Question 1.
Which region is characterised by extremely high or low temperature and has scarce vegetation?
(a) Desert
(b) Fertile land
(c) Grassland
(d) None of these

Question 2.
How many countries touch Sahara desert?
(a) Eleven
(b) Thirteen
(c) Sixteen
(d) Twenty

Question 3.
What was the maximum temperature recorded at Al-Azizia in south of Tripoli in Sahara desert in 1922?
(a) 48°C
(b) 48.7°C
(c) 57.7°C
(d) 39.7°C

Question 4.
The maximum temperature of Sahara during day time is about 50°C and at nights it is
(a) 0°C
(b) 10°C
(c) 30°C
(d) 40°C

Question 5.
Which of these trees is not found in Sahara desert?
(a) Mango
(b) Date palm
(c) Acacia
(d) All of these

Question 6.
What is the energy product in great demand throughout the world?
(a) Uranium
(b) Fats
(c) Manganese
(d) Oil

Question 7.
Which crop is famous in Egypt?
(a) Maize
(b) Wheat
(c) Cotton
(d) None of these

Question 8.
What are two words by which Ladakh is made of?
(a) La and Dak
(b) Lad and hakh
(c) Lad and akh
(d) None of these

Question 9.
What is the capital of Ladakh?
(a) Jammu
(b) Srinagar
(c) New Delhi
(d) Leh

Question 10.
What is the other name of Ladakh?
(a) Indus
(b) Kargil
(c) Khapa-chan
(d) Karakoram

Question 11.
Which of the following birds are sighted in Ladakh?
(a) Robin
(b) Redstarts
(c) Raven
(d) All of these

Question 12.
Hemis in the Ladakh is a famous
(a) monastery
(b) church
(c) temple
(d) mosque

Match the contents of Column A with that of Column B:

Fill in the blanks with appropriate words:

1. Sahara desert touches the boundaries of …………… countries.

2. The People of Sahara wear heavy robes as a protection against …………… and …………….

3. ………….. is enclosed by the Karakoram range in the north.

4. Yak’s milk is used to make ………….. and …………..

5. Leh is connected to Kashmir through …………….. Pass.

6. ………….. is the most important river of Ladakh.

Question 1.
What does water actually mean to us?
Answer:

• Water actually means life to plants, animals and people.
• It is difficult for anyone to live in place,
• Where there is no water to drink.
• Where there is no grass for the cattle to feed on.
• Where there is no water to help the crops to grow.

Question 2.
Discuss the places where extreme harsh temperatures are found.
Answer:

• There are several places in the world where extreme harsh temperatures are found.
• They are the places where temperature are as hot as fire.
• On the other hand there are some as cold as ice.
• These are the desert areas of the world.
• They are characterised by low rainfall, scanty vegetation and extreme temperatures.
• Based on temperatures they are:
• Hot desert
• Cold desert
• People inhabit these lands wherever a little water is available to practise agriculture.

Question 3.
Define the term desert with example.
Answer:
It is an arid region with extreme temperatures and scarce vegetation. For example, Sahara and Ladakh.

The Hot Desert  – Sahara

Question 1.
Discuss the situation and location of Sahara Desert.
Answer:
Situation and Location of Sahara Desert:

• Sahara desert covers large part of North Africa.
• It is the largest desert of the world.
• It has an area of around 85.4 lakh square kilometre.
• It is almost 2.5 times larger than the total geographical area of India (32 lakh sq. km.)
• The Sahara Desert covers eleven countries. They are Algeria, Chad, Egypt, Libya, Mali, Mauritania, Morocco, Niger, Sudan, Tunisia and Western Sahara.

Question 2.
Account for the relief of Sahara Desert.
Answer:
Relief of the Sahara Desert:

• Sahara desert is a vast expanse of sand and sand.
• But besides the vast stretches of sands, there are also gravel plains and elevated plateaus with bare rocky surface.
• These rocky surfaces are more than 2500 metres high at some places.
• Big boulders of stones and gravels are found all over the desert.

Climate

Question .1.
Give an account of the climate of Sahara Desert.
Answer:
Climate of Sahara Desert:

• Climate of the Sahara desert is scorching hot and parch dry.
• It has a short rainy season.
• The sky is cloudless and clear.

Here moisture evaporates faster than it accumulates.

• Days are unbelievably hot.
• Temperatures during the day soars as high as 50°C, heating up the sand and bare rocks.
• They in turn, radiate heat making everything hot all around.

Nights are freezing cold with temperatures nearing zero degree.

Question 2.
Which place in the Sahara desert recorded the highest temperature in 1922?
Answer:
Al Azizia in Sahara, south of Tripoli (Libya) recorded the highest temperature of 57.7°C in 1922.

Flora and Fauna

Question 1.
Explain the flora and fauna of Sahara desert.
Answer:
Flora and Fauna of Sahara Desert:

• Vegetation in the Sahara desert comprises of cactus, date, palms and acacia.
• In some places there are oasis-green islands with date palms surrounding them.
• Camels, hyenas, jackals, foxes, scorpions, numerous varieties of snakes and lizards are the prominent animal species which inhabit the Sahara Desert.

People

Question 1.
Explain the life of people of Sahara Desert.
Answer:
Life of People of Sahara Desert:

• The Sahara desert has a very harsh climate.
• Despite this it has been inhabited by various groups of people.
• They pursue different activities.

Among them are the Bedouins and Tuaregs.

• These groups are nomadic tribes.
• They rear livestock like goats, sheeps, camels and horses.
• These animals provide them with milk, hides and hair.
• They make leather belts, slippers, water bottles from hides.
• They use hair in making mats, carpets, clothes and blankets.
• They wear heavy robes as protection against dust-storms and hot winds.

Question 2.
Which areas in the Sahara supports settled life and how?
Answer:
The oasis in the Sahara and the Nile Valley in Egypt support settled population.

• Since water is available people grow date palms.
• Other crops like rice, wheat, barley and beans are grown.
• Egyptian cotton is famous worldwide. It is grown in Egypt.

The discovery of oil in Algeria, Libya and Egypt is constantly transforming the Sahara desert.
Other minerals of the area are iron, phosphorus, manganese and uranium.

Question 3.
How is Sahara’s landscape gradually changing?
Answer:
The cultural landscape of the Sahara is undergoing change.

• Gleaming glass cased office buildings, tower over mosques and superhighways criss-cross the ancient camel paths.
• Trucks are replacing camels in salt trade.
• Tuaregs are seen acting as guides to foreign tourists.
• More and more Nomadic herdsmen are taking to city life finding jobs in oil and gas operations.

Question 4.
Describe an Oasis and its major features.
Answer:
An Oasis:

• Depressions are formed when wind blows away the sands.
• In the depressions where underground water reaches the surface, Oasis is formed.
• Oasis is fertile.
• People settle around these water bodies.
• They grow date palms and other crops.
• Sometimes the oasis is abnormally large.
• Tafilalet Oasis in Morocco is a large oasis with an area of about 13000 sq. kms.

The Cold Desert – Ladakh

Question 1.
Explain the locational set up of the Ladakh Cold Desert.
Answer:
Locational set up of the Ladakh Cold Desert:

• Ladakh is a cold desert.
• It lies in the great Himalayas, on the eastern portion of Jammu and Kashmir.
• The Karakoram Range in the north and the Zanskar Mountains in the south surround it.
• Several rivers flow through Ladakh.
• Indus is the main river.
• The rivers form deep valleys and gorges.
• Several glaciers are found in Ladakh.
• Example: Gangri glacier

Question 2.
Discuss the climate of Ladakh.
Answer:
Climate of Ladakh:

• Climate is extremely cold and dry.
• The altitude in Ladakh varies from about 3000 metres in Kargil to more than 8000 metres in the Karakoram.
• The air at great altitude is so thin that the heat of the sun is felt intensely.
• The day temperatures in summers are just above zero degree and the night temperatures well below 30°C.
• It is freezing cold in the winters when the temperatures remain below 40°C for most of the time.
• Ladakh lies in the rain shadow of the Himalayas.
• Hence there is little rainfall, as low as 10 centimetres every year.
• The area experiences freezing winds and burning hot sunlight.
• If people sit in the sun with their feet in the shade.
• They suffer from both sunstroke and frost bite at the same time.

Flora and Fauna

Question 1.
What flora and fauna are found in Ladakh?
Answer:
Flora and Fauna found in Ladakh:

Due to dryness, vegetation is sparse.

• There are very sparse patches of grasses and shrubs for animals to graze.
• Groves of willows and poplars are found in the valleys.
• During summers, fruit trees like apples, apricots and walnuts bloom.

Fauna of Ladakh includes birds and animals.

• Several species of birds are sighted in Ladakh.
• Robins, Redstarts, Tibetan Snowcock, Raven and Hoopoe are common.
• Some of these are migratory birds.
• The animals of Ladakh are the wild goats, wild sheep, yak and special kinds of dogs.
• The animals provide milk, meat and hides.
• The yak’s milk is used to make cheese and butter.
• The hair of the sheep and goat is used to make woollen clothes.

The Chiru or the Tibetan antelope is an endangered species. It is hunted for its wool known as shahtoosh.

• The wool is light in weight and extremely warm.

People

Question 1.
Which tribes inhabit Ladakh? Explain their ways of life.
Answer:
The People of Ladakh:

• The people of Ladakh resemble the inhabitants of Tibet and Central Asia.
• They are either Muslims or Buddhists.
• In fact several Buddhist monasteries dot the Ladakhi Landscape with their traditional ‘gompas’.
• Sopie famous monasteries are Hemis, Thiksey, Shey and Lamayuru.

Ways of Life:

• In the summer season people are busy in cultivation of barley, potatoes, peas, beans and turnip.
• In winter people keep themselves engaged in festivities and ceremonies.

The women are very hard working.

• They work both in the house and fields.
• They also manage small business and shops.
• Leh is the capital of Ladakh.
• It is well-connected both by road and air.
• The National Highway LA connects Leh to Kashmir Valley through the Zoji la Pass.

Question 2.
Name the 4 passes which the Manali-Leh highway crosses.
Answer:

• Manali-Leh Highway crosses four passes:
• Rohtang la, Baralacha la, Lungalacha la and Tanglang la.
• The highway opens only between July and September when snow is cleared
  from the road.

Question 3.
What is major activity in Ladakh?
Answer:

• Tourism is a major activity.
• Several tourists stream in here from within India and abroad.
•  Visits to the gompas, treks to see the meadows and glaciers, witnessing ceremonies and festivities are important activities of the Ladakh  people.
• Life of people has now undergone a change due to modernisation.
• The people of Ladakh have over the centuries learnt to live in balance and harmony with nature.
• Due to scarcity of resources like water and fuel, they are used with reverence and care.
• Nothing is discarded or wasted.