Priyanka0 comments

NCERT MOST IMPORTANT QUESTION CLASS – 12 | HISTORY | CHAPTER- 7 | AN IMPERIAL CAPITAL : VIJAYNAGARA | EDUGROWN |

In This Post we are  providing  CHAPTER 7 AN IMPERIAL CAPITAL : VIJAYNAGARA NCERT MOST IMPORTANT QUESTIONS for Class 12 HISTORY which will be beneficial for students. These solutions are updated according to 2021-22 syllabus. These MCQS  can be really helpful in the preparation of Board exams and will provide you with a brief knowledge of the chapter.

NCERT MOST IMPORTANT QUESTIONS ON AN IMPERIAL CAPITAL : VIJAYNAGARA

Question 1.
‘The rulers of Vijayanagara innovated and developed new traditions in the Virupaksha temple’. Elaborate.
Answer:
Virupaksha temple was built over centuries. Inscription suggested that the earliest shrine of the Virupaksha temple dated to the 9th-10th centuries.

Later, it was substantially enlarged with the establishment of the Vijayanagara empire. It was believed that the site of Vijayanagara was inspired by the existence of the shrines of Virupaksha and Pampadevi. Royal portrait sculpture was displayed in temple. The king’s visit to temples were treated as important state occasions on which he was accompanied by the important nayakas of the empire

The hall in front of the main shrine with delicately carved pillars was built by Krishnadeva Raya to mark his accession. Virupaksha, the guardian deity of the kingdom, was recognised as a form of Shiva and Vijayanagara kings claimed to rule on behalf of the God Virupaksha. Krishnadeva Raya constructed the Eastern gopuram.

The halls of the temple were used for a variety of purposes like programmes of music, dance, drama and marriages of deities. Special images of deities different from central shrines were used in these occasions. In this way, the rulers introduced new traditions in the Virupaksha temple.

Question 2.
Why were the water resources of the Vijayanagara empire developed? Give reasons.
Answer:
Vijayanagara empire was one of the most arid zones of the Peninsula, much importance was provided to water resources in the selection of capital.

People of Vijayanagara obtained water in the following ways:
1. The water requirements of Vijayanagara were met by the natural basin formed by the river Tungabhadra. This river flows in a North-Easterly direction. It is surrounded by the stunning granite hills. These hills seem to form a girdle around the city. It is from these rocky outcrops that many streams flow down to the river.

2. In order to meet the water requirements of the city, embankments were built along these streams to create reservoirs of different sizes. One most important of such tanks was built during the early years of the 15 th century. It is now known as the Kamalapuram tank. The nearby fields were irrigated from the water of this tank. In order to meet the water requirements of the ‘Royal centre’, its water was also conducted through a channel to that place.

3. Most of the water requirements of Vijayanagara were met with the  water of Hiriya canal, one of the most prominent water works. It was perhaps built by kings of the Sangama dynasty. It drew water . from a dam across the Tungabhadra. The cultivated valley separate the ‘sacred centre’ from the ‘urban core’. This was irrigated by the water from this canal.
Thus, the rulers of Vijayanagara displayed a special interest in the preservation of the water resources. They made a number of important efforts in order to meet the water requirements of common men.

Question 3.
Why was Vitthala temple of the Vijayanagara unique?
Answer:
The Vitthala temple is the another shrine located at Vijayanagara empire. The uniqueness of this temple can be understood through the following points:

  • The Vitthala temple is well-known ‘ for its exceptional architecture and unmatched craftsmanship. The iconic temple has amazing stone structures such as musical pillars. It has 56 musical pillars. The cluster of musical pillars was carved out of huge single pieces of resonant stone.
  • A characteristic feature of this temple complexes is the chariot streets that extended from the temple gopuram in a straight line.
    These streets were paved with stone slabs and lined with pillared pavilions in which merchants set up their shops.
  • This temple has several halls and a unique shrine designed as a chariot.
  • The principle deity of this temple was Vitthala, a form of Vishnu, which is generally worshipped in Maharashtra.

Question 4.
Why did the imperial power of Vijayanagara decline after the death of Krishnadeva Raya?
Answer:
There are various reasons for the decline of Vijayanagara empire e.g.

  • Strain began to show within the imperial structure after the death of Krishnadeva Raya in 1529.
  • His successors w’ere not much capable to stand up against the rebellious nayakas or military chief s which were posing threat to Vijayanagara.
  • By 1542, control at the centre shifted to another ruling lineage, that of the Aravidu, which remained in power till the end of the 17th century.
  • During this period, the military ambitions of the rulers of Vijayanagara as well as those of the Deccan sultanates resulted in shifting alignments.
  • Eventually, this led to an alliance of the sultanates against Vijayanagara.
    Finally, in 1565, the combined armies of Bijapur, Ahmadnagar and Golconda defeated the army of the Chief Minister of Vijayanagara, Rama Raya at Rakshari-Rangadi (Talikota).
  • Consequently, the city of Vijayanagara was sacked by the victorious armies and totally abandoned within a few years.

Question 5.
‘Vijayanagara was characterised by a distinct building style’. Support this statement with the sacred architectural examples of Vijayanagara.
Answer:
Vijayanagara empire was founded by two brothers, Harihara and Bukka in 1336. The Vijayanagara kings competed with contemporary Sultans of the Deccan and Gajapati rulers of Orissa. Interaction with these states led to the sharing of ideas, especially in the field of architecture.

The building style of Vijayanagara is discussed below:

  • The great ruler of Vijayanagara, Krishnadeva Raya, developed the kingdom by establishing some fine temples and adding impressive gopurams to many important South Indian temples. He also founded a suburban township, Nagalapuram, named after his mother.
  • Foreign travellers were greatly impressed by the fortification of the capital. The fort was entered through well-guarded gates, which linked the city to the major roads. The architecture of the gateways was influenced by the Turkish architecture. Some of the most important roads extended from temple gateways and were lined by bazaars.
  • The style of Raya gopurams or royal gateways were the symbols of the power of kings. Royal palaces had two types of platforms, viz. the audience hall and the Mahanavami dibba. The ceremonies performed in Mahanavami dibba included worship of the image, worship of state horse, sacrifices of buffaloes and other animals, dances, wrestling match, royal procession, etc.
  • Other distinctive features include mandapas or pavilions, long pillared corridors, etc. The Lotus Mahal and Hazara Rama temple had spectacular architecture. In this way, Vijayanagara developed a distinctive architectural style.

Question 6.
How and when were the ruins of Hampi brought to light? Explain briefly.
Answer:
It was Colin Mackenzie who brought to light the ruins at Hampi in around 1800.
He was an engineer, surveyor and cartographer who served in India (mostly Southern parts).
The following points discussed below tell us about the evidences of the ruins of Hampi:

  • His chief source of reconstruction of local histories was information gathered from recollections of priests of Virupaksha temple and Pampadevi (mother Goddess) temple.
  • In 1836, epigraphists began collecting several dozen inscriptions found in these temples and various other temples of Hampi. From 1856, photographers began to record the monuments for their research work in these fields.
  • The various descriptions left by travellers allowed historians to reconstruct some as’pects of vibrant life at Hampi in those years.
  • Other literature in various vernacular languages like Telugu, Kannada, Tamil and Sanskrit also proved to be the directions in assessing the remains of Hampi by various notable historians.
  • The oral traditions combined with archaeological findings, monuments, inscriptions and other records helped scholars to rediscover Hampi, i.e. the Vijayanagara empire.

Question 7.
Explain briefly any five striking features about the location of Vijayanagara.
Answer:
The most striking feature about the location of Vijayanagara is the natural water resources which played an important role regarding the property of the empire. These features were as follows:

  • Vijayanagara was located in the natural basin formed by the river Tungabhadra, which flows in the North-Easterly direction.
  • The surrounding landscape was characterised by stunning granite hills that seem to form a girdle around the city.
  • Many embankments were built along those streams to create reservoirs of different sizes. Since Vijayanagara was one of the most arid zones of the Peninsula, perfect arrangement were made to store rainwater to be used in the city.
  • Kamalapuram tank was the best example of a tank built in early years of the 15th century. Water from this tank was used not only for irrigating fields but was also conducted through a channel to the ‘royal centre’.
  • According to the historians, the Hiriya canal was one of the most prominent waterworks. This canal drew water from a dam built across the river Tungabhadra and irrigated the cultivated fields that separated the ‘sacred centre’ from the ‘urban core’.

Question 8.
Domingo Paes has called the Mahanavami dibba of Vijayanagara empire as ‘The House of Victory’. Justify.
Answer:
Domingo Paes called the Mahanavami dibba of the Vijayanagara empire as The House of Victory’. These buildings had two platforms, one above the other. These were beautifully sculpted. On the upper platform, the king had a room made of cloth, where the idol had a shrine. It is the highest point in the city and is a massive platform. The other in the middle was placed a dais (a low platform for a throne) on which stood a throne of state.

He suggested that for the people the showed the victory of good over evil. Both these ‘audience hall’ and the ‘Mahanavami dibba’ comprised of the valour, justice and the suzerainty of the king over all other.
The calling of the house as the house of victory was due to the fact that it was situated at the site highest of all in the kingdoms. It was constructed so as to keep up the memory of the victory of the kingdom in war over other kingdoms and empires.

Question 9.
‘Krishnadeva Raya’s rule was characterised by expansion and consolidation’. Justify the statement on the basis of evidences.
Answer:
The most famous ruler of Vijayanagara, Krishnadeva Raya (1509-29) belonged to the Tuluva dynasty. His rule was characterised by expansion and consolidation in the following ways:

  • The land between the Tungabhadra and Krishna rivers (the Raichur Doab) was acquired by Krishnadeva Raya in 1512.
  • In 1514, rulers of Odisha were subdued and Sultan of Bijapur was defeated in 1520. He made his kingdom so extensive that many smaller kingdoms allied with it and showed their respect to Raja Krishnadeva Raya.
  • His kingdom remained in a constant state of military preparedness. It flourished under the conditions of unparalleled peace and prosperity at the time of Krishnadeva Raya.

Question 10.
Read the following passage and answer the questions that follow.
According to tradition and epigraphic evidence two brothers, Harihara and Bukka, founded the Vijayanagara empire in 1336. This empire included within its fluctuating frontiers peoples who spoke different languages and followed different religious traditions.

On their Northern frontier, the Vijayanagara kings competed with contemporary rulers-including the Sultans of the Deccan and the Gajapati rulers of Odisha-for control of the fertile river valleys and the resources generated by lucrative overseas trade. At the same time, interaction between these states led to sharing of ideas, especially in the field of architecture. The rulers of Vijayanagara borrowed concepts and building techniques which they then developed further.

  1. Who is considered the founder of Vijayanagara empire?
  2. Why was the area of river valley important for Vijayanagara kings?

Answer:
1. According to tradition and epigraphic evidence, two brothers, Harihara and Bukka were considered the founders of Vijayanagara empire (1336).

2. The river valley was important for Vijayanagara kings because of its fertile plains, agricultural lands and the resources generated by lucrative overseas trade. It was also important from the cultural point of view e.g. interaction between neighbouring states led to sharing of ideas, especially in the field of architecture. Building techniques were adopted from the neighbouring states.
Therefore, the Vijayanagara kings were always competed with their contemporary rulers including the Sultans of the Deccan and the Gajapati ruler of Odisha for control of the fertile river valleys.

Read More
Priyanka0 comments

NCERT MCQ CLASS – 12 | HISTORY | CHAPTER- 7 | AN IMPERIAL CAPITAL : VIJAYNAGARA | EDUGROWN |

In This Post we are  providing  CHAPTER 7 AN IMPERIAL CAPITAL : VIJAYNAGARA NCERT MCQ for Class 12 HISTORY which will be beneficial for students. These solutions are updated according to 2021-22 syllabus. These MCQS  can be really helpful in the preparation of Board exams and will provide you with a brief knowledge of the chapter.

NCERT MCQ ON AN IMPERIAL CAPITAL : VIJAYNAGARA

1. Another name of Vijayanagara city was

(a) Fatehpur Sikri 

(b) Hampi

(c) Hastinapur

(d) Nagalparam

Ans.(b)

2. When was the Vijayanagara kingdom established?

(b) 1340

(a) 1336

(c) 1346

(d) 1350

Ans.(a)

3. Who established the Vijayanagara Kingdom?

(a) Hasan Gangu

(b) Prantak I

(c) Harihara and Bukka

(d) Krishadeva Rayaa

Ans.(c)

4. The first dynasty that ruled over Vijayanagara Empire was:

(a) Suluva dynasty

(b) Sangarna dynasty

(c) Tuluva dynasty

(d) Aravidu dynasty

Ans.(b)

5. Local Goddess of Vijayanagara was

(a) Parvati

(b) Durga

(c) Pampadevi

(d) Laxmi

Ans.(c)

6. Which of these rivers was the major source of water for Vijayanagara?

(a) Kaveri

(b) Krishna

(c) Tungabhadra 

(d) Mahanadi

Ans.(c)

7. When was Hampi declared as of the place of national importance?

(a) 1976

(b) 1980

(c) 1982

(d) 1986

Ans.(a)

8. The battle of Talikota was fought between organisation of Deccan sultans and_______________.

(a) Krishna Eleva Raya

(b) Rueca Raya

(c) Sadashiva Raya

(d) Rama Raya b n

Ans.(c)

9. Which of the following dynasties ruled Vijayanagara?

(a) Sangam dynasty

(b) Saluva dynasty 

(c) Tuluva dynasty

(d) All of these

Ans.(d)

10. Find out which one of the following is not correctly matched:

(a) Amara-Nayaka System – Vijayanagara Empire

(b) Harihara and Bukka – Founded Vijayanagara

(c) Mahanavami Dibba – King’s palace

(d) Hazara Rama Temple – New Delhi

Ans.(d)

11. Which Persian ambassador visited the Vijayanagara Empire?

(a) Domingo Paes

(b) Nicolo de Conti 

(c) Abdur Razzaq

(d) Duarte Barbosa

Ans.(c)

12. The Battle of Talikota between Vijayanagara and the Deccan sultans took place in which year?

(a) 1550

(b) 1565

(c) 1570

(d) 1575

Ans.(b)

13, Which traveller called the ‘Mahanavami Dibba’ as the “House of Victory’?

(a) Duarte Barbosa 

(b) Fernao Nuniz

(c) Domingo Paes 

(d) Abdur Razzaq

Ans.(c)

14. On which of the following occasions was the ceremony performed at Mahanavami Dibba?

(a) Worship of the state horse

(b) Marriage of the king

(c)Victory over the enemy

(d) All of the above

Ans.(a)

15. Another name of Vijayanagara city was

(a) Fatehpur Sikri 

(b) Hampi

(c) Hastinapur

(d) Nagalparam

Ans.(b)

Read More
Priyanka0 comments

NCERT MCQ CLASS – 12 | HISTORY | CHAPTER- 6 | BHAKTI SUFI TRADITIONS CHANGES IN RELIGIOUS BELIEFS AND DEVOTIONAL TEXTS | EDUGROWN |

In This Post we are  providing  CHAPTER 6 BHAKTI SUFI TRADITIONS CHANGES IN RELIGIOUS BELIEFS AND DEVOTIONAL TEXTS NCERT MCQ for Class 12 HISTORY which will be beneficial for students. These solutions are updated according to 2021-22 syllabus. These MCQS  can be really helpful in the preparation of Board exams and will provide you with a brief knowledge of the chapter.

NCERT MCQ ON BHAKTI SUFI TRADITIONS CHANGES IN RELIGIOUS BELIEFS AND DEVOTIONAL TEXTS

1. Tulsidas, a prominent leader of the Bhakti Movement, lived in:

(a) Gwalior.(b) Haryana.(c) Uttar Pradesh.(d) Bihar.

► (c) Uttar Pradesh.
2. The Sufi saint who was addressed as Sultan-ul-mashaikh, by his disciples, was

(a) Shaikh Muinuddin Sijzi.(b) Shaikh Fariduddin Ganj-i Shakar.(c) Shaikh Salim Chishti.(d) Shaikh Nizamuddin Auliya.

► (d) Shaikh Nizamuddin Auliya.
3. Who composed Kirtana-ghosha?

(a) Shankaradeva(b) Surdas(c) Kabir Das(d) Sundaramurti

► (a) Shankaradeva
4. Shaikh Nizamuddin’s hospice comprised several small rooms and a big hall known as

(a) jama’at khana.(b) langar.(c) qalandars.(d) ziyarat

.► (a) jama’at khana.
5. Baba Guru Nanak was born in

(a) 1459 AD.(b) 1469 AD.(c) 1479 AD.(d) 1489 AD.

► (b) 1469 AD.
6. “Naam Ghar” refers to:

(a) Prayer Hall(b) Temples(c) Religious places(d) All of the above

► (a) Prayer Hall

7. Karaikkal Ammaiyar was a devotee of

(a) Krishna.(b) Rama.(c) Shiva.(d) Brahma

.► (c) Shiva.
8. The ‘Nalayira Divyaprabandham’ of the Alvars was compared with the

(a) Four Vedas.(b) Manusmiriti.(c) Mahabharata.(d) Ramayana.

► (a) Four Vedas.
9. The ninth Guru, whose compositions were compiled in the Guru Granth Sahib was:

(a) Guru Tegh Bahadur(b) Baba Guru Nanak(c) Guru Gobind Singh(d) Guru Arjan

► (a) Guru Tegh Bahadur
10. Alvars were the devotees of:

(a) Vishnu(b) Shiva(c) Brahma(d) Jagannatha

► (a) Vishnu
11. Earliest Bhakti movements were led by _______.

(a) Alvars and Mayunar(b) Alvars and Puaravar(c) Alvars and Nayanars(d) Lingayats and Nayanars

► (c) Alvars and Nayanars
12. The major anthology composed by the Alvars was the ___________.

(a) Nalayira Divyaprabandham(b) Nalayira Purabandham(c) Nalayira Alvabandham(d) None of the above

► (a) Nalayira Divyaprabandham
13. Karaikkal Ammaiyar was the greatest figure of _____ tradition.

(a) Alvars(b) Mayunar(c) Nayanars(d) Puaravar

► (c) Nayanars
14. Which group challenged the idea of caste and the pollution attributed to certain groups by Brahmanas.

(a) Alvars(b) Lingayats(c) Nayanars(d) Puaravar

► (b) Lingayats
15. Lingayats were majorly based in ______.

(a) Maharashtra(b) Karnataka(c) Punjab(d) Uttar Pradesh

► (b) Karnataka

Read More
Priyanka0 comments

NCERT MCQ CLASS – 12 | HISTORY | CHAPTER- 5 | THROUGH THE EYES OF TRAVELLERS PERCEPTION OF SOCIETY | EDUGROWN |

In This Post we are  providing  CHAPTER 5 THROUGH THE EYES OF TRAVELLERS PERCEPTION OF SOCIETY NCERT MCQ for Class 12 HISTORY which will be beneficial for students. These solutions are updated according to 2021-22 syllabus. These MCQS  can be really helpful in the preparation of Board exams and will provide you with a brief knowledge of the chapter.

NCERT MCQ ON THROUGH THE EYES OF TRAVELLERS PERCEPTION OF SOCIETY

Question 1 :  Bernier’s works were published in France in _____.

(a) 1668-69

(b) 1669-70

(c) 1670-71

(d) 1672-74

 Answer :  C
Question 2 :  Who wrote Kitab-ul-Hind?
(a) Ibn Battuta
(b) Al-Biruni
(c) Francois Bernier
(d) Marco Polo

Answer :  B

Question 3 :  What are the subjects on which travellers compiled their accounts?
(a) Affairs of the court
(b) Religious issues
(c) Architecture
(d) All of the above

Answer : D

Question 4 :  The European traveller who visited India and China was
(a) Peter Mundy.
(b) Marco Polo.
(c) Francois Bernier.
(d) Antonio Monserrate.

Answer : B

Question 5 :  The chief of the merchant community, in urban centres, was known as:
(a) Nagarsheth.
(b) Mahajans.
(c) Mullas.
(d) Vaids.

Answer :  A

Question 6 :  Which of the following travellers was appointed as the qazi or judge of Delhi by the Muhammad bin Tughlaq?
(a) Al-BIruni
(b) Mahmood of Gaznavi
(c) Both A & B
(d) Ibn-Batuta

Answer :  D

Question 7:  “Travels in the Mughal Empire” is an account of which of the following travellers to India?
(a) Albiruni
(b) Abdur Razzaq Samarqandi
(c) Berneir
(d) Ibn Battuta

Answer : C

Question 8 :  Which of the following traveller defined the distance between Sind and Delhi in Days?
(a) Ibn-Batuta
(b) Al-Beruni
(c) Mahmood Of Gaznavi
(d) Both A & B

Answer :  A

Question 9 :  Ibn Battuta had set off for India in the year:

(a) 1221-1222 CE.

(b) 1332-1333 CE.

(c) 1347-1348 CE.

(d) 1411-1412 CE. 

Answer :  B
Question 10 :  Which of the following travellers came to India during the 17th century?
(a) Marco Polo
(b) Antonio Monserrate
(c) Ibn Battuta
(d) Francois Bernier

Answer :  D
Question 11 :  The eldest son of Shah Jahan was:

(a) Dara Shukoh.

(b) Aurangzeb.

(c) Shah Shuja.

(d) Murad. 

Answer :  A
Question 12 :  Which of the following cities, according to Ibn-Battut a, was the largest?
(a) Surat
(b) Delhi
(c) Daulatabad
(d) Agra

Answer :  B

Question 13 : Who wrote the book, “Travells In The Mughal Empire”?
(a) Francois Bernier
(b) John Marshall
(c) Callin Mcenzie
(d) James Princep

Answer :  A

Question 14 :  Who among the following travellers have mentioned “a strange nation” when he saw the populated port of Calicut (present-day Kozhikode)?
(a) Albiruni
(b) Abdur Razzaq Samarqandi
(c) Berneir
(d) Ibn Battuta

Answer 15 : Question :  Who is the author of Rihla?
(a) Mahmud Wali Balkhi
(b) Duarte Barbosa
(c) Ibn Battuta
(d) Al-Biruni

Answer :  C

Read More
Priyanka0 comments

NCERT MOST IMPORTANT QUESTION CLASS – 12 | HISTORY | CHAPTER- 6 | BHAKTI SUFI TRADITIONS CHANGES IN RELIGIOUS BELIEFS AND DEVOTIONAL TEXTS | EDUGROWN |

In This Post we are  providing  CHAPTER 6 BHAKTI SUFI TRADITIONS CHANGES IN RELIGIOUS BELIEFS AND DEVOTIONAL TEXTS NCERT MOST IMPORTANT QUESTIONS for Class 12 HISTORY which will be beneficial for students. These solutions are updated according to 2021-22 syllabus. These MCQS  can be really helpful in the preparation of Board exams and will provide you with a brief knowledge of the chapter.

NCERT MOST IMPORTANT QUESTIONS ON BHAKTI SUFI TRADITIONS CHANGES IN RELIGIOUS BELIEFS AND DEVOTIONAL TEXTS

Question 1.
Who were Alvars and Nayanars?
Mention the support they got from the Chola rulers.
Answer:
Alvars: Alvars were those people who immersed themselves in devotion to Vishnu.
Nayanars Nayanars were the devotees of Shiva. They initiated the early Bhakti Movement during the 6th century CE.

Support from Chola Rulers Alvars and Nayanars got support from the Chola rulers in the form of land grants for the construction of splendid temples with stone and metals sculpture to recreate the visions of these popular saints who sang in the language of people.

Question 2.
Explain the meaning of Sufi Silsila.
Answer:
Sufi Silsila began to flourish in different parts of Islamic world around the 12th century. The literal meaning of Silsila was a chain, signifying a continuous link between master and disciple. It stretched as an unbroken spiritual lineage to the prophet Muhammad. It was through this channel that spiritual power and blessings were transmitted to devotees. Special rituals for initiation were followed, e.g. taking an oath of allegiance, wearing a patched garment and shaving the hair.

Question 3.
Why do thousands of devotees visit dargahs of Muslim saint?
Answer:
Pilgrimage, called Ziyarat to the tombs of Sufi saints is very common all over the Muslim world. For more than seven centuries people of various creeds, classes and social backgrounds have travelled to the dargahs of the five great chisthi saints and expressed their devotions. This practice is an occasion for seeking the sufi’s spiritual grace (barakat).

Question 4.
Explain the features of Islamic religion which contributed to its spread through the sub-continent.
Answer:
The development of Islam was not restricted to ruling aristocrats, actually it spread far and wide, through the sub-continent, amongst various social strata i.e. peasants, artisans, warriors, merchants, etc.

All those who adopted Islam accepted the five pillars of this religion. These are:

  1. There is one God, Allah and Prophet Muhammad is his messenger (Shahada).
  2. Offering prayers five times a day (namaz/salat).
  3. Giving alms (Zakat).
  4. Fasting during the month of Ramzan (Sawm).
  5. Performing the pilgrimage to Mecca (hajj)

The universal features were often overlaid with diversities in practice derived from affiliations (Sunni, Shia) and local customary practices to convert from different social backgrounds. For example, Arab Muslim traders adopted local customs such, as matriliny and matrilocal residence. There was also difference in the architecture of mosque due to the change of regions.

Question 5.
“The Lingayats challenged the idea of caste and the ‘pollution’ attributed to certain groups by Brahmanas,” Critically examine the statement.
Answer:
The Lingayats or Virshaivas emerged in the 12th century in Karnataka under the leadership of Basavanna. They worshipped Shiva in his manifestation as a linga and usually wore a small linga in a silver case on a loop strung over their left shoulder.

They believed that on death the devotee would be united with Shiva and would not return to this world. They challenged some important ideas given in our dharmashastras.
The Lingayats challenged the idea of caste and the ‘pollution’ attributed to certain groups by Brahmanas. They did not accept the theory of rebirth. They did not follow the varna system in our society given by the Brahmanas. These won the large number of followers among the marginalised section of the society.

Moreover, the Lingayats encouraged certain practices like post-puberty marriage and the remarriage of widows. Our dharmashastras disapproved these practices. Even the Lingayats did not practise funerary rites such as cremation, prescribed in the dharmashastras. They ceremonially buried their dead.

In this way the lingayats rejected the caste system and other practices followed in our society given by the Brahmanical scriptures.

Question 6.
Mention any two universal architectural features of Mosque.
Answer:
Mosque is regarded as the basis of Islamic religious life. It has an open compound and pillars on all sides. The roof stands on all these pillars. In the middle of the compound, there is a pond, which is artificially made. Here, devotees can take bath or wash themselves before offering Namaz.
Some special architectural features of Mosque are:

  • Mosque has orientation towards Mecca. It makes evident in the placement of the milirab (prayer niche) and the minbar (pulpit).
  • Mosque blends a universal faith with local traditions. In Kerala, we find the shikhara like roof and in Bangladesh, we find dome like roof. In Kashmir we find the Shah Hamadan mosque which is the best example of Kashmiri wooden architecture, decorated with paper mache.

Question 7.
Identify the relationship between the Sufis and the state from the eighth to the eighteenth century.
Answer:
A major feature of the Chishti tradition was austerity, including maintaining a distance from worldly power. However, this was by no mean a situation of absolute isolation from political power.
The sufis accepted unsolicited grants and donations from the political elites. The Sultans in turn set up charitable trusts (auqaf) as endowments for hospices and granted tax-free land (inam).

The Chishtis accepted donations in cash and kind. Rather than accumulate donations, they preferred to use these fully on immediate requirements such as food, clothes, living quarters and ritual necessities (such as sama). All this enhanced the moral authority of the shaikhs, which in turn attracted people from all walks of life.

Further, their piety and scholarship, and people’s belief in their miraculous powers made sufis popular among the masses, whose support kings wished to secure.

Kings did not simply need to demonstrate their association with sufis; they also required legitimation from them. When the Turks set up the Delhi Sultanate, they resisted the insistence of the ulama on imposing shari’a as state law because they anticipated opposition from their subjects, the majority of whom were non-Muslims. The Sultans wanted their tombs to be in the vicinity of sufi shrines and hospices.

However, there were instances of conflict between the Sultans and the sufis. To assert their authority, both expected that certain rituals be performed such as prostration and kissing of the feet. Occasionally the sufi shaikh was addressed with high-sounding titles. For example, the disciples of Nizamuddin Auliya addressed him as Sultan-ul-Mashaikh (literally, Sultan amongst Shaikhs).

Other sufis such as the Suhrawardi under the Delhi Sultans and the Naqshbandi under the Mughals were also associated with the state. However, the modes of their association were not the same as those of the Chishtis. In some cases, sufis accepted courtly offices.

Question 8.
Identify the relationship of the Alvars and Nayanars of Tamil Nadu with the state from the eighth to the eighteenth century.
Answer:
The realtionship of the Alvars and Nayanars of Tamil Nadu with the state is discussed below:

  • Some of the earliest bhakti movements were led by the Alvars (literally, those who were immersed in devotion to Vishnu) and Nayanars (who were devotees of Shiva).
  • They preached their message in Tamil. During their travel they identified certain shrines as abodes of their chosen deities. And these were developed as centres of pilgrimage.
  • One of the major themes in Tamil bhakti hymns was the poet’s opposition to Buddhism and Jainism. The main reason for this opposition was competition between members of other religious traditions for royal patronage.
  • The Chola rulers (ninth to thirteenth centuries) supported Brahmanical and Bhakti traditions, making land grants and constructing temples for Vishnu and Shiva.
  • The Chola rulers constructed many Shiva temples e.g. Chidambram, Thanjavur and
    Gangaikandacholapuram. They done this to proclaim their own power and status.
  • This was also the period when some of the most spectacular representations of Shiva in bronze scuplture were produced.
  • Both Nayanars and Alvars were revered (admire) by the Vellala peasants. Not surprisingly rulers tried to win their support as well.

Thus, are can say that the Chola rulers had intimate relations with the both Alvars and Nayanars as they had much honour and status in the society.

Question 9.
Explain the teachings of Kabir. How did he describe the ultimate reality through his poems?
Answer:
The historians tried to reconstruct Kabir’s life and timings through a study of compositions attributed to him and later hagiographies.

Verses ascribed to Kabir have been compiled in three distinct traditions, viz, Kabir Bijak, Kabir Granthavali and Adi Granth Sahib. All these compilations were made long after the death of Kabir. Kabir’s poems have survived in several languages and dialects.

The significance of Kabir’s poems is as follows:

Source of Inspiration:
Kabir’s poems have been a source of inspiration to those who questioned rigid and unrooted social institutions, ideas and practices in search of God.
Taken from both Hinduism and Islam:
The significance of Kabir’s poem also lies in the fact that his teachings were inspired by both Hinduism and Islam which sometimes expressed diverse and conflicting ideas. For instance, some poems imbibed Islamic ideas and used monotheism and attacked Hindu polytheism and idol worship while others used the Sufi concept of zikr and ishq to express the Hindu practice of nam-simaran i.e. remembrance of God’s name.
Kabir’s ideas crystallised through dialogue and debate and his legacy was claimed by several groups. The traditions, he drew to describe ultimate reality through his poems are:
Islamic Traditions:
He described the ultimate reality as Allah, Khuda, Hazrat and Pir.
Vedantic Tradition:
He used the terms Alakh (Unseen), Nirakar (Formless), Brahman, Atman, etc to describe the ultimate reality.
Yogic Tradition:
Other terms with mystical connotations such as shabda (sound) or Shunya (emptiness) were drawn from yogic tradition.

Question 10.
Explain how the biography of the saint poetess Mirabai has been primarily constructed. How did she defy the norms of society?
Answer:
Reconstruction of Mirabai’s: Biography The reconstruction of biographies of Mirabai has been done from the bhajans composed by herself (transmitted orally for centuries).
Royal affiliations of Mirabai From the bhajans it has been reconstructed that she was a Rajput princess from Merta in Marwar. She was married to a prince of the Sisodia clan of Mewar, Rajasthan, which had been done against her wishes so she defied her husband. She even refused to submit to the traditional role of wife and mother.

Recognition of Krishna as lover: She recognised Krishna, the incarnation of Vishnu, as her lover. Because of her behaviour, her in-laws once tried to poison her, but she managed to escape the in-laws home and preferred to live as a wandering saint and composing the songs of bhakti and love for the Krishna. Her compositions are known for intense expression of her emotion.

Defiance of social barriers: In some traditions, Mirabai has been mentioned as a disciple of Raidas, a leather worker. It indicates that she did not recognise the bonds of caste system and the practices of the society. For her intense love of Krishna, she rejected all the comforts of her husband’s palace and donned the saffron robe of the renouncer or the white robe of widow.

Popular source of inspiration: Mirabai, now-a-days recognised as the source of inspiration instead of attracting a sect or group of followers. Still she and her songs are popular among the poor or ‘low caste’ population in the State of Gujarat and Rajasthan.

Read More
Priyanka0 comments

NCERT MOST IMPORTANT QUESTION CLASS – 12 | HISTORY | CHAPTER- 5 | THROUGH THE EYES OF TRAVELLERS PERCEPTION OF SOCIETY | EDUGROWN |

In This Post we are  providing  CHAPTER 5 THROUGH THE EYES OF TRAVELLERS PERCEPTION OF SOCIETY NCERT MOST IMPORTANT QUESTIONS for Class 12 HISTORY which will be beneficial for students. These solutions are updated according to 2021-22 syllabus. These MCQS  can be really helpful in the preparation of Board exams and will provide you with a brief knowledge of the chapter.

NCERT MOST IMPORTANT QUESTIONS ON THROUGH THE EYES OF TRAVELLERS PERCEPTION OF SOCIETY

Learn CBSE

NCERT Solutions for Class 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 and 12https://googleads.g.doubleclick.net/pagead/ads?client=ca-pub-7398766921532682&output=html&h=280&slotname=8380703770&adk=2839959104&adf=679976212&pi=t.ma~as.8380703770&w=728&fwrn=4&fwrnh=100&lmt=1642572674&rafmt=1&psa=1&format=728×280&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.learncbse.in%2Fimportant-questions-for-class-12-history-chapter-5%2F&flash=0&fwr=0&fwrattr=true&rpe=1&resp_fmts=3&wgl=1&uach=WyJXaW5kb3dzIiwiMTAuMC4wIiwieDg2IiwiIiwiOTcuMC40NjkyLjk5IixbXSxudWxsLG51bGwsIjY0Il0.&dt=1643128528415&bpp=2&bdt=1847&idt=172&shv=r20220119&mjsv=m202201200301&ptt=9&saldr=aa&abxe=1&cookie=ID%3D375d0d6278db0d5a-226174de9ccc009b%3AT%3D1634321088%3ART%3D1634321088%3AS%3DALNI_MYMCP6xL8yJkrJR0gy4vAPMxXHBOA&prev_fmts=0x0&nras=1&correlator=3794020639542&frm=20&pv=1&ga_vid=56497409.1634321086&ga_sid=1643128529&ga_hid=803275874&ga_fc=1&u_tz=330&u_his=33&u_h=768&u_w=1366&u_ah=728&u_aw=1366&u_cd=24&u_sd=1&dmc=4&adx=517&ady=94&biw=1349&bih=657&scr_x=0&scr_y=0&eid=42531397%2C44753738%2C21067496&oid=2&pvsid=1430799293843595&pem=133&tmod=1203926618&uas=0&nvt=1&ref=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2F&eae=0&fc=1920&brdim=0%2C0%2C0%2C0%2C1366%2C0%2C1366%2C728%2C1366%2C657&vis=1&rsz=%7C%7ClE%7C&abl=CS&pfx=0&fu=128&bc=31&ifi=2&uci=a!2&fsb=1&xpc=cIDMgjBWEz&p=https%3A//www.learncbse.in&dtd=182

Important Questions for Class 12 History Chapter 5 Through the Eyes of Travellers (Perceptions of Society)

December 11, 2019 by Bhagya

Important Questions for Class 12 History Chapter 5 Through the Eyes of Travellers (Perceptions of Society)

Important Questions for Class 12 History Chapter 5 – 2 Marks Questions

Question 1.
How had Bernier described a complex social reality of the artisans under the Mughals? Give one reason. (HOTS, Delhi 2011)
Answer:
Bernier projected the Mughal state as tyrannical, his descriptions hinted at a more complex social reality. He thought that artisans had no incentive to improve the quality of their manufactures as all the profits were enjoyed by the state.

Question 2.
Mention any two characteristics of the cities in the Indian sub-continent as described by Ibn Battuta. (All India 2011)
Answer:
Ibn Battuta described the cities of the sub-continent and mentioned important features of these as follows:

  1. These cities were densely populated and prosperous.
  2. These cities had crowded streets, bright and colourful markets with a wide variety of goods.

Question 3.
Name the book written by Ibn Battuta. What was his observation about female slaves in the sub-continent? (All India 2008)
Answer:
Ibn Battuta wrote the book named ‘Rihla’.
Ibn Battuta had following observation about the female slaves of Indian sub-continent:

  • The female slaves excelled in music and dance and they were employed in Sultan’s service,
  • They were also employed by the Sultan to keep an eye on his noble’s activities.

Important Questions for Class 12 History Chapter 5 – 4 Marks Questions

Question 4.
Examine the causes that made Al-Biruni visit India. (All India 2017)
Answer:
There are many causes that made Al-Biruni visit in India. These are:

  • Al-Biruni arrived in Ghazni as a hostage by Sultan Mahmud of Ghazni. It was the place where he developed an interest for India.
  • When the Punjab became a part of the Ghaznavid Empire, Al-Biruni travelled widely in the Punjab and parts of northern India.
  • Al-Briuni spent years in the Company of Brahmana priests and scholars, learning Sanskrit and studying religious and philosophical texts. He read the Vedas, the Puranas, the Bhagavad Gita, the works of Patanjali, the Manusmriti, etc to understand Indian society properly.

Question 5.
“India had a unique system of communication during the fourteenth century”. Examine the statement of Ibn Battuta. (All India 2017)
Answer:
Ibn Battuta examined the unique system of communication of India which impressed him very much. He explained:

  • There were two kinds of postal system in India. These were uluq (horse post) and dawa (foot-post).
  • Uluq stationed at a distance of every four miles while the dawa has three stations per mile, means one-third of a mile.
  • The foot-post is quicker than the horse post and often it was used to transport the fruits of Khurasan.
  • Ibn Battuta was also amazed by the efficiency of the postal system which allowed merchants to not only send information and remit credit across long distances, but also to dispatch goods required at short notice.
  • The postal system was so efficient that while it took fifty days to reach Delhi . from Sind, the news reports of spies would reach the sultan through the postal system in just five days. Thus, enabled the ruler to keep a strict watch over the vast empire.

Question 6.
Examine why Bernier described the Mughal .towns as the ‘Camp Towns’. (All India 2017)
Answer:
Bernier described Mughal cities as ‘camp towns’. By camp towns he mean towns that depended for their survival on the imperial court. He believed that these towns came into existence when the imperial court moved in the area and rapidly lost their importance when imperial court moved out. These towns became singificant with the royal patronage, basically they did not have any other social and economic foundations. During Mughal period, 15 per cent of the population lived in these ‘camp towns’ according to Bernier.

Question 7.
State the inherent problems faced by Al-Biruni in the task of understanding Indian social and Brahmanical practices. Mention any two sources that provided him the support. (Delhi 2016)
Answer:
Al-Biruni mentioned several ‘barriers’ that obstructed proper understanding of Indian social and Brahmanical practices. These were:

  • Sanskrit was so different from Arabic and Persian that ideas and concepts could not be translated from one language to another.
  • The second barrier was the difference in religious beliefs and practices.
  • The self-absorption and consequent insularity of the local population constituted the third barrier.

Two sources that provided Al-Biruni support were:

  • Al-Biruni depended exclusively on the Vedas, the Puranas and the Bhagavad Gita.
  • Al-Biruni also mentioned the support from the works of Patanjali and Manusmriti to understand Indian society.

Question 8.
“Bernier’s description of imperial land ownership influenced Western theorists like French philosopher Montesquieu and German Karl Marx.” Justify it with suitable arguments. (Delhi 2013)
Answer:
Bernier asserted that in Mughal empire, the land was owned by the state and hence it led to the decline of agricultural production. It was harmful both for the state and its people.
This description of Bernier influenced the Western theorists from the 18th century onwards in following ways:

‘Oriental Despotism’ Theory by Montesquieu:
Montesquieu further developed Bernier’s idea into oriental despotism. According to it, the rulers in Asia exercised the full authority over their subjects. The subjects were kept in the conditions of subjugation and poverty. All land belonged to the king and private property was non-existent. According to this view, everybody except the king and nobles barely managed to survive.https://googleads.g.doubleclick.net/pagead/ads?client=ca-pub-7398766921532682&output=html&h=280&adk=1731550593&adf=20262191&pi=t.aa~a.3125218112~i.36~rp.4&w=750&fwrn=4&fwrnh=100&lmt=1642572674&num_ads=1&rafmt=1&armr=3&sem=mc&pwprc=3683862639&psa=1&ad_type=text_image&format=750×280&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.learncbse.in%2Fimportant-questions-for-class-12-history-chapter-5%2F&flash=0&fwr=0&pra=3&rh=188&rw=750&rpe=1&resp_fmts=3&wgl=1&fa=27&adsid=ChEIgNy-jwYQ6_-qqIXZk5HlARI5ACLaFk6Usd8S75EodwFzXpuD25CusXdktcdzfakOR_5grJvNw1cx8x1m98USzY-KK6p1JZoLzCgu&uach=WyJXaW5kb3dzIiwiMTAuMC4wIiwieDg2IiwiIiwiOTcuMC40NjkyLjk5IixbXSxudWxsLG51bGwsIjY0Il0.&dt=1643128529473&bpp=4&bdt=2905&idt=-M&shv=r20220119&mjsv=m202201200301&ptt=9&saldr=aa&abxe=1&cookie=ID%3D375d0d6278db0d5a-226174de9ccc009b%3AT%3D1634321088%3ART%3D1634321088%3AS%3DALNI_MYMCP6xL8yJkrJR0gy4vAPMxXHBOA&prev_fmts=0x0%2C728x280&nras=2&correlator=3794020639542&frm=20&pv=1&ga_vid=56497409.1634321086&ga_sid=1643128529&ga_hid=803275874&ga_fc=1&u_tz=330&u_his=33&u_h=768&u_w=1366&u_ah=728&u_aw=1366&u_cd=24&u_sd=1&dmc=4&adx=105&ady=3451&biw=1349&bih=657&scr_x=0&scr_y=1725&eid=42531397%2C44753738%2C21067496&oid=2&psts=AGkb-H-21CD2h0T3E9PCLgdSeHbyXImItbp_WBX0czQ0o5OLPIq0saFP5Tlq1jqh_OIiVripOIEUB18WCsCY&pvsid=1430799293843595&pem=133&tmod=1203926618&uas=3&nvt=1&ref=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2F&eae=0&fc=1408&brdim=0%2C0%2C0%2C0%2C1366%2C0%2C1366%2C728%2C1366%2C657&vis=1&rsz=%7C%7Cs%7C&abl=NS&fu=128&bc=31&jar=2022-01-25-16&ifi=3&uci=a!3&btvi=1&fsb=1&xpc=pCiwk3wk11&p=https%3A//www.learncbse.in&dtd=112

Karl Marx’s Concept of ‘Asiatic Mode’ of Production:
This idea was further developed as the concept of the Asiatic mode of production by Karl Marx in the 19th century.
He argued that in India and other Asian countries, the surplus was appropriated by the state. He added that this led to the emergence of a society with a large number of autonomous and egalitarian village communities. Marx thought that it was a stagnant system.

Question 9.
Explain Al-Biruni’s description of caste system.
Answer:
Al-Biruni’s description of the caste system was influenced by his study of the Sanskrit texts. These texts written by the Brahmanas and followed the four divisions of varna. Al-Biruni accepted this division. According to him, the Brahmana was created from the head of God, Brahma and regarded as the highest caste of society.

The next caste was Kashatriyas, who were created from the shoulders and hands of Brahma. After them followed the Vaishyas, who were created from the thigh of Brahma. The Shudras were created from the feet of Brahma.
However, as these classes differed from each other, they lived together in the same town and villages, mixed together in the same houses and lodgings. In real life, this system was not quite as rigid.

Question 10.
“Ibn Battuta found Delhi as a city full of exciting opportunities.” Support your answer with evidences given by him.
Answer:
Ibn Battuta arrived at Delhi in the 14th century. His description regarding Indian cities was very informative and helpful to understand the lifestyle of Indians.
He described Indian cities in the following ways:

  • Indian cities were densely populated and prosperous although sometimes these were affected by the wars.
  • Most cities had crowded streets and bright colourful markets with a wide variety of commodities.
  • Delhi with its vast population became the largest city in India. Daulatabad was no less, easily rivalled Delhi in size.
  • The rampart round the city was widely expanded. Inside the rampart, there were houses for the night sentry, gate keepers and store houses.
  • The lower part of the rampart was built of stone and the upper part was of bricks. It had many towers.
  • There were twenty eight gates in Delhi, which were called as ‘Darwazas’. Of these gates, Budaun darwaza, Mandi darwaza, Gul darwaza were very famous.
  • The markets and bazaars of Indian cities were the places of economic transactions and social and cultural activities. Most of the bazaars had a masjid and a temple. These places also had fixed spaces for public performances by dancers, musicians and singers.
  • Ibn Battuta found that many towns derived their wealth and prosperity through the appropriation of surplus from villages.

Read More
Priyanka0 comments

NCERT MOST IMPORTANT QUESTION CLASS – 12 | HISTORY | CHAPTER- 4 | THINKERS, BELIEFS AND BUILDING CULTURAL DEVELOPMENTS | EDUGROWN |

In This Post we are  providing  CHAPTER 4 THINKERS, BELIEFS AND BUILDING CULTURAL DEVELOPMENTS NCERT MOST IMPORTANT QUESTIONS for Class 12 HISTORY which will be beneficial for students. These solutions are updated according to 2021-22 syllabus. These MCQS  can be really helpful in the preparation of Board exams and will provide you with a brief knowledge of the chapter.

NCERT MOST IMPORTANT QUESTIONS ON THINKERS, BELIEFS AND BUILDING CULTURAL DEVELOPMENTS

Question 1.
Describe the Tirthankaras of Jainism. Discuss their main teachings about Jainism.
Answer:
Jainism has 24 Tirthankaras. It had the following most important Tirthankaras :
1. Rishabhnath. He was the first Tirthankara of Jainism. According to tradition, he was a king. He left his throne for his son named Bharat.

2. Pasharvnath. He was the 23rd Tirthankara of Jainism. He was the son of Ashavsen, the King of Kashi. He renounced the world at the age of thirty. He attained true enlightenment after a deep meditation for only three months. He spent the rest of his life as a Dharam Guru. He attained Nibbana at the age of a hundred.

3. Vardhman Mahavir. He was the 24th and the last Tirthankara of Jainism. He was born at Vaishali in the 6th century B.C.E. His childhood name was Vardhman. The name of his father was Siddharth and the name of his mother was Trishala. He was married to Yashodhara when he was quite young and was blessed with a son. He left his house at the age of thirty and practiced penance for many years. He attained enlightenment at the age of forty-two. He spent the rest of his life preaching religion. He attained Nibbana at the age of seventy-two.

Teachings of Jainism and Tirathankars. The religion that the Tirathankars preached came to be known as Jainism. The main teachings of this religion are as follows :

  1. Tri-Ratna. According to Jainism, the ultimate aim of human life is the attainment of Nirvana or salvation. There are three means to attain this nirvana—pure knowledge, pure character, and pure philosophy. These three principles of Jainism are known as the Tri-ratan.
  2. Belief in Penance. The followers of Jainism believed in asceticism and penance. They gave more and more torture to their bodies. They believed that salvation could be achieved by giving more and more pain to the human body.
  3. Non-Violence. Jainism has emphasized ahimsa or non-violence in life. The followers of this religion believed that all things of this world are animate. So they considered it a sin to cause any injury to any human being, animal, plant, or insect.
  4. No Faith in God. The followers of Jainism do not believe in God though they accept its existence. They worship their Tirathankars in place of God.
  5. No Faith in the Vedas. The disciples of Jainism do not consider the Vedas as having divine knowledge. They do not consider the means of salvation mentioned in the Vedas as important. They believed that yajnas were futile.
  6. Belief in Soul. The followers of Jainism accept the existence of the soul. According to them, the soul is immortal. Though it is in the body, yet it is distinct and different from the body.
  7. No Faith in Caste System. The followers of Jainism do not believe in Casteism. According to them, all people are equal. No one can be high or low on the basis of caste.
  8. Belief in the Theory of Karma. According to Jainism, the cycle of birth and re-birth is shaped through Karma. The next birth depends on the deeds done in the present life. So we should perform good deeds.
  9. Attainment of Salvation. According to Jainism, salvation means that the soul should be free from the bond of Karmas. When the cycle of Karma ends, the individual attains salvation.
  10. Emphasis on Righteous Conduct. Mahavir inspired all his disciples and followers to lead a high world life. He advised all to beware of anger, greed, jealousy, theft, and unethical deeds.

Question 2.
How were the Stupas discovered? Comment on their export citing examples of the Stupas at Amaravati and Sanchi.
Answer:
The Stupa of Amaravati was found all of a sudden. In 1796, a local Raja wanted to build a temple. He stumbled upon the ruins of the Stupa at Amaravati. He decided to use the stone. Then he thought that there might be a treasure buried in that hill-like place. After many years, this site was visited by Colin Mackenzie, a British official. He found many pieces of sculpture. He made detailed drawings of them. But all his reports remained unpublished.

Walter Elliot, the Commissioner of Guntur (Andhra Pradesh) visited Amaravati in 1854. He collected many sculpture panes and took them away to Madras. These sculpture panes were later on known as the Elliot Marbles as they were named after his name. He also discovered the remains of the western gateway. He concluded that the structure at Amaravati was very large and magnificent.

In the 1850s, some of the slabs from Amaravati were taken to the Asiatic Society of Bengal at Calcutta. Some other slabs were taken to the India office in Madras. A few others were taken to London. These slabs of sculpture adorned the gardens of a few British administrators. In fact, whenever a new official came in the area, he removed a few sculptures from the site on the plea that earlier officials had done the same.

Export of the Stupas at Sanchi and Amaravati

A few archaeologists had a different view about the export of Stupas at Sanchi and Amaravati. According to H.H. Cole, “It seems to be a suicidal and indefensible policy to allow the country to be looted of original works of ancient art.” He believed that the original pieces of sculpture should not be dislocated. Rather all the museums should have plaster cast facsimiles of the sculpture. However, Cole failed to convince the officials about the importance of Amaravati. But his views about Sanchi were accepted. Hence, the Stupa at Sanchi survived whereas the Stupa at Amaravati could not.

Why did Sanchi survive whereas Amaravati did not?
Answer:
Amaravati was discovered earlier than Sanchi. But the scholars at that time could not realize the importance of preserving such monuments. They did not understand that these things should have been preserved where they had been found. They should not have been removed from the site.

Sanchi was discovered in 1818. At that time, three of its four gates were intact. They still stood in a good condition. The fourth gateway had fallen down. The entire mound was in good condition. No doubt some people suggested that the gateway should be taken either to Paris or London. But at last, Sanchi was kept as it was. On the other hand, the mahachaitya at Amaravati became an insignificant little mound. It had lost much of its past glory.

Question 3.
How did Puranic Hinduism grow? Give its main features.
Answer:
Puranic Hinduism originated from the notion of a Saviour. Two traditions were part of Hinduism-Vaishnavism and Shaivism. Vishnu was the principal deity in Vaishnav tradition and Lord Shiva was regarded as the chief God in Shaivism. In both traditions, special emphasis was laid on the worship of a specific deity. In this type of worship, the bond between the devotee and God was seen as one of love and devotion. It is called Bhakti.

Incarnation or Avtarism: Various cults were developed around various avatars of Vishnu in Vaishnavism. Ten avatars were recognized in this tradition. It has been believed that whenever the world is threatened by disorder and destruction because of the dominance of evil forces, the deity takes avatar to save the world in different forms. Probably different avatars were popular in different parts of the country. All the local deities were recognized as a form of Vishnu and Vaishnavism became a more unified religious tradition.

Sculptures: Some of the avatars represented in sculptures of other deities were also made. Shiva was represented by the ‘Linga’ but he was also represented in human form in many sculptures. All these representations of deities were based on a complex set of ideas. Their attributes and symbols were depicted from their headdresses, ornaments, and weapons or auspicious objects the deities hold in their hands, how they are seated, etc.

Stories of Puranas: In order to understand the meaning of these sculptures, historians have to be familiar with the stories associated with them. Some stories are found even in the most of the stories of Puranas were developed through mutual contracts of people. Priests, merchants, common men, and women used to move from one place to another and used to exchange their beliefs and ideas. For example, Vasudeva-Krishna was an important deity of the Mathura region. But during many centuries, his worship spread to different parts of the country as well.

Question 4.
How Buddhist texts were prepared and preserved?
Answer:
Buddha used to give teachings through debate and discussion. Men, women, and children attended these discussions and discussed what they heard. None of his teachings were written down during his lifetime. After his death, his followers called a council of elders at Vaishali. This council compiled all of his teachings. These compilations were known as Tripitaka which literally means the three baskets to hold different types of texts. Firstly they were transmitted orally and then written and classified according to their subject matter and length.

Tripitaka: Three pitakas are inlcuded in Tripitaka-Vinay Pitaka, Sutta Pitaka and Abhidhamma pitaka.

  • Vinay Pitaka is the collection of rules and regulations for those who joined the Sangha or monastic order.
  • Buddha’s teachings were included in Sutta Pitaka.
  • Philosophical matters are dealt with in Abhidhamma Pitaka.
    Each Pitaka consists of many individual texts. Later on, Buddhist scholars wrote commentaries on these texts.

Mahavamsa and Dipavamsa: When Buddhism spread to new lands like Sri Lanka, other texts like Mahavamsa and Dipavamsa were written. These texts contain regional histories of Buddhism. Some of these texts had biographies of Buddha. Most of the oldest texts were in the Pali language but later on, texts were also written in the Sanskrit language.

Preserving Buddhist text: When Buddhism spread to east Asian countries, then many pilgrims like Fa Xian and Xuan Zang traveled from China to India. They took many texts to their country where they were translated by many scholars. Indian Buddhist teachers also traveled to different countries.

They carried Buddhist texts with them to disseminate the teachings of Buddha. For many centuries, these manuscripts were preserved in monasteries of different parts of Asia. Scholars also prepared modem translations from Pali, Sanskrit, Chinese, and Tibetan texts.

Question 5.
Explain the structural and sculptural features of the Sanchi Stupa.
Answer:
Sanchi Stupa is considered among the best-preserved monuments of the time. It is one of the most important centre of early Buddhism.

The Structure of Stupas

The Stupa is a Sanskrit word meaning a heap. It is a simple semi-circular mound of earth. Later on, it was also called as anda. Slowly and steadily, its structure became complex because an attempt was made to balance the round and square shapes. Above the anda, it had the harmonica, a balcony-like structure. This balcony represented the abode of the gods. Near the harmonica, was a mast called the Yashti. It was often surmounted by a Chhatri or an umbrella. Around the mound, there was a railing.

It separated the sacred place from the secular world. The Stupas at Sanchi and Bharhut have stone railings. This railing was like bamboo or wooden fence. It had four gateways, which were richly carved and installed in four cardinal points. The worshippers mostly entered through the eastern gateway. They walked around the mound in a clockwise direction keeping the mound on right imitating the sun’s course through the sky.

The Sculpture of Sanchi Stupa

The sculpture depicts a rural scene, with thatched huts and trees. The sculpture at Sanchi identifies it as a scene from the Vessantara Jataka. This is a story about a generous prince who gave away everything to a Brahmana and went to live in the forest with his wife and children. Early sculptors did not show Buddha in human form but as symbols.

  • The empty seat was meant to indicate the meditation of the Buddha.
  • The stupa was meant to represent the mahaparinibbana.
  • Another symbol was the wheel, which indicated the first sermon of the Buddha, delivered at Sarnath.

Some of the sculptures at Sanchi were not directly inspired by Buddhist ideas. These include beautiful women swinging from the edge of the gateway, holding onto a tree. According to a popular belief, she is a representation of Shalabhanjika in Sanskrit.

This woman’s touch caused trees to flower and bear fruit. This auspicious symbol was used for the decoration of the stupa. Shalabhanjika motif suggests that many people who turned to Buddhism enriched it with their own pre-Buddhist and non-Buddhist beliefs, practices, and ideas. At Sanchi Stupa, many animals are carved into lively scenes derived from Jataka tales. These animals have human attributes. For example, an elephant denotes strength and wisdom.

The motif of Gajalakshmi or Maya-a a woman surrounded by lotuses and elephants sprinkling water on her as if performing abhisheka. She is regarded as the goddess of fortune. Other motifs include that of serpent worship derived from other popular traditions.

Question 6.
How did Sutta-Pitaka reconstruct the philosophy of ‘ Buddhism? Mention about Buddhist Tipitaka.
Answer:
Sutta Pitaka is an important text of Buddhism. The Buddha’s teachings have been reconstructed from the stories found mainly in the Sutta Pitaka. Although few stories describe his miraculous powers, others suggest that the Buddha tried to convince people through reason and persuasion rather than through displays of supernatural power. For example, when a grief-stricken woman whose child had died came to Buddha.

He gently convinced her about the inevitability of death rather than bring her back to life. These stories were narrated in the language spoken by ordinary people so that these could be easily understood. According to Buddhist philosophy, the world is transient (anicca) and constantly changing; it is also soulless (anatta) as there is nothing permanent or eternal in it. Within this transient world, sorrow (dukkha) is intrinsic to human existence.

Humans can rise above the worldly troubles between severe penance and self-indulgence.

Buddha regarded the social world as the creation of humans rather than of divine origin. He advised kings and chapatis to be humane and ethical. Social relations can be transformed at the individual level.

The Buddha emphasized individual agency and righteous action as a means to escape from the cycle of birth and rebirth and attain self-realization and Nibbana, to remove ego and desire and end the cycle of suffering and resource the world.

Buddha used to give teachings through debate and discussion. Men, women, and children attended these discussions and discussed what they heard. None of his teachings were written down during his lifetime. After his death, his followers called a council of elders at Vaishali. This council compiled all of his teachings.

These compilations were known as Tripitaka which literally means the three baskets to hold different types of texts. Firstly they were transmitted orally and then written and classified according to their subject matter and length.

Tripitaka or Tipitaka: Threepitakas are included in Tripitaka – Vinay Pitaka, Sutta Pitaka and Abhidhamma Pitaka.

  • Vinaya Pitaka is the collection of rules and regulations for those who joined the Sangha or monastic order.
  • Buddha’s teachings were included in Sutta Pitaka.
  • Philosophical matters are dealt with in Abhidhamma Pitaka.

Each Pitaka consists of many individual texts. Later on, Buddhist scholars wrote commentaries on these texts.

Question 7.
What was the method of the symbol of Buddha sculptures? Why was it difficult to understand these symbols?
Answer:
Many early sculptors showed the presence of Buddha through symbols instead of showing him in the human form. For example, the empty seat became the symbol of the meditation of Buddha. The symbol of the wheel was also used quite frequently.

This symbol stood for the first sermon of the Buddha, delivered at Sarnath. Actually, such sculptures cannot be understood very easily. For example, the tree does not stand just for a tree but it symbolizes an event in the life of the Buddha. To understand such symbols, it is necessary for historians to understand the traditions of those who produced these works of art.

Question 8.
Many rituals, religious beliefs and practices were not recorded in a permanently visible form as monuments or sculptures or even paintings.” Critically examine the statement.
Answer:
Many rituals, religious beliefs, and practices were not recorded in a permanent, visible form as monuments or sculptures, or even paintings. These included daily practices, as well as those associated with special occasions. Many communities and people may not have felt the need for keeping lasting records, even as they may have had vibrant traditions of religious activities and philosophical ideas.

Actually, people do like to preserve or record those things which are visible. They don’t want to record those things which are not visible and that’s why rituals and religious beliefs and even practices remain no more with the passage of time.

Question 9.
“The notion of a savior was not unique to Buddhism.” Comment.
Answer:
The notion of a savior was not unique to Buddhism. We find the same ideas being developed in different ways within a tradition that we now consider a part of Hinduism. In the case of Vaishnavism, cults developed around the various avatars or incarnations of the deity.

Ten avatars were recognized within the tradition. These were forms that the deity was believed to have assumed to save the world whenever it was threatened by disorder and destruction by evil forces. It is likely that different avatars were popular in different parts of the country. Recognizing each of these local deities as a form of Vishnu was one way of creating a mere unified religious tradition.

Question 10.
Is it easy to understand visual traditions? Which methods were used by European scholars to understand our visual traditions?
Answer:
We have had a glimpse of rich visual traditions, stone architectures, sculptures, and paintings. A lot has been destroyed and lost over the centuries. Even then what remains has been preserved and conveys a sense of the visions of the artists who created these spectacular works. But it is not easy to understand what they wanted to convey. We cannot completely understand the fact that what these images meant to people who saw them and worshipped them.

Efforts of the European Scholars: When the European scholars saw a few sculptures of Gods and Goddesses in the 19th century, they were not been able to understand the background and importance of these sculptures. Sometimes they were horrified by grotesque figures with multiple arms and heads or with a combination of human and animal forms.
Many times they even hated these sculptures. But still, they made the following efforts to understand those grotesque figures:

Comparison with Greek Tradition: Scholars compared these figures with a familiar tradition. This tradition was the art tradition of ancient Greece. While they hardly considered Indian sculptures as superior like Greek sculptures, even then they were encouraged by the discovered images of Buddha and Bodhisattvas. These sculptures were found mainly from northern western cities like Taxila and Peshawar. These regions were ruled over by Indo-Greek rulers in the second-century H.C.F. These sculptures were closest to Greek statues. Because these scholars were very much influenced by Greek art of sculptures, that is why they considered the statues of Buddha and Bodhisattvas as the best
examples of Indian art.

From Familiar to make Sense of Unfamiliar:

In order to understand this art, they chose a very simple method and that was to understand unfamiliar
things on the basis of familiar things.

Art historians generally collect information from written texts to understand the context and importance of any statue. While this is certainly a far more effective strategy than comparing Indian images with Greek status. But it was not always easy to use. One of the most interesting examples of this is the famous sculpture along a huge rock surface in Mahabalipuram (Tamil Nadu).

A vivid description of any story is given in the statues. But which story is it? Art historians search through Puranas to it. But still they contradictory views. are of the view that depicts the descent of the Ganga river. They are of the view that the natural cleft through the center of the rock surface might represent the river. This story is narrated in epics and Puranas. Other scholars are of the view that it represents a story of Arjuna doing penance on the banks of the river to acquire arms. Its description is given in Mahabharata. They are
pointing to the central figure of an ascetic.

Read More
Priyanka0 comments

NCERT MCQ CLASS – 12 | HISTORY | CHAPTER- 4 | THINKERS, BELIEFS AND BUILDING CULTURAL DEVELOPMENTS | EDUGROWN |

In This Post we are  providing  CHAPTER 4 THINKERS, BELIEFS AND BUILDING CULTURAL DEVELOPMENTS NCERT MCQ for Class 12 HISTORY which will be beneficial for students. These solutions are updated according to 2021-22 syllabus. These MCQS  can be really helpful in the preparation of Board exams and will provide you with a brief knowledge of the chapter.

NCERT MCQ ON THINKERS, BELIEFS AND BUILDING CULTURAL DEVELOPMENTS

1. Mahatma Buddha died at which place?
(a) Lumbini
(b) Bodhgaya
(c) Sarnath
(d) Kushinagar

Ans. (d) Kushinagar.

2. Which is the method of salvation in Buddhism ?
(a) Three Jewels
(b) Eight-fold path
(c) Penance
(d) Ahimsa.

Ans. (b) Eight-fold path

3. In which language Buddhist Literature was written ?
(a) Pali Language
(b) Sanskrit Language
(c) Prakrit Language
(d) Magadhi Language

Ans. (a) Pali Language

4. Lord Mahavira was related to which religion?
(a) Hinduism
(b)Jainism
(c) Buddhism
(d) Sikhism

Ans. (b)Jainism

5. Where Mahatma Buddha delivered his first sermon ?
(a) Kapilvastu
(b) Sarnath
(c) Gaya
(d) Kushinagar.

Ans. (b) Sarnath

6. Mahavira Swami died at which place ?
(a) Kundgram
(b) Kushinagar
(c) Pavapuri
(d) Sarnath.

Ans. (c) Pavapuri

7. The childhood name of Mahavira was:
(a) Siddhartha
(b) Vardhaman
(c) Siddhant
(d) Shuddhodhan

Ans. (b) Vardhaman

8. Name the Twenty fourth Tirthankara of Jainism :
(a) Rishabhdev
(b) Anant
(c) Vardhman Mahavir
(d) Swami Parshvanath.

Ans. (c) Vardhman Mahavir

9. Jatak Stories are related to:
(a) Hinduism
(b)Jainism
(c) Buddhism
(d) Sikhism

Ans. (c) Buddhism

10. Mahayana belong to which religion?
(a) Jainism
(b) Shaivism
(c) Hinduism
(d) Buddhism

Ans. (d) Buddhism

11.Sanchi Stupa is situated
(a) Near to Bhopal
(b) Near to Indore
(c) Near to Delhi
(d) Near to Agra

Ans: (a) Near to Bhopal

12.Which of these was not the Begum of Bhopal?
(a) Shahjehan Begum
(b) Sultanjehan Begum
(c) Noorjehan Begum
(d) (a) and (b) both

Ans: (c) Noorjehan Begum.

13.24 great teachers of Jainism are known as ________
(a) Tirthankars
(b) Jataks
(e) Jinas
(d) VardhmanasAnswer

Ans: (a) Tirthankars

14.________ is the birth place of Gautama Buddha.
(a) Kalinga
(b) Sarnatha
(c) Lumbini
(d) Kushinagara

Ans: (c) Lumbini

15.At which place Lord Buddha attained true enlightenment?
(a) Lumbini
(b) Kushinagara
(e) Sarnath
(d) Bodhgaya

Answer: (d) Bodhgaya

Read More
Rohit0 comments

CHAPTER -6 Changes Around Us | CLASS 6TH | NCERT SCIENCE IMPORTANT QUESTIONS & MCQs | EDUGROWN

Here students can get info about NCERT Important Questions & MCQs for Class 6 Science so that they can get to know the answers to the questions in case they are not able to find it. You can find the best Class 6th Science NCERT Solutions explained in conformance with the CBSE curriculum for Class 6.

Chapter 6 Changes Around Us Class 6th Science

MCQs

Question 1.
When ice melts into water, what types of changes do you observe ?
(a) Physical changes
(b) Chemical changes
(c) Both (a) and (b)
(d) None of these

Answer

(a) Physical changes
Ice melts into water is physical change.

Question 2.
Cooked food is the:
(a) Chemical change
(b) Physical change
(c) Both (a) and (b)
(d) None of these

Answer

(a) Chemical change
Cooked food is a chemical change.

Question 3.
If we burn a candle, the height of a candle will .
(a) Decreased
(b) Increased
(c) Remain same
(d) None of these

Answer

(a) Decreased
The height of burning candle is always decreased.

Question 4.
For making the curd, we should the milk.
(a) Heat
(b) Cool
(c) Boil
(d) None of these

Answer

(a) Heat
For making the curd, we should heat the milk.

Question 5.
Metal rim is made slightly than the wooden wheel.
(a) Bigger
(b) Smaller
(c) Equal
(d) None of these

Answer

(b) Smaller
Metal rim is made slightly smaller than the wooden wheel.

Question 6.
the metal rim expands and fits into the wheel.
(a) On boiling
(b) On cooling
(c) On heating
(d) All of these

Answer

(c) On heating
The incense stick has burnt to give off gases and ashes.

Question 7.
The black material (tar) for repairing road is .
(a) Heated
(b) Cooled
(c) Heated and cooled
(d) None of these

Answer

(a) Heated
The black material (tar) for repairing road is heated.

Question 8.
The incense stick has burnt to give off.
(a) Gases
(b) Ashes
(c) Both (a) and (b)
(d) None of these

Answer

(c) Both (a) and (b)
The incense stick has burnt to give off gases and ashes.

Question 9.
Metal expand on heating and contract on.
(a) Boiling
(b) Washing
(c) Cooling
(d) Both (a) and (b)

Answer

(c) Cooling
Metal contract on cooling.

Question 10.
A change in a substance can be brought by heating it or by it with other substances.
(a) Cooling
(b) Boiling
(c) Washing
(d) Mixing

Answer

(d) Mixing
A change be in a substance can be brought by heating it or by mixing it with other substances.

Question 11.
An iron piece is heated red hot and beaten into a shape.
(a) Desired
(b) Undesired
(c) Same
(d) All of these

Answer

(a) Desired
A iron piece is heated red hot and beaten into a desired shape.

Question 12.
The change which can be reversed is known as:
(a) Reversible change
(b) Irreversible change
(c) Both (a) and (b)
(d) None of these

Answer

(a) Reversible change
The change which can be reversed is known as reversible change.

Question 13.
The change which cannot be reversed is known as:
(a) Reversible change
(b) Irreversible change
(c) Both (a) and (b)
(d) None of these

Answer

(b) Irreversible change
The change which cannot be reversed is known as irreversible change.

Question 14.
A process in which liquid changes into gas is known as:
(a) Solution
(b) Fusion
(c) Condensation
(d) Evaporation

Answer

(d) Evaporation
Evaporation is the process in which liquid changes into gas.

Question 15.
A process by which gas is turned into liquid is known as:
(a) Solution
(b) Fusion
(c) Condensation
(d) Evaporation

Answer

(c) Condensation
Condensation is the process by which gas is turned into liquid.

Question 16.
A process in which liquid is freezed into solid is known as:
(a) Condensation
(b) Fusion
(c) Solution
(d) Evaporation

Answer

(b) Fusion
Fusion is the process in which liquid is freezed into solid.

Question 17.
When a solid dissolves in liquid then is formed.
(a) Condensation
(b) Fusion
(c) Solution
(d) Evaporation

Answer

(c) Solution
When a solid dissolves in liquid then solution is formed.

Question 18.
Write a few changes taking place around us on their own:
(a) Grain to its flour
(b) Bud to flower
(c) Cow dung to biogas
(d) Both (b) and (c)

Answer

(d) Both (b) and (c)
Bud to flower, cow dung to biogas are the changes taking place around us on their own.

Question 19.
The changes that require long time to occur are called:
(a) Fast change
(b) Slow change
(c) Permanent change
(d) Temporary change

Answer

(b) Slow change
The changes that require long time to occur are called slow change.

Question 20.
The changes which occur immediately are called:
(a) Slow change
(b) Temporary change
(c) Permanent change
(d) Fast change

Answer

(d) Fast change
The changes which occur immediately are called fast change.

Important Questions

Question 1.
What are reversible and irreversible changes?
Answer:
Reversible and irreversible changes:
Reversible changes: The changes which can be brought back to its original form are known as reversible changes. For example, melting of wax and stretching of a rubber band.

Irreversible changes: The changes in which the matter cannot be brought back to its original state are known as irreversible changes. For example, burning of paper changes it into ash and smoke. Paper cannot be obtained back from ash and smoke.

Question 2.
What are the differences between reversible changes and irreversible changes?
Answer:
The differences between reversible changes and irreversible changes:

Reversible changesIrreversible changes
1.   A change which can be undone or reversed.

 

2.   It is a temporary change.

3.   Melting and folding are examples of it.

1.  A change which cannot be undone or reversed.

 

2.  It is a permanent change.

3.  Burning and cooking of food are examples of it.

Question 3.
Can you obtain wood from sawdust?
Answer:
No, because it is an irreversible change.

Question 4.
Can we say that ironing of a cloth is a reversible change? Give reasons.
Answer:
Ironing removes the wrinkles of the clothes, which can come back in the same condition. Hence, ironing of a cloth is a reversible change.

Question 5.
Can deforestation be considered as a reversible change?
Answer:
No, deforestation can’t be considered as a reversible change because no same tree can be planted after felling down or cutting.

Question 6.
Is printing a reversible or an irreversible change?
Answer:
Printing is an irreversible change because we cannot separate and collect the printing ink after printing.

Question 7.
Give two examples each of reversible and irreversible changes.
Answer:
Reversible changes: Melting of wax and stretching of a rubber band.
Irreversible changes: Burning of a paper and growth of plants.

Question 8.
State whether burning of a piece of paper is a reversible or an irreversible change.
Answer:
When we bum a piece of paper, it changes into ash and smoke. We cannot combine the ash and smoke to form the original piece of paper. So the burning of a piece of paper is an irreversible change.

Question 9.
Classify the following as reversible or irreversible changes:
(i) Growth of a plant
(ii) Ploughing a field,
(ii) Melting of wax
(iv) Falling of rain
(v) Pulling of rubber string
(vi) Breaking of a glass rod
(mi) Cooking of food.
Answer:
Reversible changes: (ii), (iii), (v)
Irreversible changes: (i), (iv), (vi), (vii).

Question 10.
How does curd set? Is this change reversible?
Answer:
A small quantity of curd is added to warm milk. The milk is stirred and is set aside undisturbed for a few hours at a warm place. In a few hours, the milk changes into curd.
Curd formed from milk cannot be changed into milk again. So, this is an irreversible change.

Question 11.
What are fast and slow changes?
Answer:
Fast changes take place over a short duration of time.
Slow changes take a longer duration of time to complete.

Question 12.
Define physical and chemical changes. Give examples.
Answer:
1. Physical change: Physical change is a temporary change in which chemical composition of the substance does not change and no new substance is formed.

During a physical change, only the physical properties of a substance change.
It is a reversible change. For example, melting of ice, during this change, the water changes from its solid form to liquid form. It can be solidified again.The water remains water in both the cases.

2. Chemical change: A chemical change is a permanent change in which not .
only the physical properties but chemical properties also change. It is an irreversible change. For example, formation of curd from milk, rusting of iron, etc.

Question 13.
Formation of clouds is a physical change. Explain.
Answer:
Formation of clouds is a physical change as it is phase transformation cycle of natural water from liquid to gas and then, gas to liquid. Hence, the property of water never changes in clouds form.

Question 14.
Explosion of a cracker is a chemical change. Explain.
Answer:
Explosion of crackers is a chemical change because the explosive reactants are transformed into gaseous products along with heat and light and thus cannot be reversed.
Hence, it is a chemical change.

Question 15.
Give some examples of physical and chemical changes.
Answer:
Examples of physical changes:
Tearing of sheet of paper into pieces, melting of ice, change of water into steam, breaking of glass tumbler, glowing of electric bulb, dissolution of sugar or salt in water.

Examples of chemical changes:
Burning of paper, wood, candle, etc., formation of curd from milk, cooking of food, rusting of iron and mixing of vinegar with baking soda, electrolysis of water.

Question 16.
Classify the following changes in as many ways as you can:

  1. Breaking of a brick with a hammer.
  2. Beating of heart.
  3. Germination of a seed.
  4. Burning of an incense-stick (agarbatti).
  5. Occurrence of solar eclipse.

Answer:

  1. Physical change, irreversible change.
  2. Periodic change, irreversible change.
  3. Irreversible change,
  4. Irreversible change, chemical change.
  5. Irreversible change.

Question 17.
Most physical changes are reversible. Give reasons with two examples.
Answer:

  1. Melting of ice: During this change, the water changes from its solid form to liquid form. It can be solidified again. The water remains water in both cases, hence reversible.
  2. Glowing of an electric bulb: During this change, electricity is passed through the tungston filament which becomes white hot and glows, but when the switch is off, the filament returns to its original shape and condition, hence totally reversible.

Question 18.
Give one example .each for physical and chemical changes
Answer:
Physical change (Melting of ice)
Changes Around Us Class 6 Extra Questions Science Chapter 6 Q 18
Question 19.
What is charring of sugar? Is it a chemical change?
Answer:
When sugar is continuously heated in the porcelain dish, it becomes foggy due to water vapour. A black powdery substance is left behind, which is charcoal. This process is also called charring of sugar and this is a chemical change.
Changes Around Us Class 6 Extra Questions Science Chapter 6 Q 19
Question 20.
Give some examples of changes which take place on their own.
Answer:
Changes Around Us Class 6 Extra Questions Science Chapter 6 Q 20

Question 21.
Give some examples of changes which take place on their own.
Answer:
Many changes are taking place around us on their own. For example:

  • Ripening of crops in the fields.
  • Leaves fall from trees.
  • Flowers bloom and then wither away.
  • Growing of hair and nail.

Could there be other ways to bring a change?

Question 1.
Does, like all other liquids, water expand on heating and contract on cooling?
Answer:
No, water is an exception. Water contracts on cooling till 4°C but expands when cooled further down from 4°C to 0°C.

Question 2.
List few ways to bring a change.
Answer:

  • Heating or cooling
  • Mixing two or more substances
  • By applying force etc.

Question 3.
Give some examples from daily life where expansion of metal by heating is used. Explain.
Answer:
Fixing of a metal rim on an wooden wheel and fixing of wooden handles in iron blade in agricultural tools are such examples.
The iron blade of these tools has a ring in which the wooden handle is fixed. Normally, the ring is slightly smaller in size than the wooden handle. To fix the handle, the ring is heated and it becomes slightly larger in size (expands). Now, the handle easily fits into the ring. When the ring cools down, it contracts and fits tightly onto the handle.
Changes Around Us Class 6 Extra Questions Science Chapter 6 Could there be other ways to bring a change Q1
Such a change is also used for fixing the metal rim on a wooden wheel of a«cart as shown in Fig. 6.4. Again the metal rim is made slightly smaller than the wooden wheel. On heating, the rim expands and fits onto the wheel. Cold water is then poured over the rim, which contracts and fits tightly onto the wheel.

Question 4.
Explain how a metal rim slightly smaller than a wooden wheel can be fixed on it.
Answer:
The metal rim is always made slightly smaller than the wooden wheel. The metal rim is heated; on heating, the rim expands and fits onto the wheel. Cold water is then poured over the rim. Due to cooling, rim contracts and fits tightly over the wheel.

Activity 7.
Take a small candle and measure its length with a scale. Now, fix it at a suitable place and light it. Let it burn for some time. Now blow out the candle and measure its length again (Fig.).
Its length will be reduced.

Can the change in the length of the candle be reversed? If we were to take some wax in a pan and heat it, can this change be reversed (Fig.)?
Changes Around Us Class 6 Extra Questions Science Chapter 6 Activity 7
Changes Around Us Class 6 Extra Questions Science Chapter 6 Activity 7(i)
No, the change in the length of the candle cannot be reversed. Yes, on heating the wax in a pan, its change into liquid form can be reversed.

Read More
Rohit0 comments

CHAPTER -5 Separation of Substances | CLASS 6TH | NCERT SCIENCE IMPORTANT QUESTIONS & MCQs | EDUGROWN

Here students can get info about NCERT Important Questions & MCQs for Class 6 Science so that they can get to know the answers to the questions in case they are not able to find it. You can find the best Class 6th Science NCERT Solutions explained in conformance with the CBSE curriculum for Class 6.

Chapter 5 Separation of Substances Class 6th Science

MCQs

Question 1.
A mixture of iodine and sand can be separated by:
(a) Decantation
(b) Centrifugation
(c) Filtration
(d) Sublimation

Answer

(d) Sublimation
A mixture of iodine and sand can be separated by sublimating.

Question 2.
A mixture of tea leaves and iron filling can be separated by:
(a) Filtration
(b) Evaporation
(c) Separating funnel
(d) Magnet

Answer

(d) Magnet
A mixture of tea leaves and iron fillings can be separated by magnet.

Question 3.
A mixture of mustard oil and kerosene oil can be separated by:
(a) Sublimation
(b) Evaporation
(c) Separating funnel
(d) Filtration

Answer

(c) Separating funnel
A mixture of mustard oil and kerosene oil can be separated by separating funnel.

Question 4.
Insects are separated from wheat by:
(a) Hand picking
(b) Sieving
(c) Magnet
(d) None of these

Answer

(a) Hand picking
Insects from wheat are separated by hand picking.

Question 5.
Larger quantity of salt can be dissolved in water by:
(a) Heating
(b) Coaling
(c) Icing
(d) None of these

Answer

(a) Heating
Larger quantity of salt can be dissolved in water by heating.

Question 6.
……………….. cannot dissolve any amount of substances:
(a) Solid
(b) Water
(c) Gas
(d) Vapour

Answer

(b) Water
Water cannot dissolve any amount of substances.

Question 7.
To separate husk from grains in a field by
(a) Tailor
(b) Grocer
(c) Watchman
(d) Farmers

Answer

(d) Farmers
Husk separated from grains by farmers.

Question 8.
the husk which is ………………., is carried away by the wind and forms a Separate heap at a short distance from the heap of grain,
(a) Heavier
(b) Lighter
(c) Stronger
(d) None of these

Answer

Question 9.
The grains which are fall vertically down on the ground,
(a) Heavier
(b) Lighter
(c) Stronger
(d) None of these

Answer

(a) Heavier
The grains which are heavier fall vertically down on the ground.

Question 10.
A method of separation used when the components of a mixture are of different sizes is known as:
(a) Separation
(b) Winnowing
(c) Sieving
(d) None of these

Answer

(c) Sieving
A method of separation used when the components of a mixture are of different sizes is known as sieving.

Question 11.
water is cleared by the process of loading.
(a) Lemon water
(b) Milky water
(c) Muddy water
(d) None of these

Answer

(c) Muddy water
Muddy water is cleaned by the process of loading.

Question 12.
The method to separating seeds of paddy from its stalks is called:
(a) Filtration
(b) Hand-picking
(c) Decantation
(d) Threshing

Answer

Question 13.
Common salt is then obtained from this mixture of salts by:
(a) Evaporation
(b) Filtration
(c) Purification
(d) None of these

Answer

(c) Purification
Common salt is then obtained from this mixture of salts by purification.

Question 14.
Which types of filters are used to purify drinking water ?
(a) Electric water filters
(b) Common water filter
(c) Pure it filter
(d) None of these

Answer

(a) Electric water filters
Electric water filters are used to purify drinking water.

Question 15.
Give an example of where filtration is used at home.
(a) Mustard oil and water can be separated by using filtration
(b) Husk from rice is separated by filtration
(c) Paneer from milk is separated by filtration
(d) All of these

Answer

(c) Paneer from milk is separated by filtration
Paneer from milk is separated by filtration

Important Questions

Methods of separation

Question 1.
When is handpicking used?
Answer:
Handpicking is used to separate undesirable component when present in small
amount.

Question 2.
What is threshing? How is it done?
Answer:
The process that is used to separate the grain from stalks is threshing. In this process, the stalks are beaten to free the grain seeds. Sometimes, threshing is done with the help of bullocks. Machines are also used to thresh large quantities of grain.

Question 3.
Which type of separation is used in cashew nut factories?
Answer:
Sieving.

Question 4.
Give one example of sieving used in everyday life.
Answer:
Separation of barn (choker) from flour.

Question 5.
Name some materials that are used as filters.
Answer:
Cotton, ceramic, filter cloth, filter paper.

Question 6.
Name the process of separating two immiscible liquids.
Answer:
By using separating funnel or by decantation.

Question 7.
Which substance is used for loading?
Answer:
Alum (phitkari).

Question 8.
What is the use of alum in loading?
Answer:
Alum is used to make the sedimentation faster. Bv adding alum the clay particles settle down rapidly.

Question 9.
Which process is used to separate bacteria from water?
Answer:
Filtration, by using special filters, i.e., bacteria proof filter.

Question 10.
What is decantation?
Answer:
Decantation is a process of separating insoluble solids from liquids. A suspension of solid particles in liquid is allowed to stand for some time. Solid particles settle down at the bottom, due to their weight.
Separation of Substances Class 6 Extra Questions Science Chapter 5 Methods of Separation Q10
This is called sedimentation. The clean water is transferred into another beaker, without disturbing the settled particles. This type of separation is called decantation (Fig. 5.7).

Question 11.
What is the use of decantation?
Answer:
Decantation is used to separate insoluble solids from liquids. Two immiscible liquids are also separated by this process.

Question 12.
What is filtration?
Answer:
When one component of a mixture is soluble in water and other component is insoluble in water, the soluble component gets dissolved and insoluble one is separated by filtering the solution.

The process by which insoluble substance can be separated from a solution, by passing that solution through a porous paper (filter paper) is called filtration. During filtration, the solid insoluble substance is retained at the filter paper as residue while the liquid free from any suspended matter passes through the filter paper and is collected as filtrate. This filtrate may be warmed to dry to obtain soluble component. Figures 5.8 (a), (b), (c) show the folding and use of filter paper in filtration.
Separation of Substances Class 6 Extra Questions Science Chapter 5 Methods of Separation Q 12

Question 13.
What is the drawback of evaporation?
Answer:
The liquid in the mixture is evaporated off into the air and is not recovered.

Question 14.
Name the process to obtain salt from seawater.
Answer:
Evaporation.

Question 15.
Which types of mixtures are separated by evaporation?
Answer:
Evaporation is used to separate solids dissolved in liquid.

Question 16.
Describe the method to obtain pure salt from rock salt.
Answer:
First, the mixture is crushed and grinded. Water is then added and filtered. Pure salt is collected as filtrate which is heated for evaporation. Water evaporates off and pure salt is left.

Question 17.
How will you separate pure water from a solution of salt in water?
Answer:
We can separate pure water from a solution of salt in water, by the process of distillation that is by evaporation and followed by condensation.

Question 18.
Write opposite process of condensation.
Answer:
Evaporation.

Question 19.
How is common salt obtained from seawater?
Answer:
When seawater is allowed to evaporate in shallow pits, water gets heated by sunlight and changes into water vapour by the process of evaporation leaving behind impure solid salts. Now, the lumps of impure common salt are crushed to get powdered salt. The powdered common salt is dissolved in water to prepare a solution. Now the solution of common salt is filtered to remove insoluble impurities. The clear solution is evaporated by heating to remove the water content to obtain a concentrated solution of common salt. The hot and concentrated solution is allowed to cool. On cooling, crystallization takes place and crystals of pure common salt are obtained.

Question 20.
What is the importance of centrifugation? How is it done?
Answer:
Centrifugation is the process of separating suspended particles from a liquid by rotating the liquid at a high speed.
The mixture is taken in a closed bottle and rotated at a high speed. The heavy particles settle at the bottom while light particles remain behind. This method is also used to separate cream from milk. Cream collects at the centre and being lighter than milk, it floats at the top of the mixture.
Separation of Substances Class 6 Extra Questions Science Chapter 5 Methods of Separation Q 20

Question 21.
What do you mean by solubility?
Answer:
The maximum mass of a solute that can be dissolved in 100 g of the solvent at any specific temperature is called solubility.

Question 22.
Why is water a universal solvent?
Answer:
Water can dissolve different kinds of substances. That is why water is commonly called as a universal solvent.

Question 23.
What is the effect of temperature on solubility?
Answer:
Solubility increases when the increase in temperature takes place.

Question 24.
Differentiate between saturated and unsaturated solutions.
Answer:
Saturated solution: A solution in which no more solute can be dissolved at a given temperature.
Unsaturated solution: A solution in which more solute can be dissolved at any temperature.

Question 25.
During centrifugation, which particles settle down at the bottom?
Answer:
Heavy particles settle down at the bottom and lighter particles float at the top of the liquid.

Question 26.
Name the method by which you can separate butter from milk.
Answer:
Centrifugation.

Question 27.
Name the device by which cream can be separated from milk at home.
Answer:
A mixer-grinder is the very important device by which cream can be separated from milk. (Fig. 5.10)
Separation of Substances Class 6 Extra Questions Science Chapter 5 Methods of Separation Q 27

Question 28.
Why does visibility increase after rains?
Answer:
After rains, the objects at a distance are seen more clearly, because the fine dust particles that were present in air settle down due to loading by rain drops.

Question 29.
What is strainer?
Answer:
Wire mesh is commonly known as strainer. For example, while preparing tea, we separate tea leaves from water by using a filter such as wire mesh. Tea leaves are bigger in size than the holes of the mesh.
Separation of Substances Class 6 Extra Questions Science Chapter 5 Methods of Separation Q 29
Question 30.
Name the property of the components used for separating the following mixtures:

  1. salt and camphor
  2. wheat and husk
  3. iron fillings and saw-dust
  4. coconut oil and water.

Answer:

  1. sublimation
  2. winnowing
  3. magnetic separation
  4. separating funnel.

Question 31.
Mention the methods that can be used for the separation of the following mixtures:

  1. wheat, sugar and husk
  2. rice, gram and iron fillings
  3. sand, Mack gram (urad) and husk.

Answer:
1. Mixture of wheat, sugar and husk.

  • For separating husk from the mixture, we should follow the winnowing method as husk is lighter than other two components.
  • Wheat and sugar can be separated by sieving as they have different sizes.

2. Mixture of rice, gram and iron fillings.

  • For separating iron fillings, we can use a magnet.
  • Rice and gram can be separated either by sieving or by handpicking.

3. Sand, black gram (urad) and husk.

  • For separating sand from the mixture, we can sieve the mixture.
  • Black gram (urad) and husk can be separated by the method of winnowing.

Question 32.
Write various methods of separation of compounds from their mixture.
Answer:

  1. Handpicking
  2. Threshing
  3. Winnowing
  4. Sedimentation
  5. Decantation
  6. Filtration
  7. Evaporation
  8. Condensation.

Question 33.
How will you Separate a mixture of common salt and chalk powder?
Answer:
We know that common salt is soluble in water while chalk is sparingly, soluble. So on the basis of different solubility, we can separate the common salt and chalk powder as follows:
1. First, some water is mixed with the mixture of common salt and chalk powder, stir the solution well. Filter the solution by using filter paper. On filtering, chalk powder is obtained as a residue on the filter paper and salt solution is obtained.

2. Now filtrate is evaporated and dry common salt is left behind.

Activity 2.
Bring a packet of food grain purchased from a shop to the classroom. Now, spread the grains on a sheet of paper. Do you find only one kind of grain on the sheet of paper? Are there pieces of stone, husks, broken grain and particles of any other grain in it?
No. There are pieces of stone, husks, broken grain, etc., in it.

Activity 3.
Make a mixture of dry sand with sawdust or powdered dry leaves. Keep this mixture on a plate or a newspaper. Look at this mixture carefully. Can the two
different components be made out easily? Are the sizes of particles of the two; components similar? Would it be possible to separate the components by handpicking?
Yes, we can separate two components from the mixture. Dry sand and sawdust have
different sizes of particles, we cannot separate out the components by handpicking.

Now, take your mixture to an open ground and stand on a raised platform. Put the mixture in a plate or sheet of paper. Hold the plate or the sheet of paper containing the mixture, at your shoulder height. Tilt it slightly, so that the mixture slides out slowly.

What happens? Do both the components – sand and sawdust (or powdered leaves) fall at the same place? Is there a component that blows away? Did the wind manage to separate the two components? :
No, sawdust will fall far from the sand as it is lighter. Sand dust blows away with the wind.

Activity 4.
Bring a sieve and a small quantity of flour from home, to the class. Sieve the flour to separate any impurities in it. Now, make a fine powder of chalk pieces and mix it with the flour. Can we separate the flour and the powdered chalk by sieving?
No, the flour and the powdered chalk cannot be separated by sieving because their particles are of the same size.

Activity 5.
Collect some muddy water from a pond or a river. If it is not available, mix some l soil to water in a glass. Let it stand for half an hour. Observe the water carefully ‘ and note your observations.
Does some soil settle at the bottom of water? Why? What will you call this j process?
Yes, some heavier soil particles settle at the bottom of the water. This process is called sedimentation.

Activity 6.
Heat a beaker containing some water. Allow the water to boil. If you continue heating, would the water turn into steam and disappear completely?
Yes, the water will disappear completely.

Now, add two spoons of salt to water in another beaker and stir it well. Do you
see any change in the colour of water? Can you see any salt in the beaker, after stirring?
Yes, the colour of water will become slightly white. No, salt cannot be seen in the beaker after stirring as it gets completely dissolved.
Heat the beaker containing the salt water (Fig.). Let the water boil away. What is left in the beaker?
Separation of Substances Class 6 Extra Questions Science Chapter 5 Activity 6
Some salt will be left in the beaker.

Activity 10.
Take two glasses and pour half a cup of water in each of them. Add a teaspoon of salt to one glass and stir till the salt dissolves. Go on adding salt, one teaspoon at a time, till the solution saturates. Record the number of spoons of salt that dissolved in the water, in Table 5.2. Now, repeat the same activity with sugar. Repeat this with some other substances that are soluble in water.

What do you notice from Table 5.2? Do you find that water dissolves different substances in different amounts?
Table 5.2

SubstanceNumber of spoons of substance that dissolved in water
Salt1 spoon of salt in 100 gm water at 25°C
Sugar4 spoons of sugar in 100 gm water at 25°C
Copper sulphateNearly 4 spoon of copper sulphate in 100 gm of water at 25°C

We notice from the table that different substances dissolve in water in different
amounts.

 

Read More