Yearly Archives: 2022

In This Post we are  providing  CHAPTER 2 THE WORLD POPULATION (DISTRIBUTION , DENSITY AND GROWTH) NCERT MCQ for Class 12 FUNDAMENTALS OF HUMAN GEOGRAPHY which will be beneficial for students. These solutions are updated according to 2021-22 syllabus. These MCQS  can be really helpful in the preparation of Board exams and will provide you with a brief knowledge of the chapter

NCERT MCQ ON THE WORLD POPULATION (DISTRIBUTION , DENSITY AND GROWTH)

Question 1.
What was world population at the beginning of the 21st century?
(A) 4 billion
(B) 6 billion
(C) 8 billion
(D) 10 billion

Answer: (B) 6 billion

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Question 2.
What is the present growth rate of population in the world?
(A) 1.0%
(B) 1.2%
(C) 1.4%
(D) 1.6%

Answer: (B) 1.2%

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Question 3.
How many times The world population has increased during the last 500 years?
(A) 4
(B) 6
(C) 8
(D) 10

Answer: (D) 10

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Question 4.
What is the average density of the world population? (per sq. km.)
(A) 31
(B) 35
(C) 38
(D) 54

Answer: (D) 54

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Question 5.
Which country has the highest density of population?
(A) China
(B) India
(C) Singapore
(D) Indonesia

Answer: (C) Singapore

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Question 6.
Which continent has the highest growth rate of the population?
(A) Asia
(B) Africa
(C) Europe
(D) Australia

Answer: (B) Africa

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Question 7.
What was the world population at the time of the Industrial Revolution?
(A) 30 crore
(B) 40 crore
(C) 50 crore
(D) 60 crore

Answer: (C) 50 crore

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Question 8.
Which is the most populated country?
(A) China
(B) India
(C) Russia
(D) Germany

Answer: (A) China

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Question 9.
How many people are added to the world population every year?
(A) 6 crore
(B) 7 crore
(C) 8 crore
(D) 10 crore

Answer: (C) 8 crore

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Question 10.
The ten most populated countries have a world population:
(A) 50%
(B) 60%
(C) 70%
(D) 80%

Answer: (B) 60%

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Question 11.
Which one of the following continents has the highest growth of population:
(A) Africa
(B) South America
(C) Asia
(D) North America.

Answer: (A) Africa

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Question 12.
Which one of the following is not an area of the sparse population?
(A) The Atacama
(B) Equatorial Region
(C) South-East Asia
(D) Polar Regions.

Answer: (C) South-East Asia

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Question 13.
Which of the following is not a push factor:
(A) Water shortage
(B) Unemployment
(C) Medical/Educational facilities
(D) Epidemics.

Answer: (C) Medical/Educational facilities.

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Question 14.
Which one of the following is not a fact?
(A) Human population increased more than ten times during the past 500 years
(B) Nearly 80 million people are added to the world population each year
(C) It took 100 years for the population to rise from five billion to six billion
(D) Population growth is high in the first stage of demographic transition.

Answer: (C) It took 100 years for the population to rise from five billion to six billion.

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Question 15:

The continent that has the highest growth rate of population

A. Africa

B. South America

C. Asia

D. North America 

Answer : A Africa

In This Post we are  providing  CHAPTER 1 HUMAN GEOGRAPHY (NATURE AND SCOPE) NCERT MCQ for Class 12 FUNDAMENTALS OF HUMAN GEOGRAPHY which will be beneficial for students. These solutions are updated according to 2021-22 syllabus. These MCQS  can be really helpful in the preparation of Board exams and will provide you with a brief knowledge of the chapter

NCERT MCQ ON HUMAN GEOGRAPHY (NATURE AND SCOPE)

Question 1. Which one of the the following is the most important factor in the interaction between people and environment?
(A) Human intelligence
(B) Technology
(C) Peoples perception
(D) Human brotherhood

Ans. (A)

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Question 2. Which element is called ‘Mother-Nature ?
(A) Physical Environment
(B) Political Environment
(C) Cultural Environment
(D) Industrial Environment.

Ans. (A)

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Question 3. Which one of the following is not an approach in human geography?
(A) Areal differentiation
(B) Spatial organisation
(C) Quantitative revolution
(D) Exploration and description

Ans. (D)

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Question 4. Which one of the following statements does not describe geography?
(A) an integrative discipline
(B) study of the inter-relationship between humans and environment
(C) subjected to dualism
(D) not relevant in the present time due to the development of technology.

Ans. (D)

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Question 5. Which one of the following is not source of geographical information?
(A) traveller’s accounts
(B) old maps
(C) samples of rock materials from the moon
(D) ancient epics

Ans. (D)

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Question 6: Who was the Father of modern human geography?
(a) Humboldt
(b) Ritter
(c) Ratzel
(d) None of these

Answer = C


Question 7: “Human geography is the study of mutually changeable relations of active human and unstable earth.” Who gave this definition?
(a) Ratzel
(b) Ellen Semple
(c) Blache
(d) Carl Sauer
Answer = B


Question 8: Who was the founder of neo-determinism?
(a) Griffith Taylor
(b) Blache
(c) Mackinder
(d) Herbertson

Answer = A


Question 9: Who is not a French geographer out of the following?
(a) Blache
(b) Bruches
(c) Demanzia
(d) Ritter

Answer = D

Question 10: Name the Tri – Equilibrium factors of human geography.
(a) Biotic
(b) Abiotic
(c) cultural factors.
(d) All of these

Answer = D

Question 11: “Anthropogeography” is written by
(a) Blache
(b) Bruches
(c) Demanzia
(d) Ratzel
Answer = D

Question 12: Who gave the concept of Possibilism?
(a) Blache
(b) Bruches
(c) Demanzia
(d) French scholar Paul

Answer = D

Question 13: Who gave the concept of ‘stop and go determinism’?
(a) Griffith Taylor
(b) Ratzel
(c) E.C Semple
(d) Vidal de la Blache

Answer = A

Question 14 : Who was the founder of neo-determinism?
(a) Blache
(b) Mackinder
(c) Both
(d) None of these

Answer = D

Question 15: The most important factor in the interaction between people and environment
(a) Human intelligence
(b) Technology
(c) People‘s perception
(d) Human brotherhood

Answer = D

In This Post we are  providing  CHAPTER 3 POPULATION COMPOSITION NCERT MOST IMPORTANT QUESTIONS for Class 12 FUNDAMENTALS OF HUMAN GEOGRAPHY which will be beneficial for students. These solutions are updated according to 2021-22 syllabus. These MCQS  can be really helpful in the preparation of Board exams and will provide you with a brief knowledge of the chapter

NCERT MOST IMPORTANT QUESTIONS ON POPULATION COMPOSITION

Questions 1.
Why is the age structure considered an important indicator of population composition? Given one reason.
Answer:
Age structure is an important indicator of population composition because it tells about the proportion of population i.e. the percentage of the young and ageing population. This helps in planning for the future.

Questions 2.
Why is the sex ratio in some European countries recorded favourable to females? Given one reason.
Answer:
In some European countries, females recorded a favourable sex ratio because women enjoy better socio-economic status.

Questions 3.
Name the country where the sex ratio is most unfavourable to women in the world.
Answer:
A country, where the sex ratio is most unfavourable to women, is UAE as there are 468 females per 1000 males.

Questions 4.
How is sex ratio calculated in different countries of the world?
Answer:
In some countries the sex ratio is calculated by using a formula:
MalePopulationFemalePopulation×1000
Or the number of males per thousand females.
In India, the sex ratio is calculated by using a formula:
FemalePopulationmalePopulation×1000
Or the number of females per thousand males.

Questions 5.
Divide the population of the world into two groups on the basis of residence. How do they differ from each other? Explain any two points of difference.
Answer:
Depending upon the place of residence, the population of a country is divided into two groups:
1. Rural population Characteristics of Rural Population
(a) People living in villages are known as the rural population. The main occupation of rural people is primary activities i.e. hunting, fishing, mining, agriculture, agricultural labour, etc.
(b) Majority of the world’s population reside in rural areas but the density of population is low.

2. Urban population Characteristics of Urban Population
(a) People living in towns and cities are known as an urban population. Urban people are engaged in secondary or tertiary occupations i.e. manufacturing, public and private services, transport and communication fields, etc.
(b) Urban areas have a very high density of population as more job opportunities lead to the in-migration of people.

Questions 6.
What do you understand by the occupational structure? Name the specific economic activities or occupational categories as identified by the United Nations?
Answer:
Occupational structure refers to the proportional distribution of people under specific economic activities. These activities are as follows:

• Agriculture, forestry, hunting and fishing
• Mining and quarrying
• Manufacturing industry
• Construction
• Electricity
• Unclassified occupations
• Commerce
• Transportation and Communication

There is another group which is not engaged in any economic activity and is also not the part of the active population i.e. children below the working age, old people, housewives and students. There is another classification of occupational structure which is divided into following four major groups:

• Primary activities such as hunting and agriculture.
• Secondary activities such as manufacturing.
• Tertiary activities such as service sector i.e. transport, communication, etc.
• Quaternary activities such as intellectual tasks i.e. research and development activities.

Questions 7.
Why is sex ratio unfavourable to women in the world? Explain any three reasons.
Answer:
The sex ratio is important information about the status of women in a country in a region where gender discrimination is rampant. The sex ratio is bound to be unfavourable to women.
Reason for unfavourable sex ratio for women are as follows:

1. Sex ratio is always unfavourable to women in those countries where gender discrimination is rampant.
2. In such countries or areas, the practice of female foeticide, female infanticide and domestic violence against women are common practices.
3. The main reason for such practices is that women suffer from lower socio-economic status in general and societies are male-dominating in particular.

5 Marks Questions

Questions 8.
What is the sex ratio? Explain the world pattern of sex ratio with suitable examples.
Answer:
The ratio between the number of women and men in the population is called the sex ratio.
The world pattern of sex ratio is described as under:

1. On average, the world population reflects a sex ratio of 990 females per 1000 males. Highest sex ratio is recorded in Latvia i.e. 1187 females per 1000 males while the lowest is recorded in UAE i.e. 468 females per 1000 males.
2. The pattern of sex ratio does not exhibit variation in the developed region of the world. It is favourable for females in 139 countries and unfavourable in the remaining 72 countries.
3. Many Asian countries have low sex ratios like China, India, Saudi Arabia, Pakistan and Afghanistan that points to low socio-economic status and lower sex ratio of women.
4. Many European countries have a high sex ratio where females outnumber males. This deficit is attributed to a better status of women and excessively male-dominated out-migration to different parts of the world in the past.

Questions 9.
What is the sex ratio? Why is sex ratio unfavourable to women in some countries of the world? Explain any four reasons.
Answer:
For sex ratio,
The ratio between the number of women and men in the population is called the sex ratio.
The world pattern of sex ratio is described as under:

1. On a rage, the world population reflects a sex ratio of 990 females per 1000 males. Highest sex ratio is recorded in Latvia i.e. 1187 females per 1000 males while the lowest is recorded in UAE i.e. 468 females per 1000 males.
2. The pattern of sex ratio does not exhibit variation in the developed region of the world. It is favourable for females in 139 countries and unfavourable in the remaining 72 countries.
3. Many Asian countries have low sex ratio like China, India, Saudi Arabia, Pakistan and Afghanistan that points to low socio-economic status and lower sex ratio of women.
4. Many European countries have a high sex ratio where females outnumber males. This deficit is attributed to better status of women and excessively male dom male-dominated action to different parts of the world in the past.

Sex ratio is unfavourable to women in some countries due to the following reasons:
Gender discrimination In many countries of the world, there is widespread gender discrimination. Males are given more preference than females and enjoy greater rights and privileges.

Female foeticide Due to gender discrimination, females are not preferred. This results in evil practices like female foeticide, females infanticide, etc which causes unfavourable sex ratio.

Low socio-economic status Females have to face social discriminations due to which they are not economically independent or are paid less as compared to males. This lowers their status in society.

Domestic violence Low social status also leads to domestic violence like mental and physical tortures. This also leads to unfavourable sex ratio in many countries.

Questions 10.
Describe the rural and urban population composition of the world with examples.
Answer:
The division of rural and urban population is based on the occupational structure, socio-economic level and level of development. The figure below presents the rural-urban composition of the population:
1. The population composition of rural and urban areas of developed and developing countries are different.
2. In developed countries like Canada, Finland, New Zealand and other West European countries females outnumber males in urban areas. Females settle in urban areas to avail the vast job opportunities and as farming is highly mechanised, it remains largely a male occupation in rural areas.
3. In developing countries like Pakistan, Nepal and other Asian countries, urban areas remain male dominated due to predoa dominance of male migration. Also, female participation in agriculture is fairly high in these countries. Shortage of jobs, housing and lack of security in cities discourage women to migrate from rural to urban areas.

Value Based Questions

In This Post we are  providing  CHAPTER 2 THE WORLD POPULATION (DISTRIBUTION , DENSITY AND GROWTH) NCERT MOST IMPORTANT QUESTIONS for Class 12 FUNDAMENTALS OF HUMAN GEOGRAPHY which will be beneficial for students. These solutions are updated according to 2021-22 syllabus. These MCQS  can be really helpful in the preparation of Board exams and will provide you with a brief knowledge of the chapter

NCERT MOST IMPORTANT QUESTIONS ON THE WORLD POPULATION (DISTRIBUTION , DENSITY AND GROWTH)

Question 1.
What is Crude Death Rate ? What are its effects ?
Answer:
Crude death rate (CDR) is expressed as number of deaths in a year per thousand of population changer.
CDR is calculated as CDR = DP x 1000
CDR = Crude Death Rate
D = Number of deaths
P = Mid year population

Effects.
(i) It affects mortality rates, and level of economic development.
(ii) An increasing death rate shows a negative growth of population.

Question 2.
How much density of population is found in densely populated areas, moderately populated areas and sparsely populated areas ? Give two examples of each type.
Answer:
The distribution of population is uneven on the earth. Some areas are crowded and some areas are empty.
1. Densely Populated areas. In these areas density of population is more than 200 persons per sq. km. These are N.E. part of U.S.A, N.W. part, of Europe, South, South-East and East Asia.

2. Moderately populated areas. These areas have density of population of 11 to 50 persons per sq. km. These areas are Western China, Southern, India, Norway, Sweden, etc.

3. Sparsely populated areas. These areas have density of 1-10 person per sq. km. These areas are Tundra, hot and cold deserts, dense forests.

Question 3.
What is growth of population ? Name its types. How will you calculate the growth of population for India for the 1991-2000 decade ?
Answer:
Growth of population. Change of population in particular area between two points of time is known as growth of population. It is calculated on the basis of difference between birth rate and death rate.

Population growth %
= Natural increase (Births – Deaths)  Average Population ×100
Average Population
Take the case of India; the population of India in 1991 = 84.63 crore.
The Population of India in 2001 = 102.70 crore
Difference = 18.07 crore.
Growth rate =18.07 crore 93.67 crore  x 100 = 1.93%
Growth of population is classified as of three types.

(a) Natural growth of population. This is the population difference between births are deaths in a particular region between two points of time.
Natural growth = Births – Death.
Actual growth of population = Births – Deaths + in migration – out migration.

(b) Positive growth of population. This happens when birth rate is more than death rate or when people migrate to a region.

(c) Negative growth of population. This happens when death rate is more than birth rate or people migrate to other countries.

Question 4.
What do you mean by density of population ? What are its types ?
Or
Distinguish between Arithmetic and Physiological density.
Answer:
Population Density. It refers to a ratio between population and land area in a country.
Types of population density.
(i) The arithmetic population density. In this the number of people is divided by the total land area. It is the simplest method to understand the degree of concentration of population. Although density ignores differences in population distribution within a country or region taken, it is still a better method to compare population characteristics of the countries. For example, in 2011, the United States population density was relatively low, about 34.1 persons per sq. km while United Kingdom had a population density of 259.4 persons per sq. km.

(ii) Physiological or nutritional density. It is a more refined method of calculating man-land ratio. It is a ratio between total population and total cultivated area or crop land. In developing countries where subsistence agriculture remains the most important economic activity, physiological density reflects the intensity of agriculture.

In nearly all the populous developing countries in Asia-including India, Indonesia, Pakistan and Bangladesh, there is less than one acre (0.4 hectare) of cropland per person. Exactly, in India 1 hectare of cultivated or cropland supports 5 persons. In China, each hectare of cropland supports 12 persons, while in USA it is only 1.5 persons per hectare.

Question 5.
Write a note on Doubling time of world population.
Answer:
Doubling Time of World Population.
Another way of comparing population growth rates is by calculating the time it takes for a population to double using the current annual growth rate. The time taken by the World Population as a whole has been given below.

There is great variation among regions in doubling its population. But the time of doubling is reducing fast. It took a minion years for the population to attain one billion but it took only 12 years to rise from 5 Billion to 6 Billion.

Doubling time of world population

Period	Population	Time in which population doubles
10,000 BCE	5 million	…………
1650 CE	500 million	1500 years
1850 CE	1000 million	200 years
1930 CE	2000 million	80 years
1975 CE	4000 million	45 years
2012	7000 million	37 years
2044	9000 million (projected figure)	…………..

Question 6.
Distinguish between growth of population and growth rate of population ? Give examples.
Answer:

Growth of population	Growth rate of population
1. It is measured as Absolute number.2. In India growth of population in 2011 decade is (121.0 crore — 102.7 crore) = 18.3 crores.3. It affects development of a region.	1. It is expressed in percentage.2. The growth rate of population for 2001 – 11 decade is 17.3%.3 It affects demographic attributes of a region.

Question 7.
Distinguish between positive growth of population and negative growth of population. Give examples.
Answer:

Positive growth of population	Negative growth of population
1. When birth rate exceeds death rate.2. It is increase in population.3. It helps in utilising resources.	1. When death rate exceeds birth rate.2. It is decrease in population.3. It leads to declining resource use

Question 8.
Describe the main facts about world’s population. Describe the distribution of population on the earth.
Or
Why the Monsoon Asia and N.W. Europe are two most densely populated parts of the world ?
Or
Why are the arid, frigid, humid and mountainous parts of the world sparsely populated ?
Or
“90 percent of the world population lives in about 10 percent of its total land area, whereas remaining 10 percent population resides in the 90 percent of its land areas”. Support the statement with suitable examples.
Answer:
Man is the pivotal point in Human Geography. So the distribution of population on the earth’s surface is of special significance to geographers. The distribution of population is very uneven on the surface of the earth. The rapid growth of population is another striking feature. Some universal factors influence the pattern of distribution of population
.
Main Facts :
(i) The world population has increased fourteen-times i.e. from 50 crores in 1650 to 700 crores in 2000 during the period of 350 years.

(ii) At the present rate of growth, the present population will be 1000 crores by the year 2050.

(iii) It is estimated that about 700 crore people live on the earth’s surface on an area of 14.5 crore sq. kms.

(iv) The average density of population is 48 persons per sq. km. for the whole world.

(v) Asia has the largest population of about 400 crores.

(vi) China is the largest populated country in the world. It has a population of 139 crores.

(vii) Bangladesh with 1203(2014) persons per sq. kilometre has the highest density of population of the world. Macau (China) has the highest density of population 22,134(2013) persons per sq. km.

(viii) About 90% of population occupies only 10% of the land.

(ix) The Northern continents have about 90% of population of the world. About 75% population is found between tropic of cancer and 70°N. The Southern hemisphere has only 10% population.

(x) About half of the population of the world is found in between 20°N and 40°N latitudes. About 4/5th population of the world is found between 20°N to 60°N latitudes.

Distribution of Population. The distribution of world’s population is very irregular and ill balanced. Most of the areas are empty. Densely populated areas are few. About 50% of the population of the world lives on 5% land area of the world. While 50% land area is occupied by only 5% population.

World Population

Continent	Total Population (Millions) 2914	Density of Population, 2011 (per sq. km.)
Asia	4351	96.4
Europe	741	72.9
Africa	1136	36.7
South America	618	22.8
North America	353	22.9
Oceania	39	4.5
Antarctica	0.004	0.0003
World	7,238	53.7

1. Areas of High Density. These areas have a density of population of more than 200 persons per sq. kilometre. The high density of population is found in two areas :
(а) Agricultural Areas. Eastern and Southern Asia.
(b) Industrial Areas. North-West Europe and North-East U.S.A.

(A) Agricultural Monsoon Areas. Eastern Asia includes China, Japan, Korea, the Philippines and Taiwan. Southern Asia includes India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh and Indonesia. Asia is the largest area of high population density. China has about 1/6 population of the world. The fertile valleys of

Hwang-Ho, Yangtze, Indo-Gangetic Plain, the rice- howl of Irrawaddy Delta, Kwanto plain and Volcanic islands of Java support almost half the human race. Factors favouring high density :

• Hot-wet monsoon climate.
• Two to three crops of rice a year.
• Fertile river-valleys and deltas.
• Irrigation facilities.
• Industrial development in Japan.
• Huge Mineral resources.

(B) North West Europe and North East U.SA. In Western Europe dense population is found along 50°N latitudes, from English Channel to Ukraine region. 50°N latitude is known as the axis of population of Europe. Great Britain, Ruhr Valley (Germany), Po-Delta (Italy), Paris Basin (France) and Moscow-Ukraine regions are densely populated areas. In North America the Atlantic coast, St. Lawrence Valley and the Great Lakes region are densely populated areas. The high density of population is mainly due to manufacturing.

Population of Some Leading Countries

Country	Population (millions) (mid-2014)	Density of Population per sq. km. (2013)
China	1364	145
India	1296	421
C.I.S.	275	13
U.S.A.	971	35
Japan	127	349
Brazil	203	24
Pakistan	194	236
Indonesia	251	138
Bangladesh	158	1203
Nigeria	177	191

Factors favouring high density :

• Industrial development.
• Cool-temperate climate.
• Development of trade and trade routes.
• Rich mineral resources.
• Coastal location.
• Mixed farming.
• Large scale urbanisation.
• High standard of living.

2. Areas of Moderate Density. These areas have a density of population between 25 to 200 persons per sq. kilometre.

• Prairies of North America.
• Western Africa
• Eastern Europe
• North-East Brazil and Central Chile.
• Deccan Plateau, Indo-China, Central China in Asia.
• Eastern Australia.

Factors favouring moderate density :

• These areas are found on the margins of densely populated areas.
• Large-scale commercial farming requires a few labourers in these areas.
• Some areas have developed mining and support moderate population.
• Some of the hilly areas don’t support large population.
• In some sparsely populated areas, the plantation crops and dairy farming have been introduced. It has increased the density of population.

3. Areas of Low Density. These areas have a density less than 25 persons per sq. kilometre. About half the land area of the world has a density of only 2 to 3 persons per sq. kilometre. These are almost empty lands. These include high mountains, deserts, dense forests and polar areas.

• High Mountains. These include the Himalayas, the Rockies, the Andes, the Tibet Plateau and mountains of Central Asia.
• Deserts. These include the Sahara, Kalahari, Atacama, Gobi desert and Western Australia.
• Dense Forests. These include the equatorial forest of Amazon and Zaire basin.
• Polar Areas. These include Tundra, Alaska, Greenland and Antarctica.

Factors for low density. These areas have unfavourable conditions for human settlement. People have to face many hardships. These are called the regions of everlasting difficulties.

• Lack of level-land.
• Stony and sandy soils.
• Very cold climate.
• Short-growing season.
• Permanent frost in Polar areas.
• Lack of means of transportation.
• Lack of minerals and industries.
• Unhealthy climate due to fatal disease.

Question 9.
Describe the growth of world population, its determinants and spatial distribution of population growth in the world.
Answer:
Population Growth. Growth of population means change of size of population in a particular area during a given period. It can be positive as well as negative. Land resources cannot be increased much. So positive growth of population cannot go on for a long time. The main cause of population growth is that the birth rate is higher than death rate. It is also called natural growth of population. It is calculated on the basis of difference between birth rate and death rate. It is calculated with the help of following rule.
Population growth % = Natural increase (Births – Deaths)  Average Population ×100

Determinants of Population Growth Rate.
The following are the three main determinants of population growth:
(i) Birthrate
(ii) Death rate
(iii) Mobility of population (Migration)

(i) Birth rate. In developing countries, there is high birth rate (Nearly 40 per 1000). So, these countries have a higher population growth rate than that of developed countries. On the other hand, due to low birth rate in developed countries, the rate of growth of population is low.

(ii) Death rate. High death rate does not allow population to grow rapidly. When the birth rate is higher than death rate, the population growth rate is high. On the other hand, both birth rate and death rate are low, the population growth rate is low.

(iii) Mobility of population. The migration of population also effects growth rate. During 1880-1920, about 4 crore people settled in U.S.A. and Canada. It not only resulted in higher growth rate in U.S.A. and Canada; but also a lower growth rate in European countries.

Spatial distribution of population growth rate in world.

It has been estimated that in Pre-historic period (8000 B.C.E.), the total population was only 5 million. Large areas were uninhabited. Agricultural revolution led to growth of population upto 1000 million till Industrial revolution in 1850. The period was a slow long term increase in population. Faster population growth came with Industrial revolution. The urban population increased. The standard of living also increased.

It is clear that population growth rate is high in developing countries, while developed countries have a low population growth. Africa has the highest growth rate, while Europe is getting negative growth of population due to decrease in population.

The growth rate of population is not same in all the countries. These countries can be grouped into four divisions :

1. Regions with very high growth rate. This group includes continents where growth rate is about 3 per cent. It includes Africa, Central America, South and West Asia, South America.

2. Regions with high growth rate. This group includes areas where growth rate is 2 to 2.9 percent. It

includes some parts of South America, Eastern Asia, Australia.

3. Regions with moderate growth rate. This group includes countries where growth rate is between 1-1.9 per cent. It includes South America, Carribbean Region, Asia.

4. Regions with low growth rate. This group includes countries where growth rate is less than 1 per cent. It includes North America, Europe, Russia, Japan and New Zealand.

Question 10.
Define migration. What are its causes ? What are its types ?
Answer:
Migration : Migration is the third component of population change. It is an effort to achieve better balance between population and resources. It is the permanent or semi-permanent change of a person’s place of residence. Migration is probably a more important element in determining population structure and change in an area than fertility and mortality.

Types of migration. Pattern of migration may be rural to rural, rural to urban, urban to urban, interregional and international, etc.
(i) Seasonal migration. On a time scale, migration may be temporary or permanent. Temporary movement may take the form of seasonal migration. It may be of agricultural workers to meet a demand during labour-intensive agricultural seasons, migration which is a movement of people between places for a period of more than one season but less than a lifetime may be important.

(ii) International migration refer to movement of people between countries and continents. It plays an important role in changing population patterns over relatively short periods. In recent decades, international migration has again increased. For most of the people, voluntary migration offers improved economic or other opportunities.

A significant number of people, on the other hand, have to move to other countries as refugees due to civil war, political unrest or environmental degradation, which is less common. At the beginning of the 21st century, the UN estimated that about 120 million people world-wide, were living outside their native countries, including about 15 million refugees.

(iii) Internal migration is an even more widespread demographic process. It involves hundreds of millions of people leaving the countryside for cities, or from overcrowded to other regions offering better opportunities. The movement of rural population to the growing urban cities is caused by push and pull factors.

The adverse conditions operating in rural areas including poverty, unemployment, poor facilities of education, health, recreation and other services push the population to seek a living elsewhere while pull factors are the attractions of the city or destination areas. They include high wages, cheap land, better living conditions and opportunities for economic advancement. As a result, people migrate to the towns and cities, which in turn, have given rise to a large number of slums among them.

(iv) Rural migration. The movement of population also takes place between one rural tract and the other, particularly in the agricultural countries of the world. Such migration takes from crowded areas of low per capita agricultural productivity to areas of new developments.

In This Post we are  providing  CHAPTER 1 HUMAN GEOGRAPHY (NATURE AND SCOPE) NCERT MOST IMPORTANT QUESTIONS for Class 12 FUNDAMENTALS OF HUMAN GEOGRAPHY which will be beneficial for students. These solutions are updated according to 2021-22 syllabus. These MCQS  can be really helpful in the preparation of Board exams and will provide you with a brief knowledge of the chapter

NCERT MOST IMPORTANT QUESTIONS ON HUMAN GEOGRAPHY (NATURE AND SCOPE)

Question 1.
Which are the three core points of the definition of the human geography given by Ellen Sample?
Answer:
The core concerns of geography as a discipline are as follows:

• Changing the relationship between the unresting man and unstable Earth.
• Man is active and unresting.
• Emphasised on determinism.

Question 2.
“Nature and human beings are so intricately intertwined that they cannot be separated.” Justify the statement.
OR
“Nature and humans are inseparable elements”. Justify the statement with suitable examples.
Answer:
Nature and human beings cannot be separated as they are inseparable because man became social, economic and technologically advanced. He broadened his nature by creating his own environment through his design and skill to have provision for better food, shelter, access and comfort.

Both nature and humans are described metaphors using symbols from the human anatomy like we often talk of the face of the earth, an eye of a storm, mouth of the river, snout (nose) of the glacier, neck of the isthmus and profile of the soil.

All the above nicknames are given by humans to the natural.phenomenas. By doing so, a human can interact easily with nature. All these physical features are described as an organism and man-made structure like road, railways and waterways have been described as arteries of circulation.

Question 3.
“The knowledge about nature is extremely important to develop a technology.” Support this statement by giving three examples.
OR
How is the knowledge of nature important to develop technology? Explain with suitable examples.
Answer:
Human beings interact with their physical environment with the help of technology. It is not so important to know what human beings produce and create, but it is extremely important to know with the help of what tools and techniques do they produce and create.

Technology indicates the level of cultural development of society. Human beings were able to develop technology after they developed a better understanding of natural laws, e.g. the understanding of concepts of friction and heat helped us to discover fire. Similarly, understanding the secrets of DNA and genetics helped us to conquer many diseases. We use the laws of aerodynamics to develop faster planes. Thus, knowledge about nature is extremely important to develop a technology.

Question 4.
What is the subject matter of the study of human geography? Explain any three facts.
Answer:
The subject matter of the study of human geography is as follows:
To Understand the Inter-relationship There is a close relationship between the physical/natural environment and the human world, so human geography studies and establishes that relation.

Study the Spatial Distribution Human geography also studies the spatial distribution of human phenomena.

Social and Economic Variations The subject matter is also concerned about studying the social and economic differences between different parts of the world.

Question 5.
Explain with examples of how nature gets humanised.
Answer:
Human beings interact with their physical environment with the help of technology. Technology indicates the level of cultural development of society. Human beings were able to develop technology after they developed a better understanding of natural laws. For example, the understanding of concepts of friction and heat helped us to discover fire. Similarly, understanding the secrets of DNA and genetics enabled us to overcome diseases.

With social and cultural development, humans develop better and more efficient technology. All these modem technologies help humans to construct dams, reservoirs, canals, etc. Weather modified programmes help in cloud seeding to induce precipitation, fogs, checking of hailstorms, nuclear programmes etc.

Thus human moved from a state of necessity to a state of freedom and created possibilities with the resources obtained from the environment. In this way, nature gets humanised.

Question 6.
“There is mutual interaction between the elements of physical geography and Human Geography.” Support the statement with suitable examples,
Answer:
Physical geography includes natural environment like landforms, climate, flora and fauna. Human geography includes the inter-relationship between human beings and the physical environment. Humans through the use of technology create the socio-cultural environment of the cultural landscape. These creations are the action of mutual interaction between physical and human geography.

For instance, on highlands, health resorts are created, oceanic routes are discovered on the surface of the oceans, houses in villages and cities are made to use the physical environment in a better way. These examples show that there is mutual interaction between the two.

Question 7.
Explain the concept of ‘possibilism’, with three suitable examples.
Answer:
The concept of possibilism was propounded by Lucian Febure who described that there are no necessities, but possibilities everywhere and man is referred to as a master of these possibilities who judge their use. Man can adapt, adjust and modify the forces of his physical environment with his strength. His imprints could be seen everywhere.

For instance, a health resort on highlands, huge urban sprawls (spread) fields, orchards and pastures in plains and rolling hills, ports on the coasts, oceanic routes on the oceanic surface and satellites in the space.

Question 8.
Define ‘Human Geography’ in your own words. Mention any four fields of Human Geography.
Answer:
Human geography studies the inter-relationship between the physical environment and the socio-cultural environment created by human beings through mutual interaction with each other. It attempts to explain the relationship between all elements of human life and space they occur over.
The different fields of human geography are as follows:

Social Geography It is a field of human geography which is connected with social sciences and sociology. Its sub-fields are behavioural geography, a geography of social well being, historical, medical geography, etc.

Urban Geography It is a field of human geography connected with urban studies and planning.

Political Geography It is a field of human geography connected with science. Its sub-fields are electoral geography, military geography, etc.

Population Geography It is a field of human geography connected with the demography.

Question 9.
Define ‘Human geography’. Give four examples of elements of material culture created by humans, using the resources provided by nature.
Answer:
Human geography studies the inter-relationship between the physical environment and the socio-cultural environment created by human beings through mutual interaction with each other. It attempts to explain the relationship between all elements of human life and space they occur over.

An element of the physical environment are landforms, soils, climate, water, natural vegetation, rivers, flora and fauna, etc.

Example of elements of material culture created by humans, after using the resources provided by nature are as follows:

• Furniture from tree wood.
• Machines using iron ore.
• Houses using stone and soil.
• Clothes from cotton.

Question 10.
Explain the concept of ‘Determinism’ with suitable examples.
OR
What is the meaning of environmental determinism? How did the naturalisation of humans lead to the development of this concept?
Answer:
The concept of determinism explains that human is a passive agent, influenced by the environmental factors that are physical factors like climate, flora, fauna, etc which determine the attitude of decision-making and lifestyle of human beings.

For instance, the Eskimos of Tundra adapted to the extremely cold climate. Their main food is whale, seals and walrus. They use animal oil for cooking, heating and lighting. They live in igloos. Whereas Samang and Sakai of Malaysia and Pygmies of Congo basin live in hot and humid condition. They live on vegetable, hunting and fishing.

Naturalisation of human means when natural is stronger than humans and therefore humans are controlled by nature. This type of interaction was between primitive human society and nature. At the time, forces of nature were stronger and humans struggled to survive in that environment. Humans were passive agents. This gave rise to the term environmental determinism.

In This Post we are  providing  CHAPTER 20 TRANSPORT AND COMMUNICATION CONTEXT NCERT MCQ for Class 12 GEOGRAPHY INDIA- PEOPLE AND ECONOMY which will be beneficial for students. These solutions are updated according to 2021-22 syllabus. These MCQS  can be really helpful in the preparation of Board exams and will provide you with a brief knowledge of the chapter

NCERT MCQ ON TRANSPORT AND COMMUNICATION

Question 1: When was the Border Roads Development Organisation (BRO) set up?
a) April 1951
b) April 1952
c) April 1955
d) May 1960

Answer : D

Question 2: Which one of the following places is famous for production of railways coaches? 
a) Nasik
b) Kapurthala
c) Kanpur
d) Kochi

Answer :  B

Question 3: The cheapest and fastest means of land transport is:
a) Buses
b) Cars
c) Railways
d) None of these

Answer :  C

Question 4: Jawahar Tunnel on Jammu-Srinagar highway passes through-
a) Pir Panjal range
b) Karakoram Range
c) Zaskar range
d) Dhauladhar range

Answer : A

Question 5: The National highways system is the responsibility of?
a) State Governments
b) Central Government
c) A Special Roads Authority
d) State and Central Governments

Answer : B

Question 6Which is the longest railway platform in India as of 2019?
a) Gorakhpur
b) Kollam
c) Kharagpur
d) Bilaspur

Answer : A

Question 7: The first aircraft was invented in __.
a) 1803
b) 1903
c) 1830
d) 1930

Answer :  B

Question 8:   Indira Gandhi International Airport is at
a) Kolkata
b) Mumbai
c) Delhi
d) Chennai

Answer : C

Question 9: The Big Trunk Route runs through:
a) The Mediterranean-Indian ocean
b) The North Atlantic Ocean
c) The South Atlantic Ocean
d) The North Pacific Ocean

Answer : B

Question 10: Gateway is the name given to
a) Harbour
b) Port
c) Dock
d) Tidal port

Answer : B

Question 11:   Indian Railways are divided into how many zones?
a) 17
b) 18
c) 19
d) 20

Answer : A

Question 12: Which railway line runs along the Indian west coast parallel to the Arabian Sea and the Western Ghats?
a) South Central Railway
b) Konkan Railways
c) Southern Railway
d) South Eastern Railway

Answer : B

Question 12: National ship design and research center, a premier national institution is located at
a) Vishakapatnam
b) Mangalore
c) Cochin
d) Kandla

Answer : A

Question 13: Which one among the following has the largest shipyard in India?
a) Kolkata
b) Kochi
c) Mumbai
d) Vishakhapatnam

Answer : B

Question 14: Kochi in Kerala is the example of which port of the following
a) Tidal Port
b) Natural Harbour
c) Artificial Harbour
d) Recently developed

Answer : B

Question 15: When was Shipping Corporation of India Ltd. established?
a) October 2, 1961
b) October 27, 1986
c) September 18, 1992
d) January 26, 1998

Answer : A

In This Post we are  providing  CHAPTER 21 INTERNATIONAL TRADE NCERT MCQ for Class 12 GEOGRAPHY INDIA- PEOPLE AND ECONOMY which will be beneficial for students. These solutions are updated according to 2021-22 syllabus. These MCQS  can be really helpful in the preparation of Board exams and will provide you with a brief knowledge of the chapter

NCERT MCQ ON INTERNATIONAL TRADE

Question 1: What are the components of International trade?

(a) Volume

(b) Composition

(c) Direction

(d) All 

Answer : D

Question 2: Which is the largest trading partner of India?

(a) UAE

(b) USA

(c) CHINA

(d) JAPAN 

Answer : C

Question 3: Which of the following is a Oil port?

(a) Tripoli

(b) Mumbai

(c) London

(d) New York 

Answer : A

Question 4: Where is WTO Headquarter located?

(a)Geneva

(b) Rome

(c) Hegue

(d) Paris 

Answer : A

Question 5: Where is the headquarter of OPE(c)

(a) Vienna

(b) Singapore

(c) Jakarta

(d) Mumbai 

Answer : A 

Question 6:  India’s balance of trade is negative due to

(a) Overpopulation

(b) high price of crude oil

(c) liberal policies of government

(d) all of above 

Answer : D

Question 7:  Which of the following is not an item of India s export

(a) agriculture and allied products

(b) paperboard and newspaper

(c) ores and minerals

(d) manufactured goods 

Answer : B

Question 8: Which of the following is not a major trading partner of India

(a) South Africa

(b) U. S. A.

(c) U. A. E.

(d) China 

Answer : A

Question 9: Diamond harbor is on the river

(a) Mahanadi

(b) Damodar

(c) Hugli

(d) Subernrekha 

Answer : C

Question 10: Offshore terminal at Vadinar belongs to

(a) Marmagao

(b) Kandla

(c) Haldia

(d) Kochi 

Answer : B

Question 11: Deepest harbor for large vessels is

(a) Paradwip

(b) Vishakhapatnam

(c) J L Nehru

(d) Tuticorin 

Answer : A

Question 12: Silt accumulation is problem of this port

(a) Marmagao

(b) Kandla

(c) Haldia

(d) Kolkata 

Answer : D

Question 13: Port on Zuary estuary

(a) Marmagao

(b) Kandla

(c) Haldia

(d) Kochi 

Answer : A

Question 14:  Artificial harbor of India

(a) Kandla

(b) Kochi

(c) Chennai

(d) Haldia 

Answer : C

Question 15: Queen of Arabian sea

(a) Marmagao

(b) kandla

(c) Haldia

(d) kochi 

Answer : D

In This Post we are  providing  CHAPTER 22 GEOGRAPHICAL PERSPECTIVE ON SELECTED ISSUES AND PROBLEMSNCERT MCQ for Class 12 GEOGRAPHY INDIA- PEOPLE AND ECONOMY which will be beneficial for students. These solutions are updated according to 2021-22 syllabus. These MCQS  can be really helpful in the preparation of Board exams and will provide you with a brief knowledge of the chapter

NCERT MCQ ON GEOGRAPHICAL PERSPECTIVE ON SELECTED ISSUES AND PROBLEMS

Question 1.
What is the main source of pollution?
(A) Solid waste
(B) Crops
(Q Animals
(D) Forests

Answer: (A) Solid waste

---

Question 2.
Which is the natural source of air pollution?
(A) Man
(B) Water
(C) Agriculture
(D) Volcanoes

Answer: (D) Volcanoes

---

Question 3.
What is the source of pollution along the banks of Ganga?
(A) Leather industry
(B) Paper industry
(C) Gases
(D) Waste

Answer: (A) Leather industry

---

Question 4.
Which town along the banks of Yamuna is polluted?
(A) Lucknow
(B) Mathura
(C) Kanpur
(D) Varanasi

Answer: (B) Mathura

---

Question 5.
What is the unit for measuring noise pollution?
(A) Millibar
(B) Decibal
(C) Decimetre
(D) Centimetre

Answer: (B) Decibal

---

Question 6.
In which Dharavi stream is located?
(A) Karnataka
(B) Gujarat
(C) Maharashtra
(D) Rajasthan

Answer: (C) Maharashtra

---

Question 7.
Land degradation is not the result of:
(A) Erosion
(B) Salinity
(C) Alkalinity
(D) Forests

Answer: (D) Forests

---

Question 8.
The wasteland in India covers:
(A) 7.5%
(B) 10.5%
(C) 15.9%
(D) 25.15%

---

Question 9.
Jhabua district is located in:
(A) Karnataka
(B) Madhya Pradesh
(C) Chhattisgarh
(D) Jharkhand

Answer: (B) Madhya Pradesh

---

Question 10.
By 2050, how many people will live in towns?
(A) 1/4th
(B) 1/3rd
(C) 2/3rd
(D) 3/4th

Answer: (C) 2/3rd

---

Question 11.
Which one of the following rivers is highly polluted?
(A) the Brahmaputra
(B) the Yamuna
(C) Satluj
(D) Godavari

Answer: (C) Yamuna

---

Question 12.
Which one of the following diseases is caused by water pollution?
(A) Conjunctivitis
(B) Respiratory infections
(C) Diarrhoea
(D) Bronchitis

Answer: (B) Diarrhoea

---

Question 13.
Which one of the following is the cause of acid rain?
(A) Water pollution
(B) Noise pollution
(C) Land pollution
(D) Air pollution.

Answer: (A) Air Pollution

---

Question 14.
Push and pull factors are responsible for:
(A) Migration
(B) Slums
(C) Land degradation
(D) Air pollution

Answer: (A) Migration

---

Question 15:

Which one of the following river is highly polluted-

A. Brahmaputra

B. Satluj

C. Yamuna

D. Godavari

Answer : C Yamuna

In This Post we are  providing  CHAPTER 22 GEOGRAPHICAL PERSPECTIVE ON SELECTED ISSUES AND PROBLEMS NCERT MOST IMPORTANT QUESTIONS for Class 12 GEOGRAPHY INDIA- PEOPLE AND ECONOMY which will be beneficial for students. These solutions are updated according to 2021-22 syllabus. These MCQS  can be really helpful in the preparation of Board exams and will provide you with a brief knowledge of the chapter

NCERT MOST IMPORTANT QUESTIONS ON GEOGRAPHICAL PERSPECTIVE ON SELECTED ISSUES AND PROBLEMS

Question 1.
How is environment pollution caused? Mention four types of pollution responsible for environmental degradation.
Answer:
Pollution is the contamination of the environment by the introduction of contaminants that can cause damage to the environment and harm or discomfort to humans or other living species.

It is the addition of another form of any substance or form of energy to the environment at a faster rate than that the environment can accommodate it by dispersion, breakdown recycling or shortage in some harmless form.

The four types of pollution which are responsible for environmental degradation are as follows:

• Water pollution
• Air pollution
• Land pollution
• Noise pollution

Question 2.
How do industries pollute India’s water bodies? Explain with examples.
Answer:
Wastewater, poisonous gases, chemical residuals, numerous heavy metals, dust, smoke, etc from industries contribute to water pollution. During the last fifty years, the number of industries in India has grown rapidly. But water pollution is concentrated within a few sub-sections, mainly in the form of toxic wastes and organic pollutants.

Most of these defaulting industries are leather, pulp and paper, textiles, chemicals, sugar mills, distilleries and thermal power stations. Not all industries have treatment facilities for industrial effluents. As small scale industries cannot afford enormous investments in pollution control equipment as their profit margin is very slender.

Question 3.
What is noise pollution? Explain any four sources of noise.
OR
Describe three main sources of noise pollution in India.
OR
How has noise pollution become hazardous in many big cities of India? Explain with examples.
Answer:
Noise pollution refers to a noise that causes a condition which is unbearable and uncomfortable for human beings. After technological innovations, it has become a serious problem, especially in urban areas.

The noise can be from various sources such as:

1. Factories, mechanised construction and demolition works, aircraft, automobiles loudspeaker, siren, etc.
2. The noise produced by traffic is a major source of noise pollution. It creates a huge inconvenience to the people. Intensity and nature of noise made by traffic are dependent on various factors such as type of vehicle, (aircraft, train, etc) condition of road and condition of the vehicle (in case of automobiles).
3. In sea traffic, noise pollution is limited to the harbour because of the loading and unloading activities of containers.
4. Noise pollution from industries is also a serious problem, but its intensity varies because of some factors such as types of industry, types of machines and tools, etc.

Question 4.
Explain any three consequences of air pollution.
OR
Explain any three effects of air pollution on human life.
OR
Explain any three ill effects of air pollution ‘on human health in India.
Answer:
The main consequences of air pollution are as follows:

1. Air pollution is responsible for many diseases that cause harm to our respiratory, nervous and circulatory systems.
2. Air pollution is responsible for creating a smoky fog over cities which is known as urban smog. It also has negative effects on human health.
3. Air pollution is also responsible for acid rains. The first rain after summers in urban area always shows acidic nature of rainwater i.e. it shows a lower pH level than the subsequent rain.
4. Air pollution may be harmful to flora and fauna and to property.

Question 5.
Why is the urban waste disposal a serious problem in India? Explain any three reasons.
OR
Analyse three problems arising as a result of urban waste disposal.
OR
Explain any three problems caused by urban waste disposal in India.
OR
Explain any three major problems associated with urban waste disposal in India,
OR
Explain with examples any three major problems associated with urban waste disposal in India.
Answer:
Mismanagement and environmental problem related to solid waste have now become a major problem, in India, most of the solid wastes are not collected properly.

Impacts of improper management of solid wastes are.

1. Solid wastes are a threat to human health and can cause various diseases. It creates the foul smell and it harbours flies and rodents that can cause typhoid, diphtheria, diarrhoea, malaria, cholera and other diseases.
2. Solid waste can create inconvenience rapidly if they are not properly handled, wind and rainwater can splitted it and cause discomfort to people.
3. Industrial solid waste can cause water pollution by dumping it into water bodies. Drains carrying untreated sewage also result in various health problems.

Question 6.
Describe any three major problems of slums in India. All India,
OR
Analyse any three major problems of a slum dweller in India.
OR
Explain any three problems faced by slum dwellers in India.
OR
How do slums develop in India? Explain any four miserable conditions of the residents of slums areas. (HOTS; All India 2010)
Answer:
Slums are environmentally incompatible and degraded areas of the cities. These are occupied by the migrants who were forced to migrate from rural areas to urban areas for employment and livelihood.

But because of high rent and high costs of land, they could not afford proper housing and start to live in these areas.

Four problems faced by the residents of slums are as follows:

1. Slums are the least choice residential areas that have broken down houses, bad hygienic conditions, poor ventilation and does not have basic facilities like drinking water, light and toilet, etc.
2. They face various health-related problems such as malnutrition, illness and prone to various diseases. They are not able to send their children school to provide them with education, because of a low level of income.
3. Dwellers are vulnerable to drug abuse, alcoholism, crime, vandalism, escapism, apathy and social exclusion because of poverty.

Question 7.
How is the degradation of cultivable land one of the serious problems in India? Explain in any three points. (Delhi 2010)
Answer:
Degradation of cultivable land is one of the serious problems in India because:

1. The limited availability and deterioration of quality of land, both are responsible to exert pressure on agricultural land.
2. Soil erosion, water logging, salinisation and alkalinisation of land lead to land degradation which declines productivity of the land.
3. Natural and man-made processes, both degrade the quality of the land.

Question 8.
State any two major sources of air pollution in India. How is air pollution harmful to human health? Explain. (HOTS; Delhi 2008)
Answer:
The main sources of air pollution are a release of various gases such as oxides of sulphur and nitrogens, hydrocarbons, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, lead and asbestos by combustion of fossil fuels/mining and industries.
For the effects of air pollution,

The main consequences of air pollution are as follows:

1. Air pollution is responsible for many diseases that cause harm to our respiratory, nervous and circulatory systems.
2. Air pollution is responsible for creating a smoky fog over cities which is known as urban smog. It also has negative effects on human health.
3. Air pollution is also responsible for acid rains. The first rain after summers in urban area always shows acidic nature of rainwater i.e. it shows a lower pH level than the subsequent rain.
4. Air pollution may be harmful to flora and fauna and to property.

Question 9.
“ Indiscriminate use of water by increasing population and industrial expansion has led to degradation of the water quality considerably in India”. Explain the values that can help in maintaining the quality of water.
Answer:
Following values will help in maintaining the quality of water:
Creating Awareness Creating awareness towards our environment is very important. The government should try to make people aware of the importance of water.

Participation of Community By creating awareness and making community participate in saving water will help in maintaining the quality of water. Use of New Techniques It will also maintain the quality of water.

Value Based Questions

Question 10.
“The urban waste should be properly treated as a resource for various needs of mankind.” Explain the values that can help in changing urban waste into resources.
Answer:
The values that can help in changing urban waste into resources are as follows:
Creating Awareness Creating awareness towards our environment is very important. The government should try to make people aware of health hazard through piles of garbage that may be around their locality.

When these wastes carelessly handle, they spread by wind and splattered through rainwater, thus cause many diseases. Participation of Community By creating awareness, the government wants people to come forward and give their helping hand to manage and dispose of urban waste properly. Use New Techniques There is a need to use improved quality control and process monitoring for garbage management.

For e.g. scraps can be immediately re-incorporated at the beginning of the manufacturing line so that they do not become a waste product.

In This Post we are  providing  CHAPTER 21 INTERNATIONAL TRADE NCERT MOST IMPORTANT QUESTIONS for Class 12 GEOGRAPHY INDIA- PEOPLE AND ECONOMY which will be beneficial for students. These solutions are updated according to 2021-22 syllabus. These MCQS  can be really helpful in the preparation of Board exams and will provide you with a brief knowledge of the chapter

NCERT MOST IMPORTANT QUESTIONS ON INTERNATIONAL TRADE

Question 1.
Why are the ports called ‘gateway^ of international trade’ ?
Answer:
Port. A port is a place on the coast which provides facilities such as docking, loading and unloading and storage facilities of cargo. A port handles the import and export trade of a country. A port is connected with its hinterland by rail-road transport. These land routes are used to transport the goods to a port from where these goods are exported through ocean routes.

Similarly, imports are sent to the hinterland of a port. In fact, a port acts as a point of entry for the goods received from foreign countries and a point of exit for the goods produced in its hinterland. Therefore, a port is called a gateway of international trade. For example, Kolkata is a commercial gateway for its hinterland comprising states of West Bengal, Bihar, Assam.

Question 2.
Name the geographical conditions necessary for the development of an ideal port.
Answer:
A port handles the import-export trade of a country. It acts as a commercial gateway for its hinterland. The following conditions favour the development of an ideal port:

• Presence of protected Harbour.
• A deep water natural harbour is required.
• Sufficient space is required for docking facilities.
• The hinterland should be well connected with the port by rail-road routes.
• A rich hinterland is required.
• Favourable climate so that the port remains open throughout the year.
• Fuel facilities should be available.

Question 3.
What is the role of ‘World Trade Organisations’ as an international organisation ? Why has the World Trade Organisation been criticised by some countries? Explain the role of World Trade Organisation.
Answer:
Role of WTO :

• It formulates the global rules of trade between countries.
• It resolves disputes between its member nations.
• It covers trade in services particularly banking and communication facilities.

Criticism :

• Some countries criticise WTO due to effects of free trade.
• It widens the gap between the rich and poor nations.
• WTO focuses on the commercial interests.
• It ignores the issues of environmental pollution, health, right of workers and child labour

Question 4.
Distinguish between Barter trade and Monetary trade.
Answer:

Barter Trade	Monetary Trade
1. It is the earliest form of local trade.2. Barter system means the exchange of goods without the use of money.3. It is limited in nature and has the difficulty of rate of exchange of goods.	1. It is modern system of international trade.2. Monetary  system means the exchange of goods where one item is exchanged for the other.3. It is used for trade of a number of commodities from different countries.

Question 5.
Distinguish between National trade and International trade.
Answer:

National Trade	International Trade
1. National trade means the wholesale trade on a large scale within the boundaries of a country’.2. Tt is also known as internal trade.3. National  trade depends upon the extent of a country.	1. International trade means exchange of goods, services, capital across the national boundaries.2. It is also known as foreign trade.3. Internationa trade depends upon the surplus production and purchasing power

Question 6.
Distinguish between favourable balance of trade and unfavourable balance of trade.
Or
What is meant by balance of trade?
Answer:

Favourable balance	Unfavourable balance
1. When there is an excess of exports, it is called a favourable balance of trade.2. In 1976-77 in India, the imports were of value = 5073 crore rupees while exports were of value = 5142 crore rupees. Balance of trade was + 69 crore rupees.3. It helps to strengthen the economy of a country.	1. When there is an excess of imports, it is called an unfavourable balance of trade.2. In India, in 1982-83. imports were of value = 14047 crore rupees. exports were of value = 8637 crore rupees. Balance of trade was 5410 crore rupees.3. It creates problems for the economy of a country.

Question 7.
Explain any five bases of international trade.
Or
“The difference in national resources is the basis of international trade.” Analyse the statement.
Answer:
International trade means exchange of surplus goods among different nations. It depends upon some geographical and economic factors. These factors are known as the basis of international trade.

Basis of international trade

1. Difference in Natural Resources. The world’s Natural resources are unevenly distributed because of differences in their physical make up i.e. geology, relief soil and climate.

(a) Geological structure determines the mineral resource base and topographical differences ensure diversity of crops and animals raised. Lowlands have greater agricultural potential. Mountains attract tourists and promote tourism.

(b) Mineral resources are unevenly distributed the world over. The availability of mineral resources provides the basis for industrial development.

(c) Climate influences the type of flora and fauna that can survive in a given region. It also ensures diversity in the range of various products e.g. wool production can take place in cold regions, bananas, rubber and cocoa can grow in tropical regions.

2. Population factors. Size, distribution and diversity between people affect the type anf volume of goods traded.

(a) Cultural factors : Distinctive forms of art and craft develop in certain culture which are prized the world over e.g.: China produces the finest porcelains and brocades. Carpes of Iran are famous while North African leather work and Indonesian batik cloth are prizes handicrafts.

(b) Size of population: Densely populated countries have large volume of internal trade but little external trade because most of the agricultural and industrial production is consumed in the local markets. Standard of living of the population determines the demand for better quality imported products because with low standard of living only a few people can afford to buy imported costly goods.

3. Stage of economic development. At different stages of economic development of countries, the nature of items traded undergoes changes. In agricultural economics, agro products are exchanged for manufactured goods whereas industrialised nations export machinery and finished products and import foodgrains and other raw materials.

4. Extent of foreign Investment. Foreign investment can boost up trade in developing countries which lack in capital required for the development of mining, oil drilling, heavy engineering, lumbering and plantation agriculture. By developing such capital intensive industries in developing countries, the industrial nations ensure import of food stuffs and minerals and a market for finished products. This entire cycle steps up the volume of trade between nations.

5. Transport. In olden times lack of adequate and efficient means of transport restricted trade to local areas. Only high valued items e.g. gems to silk spices were traded over large distances. With expansions of rail, ocean and air transport, better means of refrigeration and preservation, the trade has experienced spatial expansion.

Question 8.
Classify ports on different basis. Describe each type giving examples.
Or
Mention any two features of ‘Commercial Ports’.
Answer:
Types of Ports. Ports are the gateways of international trade. Generally, ports are classified according to the types of traffic which they handle.

Types of port according to cargo handled :

• Industrial Ports. These ports specialise in bulk cargo-like grain, sugar, ore, oil, chemicals and similar materials.
• Commercial Ports. These ports handle general cargo-packaged products and manufactured good. These ports also handle passenger traffic.
• Comprehensive Ports. Such ports handle bulk and general cargo in large volumes. Most of the world’s great ports are classified as comprehensive ports.

Types of port on the basis of location :
(i) Inland Ports. These ports are located away from the sea coast. They are linked to the sea through a river or a canal. Such ports are accessible to flat bottom ships or barges. For example, Manchester is linked with a canal; Memphis is located on the river Mississippi; Rhine has several ports like Mannheim and Duisburg; and Kolkata is located on the river Hoogli, a branch of the river Ganga.

(ii) Out Ports. These are deep water ports built away from the actual ports. These serve the parent ports by receiving those ships which are unable to approach them due to their large size. Classic combination, for example, is Athens and its out port Piraeus in Greece.

Types of port on the basis of specialised functions :
(i) Oil Ports. These ports deal in the processing and shipping of oil. Some of these are tanker ports and some are refinery ports. Maracaibo in Venezuela, Esskhira in Tunisia, Tripoli in Lebanon are tanker ports. Abadan on the Gulf of Persia is a refinery port.

(ii) Ports of Call. These are the ports which orginally developed as calling points on main sea routes where ships used to anchor for refuelling, watering and taking food items. Later on, they developed into commercial ports. Aden, Honolulu and Singapore are good examples.

(iii) Packet Station. These are also known as ferry ports. These packet stations are exclusively concerned with the transportation of passengers and mail across water bodies covering short distances. These stations occur in pairs located in such a way that they face each other across the water body, e.g. Dover in England, and Calais in France across the English Channel.

(iv) Entrepot Ports. These are collection centres where the goods are brought from different countries for export. Singapore is an entrepot for Asia. Rotterdam for Europe, and Copenhagen for the Baltic region.

(v) Naval Ports. These are ports which have only strategic importance. These ports serve warships and have repair workshops for them. Kochi and Karwar are examples of such ports in India.

Question 9.
Describe the different regional trading blocks.
Or
Give information on the growing importance of the Regional Trade Blocks in International Trade with special reference to the European Union (EU) and the Oil Producing and Exporting Countries (OPEC).
Answer:
Regional Trading Blocks. Most governments, have reduced tarrifs and quotas on import. Many countries have simple bilateral agreements with trading partners.

GATT. Since World War II, the primary vehicle for serving this purpose on the global level has been the General Agreement on Trade and Tarrifs (GATT). Through series of negotiations, it has systematically lowered tarrif rates worldwide. This has contributed to global economic boom in the post World War II period. Most countries of the world are now its members.

WTO. In 1995, the GATT metamorphosed into World Trade Organization (WTO), a permanent rather than adhoc organization in Geneva that also settles trade disputes. The WTO regulates trade in services too, but has yet to include important non-tarrif barriers, such as export restraints, inspection requirements, health and safety standards, and import licensing which inhibit imports.

Other Trading Blocs

1. European Union (E.U.) Originally it was founded in 1957 by six members—Italy, France, West Germany, Belgium, the Netherlands and Luxemburg. It was called the European Economic Community (EEC). Later it expanded to include most of Western Europe. The EEC changed into the European Union in 1995. It has harmonized several production and trade regulations.

A common currency, the euro; launched in early 1999, is effectively binding diverse countries into a single economy. With 400 million people, the EU is the largest single market in the world. Within Europe, the Mediterranean and East European states may be benefited more than their northern counterparts because labour moves north and capital flows south.

2. European Free Trade Association (EFTA). In 1960, seven countries i.e. United Kingdom, Austria, Denmark, Norway, Sweden, Portugal and Switzerland joined together to form EFTA with the objective of bringing cooperation in the field of trade. They abolished the tarrif between different members countries.

In December, 1972, United Kingdom and Denmark abandoned their membership and joined EEC while Iceland joined this Association and Finland accepted its co-membership. Now again there are seven members.

3. NAFTA. Compared to the EU, the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) is considerably more modest. NAFTA’s origin lay in the 1988 U.S.—Canada Free Trade Agreement, which gradually eliminated trade restrictions between the world’s two largest trading partners. In 1994, NAFTA was expanded to include Mexico. NAFTA has now been extended to include Latin American countries too. It has thus created a free trade zone extening from Alaska to Tirra del Fuego.

4. Organisation of Petroleum Export Countries (OPEC). The 13 member countries of OPEC are Algeria, Ecuador, Gabon, Indonesia, Iran, Kuwait, Libya, Nigeria, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates and Venezuela. This organisation was formed by the petroleum producing countries in 1960 to decide policies regarding petroleum crude oil prices.

5. ASEAN. The Association of South East Asian Nations was formed in 1967. Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, Philippines and Singapore, growing countries of this region, are its members. Tariff between ASEAN and the rest of the world is growing faster than within the region. ASEAN also helps its members by presenting a joint negotiating stance when dealing with Japan, EU and Australia and New Zealand. India has now become an associate member.

6. SAARC. The South Asian Countries (India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nepal, Bhutan, Sri Lanka, Maldives) have formed South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation. One of its objectives is to trade among the member nations. The progress on the trade front has been slow due to Indo-Pak relations.

7. CIS. This block is called Commonwealth of Independent States. Its headquarters are Minskat (Belarus). Twelve countries are its members namely Armenia, Azerbaiyan, Belarus, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Russia, Turkmenistan, Ukraine and Uzbekistan. The items of trade are crude oil, natural gas, gold, cotton, fibre, aluminium. They cooperate on matters of economics, defence and foreign policy.

8. LAIA. It is called Latin American Integration Association. Its headquarters is in Montevideo (Uruguay). Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Columbia, Ecudor, Mexico, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay and Venezuela are its members

Question 10.
‘Globalisation along with free trade can adversely affect the economies of the developing countries.’ Support the statement with examples.
Or
Mention any two ill effects of free trade and economic globalisation.
Answer:
Free trade. The act of opening up economies for trading is known as free trade. This is done by bringing down trade barriers like tarriffs. It allows goods and services from everywhere to complete with domestic products and services.

Globalisation, It means to adjust economy of country according to world economy. For this the import duty has been reduced or abolished.

Effects. Globalisation and free trade can adversely effect the economies of developing countries.

• It does not give equal playing field by imposing conditions which are unfavourable.
• Fast means of transport systems help the goods of developed countries to reach market faster than developing countries.
• The developed countries can keep their own markets protected from foreign products of developing countries.
• Dumped goods of cheaper prices can harm the domestic producers.