Question 1.
Write any four features of the Right to Equality as a Fundamental Right.
Answer:

• According to this law, the government shall not deny to any person in India equality before the law or the equal protection of the laws.
• The government shall not discriminate against any citizen on the grounds of religion, caste, ethnicity, sex or place of birth.
• All citizens shall have equality of opportunity in matters relating to any position in the government.
• The principle of non-discrimination extends to social life as well.

Question 2.
Write a short note on the following fundamental rights:
(а) Right to Freedom of Religion.
(b) Cultural and Educational Rights.
Answer:
(a) Right to Freedom of Religion: Right to freedom of religion provides religious freedom to all the citizens of India. All religions are equal before the state and no religion will be given preference over the other. Citizens are free to practise their respective religions. Foremost objective of this right is to sustain the principle of secularism in the country. No state-run institution can give religious education. Religious communities can set up charitable institutions of their own.

(b) Cultural and Educational Rights: India is multi-religious, multi-lingual and multi-cultural, each having its own identity and characteristics. To preserve these diversities, it is natural to grant the following Cultural and Educational Rights to the minorities and other communities.

• Right to Conserve the Language, Script and Culture Under this Right minorities have the right to conserve their distinct language, script or culture and to join state-owned or state-aided institutions without discriminations.
• Right to Establish Educational Institutions: Under this each minority group has a right to establish and administer educational institutions of its choice. The State shall not discriminate between minorities, while granting aid to their educational institutions.

Question 3.
“Right to Constitutional Remedies is a very special right”. What is so special about this right?
Or
Dr Ambedkar called the Right to Constitutional Remedies, “the heart and soul of our constitution”. Give reason.
Answer:

• It is through this Right that all other Fundamental Rights are safeguarded and arbitrary action of the state is checked.
• Under this Right, a citizen is entitled to move the Supreme Court or any High Court or any other courts so authorised, if his/ her Fundamental Right (or Rights) is encroached upon, abridged or snatched away by the State, an individual or a body of persons. The courts are empowered to issue orders, directions and writs to the concerned to protect the rights of the complainant.

Question 4.
Mention three major Constitutional provisions for the protection of women and children in India.
Or
Write three Constitutional provisions for the protection of women and children in India. [CBSE March 2011]
Answer:

• The Right to Equality: Under this the State can make special provisions for women and children.
• Right Against Exploitation: Under this traffic in human beings, especially women and children, shall be an offence punishable in accordance with the law.
• Right Against Exploita-tion: Under this no child below the age of 14 years shall be employed to work in any factory or mine or engaged in any other hazardous employment.

Question 5.
‘The Right to Freedom is actually a cluster of several rights.’ Discuss.[CBSE 2015]
Answer:

• Freedom to live in any part of India: All citizens are free to live in any part of India but State can put restrictions keeping in mind the welfare of local people.
  Freedom to practice any profession or occupation: All citizens have the right to practice any profession or to carry on any occupation, trade or business.
• Right to Free Movement: Every citizen of India has been granted freedom to move throughout the Indian territory.
• Freedom to Assemble Peace¬fully: Indian citizens have been given the right to assemble without arms.
• Freedom of Speech and Expression: Democracy is a government by citizens. Freedom of speech and expression works as a barometer of public opinion.
• Right to Form Associations or Unions: The Constitution guarantees the right to form associations and unions to every citizen of India.

Question 6.
What was the Amnesty International’s report regarding the prisoners in Guantanamo Bay? State the condition of prisoners according to the report of Amnesty International in Guantanamo Bay.[CBSE March 2013]
Answer:
Amensty International which is an international human rights organisation, collected information in Guantanamo Bay and reported:

• Families of prisoners, media or even UN representatives were not allowed to meet these prisoners. The US army arrested them, interrogated them and decided whether to keep them there or not.
• There was no trial before any magistrate in the US. Nor could these prisoners approach courts in their own country.
• The prisoners were being tortured in ways that violated United States Laws.
• They were being denied the treatment that even prisoners of war must get as per international treaties.
• Prisoners were not released even after they were officially declared not guilty.

Question 7.
“Saudi Arabia is not a democratic country”. Justify. Mention any two rights which are enjoyed by the Indian citizens but not by citizens of Saudi Arabia.
Or
Compare the situation of India and Saudi Arabia in terms of right to freedom in both the countries.
Answer:

• The country is ruled by a hereditary king and the people: have no role in electing or changing
  their rulers.
• The king selects the legislature as well as the executive. He appoints the judges and can change any of their decisions.
• Citizens cannot form political parties or any political organisations.

Rights enjoyed by Indians but not by Saudi Arabians-

• There is no freedom of religion. Every citizen is required to be Muslim. Non-Muslim residents can follow their religion in private, but not in public.
• Women are subjected to many public restrictions. The testimony of one man is considered equal to that of two women.

Question 8.
State any three rights guaranteed by the Constitution of South Africa.[CBSE 2014 March]
Answer:

• Right to privacy, so that citizens or their home cannot be searched, their phones cannot be tapped, their communication cannot be opened.
• Right to an environment that is not harmful to their health or well being.
• Right to have access to adequate housing.

Question 9.
Which fundamental right is being violated under the following circumstances.
(a) A student belonging to SC category is not being allowed to use a public park.
(b) Citizens are not being allowed to hold a meeting.
(c) A women was sold to a rich landlord.
(d) You are being denied admission to a government college on the basis of your religion.
Answer:
(a) Right to Equality.
(b) Right to Freedom.
(c) Right against Exploitation
(d) Cultural and Educational Right

Question 10. Why do we need rights in a democracy? [CBSE March 2011,13,15]
Answer:

• Fundamental Rights provide the conditions which are essential for the development of the inherent qualities in man and to secure his all round growth.
• These are necessary to preserve human dignity and promote social progress in an atmosphere of freedom.
• These provide civil liberties, without which democracy cannot be even conceived.
• These are a significant check on the arbitrary use of power by the government.
• Rights protect minorities from the oppression of majority.

Important Link

Quick Revision Notes :Democratic Rights

NCERT Solution : Democratic Rights

MCQs: Democratic Rights

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