Q1. How is social inequality different from the inequality of individual? Answer. Individual inequality refers to destructiveness and variations among individuals in their psychological and physical characteristics. Social inequality refers to a social system where some people are getting opportunity to make use of the resources and others are not. Some people are at a higher level in terms of wealth, education, health and status while others are at the lowest level. Social inequality gets manifested in following forms: (i) Social stratification (ii) Prejudices (iii) Stereotypes (iv) Discrimination
Q2.What are some of the features of social stratification? Answer. The key features of social stratification are (i) Social stratification is a characteristics of society, not simply a function of individual differences. It is society-wide system that unequally distributes social resources among categories of people. For example: In the most technologically primitive societies-hunting and gathering societies, little was produced, so only rudimentary social stratification could exist. In more technologically advanced societies, where people produce a surplus over and above their basic needs, however, social resources are unequally distributed to various social categories regardless of people’s innate individual abilities. (ii) Social stratification persists over generations: It is closely linked to the family and to the inheritance of social resources from one generation to the next. A person’s social position is ascribed, i.e., a child assumes the social position of its parents. Births dictate occupation e.g. a Dalit is likely to ‘ be confined to traditional occupation such as agricultural labours, scavenging or leather work, with little chance of being able to get high paying white-collar or professional work. The ascribed aspect of social inequality is reinforced by the practice of endogamy, i.e., marriage is usually restricted to members of the same caste, ruling out the potential for breaking caste line through intercaste marriages. (iii) Social stratification is supported by patterns of beliefs and ideology: No system of social stratification is likely to persist over generations unless it is widely viewed as being either fair or inevitable. For example, Caste system is justified in terms of the opposition of purity and pollution, with Brahmans designated as the most superior and Dalits as the most inferior by virtue of their birth and occupation. Not everyone, thinks of a system of inequality as legitimate. Typically, people with the greatest social privileges express the strongest support, while those who have experienced exploitation and humiliation of being at the bottom of the hierarchy are most likely to challenge it.
Q3.How would you distinguish prejudice from other kinds of opinion or belief? Answer. Prejudice refers to pre-judgement, i.e., an opinion made in advance. Prejudice refers to pre-thought opinions or attitudes held by members of one group towards another. Prejudice may be either positive or negative. A prejudiced person’s pre-thought views r are .generally based on hearsay rather than on direct evidence. This word is generally used for negative pre-judgements. On the other hand, an opinion is a judgment about someone or something, not necessarily based on fact and knowledge.
Q4. What is social exclusion? Answer. Social exclusion is the combined result of deprivation and discrimination that presents individual or groups from participating completely in the economic, social and political life of the society in which they live.Social exclusion is structural i.e., the outcome of social processes and institutions rather than individual action. In this process, the individuals may cut off from total improvement in the broader society.
Q5. What is the relationship between caste and economic inequality today? Answer. In the hierarchy of caste system each caste has a specific place and social status. There has been a close correlation between social or caste status and economic status. The high’ castes were almost invariably of high economic status. On the other hand, the “low’ caste were almost always of low economic status. However, in the 19th Century the link between caste and occupation had become less , rigid consequently, the link between caste and economic status is not as rigid today as it used to be.At the macro line things have not changed much. The difference between the privileged a high economic status sections of society and disadvantaged (a low economic status) sections still persists.
Q6. What is untouchability? Answer. Untouchability is a social practice within the caste system in which members of the lowest castes are thought to be ritually impure to such a limit that they cause pollution by mere touch or even sight. Untouchable castes are at the bottom of the hierarchical system. These low castes are excluded from most social institutions. It is an extreme and vicious aspect of the caste system. It uses stringent social and ritual sanctions against members of castes located at the bottom of the purity pollution scale. They are considered to be outside the caste hierarchy.
Q7. Describe some of the policies designed to address caste inequality. Answer. At the state level, there are special programmes for scheduled tribes and scheduled castes. Because of massive discrimination practised against them, special provisions have been made for them. The OBCs have also been added to this special provisions. The laws passed to end, prohibit and punish caste discrimination, especially untouchability are: (i) Caste Disabilities Removal Act of 1850, disallowed the curtailment of rights of citizens due solely to change of religion or caste. It allowed entry of Dalit to government schools. . (ii) Constitution Amendment (93rd Amendment) Act of 2005, for introducing reservation for OBCs in institutions of higher education. (iii) Scheduled castes and scheduled tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act of 1989, to abolish untouchability (Article 17) and introduced reservation provisions. (iv) 1989 Prevention of Atrocities Act revised and strengthened the legal provisions against Dalits and Adivasis.
Q8.How are the Other Backward Castes different from die Dalits (or Scheduled Castes)? Answer. Untouchability was ttie most visible and discriminatory form of social inequality. Despite this, there was a large group of castes which were of low status and were also subjected to varying levels of discrimination. The ex-untouchability communities their leaders have coined, another term, Dalit’, which is now the generally accepted term for referring to these groups. The term Dalit literally means ‘downtrodden’ and conveys the sense of an oppressed people. However, the constitution of India recognises the probability what there may be groups other than SCs and STs who suffer from social advantages. These groups were described as “socially and educationally” backward classes or other backward classes.” The OBCs are neither part of the formed castes at the upper end of the caste hierarchy, nor the Dalits at the lower end. The OBCs are a much more diverse groups than the Dalits.
Q9. What are the major issues of concern to adivasis today? Answer. The tribes, were considered to be “people of the forest’ whose special habitat in the hilly of and forest regions made their economic, social and political attributes. At present, except the North-Eastern states, there are no areas of the country which are inhabited exclusively by tribal people. The regions where tribal population are concentrated, their economic and social conditions are much more than those of non-tribals. However, after independence Adivasi lands were acquired for new river and dam projects. Consequently, millions of Adivasis were displayed without any adequate compensation or rehabilitation. The resources of Adivasis are being taken away in the name of *03110031 development’ and ‘economic growth’. For example projects such as Sardar Sarovar Dam on the river Narmada and the Polavaram Dam on river Godavari would displace hundred of thousands of Adivasis. The policy of economic liberalisation is leaving Adivasis to greater destitution.
Q10. What are the major issues taken up by the women’s movement over its history? Answer. Scholars and social reformers have shown that the inequalities between men and women are social rather than natural. The women’s question became prominent in the 19 th Century. Raja Rammohun Roy’s attempt to reform society, religion and status of women in Bengal. He undertook the campaign against “Sati” which was the first women’s issue to receive public attention. Jyotiba Phule was from socially excluded caste and he attacked both caste and gender discrimination. He established the Satyashodhak Samaj with its primary emphasis on truth seeking. ” Sir Syed Ahmed Khan made efforts to reform Muslim Society. He wanted girls to be educated, but within the precincts of their homes. He stood for women’s education but sought for a curriculum that included instruction in religious principles, training in arts of housekeeping and handicrafts and rearing of children. Tarabai Shinde a Maharashtrian housewife, wrote, Stree Purush Tulana as a protest against the double standards of a male dominated society. Women’s issues emphatically surfaced in 1970s . The burning issues were rape of women in police custody, dowry murders and gender injustice, etc. The new challenges have come in the form of social bias against the girl child sex ratio which is falling very « sharply.
Q11. In what sense can one sly that ‘disability’ is as much a social as a physical thing? Answer. • The disabled are struggling not because they are physically or mentally challenged but also because society is built in a manner that does not cater to their needs. •In the Indian context, one of the leading scholars of disability, Anita Ghai, argues that the invisibility of the disabled can be compared to the Invisible Man of Ralph Ellison which is a famous indictment of racism against African Americans in the USA. •Common features of the public perceptions of disability are: 1.Disability is understood as a biological factor. 2.Whenever a disabled person is confronted with problems, it is taken for granted that the problems originate from his/her impairment. 3.The disabled person is seen as a victim. 4.Disability is supposed to be linked with the disabled individual’s self perception. 5.The very idea of disability suggests that they are in need of help. •In India, in a culture that looks up to “bodily perfection’, all deviations from the “perfect body’ signify abnormality, defect and distortion. Lables such as “bechara’ accentuate the victim status for the disabled person. •The roots of such attitude lie in the cultural conception that views an impaired body as a result of fate. Destiny is seen as the culprit, and disabled people are the victims. The common perception views disability as retribution for the past karma (action) from which there can be no reprieve. The dominant cultural construction in India, therefore looks at disability as essentially a characteristic of the individual. The popular images in mythology portray the disabled in an extremely negative fashion. •The very term ‘disabled’ challenges each of these assumptions. The disabled are rendered disabled not because of biology but because of society. •The social construction of disability has yet another dimension. There is a close relationship between disability and poverty. Malnutrition, mothers weakened by frequent childbirth, inadequate immunization programmes, accidents in overcrowded homes, all contribute to an incidence of disability among the poor people that is higher among people living in easier circumstances. •Disability creates and exacerbates poverty by increasing isolation and economic strain, not just for the individual but for the family. •Recognition of disability is absent from the wider educational discourse. This is evident from the historical practices within the educational system that continues to marginalize the issue of disability by maintaining two separate streams—one for disabled students and one for everyone else. •The concepts of inclusion is still an experimental concept in our educational system which is restricted to few public schools only.
Q1.What is meant by the phrase ‘invisible hand’? Answer. According to Adam Smith, every person looks for his own self-interest and in pursuit of this in-tum works for the self-interest of all . In this sense, there seems to be an unseen force at work that converts what is good for each individual into what is good for the society. This unseen force was called the “invisible hand’
Q2. How does a sociological perspective on markets differ from an economic one? Answer. Adam Smith and other thinkers developed the ideas of modem economics. It is based on the idea that the economy can be studied as a separate part of society that operates according to its own laws, leaving out the larger social or political context in which market functions. On the other hand, sociologists have tried to develop an alternative way of studying economic institutions and processes within the larger social frameworks. In this way, ; sociologists consider markets as social institution which are made in culturally specific ways. Sociologists maintain that economies are socially ‘embedded’.
Q3. In what ways is a market—such as a weekly village market—a social institution? Answer. Though markets are places of economic interaction, since they are based on a particular social context and social environment, we can also regard them as social institutions where a specific kind of social interaction take place. Periodic markets (or weekly markets) are a central feature of social and economic organization. They give a chance to surrounding villages to interact with each other while they sell their goods. In villages, in tribal areas apart from regular markets, specialised markets are also organized where specific products are sold such as in the fair of Pushkar in Rajasthan. Thus, traders from outside come and also moneylenders, entertainers, astrologers and other specialists offering their services and product. Therefore, these periodic markets just do not fulfil local needs, they link the villages with regional economies and sometimes national economies. Thus in tribal areas they help in maintaining interconnections, which makes these markets a social institution.
Q4. How do caste and kin networks contribute to the success of a business? Answer. In the precolonial period on wards, India had an extensive trading connection, not only within the country but also outside. These trading connections were made by merchant groups who did extensive internal and external trades and mostly they were organized as a community based on their same caste or kinship and they did business on the basis of trust, loyalty and understanding that prevailed within their community. An interesting illustration of the use of traditional joint family structure and kinship and caste networks to build their business can be seen in banking and trading activities of Chettiars of Tamil Nadu. They controlled trade and banking all over south-east Asia and Ceylon (new Sri Lanka) in the 19th century and operate as joint family business. This is typical patriarchal structure of joint family but they used trust, unity and goodwill of kinship to build their connection. This gives its idea that Indians had their indigenous version of capitalism, when they ran business for profit, which was centres around caste and kinship.
Q5. In what ways did the Indian economy change after the coming of colonialism? Answer. The advent of colonialism in India produced major upheavals in the economy, causing disruptions in production, trade and agriculture. Cheap manufactured textiles from England completely destroyed the handloom industry and made the weavers jobless. In the colonial era, India began to be more fully linked to the world capitalist economy. Before being colonised by the British, India was a major supplier of manufactured goods to the world market. After colonialism, India became a source of raw materials and agriculture products and a consumer of manufactured goods, both largely for the benefit of industrialising England. But rather than completely overturning the existing economic institutions, the expansion of the market economy in India provided new opportunities to some merchant communities, which were able to improve their position by re-orienting themselves to changing economic circumstances. In some cases, new communities emerged to take advantage of the economic . opportunities provided by colonialism. A good example of this process is provided by Marwaris, probably the most widespread and best—known business community in India.
Q6. Explain the meaning of ‘commoditisation’ with the help of examples. Answer. Commoditisation occurs when things that were earlier not traded in the market become commodities. For example: 1. Labours or skills have become things that can be bought and sold. 2. Sale of human organs, such as kidneys by poor to cater to rich patients to earii money. 3. Traditionally, marriages were arranged by families but now professional marriage bureaus and websites help people to find brides and grooms and take a proper fees. Earlier rituals and ceremonies were planned out by elders in the family but now it is given as a contract to marriage planners to plan out the entire ceremony. 4. In earlier times, people could not have even thought that any one could sell drinking water or charge money for it. But today, we buy bottled water as a normal commodity i.e. a commodity we can buy and sell.
Q7.What is ‘status symbol’? Answer. Max Weber, coined the term Status symbol’ to describe the relationship between the goods that people buy as per their social status, i.e., the goods they buy and use are closely related to their status in the society. For example—Brand of cell phones or model of cars are important markers of socio¬economic status. .
Q8.What are some of the processes included under the label ‘globalisation’? Answer. In the era of globalisation the world is becoming increasingly interconnected. Their interconnections are not only economic but also cultural and political. The process of globalisation involves a number of trends, especially the increase in international movement of commodities money, information, people and development in technology. The main feature of globalisation is the increasing extension and integrations of markets around the globe. It means that changes in a market in one part of the globe may have a profound impact somewhere else far away. For example—India’s booming software industry may face a slump if the U.S. economy does badly as happened after the 9/11 attacks on the World Trade Centre in New York leading to a loss of business and jobs there.
9.What is meant by ‘liberalisation’? Answer. Liberalisation is the process whereby state control over economic activities are minimised and left to the market forces to decide. In general, it is process of making laws more liberal and loosening of government rules and regulation on capital labour and trade; privatisation of public sector enterprises selling government around companies to private companies, a reduction in tariffs and import duties so that foreign goods can be imported more easily. •It includes privatisation of public sector enterprises. •It allows easier access for foreign companies to set up industries in India. •This is also known as marketisation or market based process to solve economic, social or political problems.
Q10. In your opinion, will the long term benefits of liberalisation exceed its costs? Give reasons for your answers. Answer. The changes that have been made under the liberalisation programme have stimulated economic growth and opened up Indian markets to foreign companies. Increasing foreign investment is supposed to help economic growth and employment. The privatisation of public companies is supposed to increase their efficiency and reduce the governments burden of running these companies. However, the impact ef liberalisation has been mixed. Many people argue that liberalisation have had or will have, a negative net impact on India. As I think, the costs and disadvantages will be more than the advantages and benefits, so as some sectors of Indian industry like software and information technology or agriculture like fish or fruit may benefit from access to a global market, but other sectors like automobiles, electronics or oilseeds will lose because they cannot compete with foreign products and producers.
Q1. What is the role of the ideas of separation and hierarchy in the caste system? Answer. The caste system can be understood as the combination of two sets of principles, one based on difference and separation and the other on wholism and hierarchy. Each caste is different and strictly separated from every other caste on the basis of restrictions. These restrictions are related to marriage, food sharing and social interaction to occupation. Different and separated castes do not have an individual existence. They exist in relation to a larger whole. This societal whole or system is a hierarchical rather than egalitarian system. Each individual caste follows an ordered rank—a particular position in a ladder like arrangement going from highest to lowest. The hierarchical ordering of castes is based on the distinction between purity and pollution. Castes that are considered ritually pure have high status, while those considered less pure or impure have low status. Historians believe that those who were defeated in wars were often assigned low caste status. Castes are not only unequal in ritual terms. They are complementary and non competing groups. It means each caste has its own place in the system which cannot be taken by any other caste. Caste is also linked with occupation, the system functions as a social division of labour. It allows no mobility.This idea of separation and hierarchy has inculcated discrimination, inequality and prejudices in Indian society.
Q2. What are some of the rules that the caste system imposes? Answer. The most commonly cited rules that the caste system has imposed are as follows: •Caste is determined by birth-a child inherits the “bom information” the caste of its parents. One can never change one’s caste, leave it, or choose not to join it. Caste is never a matter of choice. •Membership in a caste involves strict rules about marriage. Caste groups are “endogamous” i.e. marriage is restricted to members of the group. •Members of a particular caste have to follow rules about food and food sharing. •An individual bom into a caste could only practice the occupation associated with that caste, so that occupations were hereditary. •Caste involves hierarchy of rank and status. Every person has a caste. Every caste has a caste. Every caste has a specified place in the hierarchy of all castes. •Castes involve sub-division within themselves. Sometimes sub-castes may also have sub-caste i.e. segmental organisation.
Q3.What changes did colonialism bring about in the caste system? Answer. The institution of caste underwent major changes during the colonial period. Present status of caste in India is more a product of colonialism than of ancient Indian tradition. The British administrators tried to understand the complexities of caste in an effort to leam how to govern the country efficiently. The most important official effort to collect information on caste was through census. It began in 1860s. The 1901 census under the direction of Herbert Risley was particularly important as it sought to collect information on the social hierarchy of caste i.e. the social order of precedence in particular regions, as to the position of each caste in the rank order. The counting of caste and to officially recording of caste made this institution of caste identity became more rigid in India. The land revenue settlements and laws gave legal recognition to the caste based rights of the upper caste. Large scale irrigation schemes were accompanied by efforts to settle population there, and these also had caste dimension. So colonialism brought about major changes in the institution of caste. In short the Britishers took initiative in following areas: (i) Census-to make sure of number and sizes of the castes and sub-castes. (ii) To understand the values, beliefs and customs of different sections of society. (iii) Land settlement.
Q4.In what sense has caste become relatively ‘invisible’ for the urban upper castes? Answer. The changes in the caste system benefited the most were urban middle and upper class. Caste status ensured these groups the necessary economic and educational resources and they took full advantage of the opportunities offered by rapid development. Particularly the upper caste elite were able to benefit from subsidised public education, specially professional education in science, technology, medicine and management. They were also able to take advantages of the expansion of state sector jobs in the early decades after independence. Because of this earlier load over the rest of the society in terms of education ensured a privileged status. For the so called SC and ST and backward castes this change became detrimental. For these the caste became all too visible. They had not inherited educational and social capital and they had to compete with already established upper caste group.They cannot afford to abandon their caste identity.They continue to suffer from discrimination of various kinds.
Q5. How have tribes been classified in India? Answer. Tribes have been classified according to their permanent and acquired traits. Classification of Tribal societies: • Permanent traits • Acquired traits Classification on the basis of size: In terms of size, tribals range between seven million to less than 100 person (In Andaman Nicobar Islands). The biggest tribes are the Gonds, Bhils, Santhals, Oraons, Minas, Bodos, and Mundas each at least a million people. The tribals in India shared 8.2% of total population i.e. 85 million people according to 2001 census.
Q6.What evidence would you offer against the view that ‘tribes are primitive communities living isolated lives untouched by civilisation? Answer. There is no reason to believe that tribes are out of contact with the rest of world or have always been the oppressed section of the society. This can be said because of the following reasons: 1.Gond Kingdoms in central India such as that of Garha Mandla or Chanda. 2.Many of the Rajput Kingdoms of central and western India emerged through a process of stratification among adivasi communities themselves. 3.Adivasi often exercised dominance over the plains people through their capacity to raid them and through their services as local militias. 4.They also occupied a special trade niche, trading forest produce, salts and elephants. Evidences substantiating tribes as primitive communities: 1.Tribes have not a state or political form of the normal kind. 2.They have no written rules on religion. 3.They are neither Hindus nor peasants. 4.Primarily they are engaged in activities like food gathering, fishing, hunting, agriculture etc. 5.The habitat of tribes is in dense forests and mountainous regions.
Q7. What are the factors behind the assertion of tribal identities today? Answer. • Forced incorporation or tribal communities has had a negative impact on tribal cultures and,sodety as much as its economy. •Tribal identities are today formed by interactional process. •Because this interactional process has not been in favour of the tribes, many tribal identities are based on ideas of resistance and opposition to the overwhelming force of the non-tribal world. •The positive impact of success such as the achievement of statehood for Jharkhand and Chhattisgarh, is marred by continuous problems. Many citizens of the north¬eastern states have been living under special laws that limit their civil liberties. The vicious circle of armed rebellions provoking state repression which in turn fuels further rebellions has taken a heavy toll on the culture, economy, and society of these north-eastern states. •Gradual emergence of an educated middle class in conjunction with the policy of reservation is creating an urbanised professional dass. As tribal societies get more and more differentiated i.e. developed dass and other division within themselves, current bases grow for the assertion of tribal identity. •These issues are categorised to control over vital economic resources like land and specially forests, and issues relating to matters of ethnic-cultural identity. •Due to vision within the tribes, the reason for asserting tribal identity may be different for different group of tribals.
Q8. What are some of the different forms that the family can take? Answer. Family is a very important sodal institution. In either form i.e. nudear or extended, it has post to perform. Lately, a lot of changes have come about in the structure for example, those people employed in the software industry have odd working to this, grandparents have shifted in as caregivers to young. A family could be headed by a male or female; descent could be traced from the mother or the father. This structure and composition of the family is based on various fadors ‘ such as economy, polity, culture and education. The changes in the structure of family that we see today could be (i)Same sex marriage (ii)Love marriage But history and contemporary times suggest that such changes are met with violent reactions. Nuclear Family: It consists of one set of parents and their children. Extended Family: It consisted of more than one couple and, often, more than two generations live together. The extended family is symptomatic of India. Diverse forms of family (i) Matrilocal-patrilocal (based on residence) (ii) Matrilineal and patrilineal (based on rules of inheritance) (iii) Matriarchal and patriarchal (based on authority)
Q9. In what ways can changes in social structure lead to changes in the family structure? Answer. The structure of family can be seen as social institution and also in its relationship to other social institution of society. •The internal structure of the family is usually related to other structure of society i.e. political, economic, cultural, etc. Therefore any significant change in behaviour pattern of members of family may change the nature of society for example working schedules of young parents in the software industry in India may lead to increasing number of grandparents moving in as caregivers to the young grand children. •The composition of the family and its structure thereby changes. And these changes can be understood in relation to other changes in society. •The family (the private sphere) is linked to the economic, political, cultural and educational (the public) spheres. •Sometimes the changes in the families and corresponding changes in the society occur accidently e.g. due to war or riots people migrate in search of work or for security reasons. •Sometimes these changes are purposefully brought about, e.g. due to independence and openness of ideas, people choosing their jobs, life partner and life style and such changes are very frequent in the Indian society.
Q10. Explain the difference between matriliny and matriarchy. Answer.Matriliny. •Societies of Meghalaya Khasi, Jaintia, Garo tribes and societies of Kerala, Nayyar family property inheritance goes from mother to daughter whereas control passes from maternal uncle to Nephew. •It means a women inherits property from mother and passes on to her daughter while a man controls his sister’s property and passes on control to his sister’s son. •This matriliny generates intense role conflict for men because they are in conflict between their responsibilities to their own house on the one hand and to their wife and children on the other-“Should I pay more attention to my family or my sister’s family.” This role conflict is for woman also. She possesses only token authority, men are the defacto powerholders. Despite matriliny men are the powerholders. Matriarchy •In such societies the women exercise authority and play dominant role. •Practically it is only a theoretical concept as it never allows the women to have real power of dominance. •Realistically it is not existed even in matrilineal families.
Q1.Explain the basic argument of the theory of the demographic transition. Why is the transition period associated with a ‘population explosion’? Answer. Theory of demographic transition suggests that population growth in linked to overall levels of economic development and that every society follows a typical pattern of development related population growth. There are three basic phases of population growth: Stage I: Primitive Stage [Underdeveloped countries] •Low population growth in a society that is underdeveloped and technologically backward. •In such societies like Africa birth rate is high since people are unaware of the advantages of having small families, they are not educated. •Death rate is also high since health and medical facilities are not available, therefore population is low. Stage II: [Developing countries]. The birth rate and death rate rank very high, the net growth rate remains low. Birth rate is high as in this society people live in a patriarchal society in which men decide how many children must be bom and male child is preferred. People are illiterate and ignorant. Death rate is also high since health and medical facilities are not available. Stage III: [Developed countries]. Birth rate in low because people are educated and aware and use contraceptives, birth control is popularised. Death rate is also low because of availability of health and medical facilities, therefore population is low. Transitional Stage: The stage between backwardness and skilled people]: In this stage growth rate of population is very high whereas death rates are brought down due to better medical facilities, nutrition and better medical and technological advancement therefore this transition period is associated with a population explosion.
Q2. Why did Malthus believe that catastrophic events like famines and epidemics that cause mass deaths were inevitable? Answer. English political economist Thomas Robert Malthus argued that human population tend to grow at a much faster rates than the rate which the means of human subsistence (land, agriculture) can grow. He said population rises in geometric progression whereas agricultural production can only grow in Arithmetic progression. Malthus believed that positive checks to population growth in the form of famines and diseases, was inevitable. These are nature’s way of dealing with the balance between food supply and increasing population. According to him, these natural checks are extremely painful and difficult. Although it helps to achieve a balance between population and subsistence by increasing the death rate.
Q3.What is meant by ‘birth rate’ and ‘death rate*? Explain why the birth rate in relatively slow to fall while the death rate declines much faster. Answer. Birth rate and death rate are fundamental concepts in Demography. Birth rate: It refers to the total number of births in a particular area, which can be the entire country, a state or any territorial unit during a specific period. •Crude birth rate in expressed through the following method : B/p x 1000 B = Number of births P = Entire population •It is crude birth rate because it does not include the ratio of bearing age. •Birth rate can be defined as the number of live births per thousand persons in a years. •Birth rate gets significantly affected by Age of marriage, infertility, climatic conditions, social condition, religious beliefs and education. Death rate: It is the number of deaths per thousands persons in a year in a particular area, which can be the entire country, a state or any other territorial unit. Causes of slow birth rate: Birth rate is relatively slow while the death rate can be brought down at much faster rate for the following reasons: •Public health measures and medical advancement can control the death rate immediately. Everybody wants good health and wants to live a long life. Because of the love for life everybody adopts all medical and technological measures with high level of motivation. Birth rate continues to be high because it is related to attitude, beliefs and values of people. Birth rate is related to religious beliefs and by and large it is socio-cultural phenomena which is significantly slow to change.
Q4. Which states in India have reached or are very near the ‘replacement levels’ of population growth? Which ones still have very high rates of population growth? In your opinion, what could be some of the reasons for these regional differences? Answer. Replacement level refers to the rate of growth required for new generations to replace the older ones that are dying out. Replacement level refers to giving birth to two children that replacement completes. States at the replacement level of population growth: Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Goa, Nagaland, Manipur, Tripura, Jammu and Kashmir and Punjab. States very near to the replacement levels of population growth: Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra, Arunachal Pradesh, Mizoram and West Bengal. States having very high rates of population growth: U.P., Bihar, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh. Reasons of regional differences: •Difference in Literacy Percentage in different states. •Societal conditions vary in different states. Terrorism, war-like conditions and insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir and North-East. •Socio-Economic conditions vary in different states. (i) Number of BPL people is highest among states like Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and Odisha. (ii) Socio-cultural formation: A belief that more children means more hands to earn or religious beliefs.
Q5.What is meant by ‘the age structure’ of the population? Why is it relevant for economic development and growth? Answer. •India has a very young population. The average age of an Indian is less than that for most other countries. Majority of Indians are between the age group of 15 and 64 years. •Age structure of the population refers to the proportions of persons in different age groups relative to the total population. •Population under the age of 15 has decreased from 42% in 1971 to 31% in 2011. During this period the ratio of age group 15 to 64 was gone up from 53% to 63.7%. •Age structure in a country changes with development poor medical facilities, prevalence of disease reduce the life expectancy. •Age structure of population can be put in following age groups: 0-14 years. [Children] 15-59 years. [Working population] 60 + Years. [Old people] This age structure of the Indian population can be understood by following table.
This table indicates that the share of the under 15 age group in the total population has come down from higher level of 42% in 1971 to 34% in 2001 and it is perfected to be reduced to 23% in 2026. It means birth rate in India is gradually decreasing. Relevance for economic development and growth: •Due to the advancement in medical sciences, public health measures and nutrition the life expectancy is at rise. This is due to economic development and growth. •Need of family planning in being understood. Decrease in 0-14 years age group reveals that National population policy is implemented properly. •Because of socio-cultural changes in Indian society and economic growth Age structure of population is moving towards positive young India. •Dependency ratio is decreasing and increase in working population is causing positive growth in Indian economy. •Economic development and improvement in quality of life improve life expectancy and changes the structures of the population. •High infant mortality rate and material mortality rate due to poor economic growth hence an adverse effect of age structure on the population.
Q6.What is meant by the ‘sex ratio’? What are some of the implications of a declining sex ratio? Do you feel that parents still prefer to have sons rather than daughters? What, in your opinion, could be some of the reasons for this preference? Answer. Sex ratio refers to the number of females per thousand males in a given area at a specified period of time. •This ratio is an important indicator of gender balance in population. •Historically there were more females than males in most countries of the world. This phenomena occurred due to two reasons: (i)Girl babies enjoy better immune system and resistant to diseases in comparison of male child. (ii)Females live longer than males in most of the societies. •The ratio between female babies and male babies is roughly 1050 female to 1000 male. •In India sex ratio is declining significantly and continuously for more than a century. From 972 female per thousand males at the turn of 20th century the sex ratio declined to 933 at the turn of 21st century. •The state level child sex ratio is alarming. As many as 6 states and union territories have a child sex ratio as low child sex ratio of 793. The highest child sex ratio of 986 is found in Sikkim. Sex ratio seems to be declining in countries like India, China and South Korea. In India, parents still prefer male child. This is basically due to social and cultural reasons. Being agricultural society the village population preferred male child to look after the land. The reason of preference of male child is definitely not linked with economic reasons. The states like Punjab, Haryana, Delhi, Chandigarh and Maharashtra are most prosperous states of India and should have highest child sex ratio, but things are just different. The census of 2001 reveals that these are states with the lowest sex ratios i.e., 950 female babies per 1000 male babies. This data is a reliable evidence that selective abortion in these states is not due to poverty, ignorance or lack of resource. Predisposing factors for low child sex ratio in India: •Religious or Cultural Beliefs: Belief that only son is entitled to perform funeral and related rituals of his parents. Only son is the waaris of family. In the absence of male child jthe.uansli will not continue. •Economic Reasons: The main occupation of Indian society is agriculture. Villagers have a thinking that landed property cannot be given to girls because after marriage they will go to another village, town or city. Neither girl child can get her share of load nor she can take care of the land. •Lack of Awareness: People in Indian society having ignorant conservation attitude are still not ready to give equal status to daughter because they think that during old age they will be dependent on the son. Only he will share food, house, customs and responsibilities. Implications of child sex ratio: Low child sex ratio, if continues, will have serious implications on our social network, particularly the Institution of marriage. It will also cause severe law and order problem related to women.
In This Post we are providing CHAPTER 19 PLANNING AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN INDIAN CONTEXTNCERT MCQ for Class 12 GEOGRAPHY INDIA- PEOPLE AND ECONOMYwhich will be beneficial for students. These solutions are updated according to 2021-22 syllabus. These MCQS can be really helpful in the preparation of Board exams and will provide you with a brief knowledge of the chapter
NCERT MCQON PLANNING AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN INDIAN CONTEXT
Question 1: Planning includes which of the following
a) process of thinking
b) formulation of schemes or programmes
c) implementation of set of actions to achieve goal
d) all of above
Answer : D
Question 2: Sectoral planning does not include
a) Irrigation
b) Transport
c) Hill area
d) Infrastructure
Answer : D
Question 3: Aim of regional planning is
a) develop agriculture
b) to improve roads
c) to reduce regional imbalance
d) to develop industry
Answer : C
Question 4: Hill area development programme does not include
a) Horticulture
b) poultry
c) small scale industry
d) large scale industry
Answer : D
Question 5: ITDP means
a) integrated tribal development project
b) Indian tribal development project
c) Indian tribal development program
d) integrated tribal development programme
Answer : A
Question 6: Sustainable development does not include
a) Fast development
b) dynamic development
c) ecological development
d) present and future development
Answer : A
Question 7: Indira Gandhi canal command area is in
a) Gujrat
b) Bihar
c) Rajasthan
d) Maharashtra
Answer : A
Question 8 : Negative influence of Indira Gandhi Canal command area includes
a) wind erosion
b) water logging
c) siltation
d) afforestation
Answer : A
Question 9: Promotion of sustainable development does not include
a) siltation of canals
b) lining of water resources
c) shelter belt
d) water management policy
Answer : A
Question 10: Bharmaur ITDP includes
a) development of infrastructure
b) development of transport
c) development of agriculture
d) all
Answer : D
Question 11. When did the Tenth Five Year Plan come to an end? (A) 2005 (B) 2006 (C) 2007 (D) 2008
Answer: (C)
Question 12.In which state in Bharmaur Tribal Region situated? (A) Uttarakhand (B) Jammu & Kashmir (C) Himachal Pradesh (D) Uttar Pradesh
Answer: (C)
Question 13. On which factor does the economic development of a region depends? (A) Relief (B) Climate (C) Population (D) Resources
Answer: (D)
Question 14. What should be the height of an area in the hill area development programme? (A) 500 metres (B) 600 metres (C) 700 metres (D) 800 metres
Answer: (B)
Question 15.In how many districts, drought-prone area are identified: (A) 47 (B) 57 (C) 67 (D) 77
In This Post we are providing CHAPTER 19 MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIESNCERT MCQ for Class 12 GEOGRAPHY INDIA- PEOPLE AND ECONOMYwhich will be beneficial for students. These solutions are updated according to 2021-22 syllabus. These MCQS can be really helpful in the preparation of Board exams and will provide you with a brief knowledge of the chapter
NCERT MCQON MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES
1. Which is not a factor of industrial location? (A) Market (B) Capital (C) Population Density (D) Power.
Ans. (C) Population Density
2. The earliest Iron and Steel Company to be established in India was: (A) IISCO (B) TISCO (C) Visvesvaralya Iron and Steel Works (D) Mysore Iron and Steel Works.
Ans. (A) IISCO
3. The first modern cotton mill was established in Mumbai because: (A) Mumbai is a port (B) It is located near cotton growing area (C) Mumbai was the financial centre (D) All of the above.
Ans. (D) All of the above.
4. The nucleus of the Hugli Industrial Region is: (A) Kolkata-Haora (B) Kolkata-Rishra (C) Kolkata-Medinipur (D) Kolkata-Konnagar
Ans. (A) Kolkata-Haora
5. On the basis of ownership industries are categorized as (A) public sector (B) private sector (C) joint sector (D) all of the above
Ans. (D) all of the above.
6. Which of the following river provides water to TISCO? (A) kharkai (B) subarnarekha (C) both A and B (D) none of the above
Ans. (C) both A and B
7. What is the full form of IISCO? (A) Indian iron and Steel company (B) Indian iron and Steel authority (C) Tata iron and Steel corporation (D) none of the above.
Ans. (B) Indian iron and Steel authority
8. Which of the following statement is it true regarding the Steel plants set up during second year plant? (A) Rourkela in Odisha (B) Bhilai in Chhattisgarh (C) Durgapur in West Bengal (D) all of the above
Ans. (D) all of the above
9. When was LPG policy announced? (A) 1991 (B) 1985 (C) 1996 (D) 2002
Ans. (A) 1991
10. Which of the following is called electric capital of India? (A) Delhi (B) Mumbai (C) Chennai (D) Bengaluru
Ans. (D) Bengaluru.
11. Between which cities the nucleus of Gujarat industrial region lies? (A) Ahmedabad and Vadodara (B) Ahmedabad and Kandla (C) Visakhapatnam and Kurnool (D) Birlanagar and Medinipur.
Ans. (A) Ahmedabad and Vadodara
12. Between which cities the nucleus of Hugli industrial region lies? (A) Ahmedabad and Vadodara (B) Ahmedabad and Kandla (C) Visakhapatnam and Kurnool (D) Birlanagar and Medinipur.
Ans. (D) Birlanagar and Medinipur.
13. Where the first cotton mill was established ? (A) Delhi (B) Kolkata (C) Mumbai (D) Chennai
Ans. (C) Mumbai, 1854.
14. Durgapur Steel plant was set up with the help of United Kingdom in which year? (A) 1962 (B) 1959 (C) 1964 (D) 1992
Ans. (A) 1962.
15. Which of the following is true regarding Steel plants and their partner country? (A) Durgapur Steel plant – United Kingdom (B) Bhilai Steel plant – Russia (C) Rourkela Steel plant – Germany (D) all of the above.
In This Post we are providing CHAPTER 17 MINERAL AND ENERGY RESOURCESNCERT MCQ for Class 12 GEOGRAPHY INDIA- PEOPLE AND ECONOMYwhich will be beneficial for students. These solutions are updated according to 2021-22 syllabus. These MCQS can be really helpful in the preparation of Board exams and will provide you with a brief knowledge of the chapter
NCERT MCQON MINERAL AND ENERGY RESOURCES
Question 1. Which is the hardest mineral? (A) Diamond (B) Granite (C) Basalt (D) Gabbro
Answer: (A) Diamond
Question 2. Which one of the following is a ferrous mineral? (A) Bauxite (B) Iron ore (C) Mica (D) Coal
Answer: (B) Iron ore
Question 3. The iron content in Hematite is: (A) 20 – 30% (B) 30 – 40% (C) 40 – 50% (D) 60 – 70%
Answer: (D) 60 – 70%
Question 4. Which one of the following is a famous Copper mine? (A) Bastar (B) Khetri (C) Nellore (D) Jharia
Answer: (B) Khetri
Question 5. Lignite coal is found in: (A) Jharia (B) Neyveli (Q Bokaro (D) Raniganj
Answer: (B) Neyveli
Question 6. Where is the largest solar plant located? (A) Nasik (B) Madhopur (C) Kaiga (D) Chandrapur
Answer: (B) Madhopur
Question 7. Which one of the following is a non-metallic mineral? (A) Iron (B) Limestone (C) Manganese (D) Copper
Answer: (B) Limestone
Question 8. For which mineral, is Hazaribagh Plateau famous? (A) Iron ore (B) Copper (C) Mica (D) Coal
Answer: (C) Mica
Question 9. Where is the largest coalfield of India? (A) Jharia (B) Raniganj (C) Neyveli (D) Singareni
Answer: (A) Jharia
Question 10. In which state is Kalpakkazn located? (A) Kerala (B) Karnataka (C) Tamil Nadu (D) Andhra Pradesh
Answer: (C) Tamil Nadu
Question 11. Which out of the following states has major oil fields? (A) Assam (B) Bihar (C) Rajasthan (D) Tamil Nadu
Answer: (A) Assam
Question 12. On which station out of the following, the first atomic station was set up? (A) Kalpakkam (B) Narora (C) RanaPartapSagar (D) Tarapur.
Answer: (D) Tarapur
Question 13. Out of the following, which mineral is called ‘Brown diamond’? (A) Iron ore (B) Lignite (C) Manganese (D) Mica
Answer: (B) Lignite
Question 14. Which is the non-renewable source of energy? (A) Hydel (B) Solar (C) Thermal (D) Wind
In This Post we are providing CHAPTER 19 PLANNING AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN INDIAN CONTEXTNCERT MOST IMPORTANT QUESTIONS for Class 12 GEOGRAPHY INDIA- PEOPLE AND ECONOMY which will be beneficial for students. These solutions are updated according to 2021-22 syllabus. These MCQS can be really helpful in the preparation of Board exams and will provide you with a brief knowledge of the chapter
NCERT MOST IMPORTANT QUESTIONSON PLANNING AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN INDIAN CONTEXT
Question 1. How has the introduction of Indira Gandhi canal irrigation in the drylands of Rajasthan influenced the environmental conditions of the region positively? Explain in any three points. Answer: The positive impacts of Indira Gandhi canal irrigation on the environmental conditions of the dryland area of Rajasthan are as follow:
CAD programmes (Command Area Development) i.e. afforestation and pastures programs developed the desertic area into Greenland.
An increase in agriculture, livestock productivity and intensity of cropping also have been recorded.
Commercial crops i.e. wheat, rice, cotton, groundnut replaced the drought-resistant crops like gram, bajra and jowar.
Question 2. Write in brief about the physical setting of Bharmaur region. Answer: Bharmaur region lies (between 32° 1T N and 32°41′ N latitudes and 76°22′ E and 76°53‘ E longitudes. It is spread over an area of about 1818 sq km. This region is the homeland of the Gaddi tribal community and surrounded by lofty mountains on all sides.
It has Pir Panjal in the North and Dhaula Dhar in the South. In the east, the extension of Dhaula converges with Pir Panjal near Rohtang Pass. The river Ravi and its tributaries, the Budhil and Bundchen, carve out deep gorges here and divide the region into the four Physiographic divisions such as:
Holi
Khani
Kugti
Tundah areas
Bharmaur experiences freezing weather conditions and snowfall in winter. Its mean monthly temperature in January remains 4°C and on July 26°C.
Question 3. Development is a multi-dimensional concept and signifies the positive, irreversible transformation of the economy, society and environment. Support the statement with suitable arguments from India. (HOTS; Delhi 2010) Answer: Development is a dynamic concept that used to describe the state of particular societies and the process of changes experienced by them. In early human history, the main criteria of determination of a society’s state were the interaction processes between human societies and their biophysical environment.
Societies helped in the development of various levels of technology and institutions upon which human environment processes depend. These have helped in increasing the pace of human-environment interaction, therefore the momentum generated and festinated technological progress and transformation and creation of the institution.
After the period of World war II, development and economic growth considered as one concept. But due to unequal distribution, a faster rate of growth in poverty is experienced by even the developed nations having high economic growth. Then redistribution with growth and equity broaden the term development in 1970.
Now the concept of development not only restricted to the economic sphere alone but also incorporates balance and equality among people in term of welfare and quality of life of people health, education and other facilities, equal opportunity to all and ensuring political and civil rights.
Hence, the concept of development has become multi-dimensional and stands for the positive, irreversible transformation of the economy, society and environment.
Question 4. “Hill Area Development Programmes in India were drawn keeping in view their topographical ecological, social and economic conditions”. Support this statement with a suitable explanation. (HOTS; All India 2010) Answer: Yes it is true, that Hill Area Development Programmes in India were drawn keeping in view their topographical, ecological, social and economic conditions because the main objectives of these programmes were on to the development of:
Horticulture
Plantation agriculture
Animal Husbandry
Poultry
Forestry
Small scale and village industry.
By this, exploitation of local resources may become possible. The programme was recommended by the National Committee on the Development of Backward Area (1981), which set a criterion that the hill areas having a height above 600 m and not covered under tribal sub-plan be treated as backward hill areas. The programme covers all the hilly districts of Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Mikir Hill and North hills of Assam, Darjiling district of West Bengal and Nilgiri district of Tamil Nadu. It was started in the Fifth Five Year Plan.
Question 5. Explain any five measures necessary for the promotion of sustainable development in ‘Indira Gandhi Canal Command Area’. OR Describe any five measures needed for the promotion of sustainable development in the ‘Indira Gandhi Canal Command Area’. Answer: Measures for promotion of sustainability in ‘Indira Gandhi Canal Command Area’ are as follows:
Rigorous implementation of water management policy is the first and foremost requirement of this project.
Adoption of plantation crops such as citrus fruits, instead of water-intensive crops.
In order to reduce the conveyance loss of water, few important programmes shall be taken into account such as the CAD (Command Area Development) programmes i.e.
the lining of watercourses.
land development and levelling.
Warabandi system (means equal distribution of canal water in the command area of the outlet).
The areas should be reclaimed that got affected by waterlogging and soil salinity.
Promoting eco-development in the fragile environment especially in stage II command area through afforestation, shelter belt, plantation and pasture development activities.
To promote social sustainability by providing financial and institutional support for land cultivation to the land allottees of poor background.
Other sectors of the economy in addition to agriculture, animal husbandry and allied activities should be encouraged for attaining economic sustainability.
Question 6. Describe five main points of the integrated tribal development project implemented in Bharmaur region. (All India 2008) Answer: Following steps are taken for the attainment of tribal sub-plan strategy:
Improving the quality of life of the Gaddis and narrowing the gap in the level of development between Bharmaur and other districts of Himachal Pradesh.
The highest priority was on the development of transport and communications, agriculture and attired activities as well as social and community services.
Improvement in the basic infrastructure of health care facilities, potable water supply, schools, transport and communication, training, marketing, credit and electricity supply, e.g. villages located along the river Ravi in Holi and Khani areas are main beneficiaries of infrastructural development.
Employment generation through agricultural allied activities like horticulture, animal husbandry and cottage industry.
The Gaddis had traditionally subsistence agriculture cum-pastoral economy, later on, during the last three decades of the twentieth century, pulses and other cash crops became one of the main crops of this region.
Question 7. Give a brief account of the two stages of the Indira Gandhi Canal Project. (All India 2008) Answer: Two stages of the Indira Gandhi Canal Project are as follows: Stage I of Indira Gandhi Canal Command Area This Command area covers Ganganagar, Hanumangarh and Northern part of Bikaner districts. Its culturable command area is 5.53 lakh hectares along with gentle undulating topography. An irrigation system was introduced in this stage in the early 1960s.
State II of Indira Gandhi Canal Command Area This stage II covers 14.10 lakh hectares culturable land of Bikaner, Jaisalmer, Barmer, Jodhpur, Nagaur and Chum districts. Hot desert with shifting sand dunes and temperature soaring to 50° C in summers are the main characteristics of the region.
Question 8. How would you define ecological, social and economic sustainabilities? Explain in brief. (All Indio 2008) Answer: Ecological, social and economic sustainabilities are as follows: Ecological Sustainability It means using our natural resources wisely in the short term so that these resources are available in the long term. Social Sustainability The ability of a community to develop processes and structures which not only meet the needs of its current members but also support the ability of future generations to maintain a healthy community. Economic Sustainability The use of various strategies for employing existing resources optimally, so that a responsible and beneficial balance can be achieved over the longer term.
Question 9. Suppose you have given the power to modify the planning process. How would you use this power wisely and what would be your plan? Explain with reason
Answer: If I had some power to modify the present planning process, I would have broadened the planning process by adding some important terms such as equity, sustainability and empowerment. These are described below:
Equity It means making equal access to opportunities available to everybody. The opportunities available to people must be equal irrespective of their gender, race, income and caste.
Sustainability It refers to continuity in the availability of opportunities. This means that each generation must have the same opportunities, therefore we must use our environmental, financial and human resources in such a way that our future generations are not deprived off these opportunities.
Empowerment It refers to have the power to make choices. Such power comes from increasing freedom and capability. Good governance and people-oriented policies are required to empower people. The empowerment of social and economically disadvantaged groups are of special importance.
Question 10. Explain in brief the meaning and purpose of Target Area Programme with suitable examples from India.Answer: The core focus of planning or process must be on economically backward areas. It is not obvious that resource-rich regions are wealthy from all spheres because there is a requirement of technology, investment and resources simultaneously, for better economic development. In spite of having one and a half decades experience of the planning process, there are still regional imbalances found in economic development which is lagging behind the economic sector. In order to combat both regional and social disparities, the planning commission introduced the target area and target group approach to planning.
Some of the examples of these are as follows:
Target Area Programme
Command Area Development Programme.
Drought Prone Area Development Programme.
Desert Development Programme.
Hill Area Development Programme.
Target Group Programmes
The Small Farmers Development Agency (SFDA).
Marginal Farmers Development Agency (MFDA).
As part of target area planning in the Eighth five-year plan, special programmes were designed to develop infrastructure in hill areas. North Eastern states tribal areas and backward areas integrated tribal development project of Bharmaur region in Himachal Pradesh, Indira Gandhi Canal Command Area Project in Rajasthan are some examples of such programmes.
In This Post we are providing CHAPTER 18 MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIESNCERT MOST IMPORTANT QUESTIONS for Class 12 GEOGRAPHY INDIA- PEOPLE AND ECONOMY which will be beneficial for students. These solutions are updated according to 2021-22 syllabus. These MCQS can be really helpful in the preparation of Board exams and will provide you with a brief knowledge of the chapter
NCERT MOST IMPORTANT QUESTIONSONMANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES
Question 1. Explain with examples the factors that helped in the development of Hoogli Industrial region. Or Explain any five factors responsible for the development of Hoogli Industrial region. Answer: Hoogli region is located along the Hoogli river to a distance of 100 kms. The following factors favour the development of the Hoogli region.
Opening of coal fields of Damodar Valley.
Opening of rich port of Kolkata along the Hoogli river.
Location of petroleum refinery at Haldia.
Roads and railways provides subsequante lines to the great benefit of the region.
Question 2. Study the following diagram and answer the questions that follow: (10.1) Identify and name the steel plant shown in this diagram. (10.2) Name the mining fields which supply coal and limestone to this plant. (10.3) Mention the source of water for this plant. Answer: (10.1) Jamshedpur steel plant (10.2) Coal from Jharia, limestone from Birmitrapur (10.3) Water from rivers Subarnarekha and Kharkai
Question 3. Explain the locational factors of Industries with the help of suitable examples. Or Explain five main geographical factors influencing location of industries giving suitable examples from Indian industries. Or Why do large scale industries choose different location? Explain any four factors which influence the industrial location. Answer: Manufacturing. Manufacturing is a secondary process of transforming raw materials into finished products. The raw materials of agriculture, forests, minerals are changed into new products. For example, clay is changed into pottery, timber is changed into furniture, etc.
These manufactured goods are more useful and valuable than the raw material. The location of manufacturing industries depends on a number of physical and socio-economic factors. These factors are called the basis of industries. No single factor decides the location of industries.
Geographical Factors
(1) Nearness to raw materials. Large quantities of raw materials are needed for industries. Therefore, industries are located near the source of raw materials. The industries are located near mines, forests, farms and seas. It saves the cost of transportation. Sugar mills are located in the areas where sugarcane is produced. Iron and steel industry uses bulky raw materials.
Steel centres are developed where coal and iron are easily available. Industries producing perishable goods (meat, fish and dairy products) are located near the areas of their production. Example. Jute mills in West Bengal and Cotton Textile mills in Maharashtra are located due to the availability of the raw materials.
(2) Power resources. Coal, oil and water-power are the main sources of power. Most of the industries are located around coal-fields. The industrial regions of Damodar Valley (India), Ruhr Valley (West Germany) depends upon coal. Some industries use large amount of electricity.
Such industries like Chemical Industries, Aluminium Industries and Paper Industry are located near hydro-electric stations. Petro-chemical Industries use large quantities of Petroleum. Example. Iron and Steel centres in India are located near Jharia and Raniganj coal fields. Chemical fertiliser plant is located at Nangal where cheap water power is available from Bhakra Project.
(3) Means of Transportation. Modern industries need cheap, developed and quick means of transportation. Water-transport is the cheapest means of transport. Cheap means of transportation are required for the movement of workers, raw materials and machinery to the factories. Manufactured goods should be sent to the market at low cost. Example. Delhi is the nodal point of transport and industries concentrated around it.
(4) Climate. Stimulating climate increases the efficiency of the labourers. Certain industries require special type of climate. Cotton Textile industry requires humid climate, Film industry needs good weather with clear blue sky. Areas with favourable climate become huge markets.
Example. Mumbai is the leading centre of Cotton Textile due to wet coastal climate. Dry climate has led to the location of Aircraft Industry at Bengaluru (India) and California (U.S.A.).
Non-Geographical factors
(5) Cheap land. Heavy industries need cheap level land. Steel industry at Jamshedpur is located in a broad river-valley.
(6) Capital. Large amount of capital is invested in many industries. Many industries have been located in big cities like Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata. Many banks and companies provide capital in these areas.
(7) Skilled labour. Cheap and skilled labour is essential for the location of the industries. Areas of dense population provide cheap and large labour force. Engineering industries need skilled labour. Cotton Textile industry in Lancashire, Glass industry in Ferozabad, Sports goods industry in Jalandhar are located due to the availability of the skilled labour. The Swiss are known for watch making, the British for specialised cotton textiles, the Japanese for electronic goods and Varanasi is known for Silk embroidery.
(8) Government policies. Most of the industries are located with government aid. Government policies may encourage or discourage the industries in an area. Government may offer cheap land, reduce taxes, help in providing machinery and transport. Bhilai and Rourkela tea plants were set up to develop tribal area.
(9) Nearness to market. Industries are located near the market for their manufactured goods. Urban and industrial centres with dense population provide a large market. Market is based on demand and the purchasing power of the people. Countries of Asia do not make a huge market because the people cannot afford to buy goods. Dairy Industry is located near the ready markets of towns. Light Engineering industries are located near the big factories which require these goods.
(10) Early start. Momentum of an early start leads to the location of an industry such as cotton textile in Mumbai.
(11) Defence. Some industries are located with a military motive such as Aircraft industry at Bengaluru.
(12) Historical Factors. Historical accident may bring an industry to a new location such as Automobile Industry at Detriot in U.S.A., Lock Industry at Aligarh.
(13) Other Factors. Some secondary factors also help in the location of industries such as availability of water, technical knowledge, political factors, etc. The location of industries keep on changing. A good location, today may become a bad location tomorrow.
Question 4. Describe the location and development of Iron and Steel Industry in India. Answer: Iron and steel industry is the basis of modern industrialisation. It is the foundation of modern machines, tools, transportation (rail, road, water, air). It is used in making super structures, bridges, tanks, agricultural implements and many products of daily use. It has great strength, toughness, elasticity and low cost of production. The production and consumption of steel is the index of the nconomic development of country.
Ours is truly an ‘Age of Steel.’ Factors for the location of Iron and Steel industry.
Raw Materials. Iron and steel industry needs the bulky raw materials of manganese, limestone and scrap iron.
Coking coal. Coking coal or charcoal is required for smelting of iron ore.
Cheap land. Modern steel plants, furnaces require cheap level land.
Market. The products of iron and steel industry demand a big consumer market.
Capital. Iron and steel industry requires huge capital. Lack of capital is a main obstacle to this industry in the developing countries.
Other Factors. Iron and steel industry needs cheap transport, skilled labour and modern techniques.
The first modern steel plant was established in 1907 at Sakchi (Jamshedpur) in Jharkhand, by Jamshedji Tata. India produces the cheapest steel in the world. India has large reserves of high grade iron- ore, coking coal and limestone. These raw materials are found close to each other. India produces 340 lakh tons of steel. With the establishment of new steel plants, it is expected to reach 500 lakh tons of steel.
Iron steel industry
Centres of Production.
I. Damodar Valley. This region has TISCO (Tata Iron and Steel Company) steel plant at Jamshedpur and IISCO (India Iron and Steel Company) steel plant at Kulti-Burnpur.
Geographical Factors for location.
Availability of iron ore from Singhbhum region.
Coking coal from Jharia and Raniganj.
Limestone, Manganese and Quartz are available nearby.
Damodar, Subamrekha, Kharkai provide water and sand.
Cheap labour from densely populated states of Bihar and West Bengal.
Facilities of cheap transport and port of Kolkata.
II. Visvesvaraya Iron and Steel Limited. This steel plant is located at Bhadravati (Karnataka). It produces alloy and special steel. Iron ore is obtained from Babaudan Hills, charcoal from Kadur forests, water power from Jog Falls, limestone from Bhandigudda mines.
III. Steel Centres in Public Sector. Four steel plants have been developed in the public sector, under HSL (Hindustan Steel Limited) with the collaboration of some foreign countries.
Bhilai (Chhattisgarh)—with the help of Russia.
Vishakhapatnam (Andhra Pradesh)
Salem (Tamil Rourkela (Odisha)—By German Firm Krupps- Demag.
Durgapur (West Bengal)—With British aid.
Bokaro (Jharkhand)—With Russian help.
Geographical factors for location:
Bhilai gets iron ore from Dhalli Rajhara hills; coal from Korba and Jharia coal fields; manganese from Balaghat ranges and limestone from Nandani mines.
Durgapur gets iron ore from Singbhum; coal from Raniganj; lime stone from Gangpur and water from D.V.C.
Rourkela gets iron from Bonai; coal from Jharia and Raniganj, limestone from Birmittrapur.
Bokaro, an ore based steel plant gets coal from Jharia; iron from Keonjhar and water power from D.V.C.
IV. New Steel Plants. The Govt, has set up new steel plants at:
(i) Vishakhapatnam (Andhra Pradesh) (ii) Salem (Tamil Nadu) (iii) Vijayanagar (Near Hospet, Karnataka) The capacity of the different steel plants is being expanded. The production of pig iron and steel is being increased by setting up new mini plants based on scrap iron. At present there are 169 mini steel plants in India. India exports about 20 lakh tonnes of steel every year earning a foreign exchange of ₹ 2000 crores. In 1973, SAIL (Steel Authority of India Limited) has been established for the better management of these steel plants.
Question 5. Describe the location and development of Cotton Textile Industry in India. Answer: Cotton Textile Industry Cotton textile industry is one of the oldest industries in India. Spinning and weaving were the earliest crafts of primitive man. The industry owes its rapid development due to Industrial revolution, Many spinning and weaving machines were invented, These inventions changed this industry from a household to mill industry.
India has a glorious part of cotton textile industry. The first cotton mill was established in 1854 in Mumbai. A large home market, manufacturing of textile machinery and abundant supply of cotton have led to the growth of this industry in India. There are about 1824 textile mills scattered over 80 towns and the annual production of cloth is about 3000 crore metres. India is the second largest producer of cotton textile in the world.
Distribution of Cotton Textile Industry :
(i) Maharashtra. Mumbai is the oldest centre of cotton textile industry in India. Mumbai is known as “Cotton Polis of India.” Nagpur, Pune, Sholapur, Amaravati are other centres. The following factors have led to the concentration of this industry at Mumbai:
Early start
Large amount of capital
Long staple cotton from Gujarat and Maharashtra
Facilities of Mumbai as a port
Easy import of machinery
Humid climate
Cheap labour
Water power from Tata Hydro-electric works
Large ready market
Opening of Suez Canal route.
(ii) Gujarat. Ahmedabad is the largest producer of cotton textiles in India. It is known as the ‘Manchester of India’. Ahmedabad is situated in the heart of cotton growing area. Cheap land is also available.
(iii) Tamil Nadu. The development of hydro-electricity in the South and cul tivation of long staple cotton led to the location of this industry in Southern India. Madurai, Coimbatore, Salem and Chennai are the main centres.
(iv) West Bengal. Most of the mills are located at Kolkata in the Hugh basin.
(v) Uttar Pradesh. Kanpur is the main centre and is called ‘The Manchester of Northern India’.
(vi) The dispersal of this industry has led to the growth of new centres like Bhopal, Gwalior, Bengaluru, Phagwara, Bhiv/ani, Delhi and Kota.
Importance
Cotton Textiles is the oldest and the biggest industry in India.
About 10 lakh workers are engaged in this industry
It has the largest amount of capital (X 1300 crores) invested
It earns about a sum of X 8000 crores as foreign exchange by export of manufactured goods.
(v) Many industries such as dyes, chemicals, etc., depend on cotton products.
Question 6. Describe the importance, location and distribution of Sugar industry in India. Answer: Sugar Industry. Sugar is an important article of food. It has a universal demand. Sugar is obtained from two major sources: (a) Sugarcane (b) Sugar beet.
India is regarded as the birth-place of sugarcane and sugar. The tropical areas have the sugarcane industry, while the temperate regions have the sugar beet industry.
Importance:
India is the largest producer of sugar in the world.
It is the second largest industry of India with a capital of ₹ 1000 crores.
About 3 lakh workers are engaged in this industry
About two crore farmers depend upon this industry.
India exports about 5 lakh tonnes of Sugar every year.
Many industries such as alcohol, paper, wax, fertiliser, cattle feed are based on its by-products.
India is one of the oldest producers of sugarcane in the world. The home industry was granted protection in 1932. Since then, the industry has rapidly developed. There are about 506 sugar mills producing about 160 lakh metric tons of sugar. North India (U.P. and Bihar) produces about 60% of sugar in India.
Problems. Sugar Industry is facing some problems. Yield of sugarcane and sugar content is low. It is a seasonal industry and there is absence of industries consuming the by-products of sugarcane. Moreover, the cost of sugar is also high.
Question 7. Write a note on Petro-chemical industries of India: under the following heads:— (i) Petro-chemicals (ii) Polymers (iii) Synthetic fibres. Answer: (i) Petro-chemical Industries. This group of industries is growing very fast in India. A variety of products come under this category of industries. At the same time, petroleum refining industry expanded rapidly. Many things are derived from crude petroleum, which provide raw materials to several new industries; these are collectively known as petro-chemical industries. Mumbai is the hub of petro-chemical industries. Cracker units are also located in Auraiya (Uttar Pradesh), Jamnagar, Nagothane, Gandhar, Haldia, Hazira (Gujarat) and Vishakhapatanam.
Three organisations are working in the petro-chemical sector under the administrative control of the Department of Chemicals and Petro-chemicals.
First is the Indian Petro-chemical Corporation Limited (IPCL), a public sector undertaking.
Second is the Petrofils Cooperative Limited (PCL)
Third is the Central Institute of Plastics Engineering and Technology (CIPET), involved in imparting training.
(ii) Polymers. Polymers are made from ethylene and propylene. These materials are obtained in the process of refining crude oil. Polymers are used as raw material in the plastic industry. Among polymers, polyethylene is widely used thermoplastics. Plastic is first converted into sheets, powder, resin and pellets, then these are used for manufacturing plastic products.
Plastic products are preferred because of their strength, flexibility, water and chemical resistance and low prices. The National Organic Chemical Industries Limited, instituted by the Mafatlal Group in 1961, started the first naphtha-based chemical industry at Mumbai. Mumbai, Barauni, Mettur, Pimpri, and Risra are major producers of plastic materials. Production of polymers was 3441 thousand tonnes in 2000-01. There are about 19,000 units, consuming about 3500 thousand tonnes of virgin polymers.
(iii) Synthetic fibres are wudely used in manufacturing of fabrics because of their inherent strength, durability, washability and resistance to shrinkage. These fabrics are equally popular in urban and rural areas. Units of manufacturing nylon filament and polyester filament yarns are at Kota, Pimpri, Mumbai, Modinagar, Pune, Ujjain, Nagpur and Udhna. Acrylic staple fibre is manufactured at Kota and Vadodara. Plants of polyester staple fibre are at Thane, Ghaziabad, Manali, Kota and Vadodara. Production of synthetic fibres was 2.4 billion tonnes in 2012.
Question 8. Describe the knowledge based industries of India. Answer: Knowledge-Based Industries The advancement in information technology (IT) has a profound impact on country’s economy and people’s lifestyle. The IT revolution has opened up new possibilities of economic and social trans- formation. The Indian software industry has emerged as one of the fastest growing sectors in the econony. The total turnover of this industry increased from ₹ 3.45 billion in 1989-90 to ₹ 377.50 billion during 2000-01.
These industries include Telephone, Cellular Phones, Computers, Space crafts, equipment for weather forecasting, Hardware and Software. Bengaluru is the electronic capital of India. Science cities and Technology parks have been set up at 18 centres like Hyderabad, Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai, Kanpur, Kolkata, Lucknow, Coimbatore, etc.
The IT software and services industry accounts for almost 2 per cent of India’s GDP and export from this industry amounted to 14 per cent of India’s total exports during 2000-01. The Indian software exports rose from ₹ 2.50 billion in 1990-91 to ₹ 283.50 billion in 2000-01. A large number of Indian software companies have acquired international quality certification. Moreover, majority of the multinational companies operating in the area of Information Technology has either Software Development Centre or Research Development Centre in India.
Question 9. Discuss the formation of industrial clusters in India. Classify them and account for their existence. Or Analyse the factors that favoured the concentration of iron and steel industries in Chhota Nagpur region in India. Answer: The concentration of industries has led to the formation of industrial clusters in different regions of India. These clusters are not as large as found in Europe and North America. Manufacturing industries are located closer to each other.
Eight major Industrial regions have been developed in India: 1. Hugli Industrial Region. This is the most prominent industrial region of India. It has developed along the banks of Hugli river upto 97 km. inland from the sea. This region has developed due to the following favourable factors:
The port of Kolkata has the benefits of imports and exports.
Coal and iron are available from Damodar Valley.
It is well connected by a network of railways and road with the rich hinterland of Ganga and Brahmaputra plains.
The Tea plantation of Assam and cultivation of Jute in West Bengal has led to the development of this industrial region.
Kolkata is a commercial town.
Cheap labour is available from densely populated areas of Bihar and Odisha. The construction of Farakka Barrage on the Ganga and the development of new port of Haldia will provide additional advantages. Iron and Steel, Jute, paper manufactured goods and other industries have been developed in this region. (Delhi 2019)
2. Mumbai-Pune Region. This is the second largest industrial region of India. It has developed due to the growth of cotton textiles in this region. This region has developed in Mumbai, Thane, Kalyan and Pune region. The following factors have favoured the development of this region :
The opening of first railway track between Mumbai and Thane in 1853.
The development of Mumbai as a port with facilities of imports and exports.
The opening of Suez Canal route.
Water Power from Western Ghats.
Availability of raw cotton from Maharashtra and Gujarat.
Cheap and skilled labour from rich hinterland.
The opening of Bhor Ghat and Thai Ghat connected this region by rail and road routes with the hinterland.
Cotton textiles, oil refineries, chemical industries and Engineering industries have developed in this region.
3. Ahmedabad-Vadodara Region. This is the third largest industrial region of India. It is an inland industrial region. It has the following favourable factors:
It is located near the raw cotton producing area.
It is close to the marketing centres of Ganga- Sutlej plains.
Cheap skilled labour is available.
Cheap land is available.
The discovery of oil in the Gulf of Cambay region has led to the establishment of an industrial complex of petro-chemical industries.
The development of new port of Kandla has provided the facilities of import-exports.
Ahmedabad is the major centre of cotton textiles and is known as the ‘Manchester of India’.
4. Madurai-Coimbatore-Bengaluru Region. This is the largest industrial region in Southern India. Many industries have developed at Chennai, Coimbatore, Madurai, Bengaluru and Mysore. This region has the following favourable factors:
Cheap water power from Mettur, Pykara and Shivsamudram works.
Cheap skilled labour is available.
A huge local market.
Favourable climate.
Favourable climate.
Raw cotton is available.
Coimbatore has many industries like cotton textiles, coffee mills, leather tanneries and cement factories.
Bengaluru has Hindustan Aeronautics (Aircraft industry), Hindustan Machine Tools, Indian Telephone Industry, Bharat Electronics, etc. In other centres, Cotton textiles, Woollen textiles, Silk, Chemicals, Automobiles and Leather industries have developed.
5. Chottanagpur Plateau Region. This region has developed in Jharkhand-Odisha mineral region of Damodar valley. Many steel plants have been located in this region such as Jamshedpur, Bokaro, Durgapur, etc. This region is called ‘The Ruhr of India’. A number of factors have favoured the industrial development in this region:
Coal from Jharia-Ramganj coalfields.
Iron from Bihar-Odisha region.
The facilities of port of Kolkata,
Water power and thermal power from Damodar valley project.
Many heavy industries and engineering industries have developed at Ranchi, Sindri, Chittranjan, Jamshedpur, Hazaribagh, etc.
6. Gurgaon-Deihi-Meerut Region. A number of industrial clusters have assumed importance after independence. (1) These industries have developed in area adjoining to Delhi. One such industrial region has emerged between Agra-Mathura-Meerut and Saharanpur in U.P.
(2) Another parallel belt extends between Faridabad- Gurgaon-Ambala in Haryana. Both these belts merge in an agglomeration in the vicinity of Delhi.
(3) The hydro-electricity from Bhakra Nangal and thermal power from Harduaganj and Faridabad have very positively contributed to the industrial development of this region.
(4) Majority of the industrial units are agro-based, particularly sugar and textile mills.
(5) Glass, chemicals, engineering, paper, electronics and cycle are other important industries of the region.
(6) Main industries. Agra has glass industry, Mathura has an oil refinery with its petro-chemical complex. Gurgaon has a car factory as well as a unit of the IDPL. Faridabad has a number of engineering and electronics industries. Ghaziabad is a large centre of agro-industries. Saharanpur and Yamunanagar have paper mills. Modinagar, Sonipat, Panipat and Ballabhgarh are other important industrial nodes of this region.
7. Vishakhapatnam-Guntur Region. This industrial region extends from Vishakhapatnam district to Kurnool and Prakasam districts in the south. Industrial development of this region hinges upon Vishakhapatnam, and Machilipatnam ports and developed agriculture and rich reserves of minerals in their hinterlands. Coalfields of the Godavari basin provide power and energy.
Ship building industry was started at Vishakhapatnam in 1941. Petroleum refinery based on imported petroleum facilitated the growth of several petro-chemical industries. Sugar, textile, jute, paper, fertiliser, cement, aluminium and light engineering are principal industries of this region. One lead-zinc smelter is functioning in Guntur district. Iron and steel plant at Vishakhapatnam uses the ore from Bailadila.Vishakhapatnam, Vijayavada, Vijayanagar, Rajahumundry, Guntur, Eluru and Kurnool are important industrial centres.
8. Kollam-Thiruvananthapuram Region. This industrial region is spread over Thiruvananthapuram, Kollam, Alwaye, Ernakulam and Allappuzha districts. Plantation agriculture and hydropower provide industrial base to this region. Located far away from the mineral belt of the country, agricultural products processing and market oriented light industries predominate the region.
Among them, cotton textile, sugar, rubber, matchbox, glass, chemical fertiliser and fish-based industries are important. Food processing, paper, coconut coir products, aluminium and cement industries are important. Petroleum Refinery at Kochi is also useful. Kollam, Alluva, Kochi, Vishakhapatnam uses the Bailadila iron ore. Punalus is another important centre.
Question 10. Account for the shifting of sugar industry towards southern India. Answer: Uttar Pradesh is the largest producer of sugar in India despite the fact that ideal conditions for sugarcane are found in southern India. But recently, the industry is shifting towards the states of Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh in Peninsular India.
The yield per hectare of sugarcane is high in southern India
The sucrose content in sugarcane is high in southern India as compared to that in(Solved))— northern India
The southern states have installed new mills, where productivity is high and cost of productions is low.
Climatic conditions are ideal in southern states
The co-operative movement has helped to install new mills in these areas.
In This Post we are providing CHAPTER 17 MINERAL AND ENERGY RESOURCESNCERT MOST IMPORTANT QUESTIONS for Class 12 GEOGRAPHY INDIA- PEOPLE AND ECONOMY which will be beneficial for students. These solutions are updated according to 2021-22 syllabus. These MCQS can be really helpful in the preparation of Board exams and will provide you with a brief knowledge of the chapter
NCERT MOST IMPORTANT QUESTIONSON MINERAL AND ENERGY RESOURCES
Question 1. Classify mineral on the basis of chemical and physical properties. Answer: On the basis of chemical properties and physical properties, a mineral is classified into the following:
Metallic minerals
Non-metallic minerals
Question 2. Explain one reason for the import of petroleum and its products in large quantities in India. Answer: The import of petroleum and its products in large quantities in India is due to the following reasons:
More vehicle purchase
Increased use of diesel for irrigation due to weak monsoon.
Rising industrialization.
Question 3. Name any two ferrous minerals other than iron-ore. Answer: Two ferrous minerals are:
Manganese
Nickel
Question 4. Name the place of Maharashtra, where an atomic power station is located. Answer: The atomic power station of Maharashtra is located in Tarapur.
Question 5. Name the river-valley where Gondwana coal fields of India are located. Answer: Gondwana coal-fields are located in Damodar Valley.
Question 6. Which are the two main types of iron-ore found in India? Answer: The two main types of iron-ore found in India are:
Hachette
Magnetite
Question 7. “The promotion of the use of non-conventional sources of energy in India is the need of the hour.” Support the Statement. Answer: It is true that the promotion of the use of non-conventional sources of energy in India is the need of the hour due to the following reasons:
Unlike conventional sources of energy, most of the non-conventional energy sources are cheaper and renewable. The overall limitation and scarcity of fossil fuels have given rise to the urgent need for exploiting alternative energy sources.
Power from non-conventional and renewable sources is must in order to reduce carbon dioxide emissions of the coal-based power plants. It is exhaustible in nature and environment-friendly.
Locally available non-conventional and renewable power resources can meet localized rural energy with minimum transportation cost.
Question 8. Explain the significance of bio-energy to humankind in India. Answer: The significance of bio-energy to humankind can be understood through the following points:
Bio-energy is a result of the processing of biological products such as agricultural residues, municipal, industrial and other wastes.
Bio-energy can be used by converting it into electricity or electrical energy, heat energy or gas for cooking food.
Apart from deriving energy, it can also solve the problem of garbage and waste in urban areas because energy can also be derived from these.
It can improve the economic life of rural peoples and also reduce environmental pollution pressure on fuelwood and enhance self-reliance.
Question 9. Explain any three main characteristics of the mineral resources of India. Answer: The major characteristics of mineral resources are as follows:
Their distribution over the earth surface is uneven i.e. some regions may have rich in minerals whereas others may be lack behind in availability of minerals,
Minerals of good quality are less in amount and minerals of low quality are more in the amount on earth i.e. quality and quantity of minerals have an inverse relationship.
Minerals are exhaustible, i.e. once used they can’t be used again. Minerals take a long time to develop geologically and once they exhausted they cannot be available at that time for use.
Question 10. Give two advantages of copper’. Mention four copper mining areas of India. Answer: Copper is a non-ferrous mineral found in India. It has various advantages such as:
Copper due to its allowable, malleable and ductile properties mostly use in the electrical industry for making wires, electric motors, transformers, and generators.
To give strength, copper is also mixed with gold in making jewelry. Four copper producing states of India are:
Copper deposits mainly found in Singhbhum district in Jharkhand.
It is found in Balaghat district of Madhya Pradesh.
Alwar, Jhunjhunu, Bhilwara and Udaipur districts of Rajasthan are producers of copper.
Agni Gundala in Guntur district of Andhra Pradesh. Chitradurga and Hassan districts of Karnataka and South Arcot district of Tamil Nadu are other producers of copper ore.
