Q.1 Write the importance of ‘manufacturing sector’ for our nation.
Or, “Manufacturing industry is considered the backbone of economic development of India.” Give reasons. (2015 OD, 2011 D)
Answer:
Importance of manufacturing industries for India:

1. It helps in modernizing agriculture, which is the base of our economy.
2. It reduces heavy dependence on agricultural income by providing jobs in non-agricultural sectors.
3. Industrial development is necessary for eradication of poverty and unemployment because people get jobs and generate more income.
4. Export of manufactured goods expands trade and brings in much needed foreign exchange.
5. Industries bring riches faster to a nation because manufacturing changes raw materials into finished goods of a higher value, so industrial development brings prosperity to the country.

Q.2 List the major factors which affect the location of an industry at a place. What is the key to the decision of ‘factory location’? (2011 D, 2011 OD, 2015 D)
Answer:

1. Raw material. Cheap and abundant availability of raw material. Industries which use heavy and perishable raw material have to be located close to the source of raw material.
2. Labour. Availability of cheap labour is necessary for keeping the cost of production low.
3. Power. Cheap and continuous supply of power is extremely necessary for continuity in the production process.
4. Capital. It is necessary for developing infrastructure, for the entire manufacturing process and for meeting manufacturing expenditure.
5. Banking and insurance facilities, favourable government policies are other factors which affect location of an industry.
   The ‘key’ to the decision of a factory location is least cost so that the venture is profitable.

Q.3 classify industries on the basis of capital investment. How are they different from one another? Explain with examples. (2016 D)
Answer:
On the basis of capital investment industries can be classified as:

• Small-scale industry
• Large-scale industry

Difference:
If the investment is more than one crore rupees in any industry, it is considered as a large scale industry.
For example, Iron and Steel industry, Cement industry.
If the investment is less than one crore rupees in any industry, it is considered as a small scale industry.
For example, Plastic industry, Toy industry.

Q.4 Classify industries on the basis of source of raw material. How are they different from each other? (2016 OD)
Answer:
On the basis of sources of raw material industries are classified as:
(i) Agro based industries;
(ii) Mineral based industries
Difference between Agro-based industries and Mineral-based industries

Agro-based industries	Mineral-based industries
They obtain their raw materials from agricultural products.Example: Textiles —cotton, jute, silk and woolen. Rubber, Sugar, Coffee, Tea and Edible Oil, etc.	They obtain their raw materials from minerals. Example: Iron and steel, cement, machine tools, petro-chemicals, etc.

Q.5 Explain the significance of textile industry in India. (2011 D)
Or
The textile industry is the only industry which is self reliant and complete in the value-chain? Justify this statement? (2016 D)
Or
“Textile industry occupies a unique position in the Indian economy”. Support the statement with appropriate arguments. (2015 D)
The Textile industry occupies a unique position in the Indian Economy because:

1. It contributes significantly to industrial production (14%).
2. It employs largest number of people after agriculture, i.e. 35 million persons directly.
3. Its share in the foreign exchange earnings is significant at about 24.6%.
4. It contributes 4% towards GDP.
5. It is the only industry in the country which is self-reliant and complete in the value chain, i.e., from raw material to the highest value added products.

Q.6 List factors which favoured the location and concentration of cotton textile industry in Maharashtra
and Gujarat in early years. (2012 D, 2015 OD)
Answer:

1. Availability of raw cotton was abundant and cheap because these are the traditional cotton growing States.
2. Moist climate in these coastal States also helped in the development of cotton textile industry because humid conditions are required for weaving the cloth, else the yarn breaks.
3. Well developed transportation system and accessible port facilities in Maharashtra and Gujarat led to their concentration there.
4. Proximity to the market is yet another factor as cotton clothes are ideal and comfortable to wear in these warm and humid States.
5. Cheap labour was abundantly available.

Q.7 Electronic industry has revolutionized the life of the masses and the country’s economy.” Justify the statement with suitable arguments.
Answer:
Electronic industry has revolutionized the life of the people and the country’s economy because:

1. It produces a wide range of products from transistor sets to televisions and computers for the masses.
2. It has helped us set up telephone exchanges, telephones, cellular telecom, radios and many other equipments which have application in space technology, aviation, defence, meteorological departments, etc.
3. It has generated employment for a large number of people. It employed over one million people by March 2005, out of these 30% are women employees.
4. This industry has been a major foreign exchange earner because of its fast growing Business Process Outsourcing (BPO) Sector.
5. India is one of the leading countries in software development. We have 18 software technology parks which provide high data communication facility to software experts.

Q.8 Suggest measures to control water pollution caused by industries. (2013 D)
Answer:

1. Minimising the use of water for processing by reusing and recycling it in two or more successive stages.
2. Harvesting of rain-water to meet water requirements of industries and other domestic purposes.
3. Treating hot water and effluents before releasing them in rivers and ponds in the following ways:
   • Primary treatment by mechanical means such as screening, grinding, flocculation and sedimentation.
   • Secondary treatment by biological process.
   • Tertiary treatment by biological, chemical and physical processes. This involves recycling of waste water.

Q.9 Explain the pro-active approach adopted by the National Thermal Power Corporation (NTPC) for preserving the natural environment and resources? (2011 OD, 2015 OD)
Answer:
NTPC is taking the following measures in places where it is setting up power plants:

1. Optimum utilisation of equipment by adopting latest techniques and upgrading existing equipment.
2. Minimising waste generation by maximising ash utilisation.
3. Providing green belts for nurturing ecological balance.
4. Reducing environmental pollution through ash pond management, ash water recycling system and liquid waste management.
5. Ecological monitoring, reviews and online data base management for all its power stations.

Q.10 Suggest any three steps to minimise the environmental degradation caused by the industrial development in India. (2016 OD)
Answer:
Steps to minimize the environmental degradation caused by industrial development in India are:

1. Minimizing use of water for processing by reusing and recycling in two or more successive stages. Harvesting of rain water to meet water requirements of industries and other domestic purposes.
2. Treating hot water and effluents before releasing them in rivers and ponds.
3. Particulate matter in the air can be reduced by fitting smoke to factories with electrostatic precipitators, fabric filters, scrubbers and inertial separators. Smoke can be reduced by using oil or gas instead of coal in factories.
4. Machinery and equipments can be fitted with silencers to prevent noise pollution.

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