CHAPTER 9: Peace NCERT SOLUTION CLASS 11TH Political Science | EDUGROWN NOTES

Short Answer Type Question:

Q1. Do you think that a change towards a peaceful world, needs a change in the way people think? Can mind promote peace and is it enough to focus only on the human mind?

Answer

Peace is the central theme of all religion. We think from our minds and this is the place where all conflicts arises. So if people can think from different irrespective then we can take step towards a peaceful world. However, the mind by itself is not enough to promote peace because you cannot control the outside harmful elements of the society Thus, the creation of a peaceful society requires the elimination of these harmful elements.

Q2. A State must protect the lives and rights of its citizens. However, at times its own actions are a source of violence against some of its citizens. Comment with the help of some examples.

Answer

Each state sees itself as an independent and supreme entity, it tends to protect its own perceived self-interest. The state is expected to use its force, its army or its police, to protect its citizens, in practice these forces could be deployed against its own members to suppress dissent. This is most clearly evident in authoritarian regimes and military dictatorships.
•  In America, until 1865, slavery existed. In Germany, during Hitler’s regime genocide was commited.  In South Africa, policy of racial discrimination was followed until 1992.• In certain countries the policy of racial discrimination is followed even today. • Immigrants from Asia, Latin America and Africa are not treated well in western countries. • In Myanmar, under the military regime, many democratic leaders and citizens were  put in jail. Aung San Suu Kyi, the leading opposition leader was kept under House arrest from 1989 to 1995.

Q3. Peace can be best realised when there is freedom, equality and justice. Do you agree?
Answer: Peace can be best realised when there is freedom, equality and justice. Freedom allows people to express themselves freely on the other hand equality and justice help in removing the grounds for conflict. Through equality, we can ensure get equal treatment and reduce the chance of negative thinking. Justice ensures the prevention of oppression of individuals and groups based on class, gender, etc.

• In a democracy, where freedom, justice and equality is the right of every individual, we see people are more peaceful as compared to Iraq, Iran and North Korea. These ideals help in building a society that cooperate with others.

Q4. Use of violence does not achieve just ends in the long run. What do you think about this statement?

Answer

Use of violence does not achieve just ends in the long run as it tends to spin out of control, leaving behind a trail of death and destruction. Violence involved in forcefully removing oppressors, liberation struggle and self-defence is often justified. However, the removal of oppressors by the oppressed class through violent struggle leads to another cycle of violence fuelled by a feeling for revenge.
It is for this reason that pacifists, who considerpeace to be a supreme value, take a moral stand against the use of violence even for attaining just ends. They too recognise the need to fight oppression but they advocate the mobilisation of love and truth to win the hearts and minds of the oppressors.

Q5. Differentiate between the major approaches, discussed in the chapter, to the establishment of peace in the world.

Answer

The major approaches that are discuss in the chapter to the establishment of peace in the world are:

• The First Approach: It is related centrally to states which favours sovereignty and deals with fair competition between the states. Its chief concern is with the proper management of this competition and with the containment of possible conflict.

• The Second Approach: It put emphasis on increasing social and economic cooperation among nations. The economic integration and interdependence that leads to political unification.

• The Third Approach: It considers state as passing phase of human history. It cisualises the state as a transitory system and the emergence of a global community surpassing the state system to maintain world peace. The process of globalisation has accelerated the process by reducing the influence of state and diluting the concept of sovereignty.

Long Answer Type Questions :

Q1.List the names of few Nobel Peace Prize winners and write a note on any one of them.
Answer:

• Mrs. Aung Saan Suu Kuyi (Myanmar)-1991
• Miss Riyoberta Manchu (Guatemala)-1992
• Nelson Mandela and F.W.D. Clark (South Africa)-1993
• Yasser Arafal (PLO) and Yitzhok Robin (Israel)-1994
• Joseph Rotblat anti-nuclear campaigner (UK) and the Purgwash Conference on Science and World Affairs which he chairs-1995
• Jose Romos Horta and Bishop Carlos Felipe (East Timor)-1996
• Jody Williams (USA)-International Campaign to Ban Landmines and Its Coordinator-1997.
• John Home and David Trimble (Northern Ireland)-1998
• Medicine Sans Frantiers (Doctors without Borders)-1999
• Kim Dae Jung (South Korea)-2000
• Kofi Annan (UN Secretary-General)-2001

Aung Saan Suu Kuyi:

• Inspired much from the thoughts of Mahatma Gandhi.
• Remained under house arrest in Myanmar for restoration of democracy and the freedom of her people.
• She says “for me, real freedom is freedom from fear to live a dignified human life”. id) Her words suggest not to be afraid of the opinions of others or of the attitude of authority, or of the reactions of the members of out community.
  Her book of essays also bears the title “Freedom from Fear”.

Q2.Mention different types of structural violence?
Answer:
Caste as a cause of structural violence:

• In India, traditional caste system has been existed.
• This system considers the lower caste people as ‘untouchables’.
• This ‘untouchability’ resulted in social exclusion and deprivation of the worst sort. id) Though a social order based on class appears to be more flexible, still it generates a great deal of inequality and oppression.

Class-based structural violence capitalist vs. Labour class:

• A sizeable unclass exists even in the developed countries.
• In the developing countries, the majority of labour classes faces the conditions of wages underpaid and ill-conditions of working.

Based on ill-treatment with women:

• To treat women with discrimination.
• Its examples are abortion of female foeticides, inadequate nourishment to women, child marriage, education to girl-child, wife battering, etc.
• The low sex-ratio in India (933 females per 1000 males).

Political based structure violence:

• Though imperialism and colonialism has been a rare phenomenon.
• Still Palestinian struggle against Israeli domination shows not be rooted out this phenomenon.
• Even European Imperialist countries also have to recover completely from manifold exploitation during colonial era.

Racism and communalism based structure violence:

• It involve stigmatization and oppression of entire racial group.
• It has been used to justify insidious practices like Negro slavery in USA, slaughter of Jews during Nazism and Apartheid policy in South Africa.
• Racial discrimination is still in practice in the west and directed against immigrants from countries in Asia, Africa and Latin America.
• Communalism may be seen in South Asian counterpart of racism where the victims tend to be minority religious groups.

Q3.How India has implemented Human Rights?
Answer:

• India has granted and guaranteed all the human rights to its citizens which soever have been included in the UN declaration of human rights.
• India is the largest democracy in the world to grant fundamental rights to its citizens constitutionally as well as opposed the violation of human rights by any country to raise voice against it.
• India has established National Humans Rights Commission at the central level and state Human Rights Commissions at the state level to look into the complaints and to take their own initiatives to stop violation of human rights.
• As far as, human rights are concerned, various laws have been passed by the government of India to point out the case of torture by police, state managed encounters, and custodial death in violation of human rights.

Q4.What is the role of the UNO in maintaining world peace?
Answer:
The UNO has adopted various methods for the realisation of its objectives:

• To unite the nations in maintaining international peace and security.
• To ensure that armed forces will not be used except in common interest.
• To employ international machinery for the promotions of social and economic development of peoples.
• To practicise tolerance.

The UNO has played following crucial role in the maintenance of world peace:

• In 1950, North Korea attacked on South Korea, the UNO intervened and sent the armies of 16 nations to control the war and it was stopped successfully.
• In 1956, Egypt declared nationalization of Suez Canal, hence England and France attacked on Egypt through Israel. The UNO made best efforts to end this war.
• In 1965, Pakistan attacked on India and the UNO intervened to end this war with the treaty of Tashkent in 1966.
• In 1991, the Gulf war took place between the USA and other European countries against Iraq. The UNO passed a resolution to end the war.
• The UNO has made many efforts for disarmament by passing many resolutions to maintain international peace and order.