be supported by the following three arguments:
1. The term ‘development’ refers to a qualitative shift that is always value positive. It occurs when there is a positive change in quality over a time frame. Although development is always influenced by growth but only in the case of positive and qualitative growth, e.g. if a child grows by height but is not mentally able, then growth is not accompanied with development.
2. Countries with better economic conditions are more developed while poor nations a^e less developed. But in many cases, the benefit of economic growth does not reach the common man. Quality of life of the people of a country, the opportunities they have, freedom of living, etc are important aspects of development.
3. Dr Mahbub-ul-Haq described human development as development that enlarges people’s choice and improves their lives. He believed that people are central to all development and the main aim of development is to create a situation and environment where people get meaningful lives. The meaningful life means a life that must be full of objectivity, that includes health, participation in the societal helm of affairs and focuses on people’s goals.
Questions 4. Explain the key areas of human development. OR Explain the three main areas of measuring human development. Answer: The key areas of human development are health, housing and access to resources. They are explained as follows: Health Indicator Indicator of health is measured through life expectancy at birth, that shows if people have longer and healthier lives. Education Indicator Level of education is seen through gross enrollment ratio and an adult literacy rate that represents access to knowledge.
Access to Resources The indicator of access to resources is purchasing power in terms of US dollars. These are the key areas or the indicators through which human development is measured.
Questions 5. Differentiate between ‘growth and development’ with an example. Answer: Growth refers to quantitative changes. Its value can be neutral, positive or negative. Development refers to qualitative changes and its value is always positive. This is because development cannot take place unless there is an increase or a rise in existing conditions thus leading to positive changes. For e.g. the population of a city increases from 1 lakh to 2 lakh over a period of time. This is growing as the number has increased.
However, if the basic necessities like food, housing, education and sanitation facilities remain constant, then the growth is not accompanied by development.
Questions 6. Explain any three features of welfare approach of human development, OR Explain any three characteristics of ‘welfare approach’ of human development in the world. Answer: The characteristics of the welfare approach are as follows:
The welfare approach of human development is an approach which looks at human beings as beneficiaries or targets of all development activities.
According to this approach, the government is responsible for increasing levels of human development by increasing expenditure on welfare such as on education, health, housing, sanitation etc.
In this approach, people are passive recipients of the beneficiaries of human development, while the government is the provider of those beneficiaries.
Questions 7. Explain the concept of ‘Equity’ and ‘Sustainability’ as the pillars of human development. Answer: Just as any building is supported by pillars, the idea of human development is supported by the concepts of equity and sustainability. Both are explained below: Equity It means availability of equal opportunities to an individual. The available opportunities have equal access without any discrimination on the ground of gender, race, income and caste. A quality life is possible if access to resources is provided on the basis of being a human.
Sustainability It refers to continuity in the availability of opportunities. Human development is possible when opportunities are available to the present and future of a country. It must be ensured that equal access to a resource should be available to the next generation.
Questions 8. Explain the ‘basic needs approach’ to human development in the world. Answer: The basic needs approach to human development in the world was initially proposed by the International Labour Organisation (ILO). In this approach, the question of human choices is ignored as the main emphasis is laid on the provision of basic needs. These basic needs are the necessity that enables a person to survive and fulfil the essential requirements. There are six basic needs identified in this approach.
They are as follows: Health Proper health required to maintain a healthy weight. Education Provision of schools and colleges. Food Nutritious food to fulfil daily requirements. Water Supply Provision of clean drinking water. Sanitation Proper sanitation facility to maintain hygiene. Housing Proper dwelling place with basic facilities.
Questions 9. “The size of a territory and per capita income are not directly related to human development.” Support the statement with examples, Answer: Human Development is the process of widening people’s choices and the level of well being they achieve. According to the United National Development Programme, long and healthy life, education and a decent standard of life are the most important elements of human development.
The indicators of human development are: Health Indicators Health is a major component of human development. It is measured in terms of birth rate and death rate. Economic Indicators An essential part of human development is economic productivity. Growth in an economy and economic productivity can be assessed with the help of gross national product and per capita income. Life Expectancy With the declining vital rates life expectancy of birth has gone up as it was only 37.1 for male and 36.2 years for a female in 1951. It wants up to 62.30 years and 65.27% years respectively during 1996. Social Indicators Education is universally recognised as a major component of human development. As such a minimum level of literacy sums to be essential for a population to break out of the unit circle of poverty.
The Economic structure of a country is the most important indicator of human development. The size of a territory does not play any role in it. The advanced countries have a higher level of economic prosperity while the less developed and backward countries are at a lower level of economic growth.
The developed countries per capita income is indirectly related to economic structure and overall all these indicators make the Human Development Index of a country. The size of a territory and per capita income are not directly related to human development but it does play some role.
Questions 10. What is human development? Analyse the four pillars of human development. OR What is ‘human development’? Explain the four pillars of human development. Answer: For the definition of human development, Human development is defined as the type of development that enlarges people’s choices and improves their lives.
Human development has four concepts such as equity, sustainability, productivity and empowerment. These concepts are based on human development and are called pillars of human development such as:
Equity It means availability of equal opportunities to an individual. The available opportunities have equal access without any discrimination on the ground of gender, race, income and caste. A quality life is possible if access to resources is provided on the basis of being a human.
Sustainability It refers to continuity in the availability of opportunities. Human development is possible when opportunities are available to the present and future of a country. It must be ensured that equal access to a resource should be available to the next generation.
Productivity Human labour productivity or productivity in the context of human work refers to productivity regarding human development. A nation should invest in its productive labour by providing them with better healthcare facilities, education and training. Healthy and educated people can contribute more than unhealthy and illiterate people in development. Empowerment It refers to having the power of making choices. Freedom and capabilities can enhance the power and capacity to make a choice. The government can enhance empowerment through good governance and people-oriented policies.
In This Post we are providing CHAPTER 3 POPULATION COMPOSITIONNCERT MCQ for Class 12 FUNDAMENTALS OF HUMAN GEOGRAPHYwhich will be beneficial for students. These solutions are updated according to 2021-22 syllabus. These MCQS can be really helpful in the preparation of Board exams and will provide you with a brief knowledge of the chapter
NCERT MCQON POPULATION COMPOSITION
Question 1: Triangular shaped Pyramid refers to –
a) Expanding Population
b) Constant population
c) Declining population
d) None of these
Answer : A
Question 2: Bell shaped Pyramid refers to
a) Expanding Population
b) Constant population
c) Declining population
d) None of these
Answer : B
Question 3: Narrow base of age – sex pyramid refers to
a) High birth rate
b) High death rate
c) Low birth rate
d) All of above
Answer : C
Question 4: Broad base of age – sex pyramid refers to –
a) High birth rate
b) High death rate
c) Low birth rate
d) All of above
Answer : A
Question 5: In India literacy rate denotes the percentage of population above
a) 8 years of age
b) 7 years of age
c) 5 years of age
d) 6 years of age
Answer : B
Question 6: Planning includes which of the following
a) all of above
b) implementation of set of actions to achieve goal
c) formulation of schemes or programmes
d) process of thinking
Answer: all of above
Question 7: Sectoral planning does not include
a) Infrastructure
b) Hill area
c) Transport
d) Irrigation
Answer: Infrastructure
Question 8: Aim of regional planning is
a) to reduce regional imbalance
b) to reduce regional imbalance
c) to improve roads
d) develop agriculture
Answer: to reduce regional imbalance
Question 9: Hill area development programme does not include
a) large scale industry
b) small scale industry
c) poultry
d) poultry
Answer: large scale industry
Question 10: Sustainable development does not include
a) Fast development
b) dynamic development
c) ecological development
d) present and future development
Answer: Fast development
Question 11: ITDP means
a) Integrated tribal development project
b) Indian tribal development project
c) Indian tribal development program
d) integrated tribal development programme
Answer: Integrated tribal development project
Question 12: Indira Gandhi canal command area is in
a) Gujrat
b) Gujrat
c) Rajasthan
d) Maharashtra
Answer: Gujrat
Question 13: Negative influence of Indira Gandhi Canal command area includes
a) wind erosion
b) water logging
c) siltation
d) afforestation
Answer: wind erosion
Question 14: Promotion of sustainable development does not include
In This Post we are providing CHAPTER 2 THE WORLD POPULATION (DISTRIBUTION , DENSITY AND GROWTH)NCERT MCQ for Class 12 FUNDAMENTALS OF HUMAN GEOGRAPHY which will be beneficial for students. These solutions are updated according to 2021-22 syllabus. These MCQS can be really helpful in the preparation of Board exams and will provide you with a brief knowledge of the chapter
NCERT MCQON THE WORLD POPULATION (DISTRIBUTION , DENSITY AND GROWTH)
Question 1. What was world population at the beginning of the 21st century? (A) 4 billion (B) 6 billion (C) 8 billion (D) 10 billion
Answer: (B) 6 billion
Question 2. What is the present growth rate of population in the world? (A) 1.0% (B) 1.2% (C) 1.4% (D) 1.6%
Answer: (B) 1.2%
Question 3. How many times The world population has increased during the last 500 years? (A) 4 (B) 6 (C) 8 (D) 10
Answer: (D) 10
Question 4. What is the average density of the world population? (per sq. km.) (A) 31 (B) 35 (C) 38 (D) 54
Answer: (D) 54
Question 5. Which country has the highest density of population? (A) China (B) India (C) Singapore (D) Indonesia
Answer: (C) Singapore
Question 6. Which continent has the highest growth rate of the population? (A) Asia (B) Africa (C) Europe (D) Australia
Answer: (B) Africa
Question 7. What was the world population at the time of the Industrial Revolution? (A) 30 crore (B) 40 crore (C) 50 crore (D) 60 crore
Answer: (C) 50 crore
Question 8. Which is the most populated country? (A) China (B) India (C) Russia (D) Germany
Answer: (A) China
Question 9. How many people are added to the world population every year? (A) 6 crore (B) 7 crore (C) 8 crore (D) 10 crore
Answer: (C) 8 crore
Question 10. The ten most populated countries have a world population: (A) 50% (B) 60% (C) 70% (D) 80%
Answer: (B) 60%
Question 11. Which one of the following continents has the highest growth of population: (A) Africa (B) South America (C) Asia (D) North America.
Answer: (A) Africa
Question 12. Which one of the following is not an area of the sparse population? (A) The Atacama (B) Equatorial Region (C) South-East Asia (D) Polar Regions.
Answer: (C) South-East Asia
Question 13. Which of the following is not a push factor: (A) Water shortage (B) Unemployment (C) Medical/Educational facilities (D) Epidemics.
Answer: (C) Medical/Educational facilities.
Question 14. Which one of the following is not a fact? (A) Human population increased more than ten times during the past 500 years (B) Nearly 80 million people are added to the world population each year (C) It took 100 years for the population to rise from five billion to six billion (D) Population growth is high in the first stage of demographic transition.
Answer: (C) It took 100 years for the population to rise from five billion to six billion.
Question 15:
The continent that has the highest growth rate of population
In This Post we are providing CHAPTER 1 HUMAN GEOGRAPHY (NATURE AND SCOPE)NCERT MCQ for Class 12 FUNDAMENTALS OF HUMAN GEOGRAPHYwhich will be beneficial for students. These solutions are updated according to 2021-22 syllabus. These MCQS can be really helpful in the preparation of Board exams and will provide you with a brief knowledge of the chapter
NCERT MCQON HUMAN GEOGRAPHY (NATURE AND SCOPE)
Question1. Which one of the the following is the most important factor in the interaction between people and environment? (A) Human intelligence (B) Technology (C) Peoples perception (D) Human brotherhood
Ans. (A)
Question2. Which element is called ‘Mother-Nature ? (A) Physical Environment (B) Political Environment (C) Cultural Environment (D) Industrial Environment.
Ans. (A)
Question3. Which one of the following is not an approach in human geography? (A) Areal differentiation (B) Spatial organisation (C) Quantitative revolution (D) Exploration and description
Ans. (D)
Question4. Which one of the following statements does not describe geography? (A) an integrative discipline (B) study of the inter-relationship between humans and environment (C) subjected to dualism (D) not relevant in the present time due to the development of technology.
Ans. (D)
Question5. Which one of the following is not source of geographical information? (A) traveller’s accounts (B) old maps (C) samples of rock materials from the moon (D) ancient epics
Ans. (D)
Question 6: Who was the Father of modern human geography? (a) Humboldt (b) Ritter (c) Ratzel (d) None of these
Answer = C
Question 7: “Human geography is the study of mutually changeable relations of active human and unstable earth.” Who gave this definition? (a) Ratzel (b) Ellen Semple (c) Blache (d) Carl Sauer Answer = B
Question 8: Who was the founder of neo-determinism? (a) Griffith Taylor (b) Blache (c) Mackinder (d) Herbertson
Answer = A
Question 9: Who is not a French geographer out of the following? (a) Blache (b) Bruches (c) Demanzia (d) Ritter
Answer = D
Question 10: Name the Tri – Equilibrium factors of human geography. (a) Biotic (b) Abiotic (c) cultural factors. (d) All of these
Answer = D
Question 11: “Anthropogeography” is written by (a) Blache (b) Bruches (c) Demanzia (d) Ratzel Answer = D
Question 12: Who gave the concept of Possibilism? (a) Blache (b) Bruches (c) Demanzia (d) French scholar Paul
Answer = D
Question 13: Who gave the concept of ‘stop and go determinism’? (a) Griffith Taylor (b) Ratzel (c) E.C Semple (d) Vidal de la Blache
Answer = A
Question 14 : Who was the founder of neo-determinism? (a) Blache (b) Mackinder (c) Both (d) None of these
Answer = D
Question 15: The most important factor in the interaction between people and environment (a) Human intelligence (b) Technology (c) People‘s perception (d) Human brotherhood
In This Post we are providing CHAPTER 3 POPULATION COMPOSITIONNCERT MOST IMPORTANT QUESTIONS for Class 12 FUNDAMENTALS OF HUMAN GEOGRAPHY which will be beneficial for students. These solutions are updated according to 2021-22 syllabus. These MCQS can be really helpful in the preparation of Board exams and will provide you with a brief knowledge of the chapter
NCERT MOST IMPORTANT QUESTIONSON POPULATION COMPOSITION
Questions 1. Why is the age structure considered an important indicator of population composition? Given one reason. Answer: Age structure is an important indicator of population composition because it tells about the proportion of population i.e. the percentage of the young and ageing population. This helps in planning for the future.
Questions 2. Why is the sex ratio in some European countries recorded favourable to females? Given one reason. Answer: In some European countries, females recorded a favourable sex ratio because women enjoy better socio-economic status.
Questions 3. Name the country where the sex ratio is most unfavourable to women in the world. Answer: A country, where the sex ratio is most unfavourable to women, is UAE as there are 468 females per 1000 males.
Questions 4. How is sex ratio calculated in different countries of the world? Answer: In some countries the sex ratio is calculated by using a formula: MalePopulationFemalePopulation×1000 Or the number of males per thousand females. In India, the sex ratio is calculated by using a formula: FemalePopulationmalePopulation×1000 Or the number of females per thousand males.
Questions 5. Divide the population of the world into two groups on the basis of residence. How do they differ from each other? Explain any two points of difference. Answer: Depending upon the place of residence, the population of a country is divided into two groups: 1. Rural population Characteristics of Rural Population (a) People living in villages are known as the rural population. The main occupation of rural people is primary activities i.e. hunting, fishing, mining, agriculture, agricultural labour, etc. (b) Majority of the world’s population reside in rural areas but the density of population is low.
2. Urban population Characteristics of Urban Population (a) People living in towns and cities are known as an urban population. Urban people are engaged in secondary or tertiary occupations i.e. manufacturing, public and private services, transport and communication fields, etc. (b) Urban areas have a very high density of population as more job opportunities lead to the in-migration of people.
Questions 6. What do you understand by the occupational structure? Name the specific economic activities or occupational categories as identified by the United Nations? Answer: Occupational structure refers to the proportional distribution of people under specific economic activities. These activities are as follows:
Agriculture, forestry, hunting and fishing
Mining and quarrying
Manufacturing industry
Construction
Electricity
Unclassified occupations
Commerce
Transportation and Communication
There is another group which is not engaged in any economic activity and is also not the part of the active population i.e. children below the working age, old people, housewives and students. There is another classification of occupational structure which is divided into following four major groups:
Primary activities such as hunting and agriculture.
Secondary activities such as manufacturing.
Tertiary activities such as service sector i.e. transport, communication, etc.
Quaternary activities such as intellectual tasks i.e. research and development activities.
Questions 7. Why is sex ratio unfavourable to women in the world? Explain any three reasons. Answer: The sex ratio is important information about the status of women in a country in a region where gender discrimination is rampant. The sex ratio is bound to be unfavourable to women. Reason for unfavourable sex ratio for women are as follows:
Sex ratio is always unfavourable to women in those countries where gender discrimination is rampant.
In such countries or areas, the practice of female foeticide, female infanticide and domestic violence against women are common practices.
The main reason for such practices is that women suffer from lower socio-economic status in general and societies are male-dominating in particular.
5 Marks Questions
Questions 8. What is the sex ratio? Explain the world pattern of sex ratio with suitable examples. Answer: The ratio between the number of women and men in the population is called the sex ratio. The world pattern of sex ratio is described as under:
On average, the world population reflects a sex ratio of 990 females per 1000 males. Highest sex ratio is recorded in Latvia i.e. 1187 females per 1000 males while the lowest is recorded in UAE i.e. 468 females per 1000 males.
The pattern of sex ratio does not exhibit variation in the developed region of the world. It is favourable for females in 139 countries and unfavourable in the remaining 72 countries.
Many Asian countries have low sex ratios like China, India, Saudi Arabia, Pakistan and Afghanistan that points to low socio-economic status and lower sex ratio of women.
Many European countries have a high sex ratio where females outnumber males. This deficit is attributed to a better status of women and excessively male-dominated out-migration to different parts of the world in the past.
Questions 9. What is the sex ratio? Why is sex ratio unfavourable to women in some countries of the world? Explain any four reasons. Answer: For sex ratio, The ratio between the number of women and men in the population is called the sex ratio. The world pattern of sex ratio is described as under:
On a rage, the world population reflects a sex ratio of 990 females per 1000 males. Highest sex ratio is recorded in Latvia i.e. 1187 females per 1000 males while the lowest is recorded in UAE i.e. 468 females per 1000 males.
The pattern of sex ratio does not exhibit variation in the developed region of the world. It is favourable for females in 139 countries and unfavourable in the remaining 72 countries.
Many Asian countries have low sex ratio like China, India, Saudi Arabia, Pakistan and Afghanistan that points to low socio-economic status and lower sex ratio of women.
Many European countries have a high sex ratio where females outnumber males. This deficit is attributed to better status of women and excessively male dom male-dominated action to different parts of the world in the past.
Sex ratio is unfavourable to women in some countries due to the following reasons: Gender discrimination In many countries of the world, there is widespread gender discrimination. Males are given more preference than females and enjoy greater rights and privileges.
Female foeticide Due to gender discrimination, females are not preferred. This results in evil practices like female foeticide, females infanticide, etc which causes unfavourable sex ratio. Low socio-economic status Females have to face social discriminations due to which they are not economically independent or are paid less as compared to males. This lowers their status in society.
Domestic violence Low social status also leads to domestic violence like mental and physical tortures. This also leads to unfavourable sex ratio in many countries.
Questions 10. Describe the rural and urban population composition of the world with examples. Answer: The division of rural and urban population is based on the occupational structure, socio-economic level and level of development. The figure below presents the rural-urban composition of the population: 1. The population composition of rural and urban areas of developed and developing countries are different. 2. In developed countries like Canada, Finland, New Zealand and other West European countries females outnumber males in urban areas. Females settle in urban areas to avail the vast job opportunities and as farming is highly mechanised, it remains largely a male occupation in rural areas. 3. In developing countries like Pakistan, Nepal and other Asian countries, urban areas remain male dominated due to predoa dominance of male migration. Also, female participation in agriculture is fairly high in these countries. Shortage of jobs, housing and lack of security in cities discourage women to migrate from rural to urban areas.
In This Post we are providing CHAPTER 2 THE WORLD POPULATION (DISTRIBUTION , DENSITY AND GROWTH)NCERT MOST IMPORTANT QUESTIONS for Class 12 FUNDAMENTALS OF HUMAN GEOGRAPHY which will be beneficial for students. These solutions are updated according to 2021-22 syllabus. These MCQS can be really helpful in the preparation of Board exams and will provide you with a brief knowledge of the chapter
NCERT MOST IMPORTANT QUESTIONSON THE WORLD POPULATION (DISTRIBUTION , DENSITY AND GROWTH)
Question 1. What is Crude Death Rate ? What are its effects ? Answer: Crude death rate (CDR) is expressed as number of deaths in a year per thousand of population changer. CDR is calculated as CDR = DP x 1000 CDR = Crude Death Rate D = Number of deaths P = Mid year population
Effects. (i) It affects mortality rates, and level of economic development. (ii) An increasing death rate shows a negative growth of population.
Question 2. How much density of population is found in densely populated areas, moderately populated areas and sparsely populated areas ? Give two examples of each type. Answer: The distribution of population is uneven on the earth. Some areas are crowded and some areas are empty. 1. Densely Populated areas. In these areas density of population is more than 200 persons per sq. km. These are N.E. part of U.S.A, N.W. part, of Europe, South, South-East and East Asia.
2. Moderately populated areas. These areas have density of population of 11 to 50 persons per sq. km. These areas are Western China, Southern, India, Norway, Sweden, etc.
3. Sparsely populated areas. These areas have density of 1-10 person per sq. km. These areas are Tundra, hot and cold deserts, dense forests.
Question 3. What is growth of population ? Name its types. How will you calculate the growth of population for India for the 1991-2000 decade ? Answer: Growth of population. Change of population in particular area between two points of time is known as growth of population. It is calculated on the basis of difference between birth rate and death rate.
Population growth % = Natural increase (Births – Deaths) Average Population ×100 Average Population Take the case of India; the population of India in 1991 = 84.63 crore. The Population of India in 2001 = 102.70 crore Difference = 18.07 crore. Growth rate =18.07 crore 93.67 crore x 100 = 1.93% Growth of population is classified as of three types.
(a) Natural growth of population. This is the population difference between births are deaths in a particular region between two points of time. Natural growth = Births – Death. Actual growth of population = Births – Deaths + in migration – out migration.
(b) Positive growth of population. This happens when birth rate is more than death rate or when people migrate to a region.
(c) Negative growth of population. This happens when death rate is more than birth rate or people migrate to other countries.
Question 4. What do you mean by density of population ? What are its types ? Or Distinguish between Arithmetic and Physiological density. Answer: Population Density. It refers to a ratio between population and land area in a country. Types of population density. (i) The arithmetic population density. In this the number of people is divided by the total land area. It is the simplest method to understand the degree of concentration of population. Although density ignores differences in population distribution within a country or region taken, it is still a better method to compare population characteristics of the countries. For example, in 2011, the United States population density was relatively low, about 34.1 persons per sq. km while United Kingdom had a population density of 259.4 persons per sq. km.
(ii) Physiological or nutritional density. It is a more refined method of calculating man-land ratio. It is a ratio between total population and total cultivated area or crop land. In developing countries where subsistence agriculture remains the most important economic activity, physiological density reflects the intensity of agriculture.
In nearly all the populous developing countries in Asia-including India, Indonesia, Pakistan and Bangladesh, there is less than one acre (0.4 hectare) of cropland per person. Exactly, in India 1 hectare of cultivated or cropland supports 5 persons. In China, each hectare of cropland supports 12 persons, while in USA it is only 1.5 persons per hectare.
Question 5. Write a note on Doubling time of world population. Answer: Doubling Time of World Population. Another way of comparing population growth rates is by calculating the time it takes for a population to double using the current annual growth rate. The time taken by the World Population as a whole has been given below.
There is great variation among regions in doubling its population. But the time of doubling is reducing fast. It took a minion years for the population to attain one billion but it took only 12 years to rise from 5 Billion to 6 Billion.
Doubling time of world population
Period
Population
Time in which population doubles
10,000 BCE
5 million
…………
1650 CE
500 million
1500 years
1850 CE
1000 million
200 years
1930 CE
2000 million
80 years
1975 CE
4000 million
45 years
2012
7000 million
37 years
2044
9000 million (projected figure)
…………..
Question 6. Distinguish between growth of population and growth rate of population ? Give examples. Answer:
Growth of population
Growth rate of population
1. It is measured as Absolute number.2. In India growth of population in 2011 decade is (121.0 crore — 102.7 crore) = 18.3 crores.3. It affects development of a region.
1. It is expressed in percentage.2. The growth rate of population for 2001 – 11 decade is 17.3%.3 It affects demographic attributes of a region.
Question 7. Distinguish between positive growth of population and negative growth of population. Give examples. Answer:
Positive growth of population
Negative growth of population
1. When birth rate exceeds death rate.2. It is increase in population.3. It helps in utilising resources.
1. When death rate exceeds birth rate.2. It is decrease in population.3. It leads to declining resource use
Question 8. Describe the main facts about world’s population. Describe the distribution of population on the earth. Or Why the Monsoon Asia and N.W. Europe are two most densely populated parts of the world ? Or Why are the arid, frigid, humid and mountainous parts of the world sparsely populated ? Or “90 percent of the world population lives in about 10 percent of its total land area, whereas remaining 10 percent population resides in the 90 percent of its land areas”. Support the statement with suitable examples. Answer: Man is the pivotal point in Human Geography. So the distribution of population on the earth’s surface is of special significance to geographers. The distribution of population is very uneven on the surface of the earth. The rapid growth of population is another striking feature. Some universal factors influence the pattern of distribution of population . Main Facts : (i) The world population has increased fourteen-times i.e. from 50 crores in 1650 to 700 crores in 2000 during the period of 350 years.
(ii) At the present rate of growth, the present population will be 1000 crores by the year 2050.
(iii) It is estimated that about 700 crore people live on the earth’s surface on an area of 14.5 crore sq. kms.
(iv) The average density of population is 48 persons per sq. km. for the whole world.
(v) Asia has the largest population of about 400 crores.
(vi) China is the largest populated country in the world. It has a population of 139 crores.
(vii) Bangladesh with 1203(2014) persons per sq. kilometre has the highest density of population of the world. Macau (China) has the highest density of population 22,134(2013) persons per sq. km.
(viii) About 90% of population occupies only 10% of the land.
(ix) The Northern continents have about 90% of population of the world. About 75% population is found between tropic of cancer and 70°N. The Southern hemisphere has only 10% population.
(x) About half of the population of the world is found in between 20°N and 40°N latitudes. About 4/5th population of the world is found between 20°N to 60°N latitudes.
Distribution of Population. The distribution of world’s population is very irregular and ill balanced. Most of the areas are empty. Densely populated areas are few. About 50% of the population of the world lives on 5% land area of the world. While 50% land area is occupied by only 5% population. World Population
Continent
Total Population (Millions) 2914
Density of Population, 2011 (per sq. km.)
Asia
4351
96.4
Europe
741
72.9
Africa
1136
36.7
South America
618
22.8
North America
353
22.9
Oceania
39
4.5
Antarctica
0.004
0.0003
World
7,238
53.7
1. Areas of High Density. These areas have a density of population of more than 200 persons per sq. kilometre. The high density of population is found in two areas : (а) Agricultural Areas. Eastern and Southern Asia. (b) Industrial Areas. North-West Europe and North-East U.S.A.
(A) Agricultural Monsoon Areas. Eastern Asia includes China, Japan, Korea, the Philippines and Taiwan. Southern Asia includes India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh and Indonesia. Asia is the largest area of high population density. China has about 1/6 population of the world. The fertile valleys of
Hwang-Ho, Yangtze, Indo-Gangetic Plain, the rice- howl of Irrawaddy Delta, Kwanto plain and Volcanic islands of Java support almost half the human race. Factors favouring high density :
Hot-wet monsoon climate.
Two to three crops of rice a year.
Fertile river-valleys and deltas.
Irrigation facilities.
Industrial development in Japan.
Huge Mineral resources.
(B) North West Europe and North East U.SA. In Western Europe dense population is found along 50°N latitudes, from English Channel to Ukraine region. 50°N latitude is known as the axis of population of Europe. Great Britain, Ruhr Valley (Germany), Po-Delta (Italy), Paris Basin (France) and Moscow-Ukraine regions are densely populated areas. In North America the Atlantic coast, St. Lawrence Valley and the Great Lakes region are densely populated areas. The high density of population is mainly due to manufacturing.
Population of Some Leading Countries
Country
Population (millions) (mid-2014)
Density of Population per sq. km. (2013)
China
1364
145
India
1296
421
C.I.S.
275
13
U.S.A.
971
35
Japan
127
349
Brazil
203
24
Pakistan
194
236
Indonesia
251
138
Bangladesh
158
1203
Nigeria
177
191
Factors favouring high density :
Industrial development.
Cool-temperate climate.
Development of trade and trade routes.
Rich mineral resources.
Coastal location.
Mixed farming.
Large scale urbanisation.
High standard of living.
2. Areas of Moderate Density. These areas have a density of population between 25 to 200 persons per sq. kilometre.
Prairies of North America.
Western Africa
Eastern Europe
North-East Brazil and Central Chile.
Deccan Plateau, Indo-China, Central China in Asia.
Eastern Australia.
Factors favouring moderate density :
These areas are found on the margins of densely populated areas.
Large-scale commercial farming requires a few labourers in these areas.
Some areas have developed mining and support moderate population.
Some of the hilly areas don’t support large population.
In some sparsely populated areas, the plantation crops and dairy farming have been introduced. It has increased the density of population.
3. Areas of Low Density. These areas have a density less than 25 persons per sq. kilometre. About half the land area of the world has a density of only 2 to 3 persons per sq. kilometre. These are almost empty lands. These include high mountains, deserts, dense forests and polar areas.
High Mountains. These include the Himalayas, the Rockies, the Andes, the Tibet Plateau and mountains of Central Asia.
Deserts. These include the Sahara, Kalahari, Atacama, Gobi desert and Western Australia.
Dense Forests. These include the equatorial forest of Amazon and Zaire basin.
Polar Areas. These include Tundra, Alaska, Greenland and Antarctica.
Factors for low density. These areas have unfavourable conditions for human settlement. People have to face many hardships. These are called the regions of everlasting difficulties.
Lack of level-land.
Stony and sandy soils.
Very cold climate.
Short-growing season.
Permanent frost in Polar areas.
Lack of means of transportation.
Lack of minerals and industries.
Unhealthy climate due to fatal disease.
Question 9. Describe the growth of world population, its determinants and spatial distribution of population growth in the world. Answer: Population Growth. Growth of population means change of size of population in a particular area during a given period. It can be positive as well as negative. Land resources cannot be increased much. So positive growth of population cannot go on for a long time. The main cause of population growth is that the birth rate is higher than death rate. It is also called natural growth of population. It is calculated on the basis of difference between birth rate and death rate. It is calculated with the help of following rule. Population growth % = Natural increase (Births – Deaths) Average Population ×100
Determinants of Population Growth Rate. The following are the three main determinants of population growth: (i) Birthrate (ii) Death rate (iii) Mobility of population (Migration)
(i) Birth rate. In developing countries, there is high birth rate (Nearly 40 per 1000). So, these countries have a higher population growth rate than that of developed countries. On the other hand, due to low birth rate in developed countries, the rate of growth of population is low.
(ii) Death rate. High death rate does not allow population to grow rapidly. When the birth rate is higher than death rate, the population growth rate is high. On the other hand, both birth rate and death rate are low, the population growth rate is low.
(iii) Mobility of population. The migration of population also effects growth rate. During 1880-1920, about 4 crore people settled in U.S.A. and Canada. It not only resulted in higher growth rate in U.S.A. and Canada; but also a lower growth rate in European countries.
Spatial distribution of population growth rate in world.
It has been estimated that in Pre-historic period (8000 B.C.E.), the total population was only 5 million. Large areas were uninhabited. Agricultural revolution led to growth of population upto 1000 million till Industrial revolution in 1850. The period was a slow long term increase in population. Faster population growth came with Industrial revolution. The urban population increased. The standard of living also increased.
It is clear that population growth rate is high in developing countries, while developed countries have a low population growth. Africa has the highest growth rate, while Europe is getting negative growth of population due to decrease in population.
The growth rate of population is not same in all the countries. These countries can be grouped into four divisions :
1. Regions with very high growth rate. This group includes continents where growth rate is about 3 per cent. It includes Africa, Central America, South and West Asia, South America.
2. Regions with high growth rate. This group includes areas where growth rate is 2 to 2.9 percent. It
includes some parts of South America, Eastern Asia, Australia.
3. Regions with moderate growth rate. This group includes countries where growth rate is between 1-1.9 per cent. It includes South America, Carribbean Region, Asia.
4. Regions with low growth rate. This group includes countries where growth rate is less than 1 per cent. It includes North America, Europe, Russia, Japan and New Zealand.
Question 10. Define migration. What are its causes ? What are its types ? Answer: Migration : Migration is the third component of population change. It is an effort to achieve better balance between population and resources. It is the permanent or semi-permanent change of a person’s place of residence. Migration is probably a more important element in determining population structure and change in an area than fertility and mortality.
Types of migration. Pattern of migration may be rural to rural, rural to urban, urban to urban, interregional and international, etc. (i) Seasonal migration. On a time scale, migration may be temporary or permanent. Temporary movement may take the form of seasonal migration. It may be of agricultural workers to meet a demand during labour-intensive agricultural seasons, migration which is a movement of people between places for a period of more than one season but less than a lifetime may be important.
(ii) International migration refer to movement of people between countries and continents. It plays an important role in changing population patterns over relatively short periods. In recent decades, international migration has again increased. For most of the people, voluntary migration offers improved economic or other opportunities.
A significant number of people, on the other hand, have to move to other countries as refugees due to civil war, political unrest or environmental degradation, which is less common. At the beginning of the 21st century, the UN estimated that about 120 million people world-wide, were living outside their native countries, including about 15 million refugees.
(iii) Internal migration is an even more widespread demographic process. It involves hundreds of millions of people leaving the countryside for cities, or from overcrowded to other regions offering better opportunities. The movement of rural population to the growing urban cities is caused by push and pull factors.
The adverse conditions operating in rural areas including poverty, unemployment, poor facilities of education, health, recreation and other services push the population to seek a living elsewhere while pull factors are the attractions of the city or destination areas. They include high wages, cheap land, better living conditions and opportunities for economic advancement. As a result, people migrate to the towns and cities, which in turn, have given rise to a large number of slums among them.
(iv) Rural migration. The movement of population also takes place between one rural tract and the other, particularly in the agricultural countries of the world. Such migration takes from crowded areas of low per capita agricultural productivity to areas of new developments.
In This Post we are providing CHAPTER 1 HUMAN GEOGRAPHY (NATURE AND SCOPE)NCERT MOST IMPORTANT QUESTIONS for Class 12 FUNDAMENTALS OF HUMAN GEOGRAPHY which will be beneficial for students. These solutions are updated according to 2021-22 syllabus. These MCQS can be really helpful in the preparation of Board exams and will provide you with a brief knowledge of the chapter
NCERT MOST IMPORTANT QUESTIONSON HUMAN GEOGRAPHY (NATURE AND SCOPE)
Question 1. Which are the three core points of the definition of the human geography given by Ellen Sample? Answer: The core concerns of geography as a discipline are as follows:
Changing the relationship between the unresting man and unstable Earth.
Man is active and unresting.
Emphasised on determinism.
Question 2. “Nature and human beings are so intricately intertwined that they cannot be separated.” Justify the statement. OR “Nature and humans are inseparable elements”. Justify the statement with suitable examples. Answer: Nature and human beings cannot be separated as they are inseparable because man became social, economic and technologically advanced. He broadened his nature by creating his own environment through his design and skill to have provision for better food, shelter, access and comfort.
Both nature and humans are described metaphors using symbols from the human anatomy like we often talk of the face of the earth, an eye of a storm, mouth of the river, snout (nose) of the glacier, neck of the isthmus and profile of the soil.
All the above nicknames are given by humans to the natural.phenomenas. By doing so, a human can interact easily with nature. All these physical features are described as an organism and man-made structure like road, railways and waterways have been described as arteries of circulation.
Question 3. “The knowledge about nature is extremely important to develop a technology.” Support this statement by giving three examples. OR How is the knowledge of nature important to develop technology? Explain with suitable examples. Answer: Human beings interact with their physical environment with the help of technology. It is not so important to know what human beings produce and create, but it is extremely important to know with the help of what tools and techniques do they produce and create.
Technology indicates the level of cultural development of society. Human beings were able to develop technology after they developed a better understanding of natural laws, e.g. the understanding of concepts of friction and heat helped us to discover fire. Similarly, understanding the secrets of DNA and genetics helped us to conquer many diseases. We use the laws of aerodynamics to develop faster planes. Thus, knowledge about nature is extremely important to develop a technology.
Question 4. What is the subject matter of the study of human geography? Explain any three facts. Answer: The subject matter of the study of human geography is as follows: To Understand the Inter-relationship There is a close relationship between the physical/natural environment and the human world, so human geography studies and establishes that relation.
Study the Spatial Distribution Human geography also studies the spatial distribution of human phenomena.
Social and Economic Variations The subject matter is also concerned about studying the social and economic differences between different parts of the world.
Question 5. Explain with examples of how nature gets humanised. Answer: Human beings interact with their physical environment with the help of technology. Technology indicates the level of cultural development of society. Human beings were able to develop technology after they developed a better understanding of natural laws. For example, the understanding of concepts of friction and heat helped us to discover fire. Similarly, understanding the secrets of DNA and genetics enabled us to overcome diseases.
With social and cultural development, humans develop better and more efficient technology. All these modem technologies help humans to construct dams, reservoirs, canals, etc. Weather modified programmes help in cloud seeding to induce precipitation, fogs, checking of hailstorms, nuclear programmes etc.
Thus human moved from a state of necessity to a state of freedom and created possibilities with the resources obtained from the environment. In this way, nature gets humanised.
Question 6. “There is mutual interaction between the elements of physical geography and Human Geography.” Support the statement with suitable examples, Answer: Physical geography includes natural environment like landforms, climate, flora and fauna. Human geography includes the inter-relationship between human beings and the physical environment. Humans through the use of technology create the socio-cultural environment of the cultural landscape. These creations are the action of mutual interaction between physical and human geography.
For instance, on highlands, health resorts are created, oceanic routes are discovered on the surface of the oceans, houses in villages and cities are made to use the physical environment in a better way. These examples show that there is mutual interaction between the two.
Question 7. Explain the concept of ‘possibilism’, with three suitable examples. Answer: The concept of possibilism was propounded by Lucian Febure who described that there are no necessities, but possibilities everywhere and man is referred to as a master of these possibilities who judge their use. Man can adapt, adjust and modify the forces of his physical environment with his strength. His imprints could be seen everywhere.
For instance, a health resort on highlands, huge urban sprawls (spread) fields, orchards and pastures in plains and rolling hills, ports on the coasts, oceanic routes on the oceanic surface and satellites in the space.
Question 8. Define ‘Human Geography’ in your own words. Mention any four fields of Human Geography. Answer: Human geography studies the inter-relationship between the physical environment and the socio-cultural environment created by human beings through mutual interaction with each other. It attempts to explain the relationship between all elements of human life and space they occur over. The different fields of human geography are as follows:
Social Geography It is a field of human geography which is connected with social sciences and sociology. Its sub-fields are behavioural geography, a geography of social well being, historical, medical geography, etc.
Urban Geography It is a field of human geography connected with urban studies and planning.
Political Geography It is a field of human geography connected with science. Its sub-fields are electoral geography, military geography, etc.
Population Geography It is a field of human geography connected with the demography.
Question 9. Define ‘Human geography’. Give four examples of elements of material culture created by humans, using the resources provided by nature. Answer: Human geography studies the inter-relationship between the physical environment and the socio-cultural environment created by human beings through mutual interaction with each other. It attempts to explain the relationship between all elements of human life and space they occur over.
An element of the physical environment are landforms, soils, climate, water, natural vegetation, rivers, flora and fauna, etc.
Example of elements of material culture created by humans, after using the resources provided by nature are as follows:
Furniture from tree wood.
Machines using iron ore.
Houses using stone and soil.
Clothes from cotton.
Question 10. Explain the concept of ‘Determinism’ with suitable examples. OR What is the meaning of environmental determinism? How did the naturalisation of humans lead to the development of this concept? Answer: The concept of determinism explains that human is a passive agent, influenced by the environmental factors that are physical factors like climate, flora, fauna, etc which determine the attitude of decision-making and lifestyle of human beings.
For instance, the Eskimos of Tundra adapted to the extremely cold climate. Their main food is whale, seals and walrus. They use animal oil for cooking, heating and lighting. They live in igloos. Whereas Samang and Sakai of Malaysia and Pygmies of Congo basin live in hot and humid condition. They live on vegetable, hunting and fishing.
Naturalisation of human means when natural is stronger than humans and therefore humans are controlled by nature. This type of interaction was between primitive human society and nature. At the time, forces of nature were stronger and humans struggled to survive in that environment. Humans were passive agents. This gave rise to the term environmental determinism.
