Yearly Archives: 2022

In This Post we are  providing  CHAPTER 16 RISE OF POPULAR MOVEMENTS NCERT MOST IMPORTANT QUESTIONS for Class 12 POLITICAL SCIENCE PART-B POLITICS IN INDIA SINCE INDEPENDENCE which will be beneficial for students. These solutions are updated according to 2021-22 syllabus. These MCQS  can be really helpful in the preparation of Board exams and will provide you with a brief knowledge of the chapter.

NCERT MOST IMPORTANT QUESTIONS ON RISE OF POPULAR MOVEMENTS

Question 1.
Describe any six advantages of popular movements,
Answer:
When a group of people with a common ideology who try together to achieve certain general goals is called popular movement. The advantages or lessons learnt from popular movements are :

1. These movements help us to understand better the nature of democratic politics.
2. These movements came up to rectify some problems in the functioning of party politics and should be seen as integral part of our democratic politics.
3. These movements represented new social groups whose economic and social grievances were not redressed in the realm of electoral politics.
4. Popular movements ensured effective representation of diverse groups and their demands.
5. Popular movements suggested new forms of active participation and thus broadened the idea of participation in Indian democracy.
6. Some of the critics of these movements often argue that collective actions like strikes, sit-ins and rallies disrupt the functioning of the government, delay decision-making and destabilise the routines of democracy.

Question 2.
Who were Dalit Panthers? Describe their main activities.
Answer:
Dalit panthers was a militant organisation formed by Dalit Youth in Maharashtra in 1972. Dalit Panthers came up as a part of the assertions by Dalits. Dalits were facing atrocities and humiliation by upper section of society from a long time.

In early 1970s, the first generation Dalit graduates, decided to protest against such unaccepted behaviour of society towards them and their main activities were as follows:

1. They demanded several things which were guaranteed to them, but never implemented such as policy of reservation, guaranteed to them never came into implementation effectively. Their prior demand was to implement those policies which were formed for their betterment by government.
2. After the prohibition of practice of untouchability by government such practices did not vanish from the society. Dalits continued to face humiliation. Their demand was to eradicate such evil practices.
3. Dalit’s women were worst victim of such activities by upper caste men. Dalit panthers seeked help of Republican Party of India, but ramained marginalised.

Dalit panthers decided to gain support of masses, so as to make their voice strong enough. The larger ideological agenda of the panthers was to destroy the caste system and to build an organisation of all oppressed sections.

Question 3.
Describe any six factors which made the farmers’ movement run by Bhartiya Kisan Union as the most successful popular movement.
Answer:
The well-established farmers of Western Uttar Pradesh and Haryana agitated against the rising price of electricity. They later formed Bhartiya Kisan Union (BKU). The BKU was one of the leading farmers organisation.

For main demands of BKU is following were the major demands put forwards by the BKU (any four) :

• Higher government floor price for sugarcane and wheat.
• Abolition of restriction on the inter state movement of farm produce.
• Guaranteed supply of electricity at reasonable rates.
• Waiving of repayment due on loans to farmers.
• Provision of a government pension for farmers.

Six factors which made the farmers movement run by Bhartiya Kisan Union as the most successful popular movement are :

1. The BKU organised rallies, demonstration, sit-ins and Jail Bharo Aandolan.
2. The success of BKU lies in the method of organisation adopted by it. BKU used the caste linkage to mobilise the people.
3. BKU was an informal organisation, but it sustained for a long time and remained stable because it was based on clan network.
4. BKU was a non-political organisation, but operated as pressure group in politics with its strength of sheer numbers.
5. The organisation across states did manage to get some of their economic demands accepted.
6. It encouraged individuals to raise themselves to political powers independently.

So, that party in power could be challenged and their demands could be better accepted.

Question 4.
What is Sardar Sarovar Project? Which benefits are expected to be if the project becomes successful? Also, state the issues of relocation and rehabilitation associated with it.
Answer:
Sardar Sarovar project was a multipurpose dam project under which many dams were planned to be constructed. It was proposed to be constructed on Narmada river and its tributaries flowing through three states Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat and Maharashtra.

But a movement called Narmada Bachao Aandolan was launched to save Narmada. It opposed the construction of dam and the nature of development was also questioned.
Two major dams were to be constructed under the project. They were Sardar Sarovar project (Gujarat) and Narmada Sagar project (Madhya Pradesh).

Due to following reasons, this project was criticised :

1. The project was criticised by many environmentalist and people who were supposed to suffer out of it. The question of their rehabilitation came prior to the minds 245 villages were estimated to get submerged in those three states.
2. Narmada Bachao Aandolan’s activist claimed that the local people’s right were sacrificed for the sake of benefits of others in which they had no profit.

They also question the decision-making process that go in the making of these projects and insist that local communities should also have a say in the making of these projects. Dispute between local people and government continued for a long time.

Question 5.
Describe the issues associated with the Anti-arrack movements in Andhra Pradesh which drew the attention of the entire country.
Answer:
Anti-arrack movement It is a movement against consumption of local alcohol called arrack by the men in families. Women were the major participants as well as victim of this movement. The ill efects of arrack ruined the family economy and heavy burden of domestic voilence was borne by women. Women gathered from nearby villages and realised that they were not the only one who were going through this misery. The condition was same in other families too.

They decided to discuss the issues outside their houses. They made in a public issue. Personal problem became public. It was the first time when private matters of families were discussed publically.

For issues which made the Anit-Arrack movement as a women’s movement two issues which made the Anti-arrack movement as a women’s movement are :

1. Domestic voilence was a major issue raised by these women. Unequal treatment and injustice to women was common all over the country.
2. Agitation raised on a local issue in a small village reached to urban areas with the beginning of the protest, the demands intensified. Women asked for reservation in political offices and after some time 73rd and 74th amendments were introduced to the Construction granting reservation to women in local politics.

Question 6.
Describe the journey of the movement for Right to Information which ultimately culminated into an act i.e. RTI Act, 2005.
Answer:
The journey of the movement for Right to Information which culminated into an act i.e.
RTI Act, 2005 is following:

1. The movement started in 1990, when a mass based organisation called the Mazdoor Kisan Shakti Sangathan (MKSS) in Rajasthan took the initiative in demanding records of famine relief work and accounts of labourers.
2. The demand was first raised in Shim Tehshil in a very backward region of Rajasthan.
3. In 1994 and 1996, the MKSS organised Jan Sunwais or Public Hearings, where the administration was asked to explain its stand in public.
4. In 1996 MKSS formed National Council for People’s Right to information in Delhi to raise RTI to the status of a national campaign.
5. In 2002, a weak freedom of Information Act was legislated but never came into force.
6. In 2004, RTI Bill was tabled and received presidential assent in June 2005.

Question 7.
Suppose you are an important leader of the farmers’ agitation. The government authorities ask you to present any three demands on behalf of the farmers. On priority basis, which three demands will you make? Support your demands with appropriate arguments.
Answer:
As a farmers’ leader, I will present following three demands on behalf of the farmers, before government:

1. Insurance to crop Indian agriculture is dependent on monsoon, which is unpredictable and risky, The nature of Indian climate pose high risk to crops. In that cases, I will demand to give insurance to crops.
2. Easy availability of loans Throughout the history of Indian agriculture the farmers have remained a subject to indebtedness. I will demand the government to make easy provisions of agricultural loan at low interests.
3. Minimum support price After harvest farmers get a non-profitable price in local markets. I will demand the government to give assistance by giving them minimum support price.

Question 8.
What is meant by Chipko movement? When did it start and where? What is the significance of this movement in the conservation of the environment?
Answer:
In 1973, a village of Uttar Pradesh now Uttarakhand protested against the commercial logging of trees. They were against the government’s permission given to outsiders on the trees grown on their land. To prevent trees from cutting people used to hug them and this unique way of protest became popular as Chipko movement.

It spread to the nearly villages of Uttarakhand when forest department refused locals to use ash trees for making agricultural tools and granted the same piece of land to a commercial sports manufacturer. Thus, the movement intensified.

For significance of this movement in the conservation of the environment is two positive aspect of the Chipko movement:

1. Participation by women People gathered in large number and women participation was unique to it. It was first time since independence that participation by women in large number was noticed.
2. Environmental movement Chipko movement was the first of its kind movement after independence which showed concern about environment. This movement is first movement which shows direct people participation in mass level.

Question 9.
Mention any three social movements of India. Explain their main objectives.
Answer:
Three social movements of India and their main demands are

1. Dalit Panthers Dalit Panthers was a militant organisation of the Dalit youth which was formed in Maharashtra in 1972,
   Objectives
   • To destroy the caste system.
   • To build an organisation of all oppressed sections like the landless poor peasants and urban industrial workers along with Dalits.
2. Bhartiya Kisan Union It was an organisation of farmers from Western Uttar Pradesh and Haryana regions.
   Objectives
   • To demand higher government floor prices for sugarcane and wheat.
   • To demand abolition of restrictions on the inter-state movement of farm produce, guaranteed supply of electricity at reasonable prices etc.
3. Narmada Bachao Movement It was a movement to save Narmada river and against construction of dam on it. Objectives
   1. To appose the construction of dAnswer:
   2. To question the nature of ongoing developmental projects in the country.

Question 10.
What are popular movements? Explain any three issues related to women which brought social awareness amongst them.
Answer:
When group of people with a common ideology who try together to achieve certain general goals is called popular movement. Three issues related to women which brought social awareness amongst them are :

• Issue of gender discrimination. These issues were very complicated in nature.
• Issue of domestic violence. The custom of dowry, sexual abuse at work and public places.
• Issues of sexual violence. These issues are highlighted by different women movements in order to bring gender equality.

In This Post we are  providing  CHAPTER 15 THE CRISIS OF DEMOCRATIC ORDER NCERT MOST IMPORTANT QUESTIONS for Class 12 POLITICAL SCIENCE PART-B POLITICS IN INDIA SINCE INDEPENDENCE which will be beneficial for students. These solutions are updated according to 2021-22 syllabus. These MCQS  can be really helpful in the preparation of Board exams and will provide you with a brief knowledge of the chapter.

NCERT MOST IMPORTANT QUESTIONS ON THE CRISIS OF DEMOCRATIC ORDER

Question 1.
Analyze the circumstances responsible for the declaration of a state of emergency in India on 25th June. 1975.
Answer:
Besides powers in normal times, the President of India has emergency powers as well. According to Article 352, if the President is satisfied that a grave emergency exists whereby the security of India or any part of India is threatened by war, external aggression, or armed rebellion, he may proclaim a state of emergency. Ever since the operation of the constitution, a national emergency has been declared three times. The third-time internal emergency was declared on the night of 25 June 1975, and this emergency was removed on 21st March 1977.

The emergency was justified by Prime Minister Indira Gandhi when she gave a speech in the Lok Sabha on July 22, 1975, and said, “The action is totally within our Constitutional framework and it was undertaken in order not to destroy the Constitution but to preserve the Constitution, to preserve and safeguard our democracy.”

A national emergency was declared due to the following reasons or circumstances :
1. Economic Crisis. War took place between India and Pakistan in Dec. 1971 and Pakistan was defeated in the war. But this war had put a heavy strain on India’s economy. More than eight million people crossed over the East Pakistan border into India. Oil prices increased in the international market and this led to an all-round increase in the prices of other commodities. In 1974, prices increased about 30 percent. The failure of monsoons in 1972-73 led to the downfall in agricultural production. Poverty and unemployment were very high. Hardships of masses increased and there was a general atmosphere of dissatisfaction among the masses.

2. Railway Employees’ strike, Student unrest in Gujarat, etc. In April 1974 there was a high strike of Railway employees which affected the Indian Economy.

3. Gujarat movement. In January 1974, students in Gujarat started an agitation against a 20% hike in hostel food in the I.D. College of Engineering, but very soon it became a big movement known as the Nav Nirman Movement. The movement was supported by all the opposition parties and demanded the resignation of the Chief Minister of Gujarat. President’s rule was imposed in Gujarat and ultimately Assembly elections were held in June 1975. The Congress was defeated in this election.

4. Bihar movement was started by students against the misrule, unemployment, rising prices, corruption, etc. Later on, this movement was led by great socialist leader Jayaprakash Narayan. The movement of Jayaprakash Narayan is also known as ‘Total Revolution’. Jayaprakash Narayan in a letter to the people of Bihar, 1975 said, “This movement (Total Revolution) aims at bringing about a revolutionary change in all aspects of the life of both society and individual.

The objective of this movement is not merely to change the government, but also to change the society and the individual. That is why I have called it a total revolution. In order to achieve this we shall have to carry on a struggle for a long time, and at the same time carry on constructive and creative activities. Thus, the double process of struggle and construction is a necessity in order to achieve total revolution.” Jayaprakash Narayan also discussed the economic and social problems of backward classes and Tribal people.

4. Allahabad High Court Judgement invalidating Smt. Indira Gandhi’s 1971 Election.

On 12 June 1975, Justice Jagmohan Lai Sinha of the Allahabad High Court passed a judgment declaring Indira Gandhi’s election to the Lok Sabha, invalid and made her ineligible to occupy her seat for six years. On June 24, the Supreme Court vocational Judge Justice Krishna Iyer granted a stay that allowed Mrs. Indira Gandhi to function as the Prime Minister on the condition that she should not draw a salary and speak or vote in Parliament until the case was decided. In fact, this was the most important reason which led to the declaration of Emergency in India.

5. Demonstration in Delhi’s Ramlila Ground by All Opposition Parties. The opposition parties led by Jayaprakash Narayan demanded the resignation of Mrs. Indira Gandhi. On 25 June 1975, the opposition parties organized a massive demonstration at Delhi’s Ramlila Ground. Jayaprakash Narayan declared a nationwide Satyagraha for her resignation and asked the army, the police, and government employees not to obey “illegal and immoral orders” of the government.

All these factors were responsible for declaring an Internal Emergency on the night of 25 June 1975. The Prime Minister Mrs. Indira Gandhi recommended the imposition of Emergency to President Fakhruddin Ah Ahmed. The President issued the proclamation immediately. Prime Minister Mrs. Indira Gandhi informed the Cabinet at a special meeting at 6 a.m. on 26 June 1975.

Question 2.
Analyze any three lessons that were learned from the Emergency declared in India on 25th June 1975.
Answer:
On the advice of Prime Minister Mrs. Indira Gandhi, the President declared an Internal emergency on 25th June 1975. Thousands of workers and leaders of opposition parties were put in jails under MISA. Many restrictions were put on freedom of the press.

Legislative Assemblies of Gujarat and Tamil Nadu were dissolved. During an emergency, Sanjay Gandhi, the son of Mrs. Indira Gandhi, became very powerful. Mrs. Indira Gandhi announced the Lok Sabha elections in January 1977 and released the imprisoned political leaders.

Following three lessons were learned from the emergency :
1. Bureaucracy and Judiciary should be independent. Bureaucracy should be independent and impartial. It should not be committed to the ideology and principles of the ruling party. Rather bureaucracy should be committed to the Constitution. Judiciary should not be subordinated to the executive. Judiciary should be independent and should protect the right and liberties of the citizens.

2. The government should run the administration according to the provisions of the Constitution. The Constitution is supreme and its supremacy should be protected by the Judiciary.

3. Freedom of the press should not be crushed. Freedom of the press is very essential for the successful working of democracy. Political consciousness is created among the people by the press.

Question 3.
What is the ‘Naxalite Movement’? Evaluate its role in Indian politics.
Answer:
The Naxalite movement has been the most important peasant movement in the post-independence movement. A peasant uprising took place in 1967 in the Naxalbari police station area of Darjeeling hills district in West Bengal. This movement was started under the local leadership of the Marxist Party. However, this movement has its roots in the Telbagha Movement. As Partha N. Mukerjee points out some slogans which were used initially by the Naxalites had the historical continuity of Telbagha like :

1. We want the abolition of the Zamindari System.
2. Land to the tiller.
3. Tenant eviction will not be tolerated.
4. 25 percent interest for borrowed paddy.
5. Go on cultivating without surrendering.
6. Defeat the Congress.

In a very short period, this movement spread to major parts of West Bengal and Andhra Pradesh and certain areas of Madhya Pradesh and Bihar. In 1969, the Naxalite group broke off from the CPI (M), and a new party Communist Party (Marxist-Leninist) was formed under the leadership of Charu Majumdar.

Naxalites do not believe in democracy. They believe in violence and guerrilla war in order to achieve their aims.

Naxalites used force to snatch land from the big landlord and distributed to the poor and landless workers. West Bengal government used strong measures to crush the movement. In 1972, Charu Majumdar died in police custody which created a vacuum in the movement as there was no competent leader to replace him.

Question 4.
Analyze the conflict between the Judiciary and Parliament of India in 1973.
Answer:
Since 1950, the Supreme Court decided hundred of cases involving various laws passed by parliament and state legislatures from time to time. It exercised its power of Judicial review in a number of cases. The question of the amenability of Fundamental Rights came before the Supreme Court of India in the case of Sankari Prasad Vs. Union of India (1951). The unanimous view of the judges was that Fundamental rights are not absolute in character but are subject to Parliament’s power to amend the Constitution under Article 368.

But in 1967 in Golak Nath’s case, the Supreme Court decided that the parliament has no power to amend the provisions of the Fundamental Rights. Hence the controversy over supremacy between the Parliament and the Judiciary started. On 10 February 1970, Supreme Court declared the Banking Companies Act, 1969 invalid and unconstitutional. To neutralize the effects of the Supreme Court’s Judgement, in 1971, 24th and 25th Amendment Acts were passed and these Amendment Acts restored to parliament the powers to amend fundamental rights.

The 24th, 25th, and 29th Constitution Amendment Acts were challenged in the Supreme Court by Swami Kesavananda Bharti, Kerala religious head, and others on a variety of grounds. The case was heard by the full bench of the Supreme Court consisting of 13 Judges. The Supreme Court delivered the judgment on 24 April 1973 and reversed the Golak Nath case ruling by upholding Parliament’s right to amend the Constitution including the Fundamental Rights but not the basic structure or framework’ of the Constitution.

On May 9, 1980, the Supreme Court in Minivera Mills case struck down Section 55 of the 42nd Amendment Act, 1976 which gave unlimited powers to the Parliament. The court held that Section 55 of the Act which reinserted sub-section (4) and (5) in Article 368 was beyond the amending power of the Parliament and was void since it removed all limitations on the power of the Parliament to amend the Constitution and conferred power upon it to amend the constitution in such a manner as to destroy its basic or essential features or its basic structure.

The court also struck down Section 4 of the Constitution 42nd Amendment Act amending Article 31-C giving primacy to Directive Principles of State Policy over fundamental rights. The court held that whatever the Parliament does, it cannot destroy the country’s basic structure. Consequently, any law that tended to radically alter time basic structure must be declared null and void.

By declaring certain sections of the 42nd Amendment as ultra vires of the Constitution, the Court has made it clear that the Supreme Court is the final arbiter and interpreter of the Constitution.

Question 5.
Explain the circumstances that led to the mid-term elections in 1980.
Answer:
Following were the circumstances that led to the mid-term election in 1980.

1. The opposition to the Emergency could keep the Janata Party together for a very short period.
2. It is also observed that Janata Party lacked direction, leadership, and a common program.
3. Janata Party government was unable to bring fundamental changes in the policies from those pursued by the Congress government.
4. Ultimately, the Janata Party split and the government led by Morarji Desai lost its majority in less than 18 months.
5. After 1977, Congress Party led by Indira Gandhi worked hard and tried to identify itself with a different ideology claiming to be the only pro-poor party. In 1980, a fresh Lok Sabha election took place and Congress got the victory.

Question 6.
‘Emergency is one of the most controversial episodes in Indian politics’. Analyze three reasons and three consequences of it.
Answer:
On the following ground emergency considered to be one of the most controversial episodes in Indian Politics:

1. Excess during Emergency. Basic liberties of the people were suppressed. No individual or party could utter a word against the imposition of emergency or the excess committed by the government.
2. The imposition of Black Acts like MISA. During the emergency, various black acts were passed by the Indira government. The people suspected of anything against the government were arrested and thrown behind the bars without any trial under the MISA. The life, liberty, respect, and property of no person were considered safe.
3. Constitutional Amendments. Indira gov¬ernment lowered the position of the Judiciary through the 42nd amendment. In fact, Judiciary was subordinated to the executive. The scope of Judicial review was limited to a great extent.

Consequences of emergency

The following were the consequences of imposing an internal emergency in June 1975:

• Fundamental Rights were suspended.
• Censorship was imposed on Freedom of the Press and Mass Media.
• Preventive detention laws were enacted.

Question 7.
Highlight the acts of dissent and resistance to the emergency imposed in 1975. In your opinion, how did their acts affect public opinion?
Answer:
Following were the acts of dissent and resistance to the emergency imposed in 1975:

1. Fundamental rights given under article 19 were automatically suspended throughout the country during the emergency protest and strikes and public agitations were disallowed and the government made extensive use of preventive detection.
2. The government suspended the freedom of the press. Newspapers were asked to get prior approval for all materials to be published. Press censorship was enforced. Magazines like the seminar and the mainstream were closed down rather than submitting to censorship, many journalists were arrested for writing against emergency. People opposed it by keeping blank columns in the papers.
3. People, who were not imprisoned but effected due to emergency, were trying to oppose the government for establishing justice.
4. Many underground newsletters and leaflets were published bypass censorship.
5. Kannada writer Shivarama Karanth awarded with Padam Bhushan and Hindi writer Fanishwar Nath Renu awarded with Padam Shri returned their awards in protest against the suspension of democracy. Though such open acts of defiance and resistance were rare.
6. Sanjay Gandhi particularly in Haryana restored compulsory sterilization and people disliked this action of the government.

All these acts of emergency by the government were responsible for creating an opinion against the government and the Congress party lost in dominance and got defeat in 1977’s election.

Question 8.
Read the passage given below carefully and answer the following questions :

The Janata Party made the 1977 elections into a referendum on the Emergency. Its election campaign was focused on the non-democratic character of the Congress rule and on the various excesses that took place during this period. In the backdrop of arrests of thousands of persons and the censorship of the Press, public opinion was against Congress.
(a) What is meant by ‘referendum’?
Answer:
The method of referendum gives the final authority to the people to accept or reject the law passed by the legislature. If the legislature passes a law that is not in accordance with the wishes of the people can stop the execution of such a law. The system prevailing in Switzerland is that the opinion of the people is sought before the execution of laws.

(b) “Acts like arrests of thousands of persons and the censorship of the Press during the Emergency period were non-democratic.” Do you agree with the statement? Justify your answer with one suitable argument or/against each act.
Answer:
Acts like arrests of thousands of persons and the censorship of the press during the Emergency period were Non-democratic because freedom of speech and expression and the right to move freely throughout the country was controlled by the government during an emergency.

(c) In spite of winning the 1977 elections with a thumping majority, why could the Janata party remain in power only for a short period? Explain.
Answer:
In spite of winning the 1977 election with a thumping majority, Janata Party remain in power only for a short period because a power struggle was going in the government.

Question 9.
Read the passage given below carefully and answer the following questions: )

An emergency is one of the most controversial episodes in Indian politics. One reason is that there are differing viewpoints about the need to declare an emergency. Another reason is that using the powers given by the Constitution, the government practically suspended the democratic functioning. As the investigations by the Shah Commission after the Emergency found out, there were many ‘excesses’ committed during the Emergency. Finally, there are varying assessments of what the lessons of Emergency are for the practice of democracy in India.
(i) How far do you agree with the fact that during the Emergency, the government practically suspended the democratic functioning also? Give any one example to support your answer.
Answer:
During an emergency, the government practically suspended democratic functioning also. For example, during emergency strike and agitation were banned. The government suspended the freedom of the Press.

(ii) Highlight any two lessons of Emergency which may be helpful for the practice of democracy in India.
Answer:
(a) Emergency made every people more aware of the value of civil liberties.
(b) After emergency many civil liberties organizations came up.

Question 10.
Read the passage given below carefully and answer the following questions:

In the light of these events, the response of the government was to declare a state of Emergency. On 25th June 1975, the government declared that there was a threat of internal disturbances and therefore, it invoked Article 352 of the Constitution. Under the provision of this Article, the government could declare a state of Emergency on grounds of external threat or a threat of internal disturbances. The government decided that a grave crisis had arisen which made the proclamation of a state of Emergency necessary. Technically speaking, this was within the powers of the government, for our Constitution provides for some special powers to the government once an Emergency is declared.
(i) Analyse the grave crisis that compelled the government to impose a state of emergency in the country.
Answer:
Besides powers in normal times, the President of India has emergency powers as well. According to Article 352, if the President is satisfied that a grave emergency exists whereby the security of India or any part of India is threatened by war, external aggression, or armed rebellion, he may proclaim a state of emergency. Ever since the operation of the constitution, a national emergency has been declared three times. The third-time internal emergency was declared on the night of 25 June 1975, and this emergency was removed on 21st March 1977.

The emergency was justified by Prime Minister Indira Gandhi when she gave a speech in the Lok Sabha on July 22, 1975, and said, “The action is totally within our Constitutional framework and it was undertaken in order not to destroy the Constitution but to preserve the Constitution, to preserve and safeguard our democracy.”

(ii) Identify the two special constitutional powers which the government gets once the Emergency is proclaimed.
Answer:
(a) Once the emergency is proclaimed, the federal structure remains suspended and all powers are concentrated in the hand of the central government.
(b) One emergency is proclaimed government can curtail or restrict fundamental rights.

In This Post we are  providing  CHAPTER 13 INDIA’S EXTERNAL RELATIONS NCERT MOST IMPORTANT QUESTIONS for Class 12 POLITICAL SCIENCE PART-B POLITICS IN INDIA SINCE INDEPENDENCE which will be beneficial for students. These solutions are updated according to 2021-22 syllabus. These MCQS  can be really helpful in the preparation of Board exams and will provide you with a brief knowledge of the chapter.

NCERT MOST IMPORTANT QUESTIONS ON INDIA’S EXTERNAL RELATIONS

Question 1.
Describe any four basic postulates of India’s foreign policy.
Answer:
The basic elements of India’s foreign policy today are the same what they were previously. The only difference is that idealism was emphasised more in the age of Nehru whereas realism got the upper hand in the Shastri-era. But a fine combination of idealism and realism in India’s foreign policy has been witnessed under the leadership of Mrs. Gandhi.
Following are the features of India’s foreign policy:
1. Non-alignment: The main characteristic of India’s foreign policy is non-alignment. India itself is a non-aligned country and so its foreign policy is also based on non-alignment.

2. Opposition to Imperialists and Colonialists: Since India itself remained a victim of British Imperialism, it has always opposed imperialism and colonialism. India regards imperialism to be injurious to world peace as it leads to war. So Indian leaders by visiting other countries and delivering speeches in the U.N. have tried to liberate slave countries from the clutches of imperialistic countries. India has always supported the national movements in the slave countries. Whenever imperialism tried to dominate, India strongly opposed it. When Holland, after the Second World War, tried to overpower Indonesia, India protested against it.

When England and France attacked Egypt to capture the Suez Canal in 1956, India sided with Egypt. In the same way, India strived to liberate countries like Malaya, Algeria, Congo and Morocco. India strongly protested against the United States of America when it tried to overpower Cuba.

3. Opposition to the Policy of Caste, Colour Discrimination, etc. India has always favoured the abolition of the caste system and it has tried to remove caste-ridden policies from the world also. India has consistently raised the question of the treatment of the people of Indian origin in the Union of South Africa and severely condemned the policy of racial segregation followed by the Government of South Africa. India also took up the cause of Negroes in the United States and the non-white population in Rhodesia.

4. Friendly Relations with other States: India is always ready to have friendly relations with other States of the world. India not only improved its friendly ties with Asian countries but with countries of the world also.

5. Unification of Afro-Asian Countries: India tries to unite Asian and African countries to strengthen economic and political relations. India believes that these countries can unitedly oppose colonialism and create an atmosphere for the freedom of other Asian and African countries.

6. Faith in Internationalism: One of the principles of India’s foreign policy is its passion for internationalism. India has full faith in all world organisations such as the U.N., UNESCO, ILO, etc.

7. Importance to the principles of the United Nations: Much importance has been attached to the principles of the United Nations in India’s foreign policy.

8. Respect for Human Rights: On December 10, 1948, the United Nations adopted the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. India has full regard for Human Rights. Almost all the important Human Rights have been included in the Chapters of Fundamental Rights and Directive Principles.

9. India is not Neutral in International Politics: Non-alignment is the very basis of India’s foreign policy but it does not stand for India’s non-participation in international politics. Since India has not joined any group, it adopts the policy of rational judgement. In the words of Pt. Nehru, “We can’t and won’t remain neutral when the freedom is in danger, justice is challenged or invasion is in progress.”

India is partial neither to Russia nor to America. That is why India, like other non-aligned countries, blamed the Soviet Union when the Korean war took place and also held America responsible in the Vietnam war.

10. Panchsheel. Panchsheel is another important contribution of India to international politics. The five principles called ‘Panchsheel’ are as given below:

• Nations should respect each other’s territorial unity and sovereignty.
• No nation should attack another nation.
• No nation should interfere in the internal affairs of another nation.
• All the countries of the world would be considered equal irrespective of all distinctions.
• All the countries should have peaceful and harmonious co-existence.

11. National Consensus: India’s foreign policy is based on a national consensus.

12. Faith in Disarmament: India has full faith in disarmament.

Question 2.
Explain the meaning of Non-alignment and distinguish it from neutrality.
Answer:
The world was divided into two Blocs after the Second World War: One bloc was headed by the United States of America whereas the Second Bloc was led by the Soviet Union. After independence, Pt. Nehru, the architect of India’s foreign policy, adopted non¬alignment as its base. He clearly pointed out that India, because of its manifold internal problems, could not afford to snap its relations with either of the two blocs, rather it needed assistance from both the blocs. A country with newly attained freedom could not interfere in international affairs. So, the policy of non-alignment was highly useful for the interest of India.

Meaning of Non-alignment: Following are the meanings derived from the policy of non-alignment:
1. Firstly, India will remain independent by not joining any group. It will not join even an organisation formed by different countries of the world.

2. The policy of non-alignment is an independent policy. A nation, by adopting it, can evade subordination of any group, and can easily form its opinion about any problem after its thorough analysis.

3. Non-alignment is a policy of peacefulness. In Congress convention held at Jaipur in 1948, it was stated, “The permanent feature of India’s foreign policy should be to have friendly and co-operative relations with all the nations so that it may remain aloof from those agreements which divide the world into opposed Blocs and endanger world peace.”

4. Non-alignment does not mean neutrality in international affairs.

5. India’s policy of non-alignment is a positive one. India wants to bridge the gap between eastern and western ideology. According to Pt. Nehru, “India’s policy of non-alignment doesn’t mean to follow a middle path. It is a positive as well as a creative policy which aims at achieving some objectives and the elimination of hatred and enmity between other countries.”

The distinction between Non-alignment and Neutrality: Non-alignment and Neutrality are two different concepts. The term neutrality refers to a situation in which a state does not take any side in a war. The term neutrality is basically concerned with war-like situations, whereas Non-alignment is concerned with both war and peace situations.

Neutrality is a term essentially used in International Law, whereas Non-alignment is a term basically used in international relations.

Non-alignment does not mean neutrality in international affairs: Pt. Nehru made it clear that non-alignment does not stand for remaining neutral to international problems. In 1949, while addressing American Congress, Pt. Nehru said, “When the freedom could be threatened and justice would be in peril when the security of a State would be jeopardised, we cannot remain indifferent, and we will not remain different, our policy is not one of indifference. Our policy is that there should be active efforts for world-peace and it should be given a firm foundation.”

Neutrality is a concept close to isolationism: Non-alignment does not mean non-involvement. It means non-aligned nations in world affairs.

In short, neutrality is a negative concept in the sense that it helps to avoid taking sides in a war while Non-alignment is a positive concept, in the sense that it affirms positive commitment to an independent foreign policy.

Question 3.
Do you agree with the statement that the foreign policy of independent India has pursued the dream of a peaceful world”? Support your answer with any three suitable arguments.
Answer:
On the basis of the following arguments, we can say that “the foreign policy of independent India has pursued the dream of a peaceful world”.
1. Non-alignment:
Following are the meanings derived from the policy of non-alignment:

1. Firstly, India will remain independent by not joining any group. It will not join even an organisation formed by different countries of the world.
2. The policy of non-alignment is an independent policy. A nation, by adopting it, can evade subordination of any group, and can easily form its opinion about any problem after its thorough analysis.
3. Non-alignment is a policy of peacefulness. In Congress convention held at Jaipur in 1948, it was stated, “The permanent feature of India’s foreign policy should be to have friendly and co-operative relations with all the nations so that it may remain aloof from those agreements which divide the world into opposed Blocs and endanger world peace.”
4. Non-alignment does not mean neutrality in international affairs.
5. India’s policy of non-alignment is a positive one. India wants to bridge the gap between eastern and western ideology. According to Pt. Nehru, “India’s policy of non-alignment doesn’t mean to follow a middle path. It is a positive as well as a creative policy which aims at achieving some objectives and the elimination of hatred and enmity between other countries.”

2. Away from the Cold War: During the Cold War era, India’s foreign policy was based on the principle of non-alignment. It was long before India became free, Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru, who in charge of External Affairs in the Interim government, had declared Independent India would keep away from power blocs. In 1946, he declared again that India would follow an independent foreign policy.

He said, “We propose as far as possible, to keep away from the power politics of groups, aligned against one another, which have led in the past to world wars and which may again lead to disaster on an even wider scale.” It was, however, after the attainment of independence by India with unique historical experience, geographical situation, and two perceptions of its national interest by enlightened leadership that non-alignment as a policy came to occupy an important position in international relations.

3. Away from the military organisation: India did not join either of the two superpowers in the military organisation known as NATO and Warsaw Pact.

Question 4.
Examine the efforts taken by Jawaharlal Nehru for the promotion of Afro-Asian Unity.
Answer:
Following are the efforts taken by Jawaharlal Nehru for the promotion of Afro-Asian Unity.

1. Pt. Jawahar Lai Nehru was marked by the establishment of contacts between India and newly independent states of Asia and Africa.
2. Nehru was an ardent advocate of Asian Unity and under his leadership, India convened the Asian Relations Conference in March 1947.
3. Efforts were made by India for the freedom of Indonesia from the clutches of the Dutch regime and in support of Indonesia’s freedom, India arranged an international conference in 1949.
4. India firmly opposed racism apartheid in South Africa.
5. India participated and co-operated in Afro-Asian conference held in the Indonesian city of Bandung in 1955.
6. Pt. Nehru a co-founder of the NAM-Non Aligned Movement and its first summit was held in Belgrade in September 1961.

Question 5.
Give any three suitable arguments in favour of India being a staunch supporter of the decolonisation process and in firm opposition to racialism.
Answer:
The following argument will be given in support of India being a staunch supporter of the decolonisation process and in firm opposition to racialism:

1. Opposition to Imperialists and Colonialists.
2. The opposition of the Policy of Carte, colour discrimination etc.
3. Unification of Afro-Asian countries.

Note: For a detailed explanation,
(The basic elements of India’s foreign policy today are the same what they were previously. The only difference is that idealism was emphasised more in the age of Nehru whereas realism got the upper hand in the Shastri-era. But a fine combination of idealism and realism in India’s foreign policy has been witnessed under the leadership of Mrs Gandhi.
Following are the features of India’s foreign policy:
1. Non-alignment: The main characteristic of India’s foreign policy is non-alignment. India itself is a non-aligned country and so its foreign policy is also based on non-alignment.

2. Opposition to Imperialists and Colonialists: Since India itself remained a victim of British Imperialism, it has always opposed imperialism and colonialism. India regards imperialism to be injurious to world peace as it leads to war. So Indian leaders by visiting other countries and delivering speeches in the U.N. have tried to liberate slave countries from the clutches of imperialistic countries. India has always supported the national movements in the slave countries. Whenever imperialism tried to dominate, India strongly opposed it. When Holland, after the Second World War, tried to overpower Indonesia, India protested against it.

When England and France attacked Egypt to capture the Suez Canal in 1956, India sided with Egypt. In the same way, India strived to liberate countries like Malaya, Algeria, Congo and Morocco. India strongly protested against the United States of America when it tried to overpower Cuba.

3. Opposition to the Policy of Caste, Colour Discrimination, etc. India has always favoured the abolition of the caste system and it has tried to remove caste-ridden policies from the world also. India has consistently raised the question of the treatment of the people of Indian origin in the Union of South Africa and severely condemned the policy of racial segregation followed by the Government of South Africa. India also took up the cause of Negroes in the United States and the non-white population in Rhodesia.

4. Friendly Relations with other States: India is always ready to have friendly relations with other States of the world. India not only improved its friendly ties with Asian countries but with countries of the world also.

5. Unification of Afro-Asian Countries: India tries to unite Asian and African countries to strengthen economic and political relations. India believes that these countries can unitedly oppose colonialism and create an atmosphere for the freedom of other Asian and African countries.

6. Faith in Internationalism: One of the principles of India’s foreign policy is its passion for internationalism. India has full faith in all world organisations such as the U.N., UNESCO, ILO, etc.

7. Importance to the principles of the United Nations: Much importance has been attached to the principles of the United Nations in India’s foreign policy.

8. Respect for Human Rights: On December 10, 1948, the United Nations adopted the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. India has full regard for Human Rights. Almost all the important Human Rights have been included in the Chapters of Fundamental Rights and Directive Principles.

9. India is not Neutral in International Politics: Non-alignment is the very basis of India’s foreign policy but it does not stand for India’s non-participation in international politics. Since India has not joined any group, it adopts the policy of rational judgement. In the words of Pt. Nehru, “We can’t and won’t remain neutral when the freedom is in danger, justice is challenged or invasion is in progress.”

India is partial neither to Russia nor to America. That is why India, like other non-aligned countries, blamed the Soviet Union when the Korean war took place and also held America responsible in the Vietnam war.

10. Panchsheel: Panchsheel is another important contribution of India to international politics. The five principles called ‘Panchsheel’ are as given below:

1. Nations should respect each other’s territorial unity and sovereignty.
2. No nation should attack another nation.
3. No nation should interfere in the internal affairs of another nation.
4. All the countries of the world would be considered equal irrespective of all distinctions.
5. All the countries should have peaceful and harmonious co-existence.

11. National Consensus: India’s foreign policy is based on a national consensus.
12. Faith in Disarmament: India has full faith in disarmament. )

Question 6.
Analyse the impact on Sino-Indian relations since 1962 onwards.
Answer:
Before the twentieth century, there was a limited political and cultural interaction between India and China. Till 1962, the relations between the two countries were not very strained. China attacked India on 20 October 1962 over a border dispute. China declared a unilateral ceasefire on 21 November 1962. By waging a war, China was able to capture thousands of miles of Indian territory which is still under Chinese possession.

Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru’s policy of ‘Peace’ was badly affected: Sino-Indian war of 1962 gave a negative impact on ‘Sino-Indian relations.’ China who gave the slogan of ‘Hindi Chini Bhai Bhai’ actually stabbed in the back of India and from that day the relations between India and China got strained. India, now, no more have faith in China. On the other hand, Beijing and Karachi established diplomatic relations. 1963 Pakistan cedes the trans-Karakoram tract to China, ending border disputes. China was showing protective and co-operative attitude towards Pakistan.

However, in 1976, Indo-China relations slightly improved. In 1976, Mr K.R. Narayanan and in 1978 and 1979, Mr Atal Behari Vajpayee visited China as ambassadors of peace and friendship. In 1988, Prime Minister Mr Rajiv Gandhi’s visit to China started a new era in Indo-China relations and diplomatic visits cultural exchange, co-operation in science and technology as well as trade relations made by both the countries further improved the relations of the two countries.

Question 7.
How far has India been successful in conducting its foreign policy peacefully and avoiding international conflicts? Explain with the help of examples.
Answer:
In 1947 India won independence and joined comity of sovereign states and thereby qualified to participate as an actor in international politics and relations. The first prime minister of India Pt. Nehru left a deep impact on the foreign policy of India. Since independence, India is trying to conducting its foreign policy peacefully and avoiding inter-national conflicts. After the second world war, the whole world was divided into two major groups.

But India tactfully refused to be the member of any group and followed the policy of Non-alignment-means not to be aligned with or against any major power bloc. India always sided with truth-it may be Afghan problem or crises of Suez Canal. Both the big bloc’s US and USSR tried to have a friendly relation with India. India co-operated with all peace-loving nations and with the United Nations to promote international peace and prosperity without exploitation of one nation by another. India also gives full support to the principle of freedom of dependent peoples and opposition to racial discrimination in any form or kind.

Question 8.
Evaluate the impact of the Chinese invasion of 1962 indenting India’s image at home and abroad both.
Answer:
The Chinese invasion of 1962 indenting India’s image at home and abroad can be evaluated in the following way:-

1. India had to approach the Americans and the British for military assistance to tide over the crises.
2. During the conflict, the Soviet Union remained neutral.
3. No-doubt, it induced a sense of humiliation. On the other hand, it also strengthened a spirit of nationalism among Indians.
4. Some of the top army commanders either resigned or were retired.
5. Then Defence Minister V. Krishna Menon resigned from the cabinet.
6. A no-confidence motion was moved against the government for the first time. Nehru’s own stature suffered a lot as he was criticised for his defence and foreign policy.

Question 9.
Read the following passage j carefully and answer the following | questions:

When India conducted its first nuclear test, it was termed as a peaceful explosion. India argued that it was committed to the policy of using nuclear power only for peaceful purposes. The period when the nuclear test was conducted was a difficult period in domestic politics. Following the Arab-Israel War of 1973, the entire world was affected by the Oil Shock due to the massive hike in the oil prices by the Arab nations. It led to the economic turmoil in India resulting in high inflation.
(i) When did India conduct its first nuclear test and why?
Answer:
India conducted its first nuclear test in 1974. India argued that it was committed to the policy of using nuclear power only for peaceful purposes.

(ii) Why was the period, when the nuclear test was conducted in India, considered to be a difficult period in domestic politics?
Answer:
The period when the nuclear test was conducted was a difficult period in the domestic politics of India. Due to the Arab-Israel War of 1973, the whole world was affected by the Oil-shock, which caused the massive hike in the oil-prices by the Arab-nations. This led to the economic turmoil in India also.

(iii) Which international event of the 1970s was responsible for high inflation in India?
Answer:
The Arab-Israel War of the 1970s caused the massive hike in the oil prices by the Arab nations was responsible for high inflation in India.

Question 10.
Two development strained this relationship. China annexed Tibet in 1950 and thus removed a historical buffer between the two countries. Initially, the government of India did not oppose this openly. But as more information came in about the suppression of Tibetan culture, the Indian government grew uneasy. The Tibetan spiritual leader, the Dalai Lama, sought and obtained political asylum in India in 1959. China alleged that the government of India was allowing anti-China activities to take place from within India.

Read the above passage carefully and answer the following questions:

(i) What is meant by Tiistorical buffer?
Answer:
Buffer State which is weak and which is situated between two large and unfriendly nations. The function of such a buffer State is to keep the large unfriendly powers apart and thus minimise the chances of war between them.” Poland was a buffer State between Russia and Germany.

(ii) Why didn’t the Government of India oppose the annexation of Tibet by China?
Answer:
The government of India did not oppose the annexation of Tibet by China, because India government did not want to hamper its relations with China.

(iii) How far was it justified on the part of India to grant political asylum to the Dalai Lama and thousands of Tibetan refugees?
Answer:
It is justified on the part of India to grant political asylum to the Dalai Lama and thousands of Tibetan refugees because the information came in about the suppression of Tibetan culture by China.

In This Post we are  providing  CHAPTER 14 CHALLENGES TO AND RESTORATION OF CONGRESS SYSTEM NCERT MOST IMPORTANT QUESTIONS for Class 12 POLITICAL SCIENCE PART-B POLITICS IN INDIA SINCE INDEPENDENCE which will be beneficial for students. These solutions are updated according to 2021-22 syllabus. These MCQS  can be really helpful in the preparation of Board exams and will provide you with a brief knowledge of the chapter.

NCERT MOST IMPORTANT QUESTIONS ON CHALLENGES TO AND RESTORATION OF CONGRESS SYSTEM

Question 1.
Analyse the issue ‘India vs the Syndicate’; What type of challenges did the issue pose before Indira Gandhi?
Answer:
Syndicates refer to a group of influential, powerful and leading leaders of Congress. They had real organisational power with them.

They played crucial in the establishment of Shastri and Indira Gandhi as Prime Minister. Indira Gandhi sought their support to come into power. It was expected that after installation, Indira Gandhi would follow their advice.

Their advise proved to be crucial in Indira’s Cabinet members selection and in the formation and implementation of policies. But situation changed and Indira’s negligent behaviour towards syndicates annoyed them. Polarisation between them increased, finally, leading to split, Congress split into two parts. Syndicate lead Congress was named Congress (O) and Indira Gandhi led Congress was named Congress (R).

But after split syndicate led Congress claimed that real organisational power vested in them. They were the think tank and real decision-makers. In 1971 elections, it became clear that still Indira Gandhi possessed the real power and Congress prestige.

Question 2.
Examine the major changes that the country witnessed at the time of fourth general election in 1967.
Answer:
The expression ‘Aaya Ram, Gaya Ram’ became popular in the political vocabulary in India to describe the practice of frequent floor-crossing by legislators. The phrase became the subject of numerous jokes and cartoons. Ultimately, the Constitution was amended to prevent defections.

Impact on the Indian political system are as follows :

• It leads to instability within a political party.
• It promotes political opportunism in political system.
• It erodes the faith, and trust of common in political system.
• It causes instable government.

Question 3.
Analyse the circumstances that favoured Indira Gandhi to become Prime Minister after the death of Lai Bahadur Shastri. Mention any four achievements of Indira Gandhi that made her popular as a Prime Minister.
Answer:
Congress faced the challenge of political succession again on 10th January 1966, Shastri’s Prime Ministership came to an abrupt end when he suddenly expired in Tashkent. The senior leaders of the party decided to support Indira Gandhi. However, the decision was not unanimous. There was intense contest between Morarji Desai and Indira Gandhi. The contest was resolved through a secret ballot among the MP’s of the Congress. Indira Gandhi got the support of more than two-thirds of the congress party’s MP’s.

The six factors that led to the popularity of Indira Gandhi’s Government in early 1970’s were :

• Her socialist approach worked in her favour and her ideas like land reform and land ceiling legislation as well.
• Her slogan ‘garibi hatao’ was the need of that time. People took it positively and supported her.
• Her support for the growth of public sector, removal of inequality in income and opportunity and abolition of privy purse gained popularity.
• Through, ‘garibi hatao’ she became popular among Dalits, disadvantaged, women, minority etc.
• 1971 war added to her popularity. She managed the political and economic affair of that time effectively. She was admired by opposition also.
• She was seen as a protector of poor and a strong and capable national leader.

Question 4.
Explain any three causes of the split in the Congress Party in 1969.
Answer:
The six factors responsible for the split of the Congress party in 1969 were as follows:

1. In 1967 elections, the Congress lost power in many states, the result proved that the Congress could be defeated at the elections.
2. The political tension inside Congress over the insettled question of relation between its ministerial and organisation wings became more pronounce.
3. Indira Gandhi sidelined from the ‘Syndicate’, a group of powerful and influential leader within the Congress. She chose her trusted group of advisors from outside the party.
4. Indira Gandhi adopted a radical ten-point programme which include social control of banks, nationalisation of 14 private banks, abolition of the privy purse and land reforms.
5. Presidential selection of 1969 bring out factional rivalry between the Syndicate and Indira Gandhi. In the election, W Giri was elected as president of India defeating the official candidate N. Sanjeeva Reddy.
6. This election formalised the split in the Congress Prime Minister was expelled. There was a vertical split in Congress which created Congress (O) and Congress (R).

Question 5.
Assess any three challenges that the Congress Party had to face during the period from 1964 to 1971.
Answer:
The three challenges that the Congress Party had to face during the period from 1964 to 1971 were :
1. Political succession After Nehru, who would be the leader. Some outsiders had doubts that Indian democracy will not survive meanwhile party President K Kamraj, suggested Lai Bahadur Shastri’s name as the Prime Minister, thus he became the second Prime Minister of India.

After an abrupt end of Shastri led to challenge of political succession. This time there was intense competition between Morarji Desai and Indira Gandhi.
Finally, Indira Gandhi became the Prime Minister. She set out to gain control over the party and to demostrate her leadership skills.

2. Emergence of non-Congressism Opposition parties realised that the division of their votes kept the Congress in power. So that they joined together to form anti-Congress fronts. This strategy was named as non-Congressism by Ram Manohar Lohia.

The result of 1967 elections jolted the Congress at both centre and state levels. Many elite leaders of Congress parties came together to form joint legislative parties (Samyukt Vidhayak Dal). In most of the State Congress lost and coalition government was formed.

3. Split in the Congress Indira Gandhi had to face internal challenge that was syndicate, a group of influential Congress leaders who were in control of the party’s organisation. Gradually she attempted to assert her position within the government and the party. She chose her trusted group of advisers from outside the party.

Slowly and carefully she sidelined the ‘Syndicate’. Meanwhile President of India Dr Zakir Hussain was dead, the post of president fell vacant. Despite of Mrs. Gandhi reservations, the syndicate nominated N Sanjeeva Reedy’s name as President. But Indira Gandhi supported

4. Giri as an independent candidate. The election ultimately, resulted in the victory of W Giri and the defeat of Sanjeeva Reddy the official congress candidate.
The defeat of the official Congress candidate formalised the split in the party Congress (O) was syndicate supported party and Congress (R) was Indira Gandhi party.

Question 6.
Mention any six steps taken for the restoration of dominance of the Congress Party after the 1971 elections,
OR
“With two successive election victories at the centre as well as in the states in 1971, the dominant position of the Congress Party was restored.” Do you agree? State any three arguments in support of your answer.
Answer:
The factors responsible for the restoration of the Congress Party after its split in 1969 were :
1. Abolition of privy purse The Government of India tried to bring a Constitutional Amendment in 1970 to abolish privy purse. Because Indira Gandhi supported the demand of abolishing privy purses. After 1971 elections the Constitution was amended to remove legal obstacles for abolition of privy purse.

2. Garibi hatao After spliting, the new Congress had some positive agenda. Indira Gandhi said that the opposition alliance had only one comsmon programme i.e. Indira hatao. In contrast to this, she put forward positive programme captured in the famous slogan: garibi hatao.

Through it, she tried to generate a support base among the disadvantaged especially among the landless labourers, Dalits and Adivasis, minorities, women and the unemployed youth. The slogan garibi hatao gave her a strong independent nationwide political support base.

3. Major policy initiative She launched a series of initiatives to give the government policy a left orientation. She got the Congress Working Committee do adopt a Ten Point Programme. This programme induded social control of banks, nationalisation of general insurance, ceiling on urban property and income, public distribution of food grains, land reforms and provision of house sites to the rural poor,

4. 1971’s war The crisis in East Pakistan and the Indo-Pak War led to the establishment of Bangladesh. Indira Gandhi’s statemenship was admired. She was seen not only protector but also a strong nationalist leader.

Question 7.
Evaluate any three factors which were responsible for Indira Gandhi’s achieving a thumping majority in 1971 Lok Sabha elections.
Answer:
The 1971 elections were a political fight between Congress (R) and non-Congress and non-Communist parties. Congress (O) was just a part of it. It was believed that Congress (O) had real organisational strength of Congress party. Congress opposition parties formed an electoral alliance called as the Grand Alliance.

Grand Alliance were SSP, PSP, Bharatiya Jana Sangh, Swatantra Party and the Bhartiya Kranti Dal. Major objective behind the formation of Grand Alliance was to prevent Indira Gandhi to form a government. Now in 1971 elections, Indira Gandhi had to face a strong opposition from outside parties and a split part of Congress.

The three factors which were responsible for thumping majority of Indira Gandhi’s Government in 1971 Lok Sabha elections were :

1. Indira Gandhi gave the slogan of ‘Garibi Hatao’ and it was her main agenda. The opponents have no such agenda for people. They gave slogan of ‘Indira Hatao’. People because influenced with the agenda of Indira Gandhi and gave her majority votes.
2. Indira Gandhi noticed the need for the increase in growth of public sector and removal of difference of income. In election publicity, she ensured people for bringing all this. People became inspired by her vision and supported her.
3. The opponents formed the Grand alliance against Indira Gandhi to defeat her. This was also a prominent factor which persuaded voters to vote her.

Question 8.
Examine the main factors responsible for the rise and fall of the Congress Party’s dominance in India.
Answer:
The main factors responsible for the rise of Congress Party’s dominance were :

1. Congress had inherited the legacy from national movement. It was the only party to have an organisation spread all over the country.
2. Congress also had the most popular and charismatic leaders like Jawahar Lai Nehru, Shastri and Indira Gandhi who made Congress to dominate the Indian politics.

The main factors responsible for the fall of Congress Party’s dominance were:
1. Since 1969, the Congress party had starting shedding its character as an umbrella party which accommodated leaders and workers of different ideological dispensations and view points. The Congress party now identified itself with a particular ideology, claiming to be the only socialist and pro-poor party.

Thus with the early nineteen seventies, the Congress’s political success depended on attracting people on the basis of sharp social and ideological divisions and the appeal of one leader, Indira Gandhi.

2. With the change in the nature of the Congress party, other opposition parties relied more and more on what is known in Indian politics as ‘non-Congressism’. They also realised the need to avoid division of non-congress votes in the election. This factor played a major role in the elections on 1977.

3. In an indirect manner, the issue of welfare of the backward castes also began to dominate politics since 1977.
The results of 1977 elections were at least partly due to a shift among the backward castes of North India.

4. Following the Lok Sabha elections, many states also held Assembly elections in 1977. Again, the Northern States elected non-Congress governments in which the leaders of the backward castes played an important role.

5. The Emergency and the period around it can be described as a period of constitutional crisis because it had its origins in the constitutional battle over the jurisdiction of the Parliament. On the other hand, it was also a period of political crisis. It was one of the prominent cause for the fall of the Congress Party’s dominance.

Question 9.
Examine the factors which helped W Giri to become the President of India.
Answer:
The factors which helped W Giri to become the President of India were :

• The death of Zakir Hussain led the post of President vacant.
• The syndicates nominated the then Lok Sabha Speaker N Sanjeeva Reddy as official candidate of Congress for President’s post even after Indira’s reluctance.
• In order to answer them, she encouraged W Giri, the then Vice-President to file nomination as an independent candidate.
• At the same time she announced several new and big policies like nationalisation of fourteen leading private banks, abolition of privy purse etc. Morarji Desai, the then Finance Minister and Deputy Prime Minister, disagreed with Indira and left the party.
• The then Congress President Nijalingappa asked all the Congress MPs and MLAs to support Sanjeeva Reddy, the official candidate and issued whip.
• A special meeting of AICC was to held by Indira Gandhi’s supporter, but this was refused.
• Though Indira Gandhi was silently supporting W Giri, she openly announced for a conscience vote.
• Result announced the victory of W Giri, after the defeat of Congress Party’s official candidate, split in Congress was formalised.

Picture Based Question

Question 10.
Study the picture given below and answer the questions that follows.

(i) To which year does the cartoon refer?
(ii) Name the person for whom this comment Anya Ram Gaya Ram’ was made,
Answer:
(i) Given cartoon refers to the year of 1967 when defection become a important feature of Indian politics,
(ii) The comment ‘Aaya Ram, Gaya Ram’ was made to refer Gaya Lai, an MLA from Haryana who changed his party thrice in a fortnight.

In This Post we are  providing  CHAPTER 15 THE CRISIS OF DEMOCRATIC ORDER NCERT MCQ for Class 12 POLITICAL SCIENCE PART-B POLITICS IN INDIA SINCE INDEPENDENCE which will be beneficial for students. These solutions are updated according to 2021-22 syllabus. These MCQS  can be really helpful in the preparation of Board exams and will provide you with a brief knowledge of the chapter

NCERT MCQ ON THE CRISIS OF DEMOCRATIC ORDER

1. Shah Commission was appointed to inquire

(a) abuse of authority during emergency.(b) domestic violence.(c) child labour.(d) conditions of dalits

.► (a) abuse of authority during emergency.

2. The ”state of emergency” was declared on

(a) 13th May, 1971.(b) 23rd May, 1972.(c) 25th June, 1975.(d) 11th March, 1975.

► (c) 25th June, 1975.

3. The Prime Minister of India during 1977-79 was

(a) Indira Gandhi.(b) Charan Singh.(c) Chandra Shekhar.(d) Morarji Desai

► (d) Morarji Desai

4. The Janata Party made which election into a referendum on the Emergency?

(a) 1977(b) 1980(c) 1971(d) 1984

► (a) 1977

5. Mandal Commission was set up for the issue of

(a) reservation of other backward classes.(b) temple conflict.(c) welfare of women.(d) child labour

.► (a) reservation of other backward classes

.6. The Bihar movement was led by

(a) Charu Majumdar.(b) J. P. Narayan.(c) Morarji Desai.(d) C. Natarajan.

► (b) J. P. Narayan.

7. Who left Congress party and founded Bharatiya Kranti Dal in 1967?

(a) Sanjay Gandhi(b) Jagjivan Ram(c) Chaudhary Charan Singh(d) Morarji Desai

► (c) Chaudhary Charan Singh

8. After 1977 general elections, which government which came into power?

(a) Bharatiya Jana Sangh.(b) Congress.(c) Janata Party.(d) Socialist Party.

► (c) Janata Party.

9. The Bihar Movement in 1974 was led by

(a) Charu Majumdar.(b) Jayaprakash Narayan.(c) Morarji Desai.(d) C. Natarajan

.► (b) Jayaprakash Narayan.

10. Congress was defeated in the lok sabha elections of

(a) January 1975.(b) February 1976.(c) March 1977.(d) April 1977

.► (c) March 1977.

11. When JP led a peoples’ march to the Parliament?

(a) 1975.(b) 1976.(c) 1977.(d) 1978.

► (a) 1975.

12. Find the odd one out in the context of proclamation of Emergency.

(a) The call for ‘Total Revolution’(b) The Railway Strike of 1974(c) The Naxalite Movement(d) The Allahabad High Court Verdict

► (c) The Naxalite Movement

13. Through which Article of the Constitution, government declared emergency in 1975?

(a) Article 350(b) Article 351(c) Article 352(d) Article 354

► (c) Article 352

14. Railway strike of 1974 was called by ________ led by George Fernandes

.(a) National Coordination Committee(b) National Coordination Corporation(c) National Coordination Call(d) National Coordination Association

► (a) National Coordination Committee

15 : In which year internal emergency was declared by Smt. Indira Gandhi?
(a) 1965(b) 1971(c) 1975(d) 1980

► (c) 1975

In This Post we are  providing  CHAPTER 13 INDIA’S EXTERNAL RELATIONS NCERT MCQ for Class 12 POLITICAL SCIENCE PART-B POLITICS IN INDIA SINCE INDEPENDENCE which will be beneficial for students. These solutions are updated according to 2021-22 syllabus. These MCQS  can be really helpful in the preparation of Board exams and will provide you with a brief knowledge of the chapter

NCERT MCQ ON INDIA’S EXTERNAL RELATION

Question 1 : Expand NEFA.

(a) North Eastern Far Agency

(b) North Eastern Frontier Agency

(c) North Eastern Fullest Agency

(d) North Eastern Farther Agency 

Answer :  B

Question 2 : Apartheid is the practice of

(a) religious discrimination.

(b) racial discrimination.

(c) linguistic differences.

(d) human behaviour. 

Answer :  B
Question 3: Bandung Conference was held in the year:
(a) 1954
(b) 1955
(c) 1956
(d) 1957

 Answer :  B

Question 4: After second World War, the world was divided into the blocks of

(a) U.S.A and U.K.

(b) USSR and China.

(c) Japan and Korea.

(d) U.S.A and USSR. 

Answer :  D

Question 5: The Architect of Non-alignment is:
(a) Pt. Nehru
(b) Indira Gandhi
(c) Y. B. Chavan
(d) Atal Behari Vajpayee

 Answer :  A

Question 6 : Why Britain attacked Egypt in 1956?

(a) over Suez Canal issue

(b)not over Suzhou Canal issue

(c) over Panama Canal issue

(d) over Bruges Canal issue 

Answer :  A

Question 7 : The basis of India’s foreign policy is
(a) non-alignment
(b) promoting US bloc
(c) promoting USSR bloc
(d) aligning with China 

Answer :  A

Question 8 : Non – Alliance means
(a) Being neutral
(b) Freedom to decide on issues independently
(c) Demilitarisation
(d) None of the above  

Answer :  B

Question 9 : China made a sudden attack on India in:
(a) August 1962
(b) September 1962
(c) October 1962
(d) September 1965 Answer :  C
Question 10 : Which conference marked the zenith of India’s engagement with the newly independent Asian and African nations?
(a) Bandung Conference
(b) Singapore Conference
(c) Egyptian Conference
(d) Malaysian Conference Answer :  A

Question 11 : The first Summit of non alignment (NAM) was held in Belgrade in (1960/1961/1962) 
(a) 1960
(b) 1961
(c) 1962

Answer : B

Question 12 : The Panchsheel agreement was signed between India and
(a) Pakistan
(b) China
(c) USA

Answer : China

Question 13 : The Kargil conflict went on during May and June
(a) 1998
(b) 1999
(c) 2000

Answer : 1999

Question 14 : The Janata Party government came to power in
(a) 1976
(b) 1977
(c) 1978

Answer : 1977

Question 15 : Which article of Indian constitution directs to adopt foreign policy?
(a) Article 50
(b) Article 51
(c) Article 52
(d) Article 53

Answer :  B 

In This Post we are  providing  CHAPTER 14 CHALLENGES TO AND RESTORATION OF CONGRESS SYSTEM NCERT MCQ for Class 12 POLITICAL SCIENCE PART-B POLITICS IN INDIA SINCE INDEPENDENCE which will be beneficial for students. These solutions are updated according to 2021-22 syllabus. These MCQS  can be really helpful in the preparation of Board exams and will provide you with a brief knowledge of the chapter

NCERT MCQ ON CHALLENGES TO AND RESTORATION OF CONGRESS SYSTEM

Question 1 : The Indian leader who gave the slogan “Garibi hatao” was

(a) Lal Bahadur shastri

.(b) Indira Gandhi.

(c) Jawaharlal Nehru.

(d) B.R. Ambedkar. 

Answer :  B

Answer 2:  Question : The chairman of drafting committee of the Constituent Assembly was
(a) Lal Bahadur shastri.
(b) Indira Gandhi.
(c) Jawaharlal Nehru.
(d) Dr. B.R. Ambedkar

. Answer :  D

Question 3 : The Congress Socialist party was founded by

(a) B. R. Ambedkar.

(b) Jawaharlal Nehru.

(c) Indira Gandhi.

(d) Ram Manohar Lohia. 

Answer :  D

Question 4 : Who was the founder of the Congress Socialist Party?
(a) C. Natarajan Amadurai
(b) K. Kamraj
(c) Ram Manohar Lohia
(d) S. Nijalingappa

 Answer :  C

Question 5: Use of English language was strongly opposed by the

(a) Gulzari Lal Nanda.

(b) J. L. Nehru.

(c) Charan Singh.

(d) Karpoori Thakur. 

Answer :  D

Question 6 : Which of the following statement about the Grand Alliance of 1971 is correct?
The Grand Alliance
(a) was formed by non- Communist, non- Congress parties.
(b) had a clear political and ideological programme.
(c) was formed by all non- Congress parties.

 Answer :   A

Question 7: After the death of Shastri, there was an intense competition between Indira Gandhi and
(a) Ram Manohar Lohia
(b) K. Kamraj.
(c) Morarji Desai.
(d) Karpoori Thakur. 

Answer :  C

Question 8 : Which of these statements about the 1967 election is are correct ?
(a) Congress won the Lok Sabha elections but lost the Assembly elections in many states.
(b) Congress lost both Lok Sabha and Assembly elections.
(c) Congress lost majority in the Lok Sabha but formed a coalition government with the support of some other parties.
(d) Congress retained power at the Center with an increased majority.

 Answer :    A

Question 9 : In 1971 General Election the opposition parties formed an alliance against congress. Identify the alliance.
(a) National DemocraticAlliance
(b) Great Alliance
(c) GrandAlliance
(d) United Progressive Alliance
Answer :  C

Question 10 : The fifth general election to Lok Sabha were held in _______.

 (a) October 1970

(b) November 1970

(c) January 1971

(d) February 1971 

Answer :  D

Question 11 : Which of these statements about the 1967 elections is/are correct?
(a) Congress won the Lok Sabha elections but lost the Assembly election in many states.
(b) Congress lost both Lok Sabha and Assembly elections.
(c) Congress lost the majority in the Lok Sabha but formed a coalition government with the support of some other parties.
(d) Congress retained power at the Centre with an increased majority.

 Answer : A

Question 12 : Prime Minister Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru passed away in:
(a) January 1964
(b) May 1965
(c) March 1964
(d) May 1964

 Answer :  D

Question 13 : Who was the founder of the Congress Socialist Party?
(a) C. Natarajan Amadurai
(b) K. Kamraj
(c) Ram Manohar Lohia
(d) S. Nijalingappa.

 Answer :  C

Question 14 : One of the following Prime Ministers proposed the slogan ‘Jai Jawan, Jai Kisan’. Identify the Prime Minister.
(a) Indira Gandhi.
(b) Jawaharlal Nehru
(c) Lai Bahadur Sastri
(d) Morarji Desai
Answer :   C

Question 15 : The factional rivalry between the Syndicate and Indira Gandhi came in the open
(a) Presidential Election, 1969
(b) Parliamentary Election, 1969
(c) State Election, 1969
(d) None of the above 

Answer :  A

In This Post we are  providing  CHAPTER 10 CHALLENGES IN NATION BUILDINGNCERT MOST IMPORTANT QUESTIONS for Class 12 POLITICAL SCIENCE PART-B POLITICS IN INDIA SINCE INDEPENDENCE which will be beneficial for students. These solutions are updated according to 2021-22 syllabus. These MCQS  can be really helpful in the preparation of Board exams and will provide you with a brief knowledge of the chapter.

NCERT MOST IMPORTANT QUESTIONS ON CHALLENGES IN NATION BUILDING

Question 1.
Describe how the princely states of Manipur and Junagadh acceded to India.
Answer:
Accession of Manipur After the independence in 1947, MAllaraja of Manipur Bodhachandra Singh, signed the Instrument of Accession with Indian Union on the assurance that the internal autonomy of Manipur would be maintained. Under the pressure of people of Manipur, MAllaraja held the election in June, 1948 and state became a constitutional monarchy.

Thus, Manipur was the first state to hold an election on the basis of adult franchise. The legislators of the regional parties of Manipur did not want to merge with India but state Congress wanted to.

Government of India pressurised the Manipur MAllaraja and succeeded to do so. MAllaraja accepted the agreement and signed it without consulting the Legislative Assembly. This led to lot of anger and resentment in Manipur, the repercussions of which are still being felt.

Accession of Junagadh In case of Junagadh, the Nawab of Junagadh wanted to merge with Pakistan or wanted to remain independent. The people of Junagadh wanted to merge with Indian Union. This lead to several events and also a plebiscits which resulted in the integration of Junagadh into India.

The successful negotiations brought many states to sign Instrument of Accession which means that states wanted to accept the sovereignty of India.

Question 2.
Analyse any six consequences of the partition of India in 1947.
Answer:
Muslim League advanced ‘Two-Nation Theory’ which advocated India consisted of not one but two ‘people’, Hindus and Muslims. That is why Muslim League demanded Pakistan, a separate country for the Muslims. The two main causes of partition in 1947 were as follows :

• Political competition between the Congress and the Muslim League.
• The role of Britishers in dividing the Hindus and Muslims by their policy of ‘divide and rule’.

The consequences of partition of India in 1947 are as follows:
1. Division of provinces according to majority The implementation of partition was very difficult because there was no single belt of Muslims majority in British India. The concentration of Muslims were in Punjab which was in the West and Bengal which was in East. The problems lied in these areas as concentration of non-Muslims were more. Therefore, it was decided that these two provinces would be bifurcated according to the majority at the district or even lower level.

2. Exploitation of minorities Further there were problems with the minorities on both side of the borders, they were easily targeted and there was no option except to leave their own land and homes and go across the border.

This transfer is said to be most abrupt, largest and unplanned transfer known in the human history. There were killings and atrocities on both sides of border in the name of religion. The minorities on both sides fled from their homes and often secured temporary shelter in refugee camps. Even they were not safe in refugee camps so, they travelled to the other side by all means railways, roads and by foot.

3. Exploitation of women During this journey, women were oftf n attacked and killed. Women were abdi cted and raped and also forcefully conve :ted to other religion. Therefore, family members killed their girls and women. 80 lakh people migrated across the new border and between 5 to 10 lakh people were killed during partition. Thus, partition of India established the deep trauma within minds of the citizens.

4. Problem with refugee Those who did manage to cross the border found that they had no home. For lakhs of these ‘refugees’ the country’s freedom meant life in ‘refugees camps’, for months and sometimes for years.

5. Administrative failure There were competing political interests behind communal conflicts. The Muslim league was formed to protect the interests of the Muslims in colonial India. It was in the forefront of the demand for a separate Muslim nation. Similarly there were organisations, which were trying to organise the Hindus in order to turn India into a Hindu nation. This situation led to administrative failure in the country.

6. Distribution of financial assets The financial assets and things like tables, chairs, typewriters, paper-clips, books and also musical instruments of the police band were divided. The employees of the government and the railways were also ‘divided’. It was a violent separation of communities who had hitherto to lived together as neighbours.

Question 3.
“The accommodation of regional demands and the formation of linguistic states were also seen as more democratic.” Justify the statement with any three suitable arguments.
Answer:
This statement can be justified by following three arguments:

1. Regional aspirations are very much a part of democratic politics. Expression of regional issues is not an aberration or an abnormal phenomenon. A large and diverse democracy like India must deal with regional aspirations on a regular basis.
2. The best way to respond to regional aspirations is through democratic negotiations rather than through suppression.
3. Regional imbalance in economic development contributes to the feeling of regional discrimination. Regional imbalance is a fact of India’s development experience.

Question 4.
How did the reorganisation of states take place in India after its independence? Explain.
Answer:
State Reorganisation Commission The formation of Andhra Pradesh spurred the struggle for making of other states on linguistic basis in other parts of the country. These struggle forced the Central Government into appointing a States Reorganisation Commission in 1953 to look into

Recommendations of State Reorganisation Commission were :

1. To look into the question of redrawing of the boundaries of states.
2. This commission in its report accepted that the boundaries of the state should reflect the boundaries different languages. On the basis of its report the States Reorganisation Act was passed in 1956.

Process and the basis of Reorganisation of States of Indian Union After partition the challenge was to draw the internal boundaries of the Indian states. The boundaries had to be drawn in a way so that the linguistic and cultural plurality of the country could be reflected without affecting the unity of the nation. Indian National Congress and many leaders recognised the linguistic principle as reorganisation of new states’ boundaries.

But our leader further felt that carving out states on the basis of language might lead to disruption and disintegration and would draw attention away from other social and economic challenges that the country faced.

Thus, protests began in the Telugu speaking areas of the old Madras province. The Vishalandhra Movement (the movement for a separate Andhra) demanded that the Telugu speaking areas should be separated from the Madras province and be made into a separate Andhra province.

The movement gathered momentum. Potti Sriramulu, a Congress leader and a Veteran Gandhian, went on an indefinite fast that led to his death after 56 days. This caused great unrest and resulted in violent outbursts in Andhra region. Finally, the Prime Minister announced the formation of a separate Andhra State in December 1952.

New States formed after 1956 were :

1. This commission led to the creation of 14 states and six union territories. Maharashtra, Gujarat, Punjab, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Tripura, Meghalaya, Arunachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Chhattisgarh and Jharkhand are the new states formed after 1956.
2. Uttarakhand from Uttar Pradesh, Chhattisgarh from Madhya Pradesh and Jharkhand from Bihar all of these created in 2000.
3. In 2014, another state is created after bifurcation of Andhra Pradesh, namely Telangana. As a result Gujarat was formed out by Bombay. Haryana was from Punjab, Himachal Pradesh was formed out from Punjab. Tripura, Meghalaya, Arunachal Pradesh were created from AssAnswer:

Question 5.
Explain any three challenges faced by India at the time of its independence.
OR
Explain any three challenges that India faced at the time of her independence.
Answer:
The major challenges faced by India at the time of its independence are as follows:

1. To shape a United Nation Immediately after independence, there was a challenge to make India an unified nation. There were diversities of cultures, languages, religions etc increased the questions on India’s future.

2. To establish democracy However, India is seventh largest country in the world and has different values, cultures norms etc. According to the Constitution, India has adopted the democratic government on the basis of adult franchise. The challenge was how to maintain democracy.

3. To ensure the development and well-being The Constitution laid down in Fundamental Rights that all citizens are equal and all of them are free to practise their own religion. In DPSP laid down welfare state. Although the Preamble of the Constitution laid down that the Principles of justice, liberty, equality and fraternity were adopted to develop the society. However, the challenges were how to overcome the poverty and how to develop economy of India through the peoples’ participation.

4. Integration of princely states After independence, there were 565 Princely States. The Independence Act, 1947 says that British India divided into two nations India and Pakistan. And Princely States may be merged with both the countries or stayed independent. The British left India with multiple problems. This was certain and very serious challenge raised in front of India.

Question 6.
What were the major challenges of building democracy in India?
Answer:
There were three major challenges of building democracy in India. These were as follows :
1. Communalism Indian polity is secular in nature, but communalism is thriving in the country and now it constitutes a serious problem of Indian states. India respects all religions and the major religious communities are Hindus, Muslims, Jains, Buddhists, Parsis, Christians and Anglo-Indians The Muslims constitute the largest minority community. The Hindus constitute more than 80 per cent of population of the country. Most of Hindu leaders believed that India does not have diverse communities.

2. Caste This is the biggest threat to India as political parties candidates are of the same caste as that of the majority voters, who favour him on caste basis although politics has moved towards casteism. It has brought a balance in caste equation, because not only the advanced castes but other castes also are eligible for participation in a representative democracy. The association of politics with caste has led democracy to a greater rationality vis-a-vis the caste system. The political parties while selecting the candidates, see whether the candidate will be able to get the support of voters of his caste or not.

3. Multi-party system After independence, many regional parties have formed, whether on religious basis or caste basis or any other basis. These multi-party systems further lead to coalition government this is also big threat to Indian democracy.

Question 7.
Discuss the problem related to Kashmir between India and Pakistan.
Answer:
The Congress party has evolved its politics on Kashmir on the basis of major global and domestic developments.

Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru repeated his commitment to find the will of the people of Kashmir in the Constituent Assembly of India. The problems of Kashmir between Indian and Pakistan are :
1. Accession to India India was satisfied that the most important political leader and party of Kashmir had accepted accession to India. The leader like Sheikh AbdullAll of National Conference represented the democratic will of the people of Kashmir and they were unambiguously acceeded to India. The Congress party also assured internal autonomy to the people of Jammu and Kashmir through the Constitution of India.

2. Article 370 and political consensus The Article 370 of Constitution can be altered in favour of the centre. Many other parties have supported this article, but Bharatiya Jan Sangh (now BJP) rejected every premise and every policy of the Congress and wanted to omit Article 370. Two extremely polarised position on Kashmir are represented by Congress and the BJP and it is impossible to evolve any minimal national consensus on Kashmir in India.

3. Emergence of terrorism Further the emergence of terrorism in the valley has accentuated polarisation among political parties in India because Pakistan is directly involved in terrorist activities.

4. Inter-regional dispute Another dimensions that Kashmir valley, Jammu and Ladakh have involved is, inter-regional disputes and competition. Ladakh’s political parties say that Kashmir discriminated them. But after the entry of centre all the movements were discontinued. If Jammu and Kashmir valley are separated from each other, then another two-nation theory could be faced by Indian Union. That’s why the political parties have to maintain legitimacy and democracy with all.

Question 8.
What were the main consideration for bringing princely states with Indian Union? Who played the historic role in this task?
Answer:
The British paramountacy was over on the princely States after independence and these states may go with India or Pakistan or stay independent. There were 565 princely states.

Problem started because of following reasons:

1. The decision was totally upto the ruler not on the people this was a serious problem and big threat on the existence of a united India.
2. After Independence ruler of Travancore declared himself ‘ independent after a few days Hyderabad made same declaration.
3. Nawab of Bhopal was averse to join Constituent Assembly. This kind of differences might futher divide India into small states or countries.

Government Approaches Government took forward step and negotiated with the Princely State ruler and saw that the people of these states wanted to become a part of the Indian Union. Then government adopted flexible diplomacy and gave autonomy to some states. India held plebiscite and acceded the Princely States into Indian Union and operations which government operationalised accessed the Princely States, e.g., in Junagadh Government held plebiscite, operation Vijay in Goa and operation Polo in Hyderabad. Therefore, after all these efforts integrated Princely States.

Sardar Patel who was the Deputy Prime Minister and Home Minister that time, played an important role in negotiating with Princely States rulers and brought them into the Indian Union.

Question 9.
Read the paragraph given below carefully and answer the following questions.

We have a Muslim minority who are so large in numbers that they cannot, even if they want, go anywhere else. That is a basic fact about which there can be no argument. Whatever the provocation from Pakistan and whatever the indignities and horrors inflicted on non-Muslims there, we have got to deal with this minority in a civilised manner. We must give them security and the rights of citizens in a democratic state. If we fail to do so, we shall have a festering sore which will eventually poison the whole body politic and probably destroy it. Jawaharlal Nehru, Letter to Chief Minister, 15th October, 1947 :
(i) In spite of indignities and horrors inflicted on Non-Muslims by Pakistan, why Jawaharlal Nehru wanted to deal with the Muslim minority in a civilised way?
(ii) Why this minority should be given the security and rights on the same footing as to all others in a democratic system?
(iii) If this minority was not provided security and rights what kind of scenario is envisaged?
Answer:
(i) At the time of partition Pakistan inflicted horrors on non-Muslims. Despite this fact Nehru wanted to deal with the Muslim minority in a civilised way because out of the then minority communities in India Muslims were large in numbers. They had no option to go anywhere.
(ii) India is a democratic and secular country, where all religions are treated equally. Because of this factor the Muslim minority should be given security and rights on the same footings in India.
(iii) If this minority was not provided security and rights it will poison the whole Indian political system and the Indian democratic set-up would come to an end.

Question 10.
Sardar Patel in a letter to princely rulers in 1947 said, “I hope the Indian states shall realise fully that if we do not cooperate and work together in general interest, anarchy and chaos will overwhelm us all, great and small, and lead us to total ruin.”
Answer the following questions
(i) What general interest has been referred to?
(ii) What situation would lead to total ruin?
Answer:
(i) The general interest referred to raise the country to new greatness. Lack of unity will expose India to unexpected calamities.
(ii) Sardar Patel said that Indian states should realise fully that if they do not cooperate and work together in general interest, anarchy and chaos will lead the nation to total ruin.

In This Post we are  providing  CHAPTER 11 ERA OF ONE PARTY DOMINANCE NCERT MOST IMPORTANT QUESTIONS for Class 12 POLITICAL SCIENCE PART-B POLITICS IN INDIA SINCE INDEPENDENCE which will be beneficial for students. These solutions are updated according to 2021-22 syllabus. These MCQS  can be really helpful in the preparation of Board exams and will provide you with a brief knowledge of the chapter.

NCERT MOST IMPORTANT QUESTIONS ON ERA OF ONE PARTY DOMINANCE

Question 1.
Analyze the reasons for the dominance of the Congress Party in the first three general elections.
Answer:
After Independence, the Congress Party dominated the political scene at the center as well as in states before 1967. The Congress secured 364, 371, 361, and 283 seats in the elections of 1952, 1957, 1962, and 1967 respectively. The dominance of Congress was due to many reasons:
1. The Congress Party was established in 1885 and it played a very important role in the national movement. In fact, the history of the national movement is almost the history of the Congress Party. Congress Party wholeheartedly fought for India’s independence and did not worry about sacrifices.

2. Congress provided able leadership to the Indian masses from 1885 to 1947. The Congress Party was led by such great personalities as Mahatma Gandhi, Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, Mrs. Indira Gandhi.

3. The Congress Party was a well-organized party and no other political party had such a well-knit organization.

4. After Independence, The Congress Party not only tried to solve the problems of the masses but also faced the challenges before the nation.

Moreover, the Congress Party represents a mixture of almost all shades of opinion. It is, in fact, a ‘Grand Coalition’. It was rather a privileged party to harbor all sorts of political ideologies under the garb of freedom struggle.

Question 2.
Highlight the political ideology of the Communist Party of India.
Answer:
Following are the Political Programme of the Communist Party of India-
1. The C.P.I. attaches the utmost priority to safeguarding the integrity, security, and sovereignty of India.

2. The C.P.I. favors the preservation and strengthening of the secular democratic set up of the country in the struggle against all types of divisive forces.

3. The manifesto calls for 10 percent job reservation for the economically weaker sections of forwarding castes in addition to the implementation of the Mandal Commission report. The party is for the implementation of a 30 percent job reservation for women.

4. The party is for the speedy implementation of comprehensive measures for social justice.

5. The party has demanded a restructuring of Centre-State relations in the true spirit of federalism. The state should be given more powers as recommended by the Sarkaria Commission.

6. The Party called for the abrogation of Article 356 of the Constitution and enlarging the democratic and civil rights of the people.

7. The fate of the state government is to be decided on the floor of the house.

8. The Party has demanded real decentralization to be carried out by conferring more power and financial resources to elected bodies district, block, and Panchayat levels.

9. The party favors effective steps f0r the elimination of corruption. Lok Pal Bill which includes within its scope, legislators, and also the Prime Minister should be adopted. Transfers and postings which are a fertile source of corruption should be done by a committee of senior officials.

10. All legislators, MPs, MLAs, ministers, and high officials must disclose their assets and place them before parliament and assemblies.

11. It has demanded the repeal of all undemocratic statutes including ESMA and NSA and enlarging democratic and civil rights of the people.

12. The Party is committed to strengthening the parliamentary democratic system.

Question 3.
Describe the difficulties that the Elections Commission of India faced in holding the first general elections after Independence.
Answer:
Indian Constitution came into effect on 26 January 1950. Under the Indian Constitution, democracy was established in India. The election commission of India was set up in January 1950. Sukumar Sen was the first Chief Election Commissioner of India. The country’s first general elections were held in 1952. The first general election of 1952 is considered as a landmark in the history of democracy in the whole world.

1. The first general election was a landmark in the history of democracy because there were more than 17 crore voters, which was a record in itself in the whole world.
2. The strength of the Lok Sabha was 489 and about 3,200 MLAs of all the Legislative Assemblies of India. These members were to be directly elected by the voters on the basis of single-member constituencies.
3. More than 3 lakh officers and polling staff were trained to conduct the first general elections.
4. The first general election was also the first big test of democracy in a poor and illiterate country. Before that, elections were conducted in prosperous and literate countries of Europe and North America.
5. First general elections were conducted on the basis of the Universal Adult Franchise whereas in many countries of Europe women did not enjoy the right to vote. In India, all adult citizens were given the right to vote.

Thus, the first general elections of 1952 was a grand landmark in the history of democracy in the whole world. It was really a great achievement for India.

Question 4.
“Congress had remained a social and ideological coalition for a long period.” Justify
Answer:
Ideologically, the Congress took root and came to political power not as a party but as a movement for independence and reform. The Congress party was” established in 1885 by higher middle class from English speaking persons. But with both the Non-cooperation Movement and the Civil Disobedience Movement, the social base of the Congress party widened. All types of people with diverse interests became members of the Congress party. Peasants and landlords, industrialists and workers, urban elites and villagers, capitalists and poor, upper caste and lower castes persons, etc., all were within the Congress.

Congress party was in fact, an ideological coalition. Rajni Kothari has rightly pointed out that “The Congress represents all shades of opinion, all major interest groups in the society and indeed all other parties as well. The Congress represented India’s diversity in terms of classes and castes, religions and languages, and various interests. Maximum opposition political parties are the dissenting elites of the Congress party, who share two common social and intellectual backgrounds as of the Congressmen.”

Question 5.
Describe the changing methods of voting in India from 1952 to today.
Answer:
India is the largest democratic country in the world. Therefore regular election is going on by the election commission of India. For the passage of time, there is a change in the voting method of election.

In the general elections of 2019 Electronic Voting Machine (EVM) was used to record voters’ preference whereas in the first general election, in each polling booth, a box for each candidate with the election symbol of that candidate was placed. Each voter was given a blank ballot paper which they had to drop into a box of the candidate they want to vote for.

But it was a very time consuming and expensive method. Booth capturing was another drawback of the ballot paper system, therefore, the government of India and election commission of India decided to go with EVM as a pilot project in the general election held in 2004, in 2019 Loksabha election the entire election held with EVM and V.V.PAT (Voter Verifiable Paper Audit Trail).

Question 6.
Describe the role of opposition parties in the first phase of democratic politics in our country which was quite unique.
Answer:
The role of opposition parties in the first phase of democratic politics in our country was quite unique. Even then India had a large number of diverse and vibrant opposition parties than many other multi-party democracies.

After independence, the Congress party dominated Indian politics. In the first three elections, the Congress party secured more than two-third of seats in the Lok Sabha. Even then many opposition parties emerged in the Lok Sabha. Though there was no official and recognized opposition in the Lok Sabha, yet there were many small opposition parties who played an important role in maintaining the democratic character of the system.

The roots of almost all the non-Congress parties of today can be traced to one or the other of the opposition parties of the 1950s. Though opposition parties had a token representation in the Lok Sabha, yet opposition leaders were very effective due to their status and personality. The opposition parties criticized the policies of the Congress party and kept the ruling party under control. The opposition parties believe in healthy and positive criticism. Thus, opposition parties played a very important role in maintaining the democratic character of the system.

Question 7.
How did the dominance of The Congress party affect the democratic nature of Indian politics? Explain.
Answer:
In India, the multi-party system exists. Several political parties participate in elections. But Indian National Congress dominated at the centre as well as the states till 1967. The prevalence of ‘one-party dominant system’ has adversely affected the democratic nature of Indian politics. In fact, the dominance of a single party is opposed to democracy as other political parties cannot flourish. Due to a lack of organized opposition, the Congress party never fulfilled the promises made to the people. Congress remained in power for a long period and hence no other party got a chance to rule.

Its administration has become virtually inefficient leading to widespread corruption. Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru himself accepted the fact that “The Congress has developed into a monolithic organization making it virtually impossible for the growth of a sound party system in the country”. According to R.A. Gopalaswami “The party system which has emerged in our country is not only incompatible with the particular democratic institutions we have adopted but constitutes a clear danger to the survival of democracy of India.”

Question 8.

In the Outline political map of India given above, five States have been: marked as A, B, C, D and E. With the j help of the Information given below, I identify them and write their correct: names in your answer book along with j the serial number of the information j used and the related alphabet in the j map.
(i) The State to which C. Raja-: Gopala Chari, the first Indian Governor-General of India, belonged.
Answer:
D-Tamil Nadu

(ii) The State where the first non-Congress Government was formed by E.M.S. Namboodiripad.
Answer:
E-Kerala

(iii) The State to which Rafi Ahmed Kidwai, the Union Minister for Food and Agriculture (1952-54) belonged.
Answer:
B-Uttar Pradesh

(iv) The State which faced the most acute food crisis in 1965-1967.
Answer:
A-Bihar

(v) The State which led the country: to White Revolution through Dairy Cooperative Movement.
Answer:
C-Gujarat.

Question 9.
Read the passage given below carefully and answer the following questions:

The congress evolved from its origins in 1885 as a pressure group for the newly educated professional and commercial classes to a mass movement in the twentieth century. This laid the basis for its eventual transformation into a mass political party and its subsequent domination of the political system, Thus the Congress began as a party dominated by the English speaking, upper caste, upper-middle-class, and urban elite. But with every Civil Disobedience Movement, it launched, its social base widened.
(а) What is meant by a pressure group?
Answer:
In the ordinary sense of the word, pressure groups consist of the groups of people with vested interests and they get support in favor of their interests and objectives by influencing the legislators. These groups are neither political parties nor political organizations rather they are unlike the political parties.

(b) Explain the reason for Congress to be transformed into a rainbow-like social coalition by the time of Independence.
Answer:
The congress party was established in 1885 by a higher middle class from English speaking persons. But with both the Non-cooperation Movement and the Civil Disobedience Movement, the social base of the Congress party widened. All types of people with diverse interests became members of the Congress party.

(c) What made the Congress into a mass political party in the twentieth century?
Answer:
The congress evolved from its origins in 1885 as a pressure group for the newly educated professionals and commercial classes to a mass movement in the 20th century. This laid the basis for its eventual transformation into a mass political party.

Question 10.
Read the following passage and answer the questions given below:

India is not the only country to have experienced the dominance of one party. If we look around the world, we find many other examples of one-party dominance. But there is a crucial difference between these and the Indian experience. In the rest of the cases, the dominance of one party was ensured by compromising democracy. In some countries like China, Cuba, and Syria the constitution permits only a single party to rule the country.
(i) Which political party dominated the political scene of India after independence and how long?
Answer:
Congress party dominate the political scene of India after independence from 1952 to 1967.

(ii) How did the one-party dominance in India differ from that of China?
Answer:
One-party dominance in India was based on a democratic system, but in China, one-party dominance based on a communist (Dictatorship) system.

(iii) Highlight any two drawbacks of a single-party rule.
Answer:
Following are the two drawbacks of a single party rule:

1. Against Democracy: The single-party system is against democratic principles because in this system the people do not enjoy the right to form associations.
2. Election a Mere Show: In a single-party system, an election is a mere show. All the candidates belong to the same political party.

In This Post we are  providing  CHAPTER 12 POLITICS IN PLANNED DEVELOPMENT NCERT MOST IMPORTANT QUESTIONS for Class 12 POLITICAL SCIENCE PART-B POLITICS IN INDIA SINCE INDEPENDENCE which will be beneficial for students. These solutions are updated according to 2021-22 syllabus. These MCQS  can be really helpful in the preparation of Board exams and will provide you with a brief knowledge of the chapter.

NCERT MOST IMPORTANT QUESTIONS ON POLITICS IN PLANNED DEVELOPMENT

Question 1.
Critically examine the major outcomes of the Indian model of a mixed economy.
Answer:

1. The foundations of India’s future economic growth were laid.
2. Mega dams like Bhakhra-Nangal and Hirakund for irrigation and power generation were undertaken.
3. Abolition of the colonial system of Zamindari.
4. The tenants who worked on someone else’s land were given greater legal security against eviction.

Question 2.
Describe the strategy adopted by the Government of India to promote the Green Revolution.
Answer:
In the 1960s, India was facing a food crisis due to many reasons. India was dependent on the U.S.A. for food which was putting many limitations on India’s policies. Indian Government decided to make India self-sufficient in food. Hence the government adopted a new strategy for agriculture in order to increase food production. Since the mid-1960s, the traditional agricultural practices were gradually replaced by modern technology.

The use of high-yielding variety seeds and the increased use of fertilizers and irrigation are simply called Green Revolution or modern agricultural technology. As a result of the Green Revolution, the area under improved seeds has gone up from about 15 million hectares during 1970-71 to nearly 75 million hectares in 1995-96. The new varieties are of a short term duration and consequently, instead of growing one crop, two crops and sometimes even three crops are grown.

Question 3.
Write a note on the mixed economy.
Answer:
The economy is generally considered of two types. One is a capitalist economy and the other is a socialist economy. A mixed economy is based on the co-existence of these two types of economy.

In most of the poor countries of the world, a mixed economy prevails. A mixed economy is an economy where there is public and private ownership of the means of production. Production is undertaken for both welfare and profit motive. Production in the private sector is a for-profit motive while in the public sector, it is for a welfare motive. Thus, the pattern of mixed economy is the co-existence of public and private sector units.

Question 4.
Examine the major outcomes of the Green Revolution.
Answer:

1. The major achievement of the Green Revolution was to boost the production of major cereals viz wheat and rice.
2. As a result of the Green Revolution, the crop pattern in India has undergone significant changes.
3. The green revolution largely increased the growth of the local manufacturing sector which created new jobs and contributed to the country’s GDP.
4. India became self-sufficient in food and India was in a position to pay back all loans it had taken from the World Bank for the purpose of the Green Revolution.

Question 5.
List any two merits and two demerits of the Green Revolution.
Answer:
Merits of Green Revolution

1. The major achievement of the Green Revolution was to boost the production of major cereals viz wheat and rice.
2. As a result of the Green Revolution, the crop pattern in India has undergone significant changes.
3. The green revolution largely increased the growth of the local manufacturing sector which created new jobs and contributed to the country’s GDP.
4. India became self-sufficient in food and India was in a position to pay back all loans it had taken from the World Bank for the purpose of the Green Revolution.

Demerits of Green Revolution

1. Green Revolution had widened the gap between poor and small farmers and rich landlords.
2. Green Revolution has proved beneficial to the medium category peasants because they can receive the advantage of mediation between small farmers and rich landlords.

Question 6. State any two differences between the First Five Year Plan and the Second Five Year Plan. (C.B.S.E. 2013)
Answer:

1. In the First Five Year Plan, priority was given to the development of agriculture. The target of increased production of food grains, jute, and cotton was mainly achieved by bringing more land under cultivation. But in the Second Five Year Plan (1956-61), the top priority was accorded to the setting up of ‘Socialistic Pattern of Society’ on the basis of Industrial Policy statement 1956. In the Second Plan, the major thrust was to accelerate the process of industrialization by laying emphasis on basic and heavy industries.
2. The success of the First Five Year Plan was primarily due to a good harvest in the last two years of the plan. During the Second Five Year Plan, prices increased by 30% against a decline of 13% during the First Plan.

Question 6.
Describe briefly the composition and four functions of the Planning Commission of India.
Or
How was the Planning Commission of India set up? Mention its scope of work.
Answer:
The Planning Commission at the center is the apex body in the planning machinery of the country. The Planning Commission was set up in March 1950 by a resolution of the Government of India. In 1950, Planning Commission was set up under the chairmanship of Prime Minister Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru.

Organization of Planning Commission: The composition of the Planning Commission has kept on changing according to the requirements of the time and whims of the government. The first Planning Commission consisted of a Chairman, a Deputy Chairman and five members. The Prime Minister is the Chairman and the Planning Minister is the Deputy Chairman. First Planning Commission was essentially composed of politicians.

Later on, Pt. Nehru added certain members from the public such as administrators, economists, and technical experts. Thug, the Planning Commission came to combine the political and non-political men. In addition to Chairman and Deputy Chairman, there are ten to twelve other members. Among them, there are five to six ministers, e.g., Minister for Human Resources Development, Finance Minister, Home Minister, Minister of Agriculture, and Minister of State for Planning. Besides, there are a few more members.

The Commission is divided into three major parts:
(a) Programme Advisors
(b) General Secretariat and
(c) Technical Division.

Functions of the Planning Commission

The resolution which created the Planning Commission mentioned the following functions of the Planning Commission :

1. Assessment of Country’s Resources. To assess the material, capital, and human resources of the country, including technical personnel, and to investigate the possibilities of augmenting such of those resources as are found to be deficient in relation to the nation’s requirements.
2. Formulation of Plans. To formulate a plan for the most effective and balanced utilization of the country’s resources.
3. Determine Priorities. To define the stages of the Plan and propose the allocation of resources on the determination of priorities. The Ninth Plan has given priorities to the power sector, transport, and communications.
4. To indicate the factors which are tending to retard economic development and determine the conditions in view of the current social and political situation should be established for the successful execution of the plan.
5. To suggest machinery for securing the successful implementation of each stage of the plan.
6. To appraise from time to time the progress made in the execution of each stage of the plan and to recommend necessary adjustments in policy and measures as may be necessary for the light of such appraisal.
7. To make such interim recommendations on the basis of the prevailing economic conditions, current policies, etc., as may appear to be appropriate.
8. To examine such specific problems as may be referred to it for advice by the Central and State Governments.

Besides the above-mentioned functions, another most important task of the Planning Commission is that of formulating the plans for development and assessment of their performance. Originally, Planning Commission was set up as an expert advisory body only. But with the passage of time, the Planning Commission has built for itself a status of high prestige and commanding influence; In view of the enormous increase in the powers of the Planning Commission, it has come to be known as the Economic Cabinet.

In January 2015, NITI Aayog was established in place of the Planning Commission.

Question 7.
Elaborate any three arguments are given by the critics against the mixed model of the economy adopted by India.
Answer:
Following are the arguments given by the critics against the mixed model of the economy adopted by India.

1. Critics argue that the planners have not provided sufficient space for the private sector to grow.
2. Enlarge public sector have their own interests as they invested more and they create hurdles for the private small sectors.
3. State policies also put restrictions on the export items and domestic market due to lesser competition do not have the incentive to improve their products. The state instead of helping the poor, help the private sector to make more profit and thus create a new ‘middle class’ with high salaries and perks.

Question 8.
Write a note on Niti Aayog.
Answer:
Niti Aayog with a new structure and focus on a policy is the replacement of 64 years old planning commission, which was seen as a vestige of the socialist era. The replacement of the Planning Commission with the new institution more relevant and responsive to the present economic needs and climate in the country had long been demanded and expected. Since 1990, the Government had been dismissive of the Planning Commission, because after the dismissal of licensed government this commission was working like an advisory-board only.

Former Prime minister Rajiv Gandhi had called the commission a bunch of jokers. Even Manmohan Singh and former planning commission Deputy Chairman like K.C. Pant tried some attempts to explore some changes. Former Centre-minister, Kamal Nath named this commission as ‘ArmChair Advisor’ and Parking plot for bureaucrats. Arun Maria, a member of the Planning Commission who headed the Boston Consulting Group (BCG) in India, recommended the changes in the structure, role function, and resources.

Narendra Modi, as the Chief-minister Gujrat had many times pointed the short-comings of the planning commission that is why in May 2014, Narendra Modi led the National Democratic Alliance government to announce the replacement of the 65 years old planning commission with a new institution called Niti Aayog. He called upon an important meeting of Chief-ministers in Delhi on 7 December 2014 and stressed upon greater participation of the state governments in policy-making stressing on India’s diversity and plurality, the Aayog will foster a spirit of co-operative federalism with the sole principle of developing a pro-people, pro-active and participative development agenda stressing on empowerment and equality.

Composition of Niti Aayog Niti Aayog-National Institution for transforming, India is composed to ensure greater participation of state governments in policy making-thus fostering co-operative federalism-and will be more attuned to the nation’s contemporary needs.

1. Chairperson- Prime-minister
2. Vice-Chair-person- Nominated by the prime- minister
3. Chief-Executive officer (C.E.O.) – nominated by prime-minister.
4. Governing Council-Chief ministers and Lt. Governors of Union Territories.
5. Regional Council (formed on a need basis)- Chief Ministers and Lt. Governors of Union-Territories
6. Full time-members- Maximum five-members.
7. Short term members- Two ex-officio-members
8. Ex-officio members-Four central ministers Special Invitees- Experts, specialists, practitioners with domain knowledge.

On January 5, 2015, the great economist Arvind Panagariya was appointed as Vice-chairman of the Niti Aayog and then Sindu Shree Khullar was appointed as the first CEO of the Niti Aayog. On December 29, 2015. Sh. Amitabh Kant appointed as CEO of Niti Aayog after the retirement of Sindushree Khullar on 5th August 2017. Sh Rajiv Kumar appointed as vice-chairman of Niti Aayog.

Departments

• It works like an assembly of interstates problems and their relations etc.
• It checks and plans long-term plans.
• Thirdly, it deals with direct benefit, transfer, and UIDAI.

Aims of Objectives: The objectives of the new body is to evolve a shared vision of national development priorities sectors and strategies. Being an incubator of ideas for effective governance would be the core mission of NITI Aayog. following are the objectives of the new national agenda’.

1. Recommend strategical and technical advice on elements of policy and economic matters.
2. Develop a mechanism for village level plans and aggregate these progressively at higher levels of government.
3. Serve as a ‘think-tank’ a directional and policy dynamo for the government and will provide suggestions for the economy including the private sector.
4. Create a knowledge, innovation, and entrepreneurial support system for national and international experts and other partners.
5. Offer a platform for the country’s development agendas.
6. Focus on the technology of implementation of programs and initiatives.

Working: National Institution for Transforming India is-

1. To evolve a shared vision of national development priorities sectors and strategies with the active involvement of states in the light of national objectives.
2. To foster co-operative feudalism through structured support initiatives and mechanisms with the states on a continuous basis, recognizing that strong states make a strong nation.
3. To develop mechanisms to formulate credible plans at the village level and aggregate these progressively at the higher levels of government.
4. To ensure, on areas that are specifically referred to it, that the interest of national security are incorporated in economic strategy and policy.
5. To pay special attention to the sections of our society that may be at risk of benefiting adequately from economic progress.

Niti Aayog will work under the supervision of chief-ministers and specialists in different fields. Aayog will ensure greater participation of state- governments in policy-making thus fostering co-operative federalism-and will be more attuned to the nation’s contemporary needs.

The first meeting of Niti-Aayog took place on 6th Feb 2015 and was attended by prime-minister, Narendra Modi, finance minister Arun Jaitly and vice-chairman Sh Arvind Panagariya. Other full-time members V.K. Saraswat, Nitin Gadkari, Thawar Chand Gehlot, G.N. Vajpayee, Rajiv Kumar, Rajiv Lal, R. Vaidyanathan Parath Sarthi Soam, Subeer Gokarn, Mukesh Burani, etc. also attended the meeting.

The second meeting of Niti Aayog took place on 15th July 2015, in which PM desired that center and states must move together to end poverty, states units should be the focus of all developments as a part of team India. The council held consultations on the Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation, and Resettlement Act. The Prime-minister welcomed and thanked the chief minister for their participation and suggestions for the development of rural areas and greater prosperity for the farmers. He also asked for suggestions for the success of Betti Bachao, Betti Paradao Plan, Smartcity, Digital India, Skill India, Make in India Swach Bharat, etc. plannings.

The opposition criticized the decision to establish NITI Aayog calling it a gin mickey and renamed it as Anati ordurniti Aayog. However, the working of a new institution can be judged only after it has functioned for a sufficiently long time. The efficiency of the Niti Aayog will depend crucially on the quality of experts and how they are allowed to work, Also-the success of the ‘Niti Aayog’ lies in restoring the balance between the technical and political (federal) drivers of the planning process.

It is much too early to think on talk in terms of administrative capacities unless, it trickles down, achache din’ will hardly be felt by the common man. Niyat and Niti’ are inextricably intertwined, the best that can be said for the Aayog is that we should give it sufficient’ time to reveal itself and the out¬come contingent on it. The Aayog’s functioning could make or break the economic development of India in the future.

Question 9.
What was Green Revolution? Examine any two positives and two negative consequences of the Green Revolution.
Answer:
In the 1960s, India was facing a food crisis due to many reasons. India was dependent on the U.S.A. for food which was putting many limitations on India’s policies. Indian Government decided to make India self-sufficient in food. Hence the government adopted a new strategy for agriculture in order to increase food production. Since the mid-1960s, the traditional agricultural practices were gradually replaced by modern technology.

The use of high-yielding variety seeds and the increased use of fertilizers and irrigation are simply called Green Revolution or modern agricultural technology. As a result of the Green Revolution, the area under improved seeds has gone up from about 15 million hectares during 1970-71 to nearly 75 million hectares in 1995-96. The new varieties are of a short term duration and consequently, instead of growing one crop, two crops and sometimes even three crops are grown.

The major benefits of the Green Revolution were experienced mainly in northern and northwestern India. Unprecedented enthusiasm has prevailed among farmers in Punjab, Haryana, Delhi, Rajasthan, and Western U.P. for the new wheat variety seeds and a situation developed in which the demand for seeds by farmers exceeded the supply.

Economic Results/Positive Consequences of the Green Revolution.

1. The major achievement of the Green Revolution was to boost the production of major cereals viz wheat and rice.
2. As a result of the Green Revolution, the crop pattern in India has undergone significant changes.
3. The green revolution largely increased the growth of the local manufacturing sector which created new jobs and contributed to the country’s GDP.
4. India became self-sufficient in food and India was in a position to pay back all loans it had taken from the World Bank for the purpose of the Green Revolution.
5. Green Revolution has helped the growth of capitalist farming in India and has led to the concentration of wealth in the hands of the top 10 percent of the rural population.

Political Results of the Green Revolution.

1. India became self-sufficient in food and thus India’s prestige increased in the world, especially in the third world.
2. Green Revolution was a big factor in making Smt. Indira Gandhi and Congress Party more powerful.

Two Negative Consequences of Green Revolution
(i) Green Revolution led to the concentration of wealth in the hands of the top 10 percent of the rural population. The green revolution had widened the gap between poor and small farmers and rich landlords.
(ii) Green Revolution has proved beneficial to the medium category peasants because they could receive the advantage of mediation between small farmers and rich landlords.

Question 10.
Assess any six outcomes of planning in India.
Answer:
After independence, India adopted economic planning for the development of the people of India. In fact, there was a consensus on the planned development.

For planned development, Planning Commission was set up in March 1950 by a simple resolution of the Government of India. The Planning Commission opted for Five Year Plans. The First Five Year Plan was started in 1951 with the main emphasis on agriculture including investment in Dam and irrigations. The Second Five Year Plan (1956-1961) stressed mainly heavy industries. Rapid industrialization was the main aim of the Second Five Year Plan. Following are the outcomes of planning in India:

1. Through planning the foundations of India is future economic growth were laid.
2. Some of the heavy industries were Started.
3. Planning enhances the economic growth of the country.
4. Land Reforms lake place through planning.
5. Through planning the growth of manufacturing was increasing.
6. India becomes self-sufficient in food.

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