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In This Post we are  providing  CHAPTER 5 NOMADIC EMPIRES NCERT MOST IMPORTANT QUESTION for Class 11 HISTORY which will be beneficial for students. These solutions are updated according to 2021-22 syllabus. These MCQS  can be really helpful in the preparation of Board exams and will provide you with a brief knowledge of the chapter.

NCERT MOST IMPORTANT QUESTION ON NOMADIC EMPIRES

Question 1.
What do you understand by the term years? Explain.
Answer:
It was actually Yasaq when this code of law was promulgated by Genghis Khan at the Quriltan of 1206. Yasaq means law, decree, or order in its literary meaning. The detail on the organization of the hunt, the army, and the postal system, the David Ayalon, a researcher found as ingredients of that code of Law. By the middle of the thirteenth century, the Mongols named it as Yasa in a more general sense to mean the legal code of Genghis Khan. It was a compilation of the customary traditions of the Mongol tribes but in referring to it as Genghis Khan’s Code Of Law, the Mongols people also laid a claim to a law-giver like Soloman, whose authoritative Code could be imposed on their subjects,

Question 2.
Do you understand why Genghis Khan did have an identity as a conqueror and brutal murderer of the people in spite of his being the greatest leader of all time?
Answer:
Generally, the predominant virtue or vice imprints the image of the ruler in the head and heart of the common populace. Genghis Khan had ordered massacres in cities like Nishapur, Herat, Baghdad, and smaller towns like Baihaq and Tun (Kurdistan). This predominant vice has dusted on his virtues like the greatest leader of all time, convener of scattered tribal society Lo unite, ruler of a grand transcontinental empire, and keeper of trade routes well restored. Actually, the contrasting images are not simply a case of dissimilar perspectives, they should make us pause and reflect on how one perspective can completely erase all others.

Question 3.
What had ensured creating so vast an empire of the Mongols? Discuss?
Answer:
The only thing that remained a powerful force was the inspiration of the nomadic empire i.e. Genghis Khan. Apart from that driving force, we can not understand the inspiration that led to the confederation of fragmented groups of people in the pursuit of an ambition to create an empire merely on going over the nature of documentation on the Mongols and any other nomadic regime. Presently, Mongolia is enjoying freedom from Soviet control and it has revered Genghis Khan as a great natural hero and his achievements are recognized with pride. Thus, Genghis Khan has once again appeared as an iconic figure for the Mongol people among the populace there.

Question 4.
Discuss the implication of the term barbarian.
Answer:
This term has been derived from the greek Barbaros i.e. non-Greek, It was the name of the person on the basis of his language sounded i.e. Barbar. Analogous to children unable to speak or reason properly, cowardly, effeminate, luxurious, cruel, slothful, greedy, and politically unable to govern themselves; were depicted as barbarians in Greek texts. This word was used in the sense of stereotype by Romans for the German tribes, the Gauls, and the Huns. Steppe barbarians were addressed with different terms but none of them carried a positive meaning.

Question 5.
Reproduce the warning that was given by Monglke, the grandson of Genghis Khan to the French ruler Louis IX and enunciate the hidden intention thereupon.
Answer:
We can reproduce said warning as under-“In heaven, there is only the Eternal sky, on Earth, there is only one lord, Genghis Khan, the son of Heaven when by the power of the eternal Heaven, the whole world from the rising of the sun to its setting shall be at one in joy and peace, then it will be made clear what we are going to do if when you have understood that the degree of the Eternal Heaven, you are unwilling to pay attention and believe it, saying, “Our country is far away, our mountains are mighty, our sea is vast,” and in this confidence, you bring an army against us, we know what we can do. He who made easy what was difficult and near, what was far off, the Eternal Heaven Knows.”

Review on the essential components of warning:

1. Genghis Khan’s empire had covered and going to cover the limit of rising and setting sun throughout the world.
2. It has been stated that Genghis Khan’s rule over the earth is predetermined by the Eternal Heaven.
3. It reveals a strong determination to bring peace and joy to the entire world and its inhabitants.
4. It threatens Louis IX that it is worth no use considering that the distance and inaccessible territories would defend France.
5. The last line lays emphasis on an assumption that nowhere is far or near and easy or difficult under the grace of the Eternal Heaven.

Conclusion-The above five important points have been aptly soaked in the creation of psychological terror, a eulogy of the Mongol power and demonstration through speech a strong determination and invincible courage’. His strong faith in the Almighty has also been reflected through this warning.

Question 6.
Discuss the rise of new political trends in Mongols after Genghis Khan?
Answer:
In the period after Genghis Khan and particularly after the 1260s, the original impetus of campaigns could not be sustained in the west. Western Europe and Egypt were within the grasp of Mongol forces yet their retreat from the Hungarian Steppes and defect at the hands of the Egyptian forces exhibited a major change in their attitude. In the first two generations, descendants of Jochi and Ogodei jointly controlled the office of Genghis Khan.

They were marginalized by the Toluyid branch of Genghis Khanid descendants. The later rulers took more interest in the conquest of China. Hence, westward expansion was ceased. Jochen and Toluyid descendants began to develop rivalry along the Russian-Iranian frontier. It also had diverted the Jochids away from further European Campaigns.

Question 7.
What was the political set-up in the nomadic empire? Discuss.
Answer:

1. There were all group members, recruited in the military consisting of the largest unit of soldiers (Turman) i.e. 10,000 soldiers. It integrated different tribes and clans with a new identity.
2. A new form of the military had to serve under Genghis Khan’s four sons and captains of army units (Royan).
3. Genghis Khan’s true friends were given representation in statecraft addressed as Anda.
4. A rank of Naukar was given to fourth-grade employees.
5. Four uluses were divided under the rule of Genghis Khan’s four sons.
6. Genghis Khan envisaged that his sons would rule the empire collectively like a federation.
7. Military contingents (Tama) of the individual princes were
   placed in each ulus.
8. Quriltan was conferred with power to decide dominion share of the family members, campaigns, distribution of booty, pasture land, and succession.

Question 8.
Why was there a conflict of interest between pastoralists and peasants? Would Genghis Khan express sentiments of this nature in a speech to his nomad commanders?
Answer:
Pastoralists were used to graze the fields of peasants and occupy the area they owned. Their interest was different because peasants had turned into traders while the pastoralists had an only games, furs of animals, etc. to exchange with them. In order to gain more share of profit in trade, they sometimes looted them of foodgrains and iron utensils. During the decade of 1230, the Mongols waged their successful war against the chin dynasty in north China and committed a massacre of the peasantry and their fields were converted into pasture lands.

However, this contradiction was eased’ in the decade of 1290 when Ghazan Khan, a descendant of Genghis Khan’s youngest son Toluy warned family members and other generals to avoid pillaging the peasantry. No, Genghis Khan would have not expressed the sentiments as these were expressed by Ghazan Khan in the decade of 1290.

Question 9.
How can you say Yasa, an extremely empowering ideology?
Answer:
It is because of the following significance added to it-

1. It addressed the Mongol’s ruling over urban societies with their respective histories, cultures, and laws.
2. Mongols could protect their identity and distinctiveness through their ancestral Yasa.
3. It was although a compilation of the traditions of the Mongol tribes yet referred to a GenghisKhan’s Code of Law.
4. Yasa sewed Mongol people around a body of shared beliefs and acknowledged their affirming to Genghis Khan and his descendants.
5. It gave them, the confidence to return their ethnic identity and impose their law upon their defeated subjects.

Question 10.
Did the meaning of Yasa alter over the four centuries separating Genghis Khan from Abdullah Khan? Why did Hafiz-i – Tanish make a reference to Genghis Khan’s as in connection with Abdullah Khan’s prayer at the Muslim festival ground?
Answer:
No, instead of any alteration separating Genghis Khan from Abdullah Khan; it became more coherent and interwoven over the four centuries. Hafiz-i-Tanish, the chronicler had referred to Genghis Khans “as” in order to exhibit how even the tricky and extorting act of him i.e. warning rich Muslim residents at the festival ground in Bukhara to confess that they were a sinner and he would compensate for their sins by parting with their hidden wealth-had been remembered as if any noble-deed was performed at that ground. He says that Genghis Khan’s distant descendant Abdullah Khan had offered his holiday prayers that place.

In This Post we are  providing  CHAPTER 4 THE CENTRAL ISLAMIC LANDS NCERT MOST IMPORTANT QUESTION for Class 11 HISTORY which will be beneficial for students. These solutions are updated according to 2021-22 syllabus. These MCQS  can be really helpful in the preparation of Board exams and will provide you with a brief knowledge of the chapter.

NCERT MOST IMPORTANT QUESTION ON THE CENTRAL ISLAMIC LANDS

Question 1.
What are the five pillars of Islam?
Answer:
The five pillars of Islam are:

1. There is only one God, i.e. Allah.
2. Namaj should be offered five in a day.
3. Zakat should be given to the needy.
4. Fasts should be kept in the month of Ramzan.
5. All Muslims should take the pilgrimage to Mecca, at least once in their lives.

Question 2.
Describe the main teachings of Islam.
Answer:
Main teachings of Islam are given below:

• Allah should be worshiped.
• No Muslim should practice idol worship. It is a sin.
• Muslims should believe that all Muslims are equal. They should regard themselves as brothers.
• All Muslims should follow the same rules regarding marriage and divorce.
• All Muslims should lead a simple life.

Question 3.
Describe in brief how Prophet Muhammad’s religion was a factor in the growth of Arab unity.
Answer:
Prophet Muhammad’s religion was a responsible factor in the growth of Arab unity as;

• The religion started by Him was denoted by a term Islam implied to complete submission.
• He told that there is only one God, i.e. Allah.
• He emphasised on the principles of equality and unity, for those who accepted Allah and the Prophet.

Question 4.
What do you know about Arab tribe? Write in short.
Answer:
The entire Arab society was divided into tribes known as Qabila, headed by a chief. The chief of Qabila (Tribe) was elected on the basis of his family, wisdom and courage. Besides these, his personality also played a crucial role. Each tribe had its own religious beliefs. They worshiped their own gods and goddesses in mosques.

The tribes were nomadic, and kept on moving from one region to another in search of food and fodder for their camels. Some of them settled and practiced trade or agriculture. Muhammad’s own tribe was Qurayash who had reigned its supremacy in Mecca. It established its control over Kaba, a cublic like structure in which idols were placed. Even the tribes outside Mecca considered the Kaba installed their own idols at this shrine, making annual pilgrimage (Hajj) to the shrine.

Question 5.
What were Crusades? Describe its two impact on the Christian Muslim relations.
Answer:
Crusades meant the military expeditions. It was organized in western Christendom to recover the holy places of Palestine from Muslim occupation. The four Crusades were fought, as given below.

1. First Crusade – 1095 to 1099 CE
2. Second Crusade – 1147 to 1148 CE
3. Third Crusade – 1189 to 1192 CE
4. Fourth Crusade – 1202 to 1204 CE

Impact on Christian-Muslim relations

• Ever since the Crusade, the people of western Christendom developed a stereotypical and distorted Islamic image.
• These wars resulted in harsher attitude of the Muslim state towards its Christian subjects.

Question 6.
Describe the major beliefs and practices that characterized Sufism.
Answer:
Sufi’s were a group of religious minded people turned to asceticism and mysticism.
Their major beliefs and practices are given below:

• The Sufi’s laid emphasis on seeking of salvation through devotion of God.
• They laid emphasis on celibacy and ignored the rituals and observed extreme form of asceticism.
• They considered every one equal in the eyes of God. God is one and almighty. Everyone in the universe is his creation.
• They interpreted the Quran on the basis of their own experiences.
• They maintained a distance from worldly power.
• They used to go for Ziyarat. They remembered God by reciting the divine names or evoking his presence through Sama.
• They regarded Prophet Muhammad as a perfect human being and preached to follow his teachings.
• Sufi’s were in favor of Sama, singing and dance.

Question 7.
What do you know about the main teachings of Islam?
Answer:
Main teachings of Islam:

• Idol-worship is a curse, according to Islam.
• God, i.e. Allah is almighty. He is all wise and merciful.
• Islam believes in life after death, in hell or in heaven. The sinner will go to the hell and face many hardships. The religious and honest people will go to the heaven. They will be served by beautiful damsels.
• The Quran is the divine book of Islam. The sayings of Prophet Muhammad are regarded as God.
• All are equal. No one is superior or inferior. Islam preached the principle of equality and brotherhood.
• There is no restriction on keeping slaves in Islam, but Muhammad asked his followers to treat them kindly.

Question 8.
Write your argument to justify the following statement:
“Prophet Muhammad laid down the foundation of a new political structure.”
Answer:
Prophet Muhammad laid down the foundation of a new political structure as:

• He replaced the tribal organisation with a state. The state was encompassed with a number of tribes.
• Umma constituted the armed forces.
• He was a religious leader as well as a law-giver.
• His followers (The Umma) were converted into a wide community to include polytheists and Jews of Madina.
• The conquest of Mecca established him both as a religious as well as political leader.
• He maintained the independence of the state by fixing the booty to l/15th (which directly went to him).
• Tax like ‘Zakat’ was imposed on tribes who had accepted Muhammad’s leadership. All Muslim tribes had to pay it.
• With his efforts and influence, he was able to convert many Bedouins into Islam. In a short span of time, he was able to unite a large part of peninsula.

Question 9.
“Throughout the history of human beings their interest in religion often went hand in hand”. Justify the statement by giving examples.
Answer:

• From the very beginning, evidence has been traced out that Indian traders traveled to the different countries of South East Asia for trade in gold, tin, spices, etc. While travelling and trading to these nations they also took with them the ideas and practices of the religion. The ideology of Buddhism and Hinduism became the part and parcel of their culture. These two religions were adopted by the people of Jawa, Cambodia, Sri Lanka, etc.
• The Arab traders in the medieval period established their trade relations with India and many other countries of Europe and Asia. They carried with them the ideas of newly founded religion, i.e. Islam. Due to its simplicity in principle, Islam was adopted by many Indians and in the same way it spread into Spain, Syria, Iran and Iraq.
• The traders of the western countries, i.e. the traders of England, Holland, France, etc. spread their trading relations in many countries. They brought with them the ideas of Christianity. While trading, they also spread Christianity into different countries. Today this religion is adopted by the people of different countries of Asia and Africa.Keeping the above examples in mind, we can conclude that throughout the history human being’s interest in religion went hand in hand.

Question 10.
Discuss the main sources of income of the state in detail.
Or
What do you know about agriculture of the Central Islamic lands?
Answer:
Agricultural was the main occupation of the settled population, since long. It also remained a major occupation in newly acquired territories. The bulk of income of the state was derived from the agricultural land.

Land was owned by the small and big farmers and in some cases by the state. After Islamic conquests, big estates were abandoned and acquired by the state. Later on these states were handed over to Muslim elites. The chief among them were the members of Khalifa’s (Caliph’s) army.

The land conquered by the Arabs, which remained in the hands of the owners were subjected to a tax, called Kharaj, varied from 1/2 to 1/5th of the produce. While the land cultivated by the Muslims were levied 1/10th of tax, known as ushr as land
revenue. When non-Muslims started converting to Islam, the land revenue income fell dramatically. To meet the shortfall, the Caliphs decided to discourage the conversions and later adopted a uniform land revenue policy.

After 10th century, the state authorised its officials to claim salaries from the agricultural territories called Iqtas (The person who held the Iqtas came to be known as Iqtadars). Agricultural prosperity and political stability went hand-in-hand. To ensure agricultural prosperity it took several measures such as canals were constructed, dams were built, the digging of wells, etc. were done. Tax concessions were granted to those people who brought land under cultivation. By the initiatives of peasants and state support the agriculture began to increase. Many new crops such as cotton, oranges, bananas, watermelon, spinach and brinjal began to grow and even exported to Europe.

In This Post we are  providing  CHAPTER 3 AN EMPIRE ACROSS THREE CONTINENT NCERT MOST IMPORTANT QUESTION for Class 11 HISTORY which will be beneficial for students. These solutions are updated according to 2021-22 syllabus. These MCQS  can be really helpful in the preparation of Board exams and will provide you with a brief knowledge of the chapter.

NCERT MOST IMPORTANT QUESTION ON AN EMPIRE ACROSS THREE CONTINENT

Question 1.
The text has referred to three writers whose work is used to say something about how the Romans had treated their workers. Can you identify them? Record the section for yourself and describe any two methods the Romans used to control labor.
Answer:
Yes, those three writers were-Tacitus, Columella, and Pliny the Elder.

Tacitus writes on labor controlling networks. He states the slaves were misbehaved and tortured to the extent, they sometimes committed the murder of their owners. He has written that a City Perfect (as of today’s Mayor or Chief Councillor) was murdered by one of his slaves which ultimately, resulted in riots, so uncontrolled as the slaves besieged the senate-house. However, the convict was executed. It shows the senators did not take notice of so grave a situation. No laws reducing punishment were passed particularly, made for the slaves.

The slaves were sometimes grouped into gangs or smaller teams and sternly supervised. As per Columella, another historian of that period, most groups were made in each group of ten slaves. The Natural History writer, Pliny who was also Elder (councilor) to administration, states that slaves were chained together by their feet so that they could save the expenditure incurred on supervision and a permanent measure to keep them busy with the work so assigned to them. He further states, a seal was put upon the workmen’s apparel and they had to wear a mark or a net with a close mesh on their heads.

Agricultural labor was also in a pathetic state and the same conditions prevailed when we talk of workers in factories and workshops. A law was passed in 398 C.E. allowing branding upon the body of laborers/ workmen so that they would be recognized if and when they run away and try to hide. Private employers began doing contracts in term of debts when they would provide the laborers/workers at the time of joining for a period of 25 years ahead and thus, debt bondage oppressed their instincts to the extent, they tolerated every draconian treatment and had surrounded them in servitude although they were free.

Question 2.
It is told that some specific events and circumstances add new words to the vocabulary. Can you state the event that added the term Draconian? Please, explain.
Answer:
Yes, “Draconian” a specific term got popularity owing to Draco, the Greek lawmaker in the Roman empire. He, during the early sixth century B.C.E., had recommended a law in 398 C.E., which referred to workers being branded so they could be recognized if and when they run away and try to hide.

It was gross inhuman treatment with the laborers i.e. the main active and sensitive part of the project/ work. Hence, the pains inflicted upon laborers by branding so severe and harsh to mankind would have accumulated and said law, we see added to the dictionary since then for all kinds of rules, regulations, decrees, orders, implications, and ordinances equally implied.

Question 3.
What were Frankincense and its origin?
Answer:
It was an aromatic resin used in perfumes. It was extracted by the process of piercing the bark of Boswellia trees. The Arabian peninsula was suitable for the natural growth of those trees in forest areas there.

Question 4.
Describe the living standard of Aristocrat’s (nobles) during the Roman empire.
Answer:
These were those rich people called members to the senate in government like councilors of modem period. They owned a medium city like big area with all affluent and appurtenance facilities and ease. Hippodromes, fora, temples, fountains, and different kinds of baths were essential components to their possession.

Every councilor had an income of 4,000 pounds of gold per annum from their properties not including grain, rice, and other produce which, if sold, would have exchanged for at least 1500 pounds. The second class people came into being when Gallienus imposed a prohibition on the recruitment of senators into the army in order to prevent control of the empire from falling into their hands. Their income was one thousand or fifteen hundred pounds of gold per year. It has been mentioned by Olympiodorus, the historian of that period.

Question 5.
What period, you would say or the contemporary historian had stated as “Late Antiquity”, why would have this phrase used for, explain.
Answer:
It was the period around the fourth to seventh centuries. The term “antiquity” is archaeological and denotes the period around the modern and the past i.e. medieval period. Several natural and economic changes were witnessed by this period about that of three centuries. Constantine and Diocletian were the emperors of that period. It was Diocletian who inserted division of power in army and civilians including senators. He curtailed the territories less productive and minimal importance in view of defense i.e. strategy.

Constantine on his part had reinforced the division of power made by his predecessor viz. Diocletian and is remembered for circulation of gold coin solidus weighing 4.5 grams. This measure brought economic stability. the empire as there was no dearth of supply from North Africa. He established his second capital at Byzantium (Istambul in Turkey at present) and named I Constantinople (i.e. the palace of the emperor Constantine). Cotta industries got patronage of these two rulers and factories mainly h of oil presses and glass factories, was established.

Question 6.
Who was Nero and why is he famous even today?
Answer:
Nero was a Roman citizen known to the Greek language and one of the extremists among the slaves/workers/workmen coerced and tortured badly by their factory owners, land-owners, and senators. He led the motion violently when a slave convicted as the murderer of Lucius Pedanius Secundus was being taken to execute under the order of the senate. He rebuked the population for watching deafly; the injustice, so severe practiced on the slaves. The crowd was ready to attack senators and the jailor got blows of stones and was tortured in their hands. This was the first mass agitation led by Nero.

Question 7.
Who were plebs Sordida? Do you see they resemble modem film stars and sportsmen? How?
Answer:
In context to the Roman empire, plebs Sordida were the unkempt lower class people but addicted to circus and theatre display including slaves. Their activities were confined to observe the moods of their owners mostly senators and keep them at mirth. There were no laws preventing their execution on the displeasure of their owners. Thus, that section of society was of the least value and even today, these activities are called pastimes i.e. merely for recreation at leisure and these people are like soothsayers in Shakespearean plays.

The theatrical quality, however, has preferred by the public to the extent, one may see one or more lessons on text-books recommended by NCERT by virtue of their keen observation of society and its instincts soaked into the ocean of western culture and cunning manners. Travesty of words and dialogues, the electronic media has technically sorted and pseudo trends are being implanted into human minds.

The logic for such are invincible in globalization and trying to create a universal soul that would make humanity universal. We are thus, soon, going to be universal-men once described by our culture as-“Ayam Nijah Paroveti Ganana Laghuchetsam, Udara Caritanamatu Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam.” No doubt, it is a renaissance but just reverses the cycle of the renaissance that had begun since thirteenth century C.E. from Italy.

Question 8.
What had resulted when debt-bondage did the attack on the labor instincts?
Answer:
The workmen/laborers/coolies/workers/servants etc. suffered when draconian tricks were practiced on them severely. It gradually hammered nails in their head and heart of them, it gave birth to rebellion in Judaea against Roman domination e.g. great Jewish revolt of 66 C.E.’The revolutionaries destroyed the money lenders’ bonds to won popular support.

Question 9.
Who was the exception of labor coercion?
Answer:
Despite labor coercion to a severe degree by virtue of draconian laws, the emperor Anastasius of the late fifth century offered high wages in course of the frontier city of Dara constructed by him. It is pertinent to mention that-that the entire city was built by workers in less than three weeks’ time. We also came to know through Papyri that widespread wage-labor had become inputs of the Mediterranean by the sixth century especially, in the east.

Question 10.
Describe some less-advanced states under the Roman empire.
Answer:
Numidia (modem Algeria) witnessed transhumance during the Roman empire. There were pastoral and semi-nomadic communities. Transhumance was the regular animal movement of the herdsmen between the higher mountain regions and low lying ground in search of pasture for sheep and other flocks. They had oven-shaped huts (Papalia) with them, all portable. In Spain, the villages called Costella was inhabited by the Celtic speaking peasantry. However, with the expansion of Roman estates in North Africa, the pastures of these communities were drastically reduced and their movements more tightly regulated.

In This Post we are  providing  CHAPTER 2 WRITING AND THE CITY LIFE NCERT MOST IMPORTANT QUESTION for Class 11 HISTORY which will be beneficial for students. These solutions are updated according to 2021-22 syllabus. These MCQS  can be really helpful in the preparation of Board exams and will provide you with a brief knowledge of the chapter.

NCERT MOST IMPORTANT QUESTION ON WRITING AND THE CITY LIFE

Question 1.
What do you know about Uruk?
Answer:
Situated on the bank of the river Euphrates, about 2500 kilometers south-east of modern capital city of Baghdad, Uruk is an ancient Mesopotamian city. It came into existence around 3000 BCE, and was reckoned to be the most extensive town in the contemporary world. Uruk spread over an area of 250 hectares. It was twice in size when compared to Indus valley civilization. The city expanded around 2800 BCE. This area increased to about 400 hectares. Nearly 50,000 to 80,000 people resided here at that time.

Sumerian king Ermerkar was the founder of this town. He also constructed here the temple of a well-known goddess Inanna. Another famous ruler of this town was Gilgamesh. He declared Uruk as the capital city of his empire. To safeguard ground from any invasion he constructed a massive town around it. Here in Uruk the war prisoner had to do compulsory labour either for the ruler or for construction of temple. They were paid in grains in return. The common people were engaged in the extraction of stones, making mud-bricks, etc. as per the order of their ruler.

Uruk had also made unprecedented progress in the field of technology. The invention of potter’s wheel led to a revolutionary change in the field of technology and also helped in utensil making on a large scale.

Question 2.
Describe the main features of the city of Babylon.
Answer:
The city of Babylon had played an outstanding role in the ancient history of Mesopotamia. It was Akkad ruler, Sargon, who ruled from 2370 to 2315 BCE. Being situated on the north-west bank of river Tigris it made tremendous progress under Humurabiera. Babylon witnessed the emergence of glorious era of its history under Keldian ruler Nabopolassor. At that time, it covered an area of more than 850 hectares. Some magnificent features of Babylon were as follows:

• A triple wall was constructed all-around the city to safeguard it from any foreign threat.
• A massivq Ziggurat was the main center of attraction in Babylon.
• It was also a famous commercial center.
• The city had also made tremendous progress in the field of language, literature, science, medicine, etc.

Question 3.
Describe the nature of early urban society under Mesopotamia.
Or
“There was a great disparity among the different sections of the Mesopotamian society”. Explain.
Answer:
The early urban society was divided into three classes. The first class or group of the people coming from elites and consisted of the king (Monarch), the priest, the officials, rich merchants and businessmen, high military officials, etc. They led a luxurious life and lived in magnificent buildings and palaces. They wore expensive clothes and used to eat sumptuous foods. The people of this class were served by several men and women slaves. The people belonging to second class consisted of the people such as small scale merchants, artisans, state officials, intellectuals, etc. Like upper or 1st class they also led a life of luxury. The third estate or class people constituted the lowest strata of the society. Their life was very miserable. The dead bodies of the upper class people were buried along with precious items such as gold vessels, oyster shell, lapis lazuli, etc. On the other hand, the dead bodies of common people were buried along with ordinary pots, etc. It clearly indicates that there was great disparity among the different sections of society.

Question 4.
Illustrate the construction of temple and gradual increasing of activities of temples in Mesopotamia.
Answer:
Mesopotamian temples have played a significant role in the history of Mesopotamia. They constructed temples and dedicated them to their different gods and goddesses. Their temples were dedicated to Nanna, Anu, Enki and Inanna. Besides these four deities, each town had its own deity who was considered to be the protector of the respective town.

Temples of early Mesopotamia were comparatively smaller in size. They were also made of unbaked bricks. With the passage of time, the temple began to take new shape. Their importance as well as size began to increase. They used to build their temples on the hill tops because they believed that God (deities) dwell on the hill-top. These temples were made of baked bricks.

One of the peculiar features of these temples was that their outer walls had inward and outward bend at regular intervals. The temple had a courtyard and there were several rooms around it. The image of the deity was placed in the main room. Some rooms served as dwelling places for priests and other rooms were meant to stay for the pilgrims.

Increasing Activities of the Temples:

• Temples served as center of imparting education, where the priests used to serve as teachers.
• Land attached to temples was also used for industrial purposes.
• Temples were also engaged in sales and purchases of goods and also used to provide advance loans to the traders and charge interest thereon.
• The people offered grains, curd, dates, etc. to serve their deities. They also sacrificed ox, sheep, goat, etc. to offer their blessings.
• Temples also served as the centers for entertainment and provided a common platform for the people to meet each other and get a new boost.

Question 5.
What do you know about Gilgamesh? Explain in detail.
Answer:
The Gilgamesh epic occupies a special place not only in Sumerian literature, but also in world history. It was written by Uruk ruler Gilgamesh, who ruled there about 2700 BCE. It was written on 12 tablets. This epic is about the achievements of Gilgamesh. Gilgamesh was a famous ruler of Uruk. He was a great ruler and laid the foundation of a vast empire. To secure the Uruk against any threat of the foreign ruler he constructed a well around it with a view to end his tyrannical rule. People prayed to deity, Anu. As a result of this, God Anu ordered the goddess Arur to create such a God who could surpass Gilgamesh. The goddess created Enkidu who fought with Gilgamesh. He was impressed by his bravery and became a fast friend.

“They both performed several commendable works and decided to kill a demon of Elam known as Humbaba. After a terrible war, Gilgamesh finally killed Humbaba. Impressed by the bravery of Gilgamesh, Ishtar fell in love with her.

Gilgamesh’s friend Enkidu fell in love with a beautiful dancing girl. This enraged the deities. So they decided to end the life of Enkidu. Soon after he fell ill and died. The death of Enkidu deeply hurt Gilgamesh. He began to think one day that he will also die. Thus he began his search to attain immortality, but no one could ever become immortal. At the time of creation of a human being God gave him (the man) death and kept life with them. Despite this he did his best to become immortal.

Finally, he thought about Utnapishtim. Being impressed by his efforts Utnapishtim revealed the secret of immortality through the pant lying at the button of an ocean (sea). Gilgamesh accepted this challenge and jumped into the sea to bring the said plant. On his return he was very tired and fell asleep. Meanwhile a snake came here and took away that plant. When he woke up he saw the desired plant was missing. Finally, he understood the fact that the man can never become immortal. He came back to his native city. After many years he became emotional on seeing his city. He realised the fact that hi. sons will continue to enjoy the vast empire built by him after his death.

Question 6.
State the points of similarities and differences between Indus valley and Mesopotamia a n civilization.
Answer:
Similarities:

• Both are river valley civilizations. Indus valley civilization flourished along the bank of river Indus, while Mesopotamian civilization flourished along the banks of Tigris and Euphrates.
• Both are known for their excellent town planning.
• Baked bricks were used for construction.

Differences	Mesopotamian Civilization	Indus valley Civilization
Regarding town planning	• Lack of town planning	• Excellent town planning
	• Streets were narrow	• Streets were wider and straight.
	• No uniformity was followed while constructing houses.	• Uniformity was followed in the construction of houses. City was divided into a number of blocks.
Regarding drainage system	Drainage system was not efficient. Drains were not covered and water flowed from it through clay pipes.	Drainage systemwas very efficient. It was far excellent when compared toother contemporary civilizations.

Question 7.
What do you know about the palace at Mari of King Zimrilim?
Answer:
The Great Palace of Mari was the residence of royal family. This palace was the hub of administration and a centre of production of beautiful ornaments. It was a famous palace of his time. Many minor kings from north Syria came to see it, carrying with him a letter of introduction from royal friends of the king of Mari. The king met all of them and shared food with them. The palace had only an entrance from the north and had a large courtyard such as 131 were beautifully paved. The king also met foreign delegates in 132 rooms, which were decorated with wall paintings and illustrations. This sprawling structure was spread over an area of 2.4 hectares having 260 rooms.

Question 8.
Why were there often clashes between the animal herders and farmers of Mari?
Answer:
There were a number of factors responsible for their conflicts. Some of them are given below:

• The shepherds of Mari used to take their herds through the standing crops on their way when going out in search of water. It caused immense damage to the crops of the farmer.
• The shepherds (animal herders) used to invade the inhabitants of the villages by farming communities and indulged into lost and plunder.
• Sometimes the farmers used to their (animal herder’s) way, which hampered their access to sources of water. It also led to clashes between them.
• Some groups of the herders used to serve as agricultural laborers or helpers in assisting in harvest. With the passage of time their income increased and they became prosperous. Then they began to live a settled life, which was not acceptable to farmers. It also led to the emergence of struggle or clashes between them.

Question 9.
How did the amalgamation of different castes and communities give birth to a new civilization?
Answer:
Mari was an important city of ancient Mesopotamia. The city regained its ancient splendor in 2000 BCE, when Amorite dynasty declared her its capital. It was again destroyed during Hammurabi’s invasion in 1759 BCE.

The people living here were agriculturists and pastoralists. They belonged to various communities such as Akkadi, Amorite, Asyran and Armenian. The king belonged to Amorite community. The entire Amorite community had different dress-codes as compared to other communities. The King of Mari built a magnificent temple at Mari dedicated to the deity known as Dagans. Thus amalgamation of different castes and communities gave birth to new civilization at Mari. As people belonging to different communities resided at Mari, the king had always to remain vigilant.

Question 10.
“The script of Mesopotamia helped the historians to throw light on this ancient civilization”. Justify the statement.
Answer:
The earliest language known to the Mesopotamians was Sumerian. It was replaced by Akkadi around 2400 BCE. Gradually, the Aramaic came into prominence by 1400 BCE. The use of Aramaic became widespread by 1000 BCE. Irrespective of the fact that there had originated a script in Mesopotamia, still the rate of literacy was very low. The logic behind low literacy rate was that there were more than 2000 symbols used to decipher. Besides this, the language was itself very complicated. But truly speaking, the languages of the Mesopotamian have given a very long way in helping the historians, who after carefully examining and analyzing it throws a floodlight on this ancient civilization.

In This Post we are  providing  CHAPTER 1 FROM THE BEGINNING OF TIME NCERT MOST IMPORTANT QUESTION for Class 11 HISTORY which will be beneficial for students. These solutions are updated according to 2021-22 syllabus. These MCQS  can be really helpful in the preparation of Board exams and will provide you with a brief knowledge of the chapter.

NCERT MOST IMPORTANT QUESTION ON FROM THE BEGINNING OF TIME

Question 1.
What do you understand by the term Hominid? Explain.
Answer:
It is a member of the Superfamily Hominoidea from which hominids evolved E.g. apes. Their body is larger, they are without tail, upright posture, bipedal locomotion, and expert hands in making and using tools.

Question 2.
What do you mean by the term “glaciations”? How was the period following glaciations suitable for the origins of Homo?
Answer:
Glaciations in the period of the Ice age. The temperature receded and the larger parts of the earth were covered with ice. Periods of warm, wet, and cold dry climate have been known to alternate from the beginning of time. Grassland areas expanded owing to a sudden change in temperature, the earlier genus Australopithecus had got extinction due to the loss of forests. Thus, the species adapted to drier conditions originated among which Homo (i.e. modern-looking humans) was one of the species.

Question 3.
Why is Tanzania considered important from the angle of the discovery of the earliest societies’
Answer:
It was Olduvai George or ravine located in the Serengeti plain of northern Tanzania in Africa where the archaeologists found the maximum amount of information about hominid activity over the last 2 million years. Olduvai is a deep ravine extended more than forty kilometers in length. Animal bones and remains of forty individuals . have been found here. There were also found traces of 150 species of extinct animals. Mary and Lousie Leakey had identified these fossils and remains of 1.85mya in the early twentieth century. They also found chopping tools and flake tools there.

Question 4.
What were the ways of obtaining food among early societies?
Answer:
As per evidence obtained by archaeologists, there were four ways of obtaining food prevalent among early societies of primates. These were-

1. gathering
2. hunting
3. scavenging and
4. fishing.

Collection of edible seeds, nuts, berries, fruits, and tubers denote gathering activity. The archaeologists say, “there is very little evidence for gathering activity”. There is controversy about scavenging or foraging for meat and marrow activity adopted by hominids. The majority of opinions establish eating of the dead animals by them. It is equally possible that rodents, eggs, birds, reptiles, and insects may have been eaten by hominids. Hunting activity was adopted after a long period of scavenging activity. It came into existence around 5 lakh years ago. Evidence of hunting activity was collected from Boxgraove in England and Schoringen in Germany.

Question 5.
Whether modern humans originated from one region or several regions simultaneously? Explain logically.
Answer:
There are two divergent views about the origin of modem humans:

1. Regional continuity model (with multiple regions of origin) and
2. Replacement model (with a single origin in Africa).

According to the former view, modern humans evolved at different rates in different regions. This is the reason, variations in the first appearance is found. It has been seen that there are differences in populations of Homo erectus and Homo Heidel biogenesis of the same region.

The latter view favors complete replacement everywhere of all older forms of humans with modem looking humansGenetic and physiological similarity supports this view. Fossils found at Omo in Ethiopia support this view.

Question 6.
Describe any aborigine society at present which can throw light on the hunting-gathering societies of the past.
Answer:
The living memories of Hazda aborigine in Tanzania (Africa) throw light on the hunting-gathering societies millions of years ago. We see thorn scrub and acacia trees grown in Eastern Hazda, a dry land rocky Savanna. There is no dearth of wild foods in this Savanna. Animals live elephants, rhinoceros, buffalo, giraffe, zebra, wiser back, gazelle, warthog, lion, leopard, and hyenas are amply found here.

Apart from the flesh of these animals, Hazda society enjoys its food of roots, berries, baobab fruit, etc. Smaller animals for food are also available here. This are-porcupine, hare, jackal, tortoise, etc. Seven species of bees are also found here and honey is eaten. They make their home in the trees and caves in the rocks. They assert no rights over land and every individual of society is free to live where he desires. They do frequent change and shift in their camps or dwelling places.

Question 7.
Explain the physical features of Australopithecus, the genus of the earliest primate.
Answer:
This name was given to the apes whose fossils found in South Africa. Their species is still found. This earliest form of human still retained smaller brain size, large back teeth, and limited dexterity of the hands. It is tough for them to walk regular bipedal. They still live in trees. They have long fore-limbs, curved hand and foot bones, and mobile ankle joints. With the course of time, they could have started making tools and exerted pressure on walking. This regular exercise of body parts should have brought them in modem looking man – it can be guessed.

Question 8.
Describe the gradual evolution of modem looking humans in the sequence.
Answer:
While going over the pedigree of earlier societies, we observe that they are classified into the group, the superfamily, family, genus, and species according to gradual changes in their physical forms. The order of group contains primates in which the earliest apes/monkeys of the world in Africa and Asia are kept. At time scale, it refers to 36 – 24 million years ago (mya). The second step of evolution which took place during 24mya is put underclass – superfamily. It was the period of Hominids consisting of Gibbons, orangutan, and African apes (viz. gorilla, Chimpanzee, and bonobo or pygmy Chimpanzee).

The Hominoids thereafter classified in the family during 6.4mya. These were only early humans known as Hominids. The so-called time i.e., 5.6mya grouped as a genus consisting of Australopithecus and Homo. The change in their physical features and activities during the period 2.2mya, 1.8mya, and 0.8mya were grouped in species because “Homo” had got three simultaneous growing species i.e. Habilis, Erectus, and archaic Sapiens respectively. Finally, during 0.19 to 0.16mya certain specific changes in body, mind, motors, and instincts were seen, and the historians as also archaeologists had declared the resultant Homo as Sapiens sapiens or the modem-looking humans.

Question 9.
How can you say that the Homo heidelbergensis and Homo Neanderthalensis primates found in Germany were migrated from Africa?
Answer:
The first and foremost ground is that the group of African apes is most closely related to hominids. Secondly, the earliest hominid fossils are present in East Africa from about 5.6mya. while those found outside Africa are no earlier than l.Omya. One more thing that supports our assumption is that the early hominid fossils belong to the genus Australopithecus. The fossils of Homo heidelbergensis and Homo Neanderthalensis of Germany pertain to 0.8 and 0.1 mya i.e. after 4 -mya of the fossils found in Africa. Fossils of Neanderthals discovered from Europe, Western and Central Asia belong to roughly 1,30,0 to 35,000 years ago. On these premises, we can state that the earliest societies migrated from Africa to other continents including Asia and Europe.

Question 10.
When did the primates begin the use of caves and open-air sites? Give your answer with archaeological evidence.
Answer:
On the basis of archaeological evidence, it can be stated that the primates should have used to live in caves and open-air sites sometime between 4 and 1-j lakh years ago. Two hearths, shelter 12 x 4metre and flimsy shelters had been discovered. The sites from where artifacts and other things found are Kilombe and Olorgesailie in Kenya (dated between 71akh and 51akh years ago) and Terra Amata in France (Dated between 4 lakh and 1- lakh years ago).

Construction of huts, post holes, tents, storage pits and circular pattern of dwelling places started around 35,000 years ago as traces of likewise construction has been discovered by Archaeologists. The evidence of hearth can be understood as the best evidence for use of fire by primitive people during 1-lakh years ago. Such evidence is found at Chesowanja, Kenya, and Swartkrans in South Africa.

In This Post we are  providing  CHAPTER 8 PSYCHOLOGY AND LIFE NCERT MCQ for Class 12 PSYCHOLOGY which will be beneficial for students. These solutions are updated according to 2021-22 syllabus. These MCQS  can be really helpful in the preparation of Board exams and will provide you with a brief knowledge of the chapter.

NCERT MCQ ON PSYCHOLOGY AND LIFE

1. The state of physical, emotional and psychological exhaustion is known as :
a) resistance
b) stress
c) burnout
d) coping

Solution: : c) burnout

2.While walking in the forest, I suddenly hear a hissing sound. My heartbeat increases, breathing becomes short and rapid, pupils dilate etc.This is due to the activation of
a) Sympathetic nervous system
b) Parasympathetic nervous system
c) Hypothalamus
d) All of the above

Solution: : c) Hypothalamus

3._____________ is a behaviour or skill that helps to communicate, clearly and confidently, our feelings, needs, wants, and thoughts.
a) Physiological
b) Cognitive
c) Assertiveness
d) None of the above

Solution: : c) Assertiveness

4._____________ is a behaviour or skill that helps to communicate, clearly and confidently, our feelings, needs, wants, and thoughts.
a) Physiological
b) Cognitive
c) Assertiveness
d) None of the above

Solution: Assertiveness

5. GAS involves three stages: alarm reaction, resistance, and ________.
a) exhaustion
b) aggression
c) sensation
d) None of the above

Solution: exhaustion

6.What do challenges, problems, and difficult circumstances put us to?

• A.Relax
• B.Happiness
• C.Stress
• D.None

Solution:

All the challenges, problems, and difficult circumstances put us to stress. Thus, if handled properly, stress increases the probability of one’s survival. Stress is like electricity. It gives energy, increases human arousal, and affects performance.QUESTION: 2

7.What are events that cause our body to give the stress response?

• A.Stressors
• B.Irritants
• C.Traumas
• D.None

Solution:

Stressors are events that cause our body to give a stress response. Such events include noise, crowding, a bad relationship, or the daily commuting to school or office.QUESTION: 3

8.What does cortisol stand for?

• A.Corticosteroid
• B.Fluticasone
• C.Glucocorticoids
• D.None

Solution:

This leads to physiological changes seen in the fight-or-flight response. The second pathway involves the pituitary gland, which secretes the corticosteroid(cortisol), which provides energy.QUESTION: 4

9.The behavioural responses to stress are virtually what?

• A.Boundless
• B.Inexhaustible
• C.Limitless
• D.None

Solution:

The behavioural responses are virtually limitless, depending on the nature of the stressful event.QUESTION: 5

10.Social discrimination, interpersonal hurt, low grades in school, etc., are causes of what?

• A.Frustration
• B.Happiness
• C.Peace
• D.None

Solution:

There could be a number of causes of frustration such as social discrimination, interpersonal hurt, low grades in school, etc. These are not only symptoms of stress, but they cause further stress for us.QUESTION: 6

11.What type of person experiences daily hassles?

• A.Child
• B.None of these
• C.Granny
• D.HousewifeNoneofthese

Solution:

Attending to various emergencies are daily hassles experienced by a housewife.QUESTION: 7

12.How many major effects of stress are associated with the stressed state?

• A.Six
• B.Four
• C.Five
• D.Three

Solution:

There are four major effects of stress associated with the stressed state, viz.emotional, physiological, cognitive, and behavioural.emotional effects : those who suffer fromstress are far more likely to experience mood swings, and show erratic behaviourthat may alienate them from family and friends.QUESTION: 8

13.What is the state of physical, emotional, and psychological exhaustion known as?

• A.Burnout
• B.Stress
• C.Mustang
• D.None

Solution:

This state of physical, emotional, and psychological exhaustion is known as burnout. There is also convincing evidence to show that stress can produce changes in the immune system and increase the chances of someone becoming ill.QUESTION: 9

14.What study studies the effects of stress on the immune system?

• A.Neuro-Science
• B.Neuroeconomics
• C.Psychoneuroimmunology
• D.Nutrigenomics

Solution:

Psychoneuroimmunology studies the effects of stress on the immune system. How people respond to stress is substantially influenced by their perceptions, personalities, and biological constitutions. Stress and the immune system stress can cause illness by impairing the workings of the immune system.QUESTION: 10

15.What does the immune system produce?

• A.Antigens
• B.Antibodies
• C.Antidots
• D.None

Solution:

The immune system also leads to the production of antibodies.

In This Post we are  providing  CHAPTER 7 SOCIAL INFLUENCE AND GROUP PROCESSES NCERT MCQ for Class 12 PSYCHOLOGY which will be beneficial for students. These solutions are updated according to 2021-22 syllabus. These MCQS  can be really helpful in the preparation of Board exams and will provide you with a brief knowledge of the chapter.

NCERT MCQ ON SOCIAL INFLUENCE AND GROUP PROCESSES

1.A _________, is also a collection of people who may be present at a place/situation by chance.

Ans:crowd

2.An _________ is a collection of people who have assembled for a special purpose, may be to watch a cricket match or a movie.
a) audience
b) team
c) mob
d) none of the above

Ans:a) audience

3.________ is a stage of intragroup conflict.
a) Storming
b) Norming
c) Performing
d) Adjourning

Ans:a) Storming

4._______________ refers to togetherness, binding, or mutual attraction among group members.
a) Cohesiveness
b) Proximity
c) Groupthink
d) None of the above

Ans:a) Cohesiveness

5.____________ is a reduction in individual effort when working on a collective task.

Ans:Social loafing

6.The term ____________ refers to those processes whereby our attitudes and behaviours are influenced by the real or imagined presence of other people.

Ans:social influence

7._____________ means that people feel obliged to return what they get.
a) Reciprocity
b) Competition
c) Reward structure
d) None of the above

Ans: a)Reciprocity

8. When groups work together to achieve shared goals, we refer to it as ___________.
a) unity
b) cooperation
c) team work
d) None of the above

Ans: b) cooperation

9.An _________ is a collection of people who have assembled for a special purpose, may be to watch a cricket match or a movie.
a) audience
b) team
c) mob
d) none of the above

Ans:a) audience

10.________ is a stage of intragroup conflict.
a) Storming
b) Norming
c) Performing
d) Adjourning

Ans:a) Storming

11._______________ refers to togetherness, binding, or mutual attraction among group members.
a) Cohesiveness
b) Proximity
c) Groupthink
d) None of the above

Ans:a) Cohesiveness

12._____________ means that people feel obliged to return what they get.
a) Reciprocity
b) Competition
c) Reward structure
d) None of the above

Ans: a)Reciprocity

13. When groups work together to achieve shared goals, we refer to it as ___________.
a) unity
b) cooperation
c) team work
d) None of the above

Ans: b) cooperation

14.______________ means behaving according to the group norm.
a) compliance
b) deviants
c) conformity
d) None of the above

Ans: c) conformity

15.Identify the Determinants of Conformity.
a) Nature of the task
b) The company of like-minded people
c) Social influence
d) None of the above

Ans: a) Nature of the task

In This Post we are  providing  CHAPTER 9 DEVELOPING PSYCHOLOGICAL SKILL NCERT MCQ for Class 12 PSYCHOLOGY which will be beneficial for students. These solutions are updated according to 2021-22 syllabus. These MCQS  can be really helpful in the preparation of Board exams and will provide you with a brief knowledge of the chapter.

NCERT MCQ ON DEVELOPING PSYCHOLOGICAL SKILL

Question 1. The ability of a counsellor to reflect on what the client says and feels using different words is known as
(a) Decoding
(b) Communication
(c) Listening
(d) ParaphrasingAnswer

Answer D

Question 2. The initial step in the listening process is
(a) Attention to stimulus
(b) Reception of stimulus
(c) Paraphrasing of sentences
(d) Assignment of meaning 

Answer B

Question 3. Empathy is a part of ____________ skills.
(a) Communication
(b) Psychological testing
(c) Counselling
(d) Interviewing 

Answer C

Question 4. Empathy is a part of _______________ skills.
(a) Communication skills
(b) Interviewing skills
(c) Psychological testing skills
(d) Counselling skills 

Answer D

Question 5. _____________ involves ability to interact with others effectively.
(a) Communication skills
(b) Interviewing skills
(c) Psychological testing skills
(d) Counselling skills 

Answer D

Question 6. Counselling is a helping relationship and a counsellor should possess skills of
(a) positive regard
(b) empathy
(c) paraphrasing
(d) all the above 

Answer D

Question 7. Public communication involves a leader or a speaker and audience. (True/False)   

Answer True

Question 8. Empathy means understanding things from other person’s perspective. (True/False)  

Answer True

Question 9. ____________ involves making summary of the ideas just received and is restatement of what is understood.  

Answer Paraphrasing

Question 10. The interview questions intended to get a person to reflect on what he or she has said are called leading questions. (True/False)   

Answer False

Question 11. Intrapersonal communication refers to the communication that takes place between two or more persons. (True/False)  

Answer False

Question 12. ______________ is a helping relationship which includes someone seeking help and someone willing and trained to give help.  

Answer Counselling

Question 13. ____________ involves making summary of the ideas just received and is restatement of what is understood.   

Answer Paraphrasing

 Question 14. Body language is composed of all those messages that people exchange besides words.(True/False)    

Answer True

Question 15. Participant observation involves becoming an active member of the setting where observation takes place. (True/False)  

Answer True

In This Post we are  providing  CHAPTER 6 ATTITUDE AND SOCIAL COGNITION NCERT MCQ for Class 12 PSYCHOLOGY which will be beneficial for students. These solutions are updated according to 2021-22 syllabus. These MCQS  can be really helpful in the preparation of Board exams and will provide you with a brief knowledge of the chapter.

NCERT MCQ ON ATTITUDE AND SOCIAL COGNITION

Question 1. ____________ is a cluster of interrelated traits and attributes assumed to be characteristics of certain kinds of individuals.
(a) Prejudice
(b) Stereotype
(c) Attribution
(d) None of the above 

Answer B

Question 2. Cluster or ideas regarding the characteristics of a specific group is known as:
(a) Progressive
(b) Stereotype
(c) Belief
(d) Attitude 

Answer D

Question 3. “We should help others wherever we find it is fair to do so”. This is the norm of______.
(a) social responsibility
(b) equity
(c) reciprocity
(d) expected reactions 

Answer B

Question 4. Prejudice is a type of
(a) attitude
(b) instinct
(c) emotion
(d) motivation 

Answer A

Question 5. ____________ is an example of negative attitude towards people.
(a) Prototype
(b) Stereotype
(c) Discrimination
(d) Prejudice 

Answer D

Question 6.  _______________ is the scientific field that seeks to understand the nature and causes of individual behaviour and thought in social situations.
(a) Social psychology
(b) Child psychology
(c) Clinical psychology
(d) Counselling psychology 

Answer A

Question 7.  ____________ are attitudes that contain a ‘should’ or ‘ought’ aspect.
(a) Beliefs
(b) Values
(c) Stereotypes
(d) Prejudices 

Answer B

Question 8. A mental structure that guides social cognition is
(a) prototype
(b) stereotype
(c) schema
(d) none of the above 

Answer C

Question 10. The feature which refers to the number of attributes within a broader attitude is
(a) valence
(b) multiplexity
(c) centrality
(d) extremeness 

Answer B

Question 11. In 1957, Leon Festinger published his theory of
(a) balance
(b) cognitive dissonance
(c) learning
(d) attitude 

Answer B

Question 12. Improvement in behaviour due to presence of other individuals is known as
(a) imitation
(b) social facilitation
(c) interaction
(d) none of the above 

Answer B

Question 13. An augmentation in behaviour due to the presence of other individuals is known as:
(a) imitation
(b) social facilitation
(c) interaction
(d) none of the above 

Answer B

Question 14. The phenomenon by which we infer the causes behind an individual’s behaviour is
(a) Social facilitation
(b) Attribution
(c) Persuasion
(d) None of these 

Answer B

Question 15. When people attribute failure to task difficulty they are referring to following factors:
(a) External, stable
(b) Internal, stable
(c) External, unstable
(d) Internal, unstable 

Answer C

In This Post we are  providing  CHAPTER 5 THERAPEUTIC APPROACHES AND COUNSELLING NCERT MCQ for Class 12 PSYCHOLOGY which will be beneficial for students. These solutions are updated according to 2021-22 syllabus. These MCQS  can be really helpful in the preparation of Board exams and will provide you with a brief knowledge of the chapter.

NCERT MCQ ON THERAPEUTIC APPROACHES AND COUNSELLING

1.A student thinks that he can complete the task effectively and achieve his goal. This is an example of:

a) Self-efficacy

b) Self-esteem

c) Self-concept

d) Self-control

Correct Answer: a) Self-efficacy

2.The tendency of respondents to endorse items in a socially desirable manner is known as

a) Acquiescence

b) Self-report

c) Social desirability

d) Halo effect

Correct Answer: c) Social desirability

3.Sunil shows a loss of interest in most of the activities, cannot sleep well at night, exhibits excessive guilt and loss of interest in activities that he would enjoy earlier. Sunil’s symptoms are akin to that of:

a) Somatoform Disorder

b) Obsessive-compulsive disorder

c) Major depressive disorder

d) Generalised Anxiety Disorder

Correct Answer: c) Major depressive disorder

4.Which one of the following is an attribute of well-being

a) Negative thinking

b) Generation gap

c) Ethical conduct

d) None of the above.

Correct Answer: c) Ethical conduct

5.An emotional state that arises when a person is prevented from reaching a goal, or attaining an object that s/he wants

a) aggression

b) frustration

c) depression

d) none of the above

Correct Answer: b) frustration

6.The ‘P-O-X’ triangle, which represents the relationships between person, another person and attitude object was proposed by :

a) Fritz Heider

b) S.M. Mohsin

c) Festinger

d) Bernard Wiener

Correct Answer: a) Fritz Heider

7.Who defined stress as “the nonspecific response of the body to any demand”?

a) Hans Selye

b) Lazarus

c) Holmes and Rahe

d) None of the above

Correct Answer: a) Hans Selye

8.Dreams can be explained as

a) Compounds

b) Cognitive events

c) Waking state

d) State of suggestibility

Correct Answer: b) Cognitive events

9.The therapy that leads to cognitive restructuring has proved to be successful in the treatment of _______________________.

a) Depression and mania

b) Schizophrenia

c) Phobias

d) Anxiety and depression

Correct Answer: d) Anxiety and depression

10.People with somatoform disorders mostly complain about :

a) inability to stop thinking about a particular idea or topic

b) recurrent anxiety attacks

c) bodily symptoms without any physical disease

d) All of the above

Correct Answer: c) bodily symptoms without any physical disease

11.The rapid breathing techniques to induce hyperventilation is part of ______________yoga.

a) sudarshana kriya

b) pranayama

c) kundalini

d) ashtanga

Correct Answer: a) sudarshana kriya

12.___________ refers to all those psychological processes that deal with the gathering and processing of information related to social objects.

a) Social interaction

b) Social cognition

c) Social facilitation

d) None of the above

Correct Answer: b) Social cognition

13.When groups work together to achieve shared goals, we refer to it as ___________.

a) unity

b) cooperation

c) team work

d) None of the above

Correct Answer: b) cooperation

14.Forceful destructive behaviour towards another person or object is termed as ___________.

a) aggression

b) violence

c) frustration

d) none of the above

Correct Answer: b) violence

15._____________communication refers to the communication that takes place between two or more persons who establish a communicative relationship.

a) Verbal

b) Intrapersonal

c) Interpersonal

d) None of the above

Correct Answer: c) Interpersonal