NCERT Most important question:

Q1. Explain the reasons of depreciation in an asset

Ans: The reasons of depreciation in an assets are as explained below:

1. Depreciation in an asset can occur for a variety of reasons, including wear and tear from use or the passage of time.
2. Assets become obsolete after a specific amount of time due to obsolescence.
3. Assets’ legal rights may expire after a predetermined period. 
4. Depreciation may occur due to unusual circumstances such as an accident, fire, or natural disaster..

Q2. Define provision. What are the examples of provision?

Ans: The expenses or losses related to the present accounting period which are still not incurred cannot be recorded as their amount is not known with certainty are recorded in provision. The examples of provisions are:

1. Provision for Depreciation.
2. Provision for taxation.
3. Provision for doubtful and bad debt.
4. Provision for discount of debtors.
5. Provision for repair and renewal.

Q3. Differentiate between specific and general reserve.

Ans: The difference between specific and general reserve are:

S.no	General Reserve	Specific Reserve
1. 2. 3.	It was established as a free reserve.It can be utilised as a source of funding anything.It improves the financial situation of the firm’s position.	It was designed with a specific objective in mind.It is used purely for the purpose  for which it was designed.It has no effect on the company’s financial situation.

Q4. Differential between capital Reserve and revenue reserve

Ans: The difference between capital Reserve and revenue reserve are:

S.no	Capital Reserve	Revenue Reserve
1. 2. 3.	They arise as a result of the company’s day-to-day operations.They are accessible for dividend distribution.They’re made for unique objectives or unforeseeable circumstances.	They are not a result of the company’s day-to-day operations.They are not eligible for dividend distribution.They’re made to fit every situation as a legal necessity or as an example of accounting practice.

Q5. How provisions are shown in balance sheet ?

Ans: In the balance sheet, provisions are handled in the following ways:

1. On the asset side of the balance sheet, it is deducted from the concerned assets, and in the case of provision for doubtful debt, it is deducted from the amount of various debtors.
2. Provision for taxes and provision for repairs and renewals are recorded on the liabilities side of the balance sheet, alongside current liabilities.

Q6. The cost of truck is 1100000 and net salvage value after 15 years is 60000. Calculate the appropriate rate of depreciation using written down method.

Ans: Formula for Rate of Depreciation (R): R={1-n√S/C} ×100

r = Rate of depreciation

n = Expected useful life

s = Scrap value

c = Cost of an asset

By putting the values in formula

R= 1-15√60000/1100000 ×100 = 16.77%

Q7. Differentiate between straight line and written down methods of depreciation.

Ans: The difference between straight line and written down methods of depreciation are:

S.No	Straight Line Method	Written Down Method
1. 2. 3. 4.	Depreciation is charged according to the original cost or historical cost ofthe asset. Annual Depreciation amount is constant They are not recognised under Income Tax Law Best suited for assets which have low repair and maintenance cost	Depreciation is charged according to the Net book value of the asset Depreciation is highest in the first year then it reduces every year They are recognised under Income Tax Laws Best suited for assets which require highrepair and maintenance cost.

Q8. The initial cost of the truck is Rs. 2,60,000 and the useful life of the asset is 10 years and net scrap value is estimated to Rs. 60,000. Calculate the amount of depreciation to be charged every year using straight line method

Ans: Formula for calculating depreciation:Depreciation=Cost of asset- Estimated net residential valueEstimated useful life of the assetDepreciation=Cost of asset- Estimated net residential valueEstimated useful life of the asset

By putting value in formulaDepreciation=260,000- 60,000  10=20000Depreciation=260,000- 60,000  10=20000

Q9. Describe the advantage of straight line method and written down value method.

Ans: The straight line approach has the following advantages:

1. It is very basic and simple to grasp.
2. It allows for asset depreciation up to net scrap value or zero value.
3. Because depreciation is constant year after year, comparing profits from two or more years will be simple.
4. It is employed when the assets’ life expectancy can be determined.

The Written Down Method has the Following Advantages:

1. Its assumptions are more plausible.
2. It is recognised by tax legislation.
3. Because the first year has the biggest depreciation, the loss from obsolescence is minimised.

Q10. Explain the various types of reserve

Ans: The Reserves are Divided into Two Categories: 

1. General reserve and specific reserve: General reserve was developed as a free reserve, allowing the corporation to use it for any purpose. While a specific reserve is set aside for certain purposes such as workers’ compensation, dividend equalisation, and so on.
2. Capital reserve and revenue reserve: Capital reserve is formed from capital profit and does not emerge from the business’s running activities. They are not eligible for dividend distribution. Revenue reserve is formed through the business’s operating activities. They can be used to write off capital losses or to distribute bonuses.

Q11. What is ‘Depreciation’?
Solution:
Depreciation means fall in book value of depreciable fixed asset because of

1. wear and tear of the asset
2. passage/efflux of time
3. obsolescence
4. accident

A machinery costing ₹ 1,00,000 and its useful life is 10 years; so, depreciation is calculated as:
Annual Depreciation per annum
= Cost of Asset-Estimated Scrap Value/Expected or Estimated life of Asset
= 100000/10 = ₹ 10,000

Q12. State briefly the need for providing depreciation.
Solution:
The needs for providing depreciation are given below.

1. To ascertain the correct profit or loss: Correct profit or loss can be ascertained when all the expenses and losses incurred for earning revenues are charged to Profit and Loss Account. Assets are used for earning revenues and its cost is charged in form of depreciation from Profit and Loss Account.
2. To show true and fair view of financial statements: If depreciation is not charged, assets will be shown at higher value than their actual value in the balance sheet. Consequently, the balance sheet will not reflect true and fair view of financial statements.
3. For ascertaining the accurate cost of production: Depreciation on the assets, which are engaged in production, is included in the cost of production. If depreciation is not charged, the cost of production is underestimated, which will lead to low selling price and thus leads to low profit.
4. To provide funds for replacement of assets: Unlike other expenses, depreciation is non cash expense. So, the amount of depreciation debited to the profit and loss account will be retained in the business. These funds will be available for replacement of fixed assets when its useful life ends.
5. To meet the legal requirement: To comply with the provisions of the Companies Act and Income Tax Act, it is necessary to charge depreciation.

Q13. What are the causes of depreciation?
Solution:

1. Use of asset: Because of constant use of the fixed assets there exists a normal wear and tear which leads to fall in the value of the assets.
2. Passage of time: Whether assets are used or not, with the passage of time, its effective life will decrease.
3. Obsolescence: Because of new technologies, innovations and inventions, assets purchased currently may become outdated later which leads to the obsolescence of fixed assets.
4. Accident: An asset may lose its value due to mishaps such as a fire accident, theft or by natural calamities and they are permanent in nature.

Q14. Explain basic factors affecting the amount of depreciation.
Solution:

1. Original cost of asset: The total cost of an asset is taken into consideration for ascertaining the amount of depreciation. The total cost of an asset include all expenses incurred up to the point the asset is ready for use like freight expenses and installation charges.
   Total Cost= Purchase Price+ Freight Expenses+ Installation Charges.
2. Estimated useful life: Every asset has its useful life other than its physical life in terms of number of years and units used by a business. The asset may exist physically but may not be able to produce the goods at a reasonable cost. For example, an asset is likely to lose its useful value within 15years, its useful life, i.e., life for purpose of accounting should be considered as only 15 years
3. Estimated scrap value: It is estimated as the net realisable value of an asset at the end of its useful life. It is deducted from the total cost of an asset and the difference is written off over the useful life of the asset. For example, Furniture acquired at ₹ 1,30,000, its useful life is estimated to be 10 years and it is estimated scrap value ₹ 10,000.
   Depreciation per annum= 1,30,000-10,000/10 years= 12,000

Q15. Distinguish between straight line method and written down value method of calculating depreciation.
Solution:

Straight Line Method	Written Down Value Method
Depreciation is calculated on the original cost of an asset.	Depreciation is calculated on the reducing balance, i.e., the book value of an asset.
Equal amount of depreciation is charged each year over the useful life of the asset.	Diminishing amount of depreciation is charged each year over the useful life of the asset.
Book value of the asset becomes zero at the end of its effective life.	Book value of the asset can never be zero.
It is suitable for the assets such as patents, copyright, land and buildings which have lesser possibility of obsolescence and lesser repair charges.	It is suitable for assets which needs more repair in the later years such as plant and machinery and car.
As depreciation remains same over the years but repair cost increases in the later years, there will be unequal effect over the life of the asset.	As depreciation cost is high and repairs are less in the initial years but in the latter years the repair costs increase and depreciation cost decreases, there will be equal effect over the life of the asset.
It is not recognised under the income tax act.	It is recognised under the income tax act.

Q16. “In case of a long term asset, repair and maintenance expenses are expected to rise in later years than in earlier year”. Which method is suitable for charging depreciation if the management does not want to increase burden on profits and loss account on account of depreciation and repair.
Solution:
The written down value method is most appropriate to overcome the burden of the profit and loss account because of high depreciation and repair costs over the years of the asset. The cost of depreciation reduces and the repair and maintenance expenses increase over the yea₹ However, the entire burden will not get ease to the management.

Q17. What are the effects of depreciation on profit and loss account and balance sheet?
Solution:
The effects of depreciation on Profit and Loss Account are as follows:

1. An increase in depreciation will be debited in the profit and loss account which reduces net profit.
2. Hence total expenses increase which leads to an excess of debit over credit balance.

The effects of depreciation on Balance Sheet are as follows:

1. The original cost or book value of the concerned asset gets reduced.
2. The overall balance of asset’s column in the balance sheet gets reduced.

Q18. Distinguish between ‘provision’ and ‘reserve’.
Solution:

Provision	Reserve
It is charge against profit.	It is an appropriation of profit.
It is created to meet a specific liability or contingencies.	It is made for strengthening the financial position of the business. Some reserves are also mandatory under law.
It is recorded on the debit side of profit and loss account.	It is recorded on the credit side of the profit and loss appropriation account.
It can be shown either (i) by way of deduction from the item on the assets side for which it is created, or (ii) in the liabilities side along with the current liabilities.	It is shown on the liabilities side after capital.
It cannot be utilized for dividend distribution.	It can be utilized for dividend distribution.
It is never invested outside the business.	It can be invested outside the business.
It reduces net profits.	It reduces only divisible profit.

Q19. Give four examples each of ‘provision’ and ‘reserves’.
Solution:
Four examples of provision are given below.

1. Provision for bad and doubtful debts
2. Provision for discount on debtors
3. Provision for depreciation
4. Provision for tax

Four examples of reserve are given below.

1. General reserve
2. Capital redemption reserve
3. Dividend equalisation reserve
4. Debenture redemption reserve

Q20. Distinguish between ‘revenue reserve’ and ‘capital reserve’.
Solution:

Revenue Reserve	Capital Reserve
It is formed out of revenue profit which is earned from normal activities of business operations.	It is formed out of capital profit which is a gain from other than normal activities of business operations, such as sale of fixed assets.
It can be used for distribution of dividend.	It cannot be used for distribution of dividend.
It is created for increasing the financial position of the business.	It is created for the purpose of the Companies Act.

Q21. Give four examples each of ‘revenue reserve’ and ‘capital reserve’.
Solution:
Examples of revenue reserve are as follows:

1. General reserve
2. Investment equalisation reserve
3. Dividend equalisation reserve
4. Debenture reserve

Examples of capital reserve are as follows:

1. Issues of shares at premium
2. Profit on forfeiture of shares
3. Profit on sale of fixed assets
4. Profit on redemption of debentures

Q22. Distinguish between ‘general reserve’ and ‘specific reserve’.
Solution:

Specific Reserve	General Reserve
It is created for specific purpose.	It is not created for specific purpose.
It is not available for any future contingencies or expansion of business. It is utilised only for that purpose for which it is created.	It is available for any future contingencies or expansion of business. It strengthens the financial position.
Dividend equalisation reserve, debenture redemption reserve, development rebate reserves.	Contingency reserve and general reserve

Q23. Explain the concept of ‘secret reserve’.
Solution:
Secret reserves are created by overstating liabilities or understating assets which are not shown in the balance sheet. This will reduce tax liabilities, because the liabilities are overstated. It is created by management to avoid competition by reducing profit. Creation of secret reserve is not allowed by Companies Act, 1956 which requires full disclosure of all material facts and accounting policies while preparing final statements.

NCERT Most important question:

Q1. What are the objectives of preparing a trial balance?

Ans: The following are the three main goals of trial balance preparation:

• Verify that the ledger account is arithmetically correct.
• It aids in the detection of account mistakes.
• It aids in the preparation of the firm’s final account.

Q2. How rectification of errors is done.

Ans: If the error affects just one account, it can be corrected either by creating a journal entry or by providing an explanatory note, however if the error affects many accounts, it can only be corrected by submitting a journal entry.

Q3. What is the purpose of suspense accounts?

Ans: Even if the trial balance does not match the ledger, the suspense account aids in the preparation of the company’s financial statement. They are temporary accounts since they are prepared for a limited length of time and for a specific occasion.

Q4. What is the process of preparing trial balance?

Ans: The following is the procedure for preparing trial balance:

• Determine the balance of each ledger account. 
• Enter the balances of all debit and credit accounts in the appropriate columns.
• Add up the amounts on both the debit and credit sides.
• Balance the trial balance on the debit and credit sides.

Q5. What are the significance of agreement of trial balance?

Ans: The trial balance should balance, meaning the credit and debt sides should be equal. It will demonstrate that transaction inputs are correct and ledger calculations are arithmetically correct. It does not, however, prove that the transactions were accurately recorded.

Q6. Rectify the following errors in journal entry:

Cash sales Rs. 12,000

i) Were posted as 5,000 in sales account.

ii) Were posted to purchase account.

iii) Were not posted to sales account

Ans:

Particular	Debit	Credit
(i) Suspense A/c                          Dr. To Sales A/c       (Cash sales of 12,000 were recorded as 5,000 in the sales account, which has since been corrected.)(ii) Purchase A/c                            Dr.  To Sales A/c                 (Cash sales were posted to the purchase account instead of the sales account, which has already been addressed.)(iii) Suspense A/c                        Dr. To Sales A/c  (Cash sales that were not posted to the sales account have now been corrected.)	7,000 12,000 12,000	7,000 12,000 12,000

Q7. What are the ways of locating accounting errors by an accountant?

Ans: An accountant’s procedure for discovering accounting problems is as follows:

i. Determine whether the totals on both the debit and credit sides are equal.

ii.The ledger account balance should be compared to the trial balance balance.

iii. Compare the total of the debtor’s and creditor’s accounts to the trial balance and balance them.

iv. Compare the sum of the journal entry book to the ledger.

v. Double-check that all transactions are correctly and accurately recorded in the journal entry book.

vi.Compare the current year’s trial balance to the previous year’s trial balance prior year’s trial balance to see whether any figures are incorrect. Omitted

Q8. Explain the Various classifications of errors:

Ans:  The Various classifications of errors are explained below:

i. Commission errors: If transactions are recorded incorrectly, transaction totaling is incorrect, transactions are casted incorrectly, or transaction balancing is incorrect.

ii. Omission Inaccuracies: Omission of recording can result in errors in an account; these omissions in transactions might affect the account totally or partially.

iii. Principle Errors: Misplacement of payments and receipts between revenue and capital receipts and revenue and capital expenditure causes errors.

iv. Compensating errors: When two or more errors are reported in such a way that the effect of both is negated.

Q9. Explain the different methods of preparation of trial balance.

Ans:  A trial balance can be prepared in one of three ways:

i. Totals method: On the same side of the trial balance, the totals of each side as debit and credit of the ledger are indicated. As a result, the debit and credit sides of the trial balance must be balanced.

ii. Account balance: The credit and debit sides of the trial balance reflect the balances of all ledger accounts.

iii. Total-cumulative-balance account: This method combines the total and balance methods. This approach creates four columns, two of which contain debit and credit from the total method while the other two columns contain debit and credit from the balance method.

Q10. Define the various limitations of trial balance?

Ans:  The following are some of the trial balance’s limitations:

i. An entry that is not made in the journal will not appear in any of the ledge accounts. As a result, there will be no variation in trial balance.

ii. If an entry is made in the wrong account but on the proper side, the trial balance is unaffected.

iii. If an incorrect amount is written in the journal, the trial balance cannot be used to identify it.

iv. There will be no difference in the trial balance if the entry is not allocated to the correct account.Is this page helpful?

Q11. State the meaning of a Trial Balance.
Ans

Trial balance is a statement prepared to check the arithmetical accuracy of transactions recorded in the journal, posted into the ledger and balanced in the ledger accounts.  The balance of ledger accounts shows the difference between the total of the debit items and credit items in an account. Personal, real and nominal accounts are considered for preparing the trial balance. Generally, it is prepared at the end of an accounting year. However, it may be prepared at the end of any chosen period, which may be monthly, quarterly, half yearly or annually depending upon when it is required. It helps in the preparation of the financial statements.

Q12. Give two examples of errors of principle?
Ans

 Generally accepted accounting principles are to be followed to record the accounting entries. When accounting entries are recorded in contravention of accounting principles, it is known as an error of principle.

1. Wages paid for installation of new machinery debited to wages account:
2. Wages paid for installation of new machinery is a capital expenditure and accordingly machinery account should have been debited. But, here it is treated as revenue expenditure and is debited to wages account. Thus, it violates the accounting principle.
3. Amount spent on repair of building debited to machinery account: Expense on repair is revenue expenditure and not a capital expenditure. The amount should have been debited to repairs account and to the machinery account which is a capital account. Thus, it violates the accounting principle.

Q13. Give two examples of errors of commission?
Ans

 Errors of commission are committed because of wrong recording, wrong posting, wrong balancing and wrong casting of subsidiary books. Such errors affect the accuracy of the trial balance.

1. Cash received from a creditor worth Rs.5,000 is recorded in the cash book as Rs.500.
   The transaction is recorded in the cashbook as Rs.500 instead of Rs.5,000. This is an error because of the wrong recording of amount in the cash book.
2. Amount received from Arun Rs.2,000, is wrongly posted in Tarun’s account.
   In this transaction, Tarun’s A/c is credited instead of Arun’s A/c. This is referred to as an error of wrong posting of transactions.

Q14. What are the methods of preparing trial balance?
Ans

A trial balance can be prepared in the following three ways :

1. Totals Method: In this method, the total of the debit and the credit side of the ledger is determined and presented separately in the trial balance. The total of both the sides should match as the accounts are based on double entry system.
2. Balances Method: In this method, the balances of all ledger accounts are presented in their respective debit and credit columns of the trial balance. The total of both the sides should match as the accounts are based on double entry system and this method of preparing a trial balance is widely used because it helps in the preparation of financial statements.
3. Totals-cum-balances Method: This method is a blend of the totals and balances method. This method has four columns. The first two columns are to write the totals of the debits and credits of the various accounts and the other two columns are to write the debit or the credit balances of these accounts. This method is time consuming, and hence are not used widely.

Q15. What are the steps taken by an accountant to locate the errors in the trial balance?
Ans

Steps to identify the errors:

1. Recast the totals of the debit and credit columns of the trial balance.
2. Compare each account head and its amount appearing in the trial balance with that of the ledger to detect any difference in amount or omission of any account.
3. Compare the trial balance of the current year with that of the previous year to check the additions or deletions to any accounts and to verify if there is any unexplained difference in amounts.
4. Re-check the correctness of balances of individual accounts in their respective ledgers.
5. Re-check the accuracy of the postings in individual accounts from the transactions entered in the books of original entry.
6. If the difference between the debit and credit columns is of `1, `10, `100 or `1000, the casting of the subsidiary books should be re-checked.
7. If the difference between the debit and credit columns is divisible by 2, then there is a possibility that an amount equal to half the difference may have been posted to the wrong side of another ledger account.
8. The above point may also indicate a complete omission of a posting.
9. If the difference is divisible by 9, the mistake could be because of transposition of figures.
10. Still, if it is not possible to locate the errors, the difference in the trial balance for that moment is transferred to the suspense account. All the one-sided errors detected are rectified through this account.

Q16. What is a suspense account? Is it necessary that suspense account will balance off after rectification of the errors detected by the accountant? If not, then what happens to the balance still remaining in suspense account?
Ans
In certain cases, when the debit column and the credit column of a trial balance do not agree, then the difference of the trial balance is transferred to a temporary account which is called a suspense account. This account is created to avoid any delay in creation of the financial statements. If the debit column falls short of the credit column, then the suspense account is debited and if the credit column falls short of the debit column then the suspense account is credited.

When all the errors are detected and rectified, then the suspense account automatically gets balanced. However, when errors still exist and are not rectified, the suspense account will not balance off and the balance amount of the suspense account will have to be transferred to the balance sheet. The debit balance of the suspense account is shown on the assets side and the credit balance is shown on the liabilities side of the balance sheet.

Q17. What kinds of errors would cause difference in the trial balance? Also list examples that would not be revealed by a trial balance? 
Ans
One-sided errors are the errors which when committed affect the agreement of the trial balance. These errors affect only one account and any one side i.e. debit or the credit side of the account. Errors of partial omission, recording transactions with wrong amount, casting, posting of incorrect amount are examples of one-sided errors.
Two-sided errors do not affect the agreement of the trial balance. Here, are a few examples which would not be revealed in a trial balance:

1. Purchases from Mr. Shah, completely omitted to be recorded in the purchase book.
2. Purchases made from Vijesh, recorded in Ritesh’s account who is another creditor.
3. Stationary purchased for office use recorded in the purchase book.

NCERT Most important question: 

Q1. Prepare the proforma of bank reconciliation statement.

Ans: The proforma of bank reconciliation statement:

	Particular	Amount
Add: Less:	Balance as per cash bookCheques issued but not presentedInterest credited by the bank Cheques deposited but not credited by the bankBank charges no recorded in the cash bookBalance as per passbook

Q2. Bank Reconciliation Statement is prepared by:

A. Bank

B. Creditor

C. Debtor

D. Account holder in bank

Ans: D. Account holder in bank prepares Bank Reconciliation Statement.

Q3. What do you understand by bank overdraft?

Ans: The term “bank overdraft” refers to withdrawing funds from bank accounts in excess of their limits, resulting in the available amount falling below zero. Interest will be applicable only for the amount actually used from the overdraft account.

Q4. State true and false:

Qa. The amount in bank statement should tally with the balance shown in the cash book.

Ans:  The above statement is True. It must tally with each other for a period end.

b. Deposit exceeds the withdrawals it shows a debit balance.

Ans: The above statement is False. When deposits exceed withdrawals, a credit balance is displayed.

Q5. Why do we need reconciliation?

Ans: When two different statements are made, and the bank statement and the cash book kept by the users are compared, they frequently do not match. We also need to keep track of or create reconciliation statements for the same reason.

Q6. Explain what difference is caused by errors.

Ans: The following are two primary differences that are produced by bank reconciliation statement errors:

a. Errors made by the business when registering the transaction.

b. Errors committed by the bank during the transaction’s recording.

Q7. How to prepare Bank Reconciliation Statement?

Ans: There are two ways to make a bank reconciliation statement:

a. It is possible to prepare a Bank Reconciliation Statement without modifying the balance in the cash book.

b. After the cash book has been adjusted, a bank reconciliation statement is prepared.

Q8. How to deal with overdraft?

Ans: When an excess amount is removed from a bank account that exceeds its limit, it is referred to as a bank overdraft. Because businesses occasionally require more funds, they obtain an overdraft from the bank. The bank overdraft is treated as a negative amount on the bank reconciliation statement in this case.

Q9. What do you understand by correct cash balances?

Ans: Receipts and payments in the books may have errors that must be corrected. To repair these inaccuracies that occur during the recording of revenues and payments, a proper cash balance is computed before the statement is reconciled.

Q10. How we can deal with favourable balance?

Ans: The steps below will assist you in dealing with a favourable balance:

i. The first item on the statement is the balance in the cash book, which can also be the balance in the passbook.

ii. The top of the statement has Date written on it.

iii.  Amounts directly deposited in a bank account and cheques issued but not present for payment are added.

iv. All bank credits, such as dividends and interest, as well as direct bank deposits, are included.

v. Adjustments for errors are made using the rectification of errors principle.

vi. At this point, the net amount reported in the statement should match the balance in the passbook.

Q11. When the timing difference is created?

Ans: When a cash book and a bank passbook are compared, a temporal gap occurs, which is referred to as a timing difference. 

The temporal gap is caused by the following factors:

a. Cheques that have been paid into the bank but not yet collected cause a time lapse.

b. A cheque has been issued by the bank, but it has yet to be presented in order to receive payment

c. Amounts deposited straight into a bank account without using a debit card. Being noted in the company’s cash book

d. A direct debit (deduction) is made on your behalf by the bank and the customer, which the vast majority of customers are completely unaware of. As a result, a time gap has developed.

Q12. Prepare a bank reconciliation statement as on July 31, 2018 from the following details of Rachna & Co.

a. Balance as per the cash book Rs. 55,000.

b. Cheques for Rs 5,300 is deposited in the bank but not yet collected by the bank.

c. R.s 200 bank incidental charges debited to Rachna & Co. account, which is not recorded in cash book.

d. A cheque for Rs 20,000 is issued by Rachna & Co. not presented for payment.

Ans: In the books of Rachna & Co.
Bank reconciliation statement
as on July 31, 2018 

S.No.	Particular	Dr. Amt (+)	Cr. Amt (-)
	Balance as per Cash book Cheque issued but not presented for payment Cheques deposit but not credited by the bank Bank incidental charges debited by the bank Balance as per passbook (b/f)	55,000 20,000	5,300 200 69,500
		75,000	75,000

Q13. On March 31, 2018 the bank column of the cash book of Namrata & Co. showed a credit balance of Rs. 1,17,100 (Overdraft). From the following cash and bank statement particulars: Prepare bank reconciliation statement as on March 31, 2018.

a. Payment received from a customer directly by the bank Rs. 28,500 but no entry was made in the cash book.

b. Cheques received and recorded in the cash book but not sent to the bank of collection Rs. 13,400.

c. Cheques issued for Rs. 1,80,400 not presented for payment. Interest of Rs. 8,800 charged by the bank was not entered in the cash book. Prepare bank reconciliation statement

Ans:   In the Books of Namrata & Co
Bank reconciliation statement
    as on March 31, 2018 

S.No.	Particular	Dr. Amt (+)	Cr. Amt (-)
	Overdraft as per cash book Cheques received and recorded in cash book but not sent to the bankfor collection Interest on bank overdraft debited by the bank but not entered inthe cash book Payment received from the customer directly Credit in the bank A/c but not entered in the cash book cheque issued but not presented for payment Balance as per the passbook (b/f)	28,500 1,80,400	1,17,100 13,400 8,200 7,000 63,200
		2,08,900	2,08,900

Q14. Prepare bank reconciliation statement for Swarnim for March 31, 2018, from the following particulars Swarnim had on overdraft of Rs. 7,000 as shown by her cash book. Cheques amounting to Rs 1,500 had been paid in by her but were not collected by the bank. She issued cheques of Rs 750 which were not presented to the bank for payment. There was a debit in her passbook of Rs. 50 for interest and Rs. 150 for bank charges. 

Ans:                                         In the Books Swarnim
Bank reconciliation statement
    as on March 31, 2018   

S.No.	Particular	Dr. Amt (+)	Cr. Amt (-)
	Overdraft as per cash book Cheques received but not yet collected charged by the bank  Bank Charge   Cheque issued but not presented for payment   Balance as per the passbook	750 7,950	7,000 1,500 50 150
		8,700	8,700

Q15. What is a bank reconciliation statement?

Ans:

Just like the bank organisations maintain a cash book in order to record the bank and cash transactions, similar to this the bank also maintains an account for each customer in its book where all the deposits made by the customer are recorded. The deposits are recorded on the credit side of the account and the withdrawals are recorded on the debit side of the account. A copy of this is sent to the customer address is called the passbook. The bank balance presented by the cash book and the passbook does not always match. Thus,  the entries in them are compared and the differences that arise are rectified, and to reconcile the balances in the cash books and the passbook a statement is prepared, which is known as the reconciliation statement.

NCERT Most important Question:

Q1. Define day book in the process of recording transaction.

Ans: The day book contains all of the many types of transactions that are recorded in different books that are kept by the accountant.

Q2. Which special purpose book records all type of cash receipt and cash payment.

Ans: The cash book is a special purpose book that keeps track of all types of cash receipts and payments.

Q3. ______________is a subsidiary journal. Fill in the blank

Ans: Cash book is a subsidiary journal.

Q4. What type of transactions does double column cash book records?

Ans: Only cash and bank transactions are recorded in the double column cash book.

Q5. State the following statement is True or False :

a. More than one credit account and single debit account in an entry is known as compound entry.

Ans: The above statement is True. More than one credit  and single debit in an entry will have two credit accounts and one debit entry. This is called compound entry as it consists of more than two accounts.

b. Subsidiary book is also known as ledger.

Ans: The above statement is False, Subsidiary book is a part of ledger account.

c. Credit purchase of machinery is entered in purchase journal.

Ans: The above statement is False, As the purchase of machinery should be recorded in the journal proper account.

Q6. Discuss all types of special purpose book or day book.

Ans: The following are the special purpose books or special diaries that accountants keep:

• Purchase book
• Sales return book(Return inwards)
• Journal paper
• Purchase return book (Return outwards)
• Sales book
• Cash book

Q7. Differentiate between single and double column cash book.

Ans:  The difference between single column cash book and double column cash book are as follow:

Single Column Cash Book	Double Column Cash Book
Only one amount column is prepared.	Two columns are prepared.
Transactions are recorded in chronological order.	Transactions need not to be recorded in chronological manner.

Q8. Give names of four types of crossed cheques.

Ans: There are four different types of crossed checks:

i. Parallel crossed cheques

ii. Crossed cheques with company name

iii. Crossed cheques not negotiable

iv. Crossed cheques with bank name

Q9. What is a purchase book

Ans: It’s a book that keeps track of all transactions involving the purchase of goods or services, whether cash or credit. It records all the operations purchases along with the discounts received treatments from the suppliers.  

Q10. What is the need of contra entry?
Ans: Contra entry refers to a single transaction that is entered on both sides of the cash book. A contra entry is required to to offset receivables and payables between 2 non identical legal entities/subsidiary of a firm so that one final amount remains used in intercompany netting.

Q11.  Give the meaning of the following terms

i. Sales journal

Ans: Sales Journal: This is a journal that exclusively records credit sales.

ii. Purchase journal

Ans: Purchase Journal: This is a journal that solely records credit purchases

iii. Journal

Ans: Journal: A basic book in which all initial entry transactions are documented.

iv. Petty cash book

Ans: Petty cash book: This is a book that is used to keep track of small cash transactions.

Q12. What do you mean by single column cash book?

Ans: A single column cash book is a cash book that solely records a business’s cash transactions. It functions similarly to a typical cash account, with all cash receipts recorded on the left hand (debit) side and all cash payments recorded on the right hand (credit) side in chronological sequence. There is only one column. Cash is a debit and credit book with simply one column on each side. It solely keeps track of transactions involving cash receipt and payment. All transactions are recorded in the sequence in which they take place. The cash receipts are recorded on the debit side, while the cash payments are recorded on the credit side.

Q13. Give detailed explanation of the format of petty cash account.

Ans: Small transactions, such as postage, conveyance, cartage expenditures, and other expenses, are common in large corporations. Because all of these transactions are typically repetitious, the cashier is unable to record them in the main cash book. As a result, these transactions are kept in a separate book called the petty cash book.

Amount Received	Date	Particular	Voucher No.	Amount paid	Postage Charges	Conveyance Charges	Miscellaneous Charges

Q14. Describe the double-column transaction books

Ans: On both the debit and credit sides, the double column cash book (also known as two column cash book) includes two money columns – one for cash transactions and one for bank transactions. To put it another way, a single column cash book becomes a double column cash book when a bank column is added to both sides. The cash column records all cash transactions and acts as a cash account, while the bank column records all cheques receipts and payments and acts as a bank account. At the end of an appropriate time, which is generally one month, both columns are totalled and balanced like a regular T-account.

Q15. Describe three column cash book

Ans: On both the debit and credit sides of a three-column cash book, there are three columns of amounts. One column is for cash, another is for discounts, and a third is for bank transactions. Because the corporation uses a bank instead of cash, it has an additional column for bank transactions.

Q16. Enter the following transactions into cash book for the month of Jan 2018

i. Cash received from Ravi 4,000

ii. Rent Paid in cash 2,000

iii. Purchased goods from Mahesh for cash 6,000

iv. Sold goods for cash 9,000 

Ans : Cash book for the month of Jan 2018

Date	Particular	Amount	Date	Particular	Amount
i.	To Ravi	4,000	ii.	By Rent	2,000
iv.	To sales	9,000	iii.	By Purchase	6,000
			iii.	By Balance c/d	5,000
		13,000			13,000

Working Notes:

Journal entries

Date	Particular	Dr	Cr
i.	Cash A/c           Dr.	4,000
	To Ravi		4,000
	(being cash received from ravi)
ii.	Rent A/c           Dr.	2,000
	To Cash A/c		2,000
	(being rent paid on cash)
iii.	Purchase A/c       Dr.	6,000
	To Cash A/c		6,000
	(being purchased goods on cash from mahesh)
iv.	Cash A/c             Dr.	9,000
	To sale		9,000
	(being goods sold in cash)

Q17. What are the advantages of maintaining a petty cash book? 

Ans:  The following are some of the benefits of keeping a petty cash book:

i. The time of the chief cashier is spared because these small transactions are too enormous for a single cashier to handle, thus a petty cashier is hired.

ii. Because the task is split between the chief cashier and the petty cashier, both of them are responsible for the proper distribution of petty cash and big sums.

iii. It is easier to handle such tiny transactions separately if you keep a separate cash book for them. Bulkiness is avoided, and the situation is more managed.

iv. It simplifies the production of the main cash book by reducing the number of small cash transactions. 

v. It accurately and systematically tracks all of the business’s minor costs and gives information immediately when needed.

Q18. What do understand by petty cash book? 

Ans: Small transactions, such as postage, conveyance, cartage expenditures, and other expenses, are common in large corporations. Because all of these transactions are typically repetitious, the cashier is unable to record them in the main cash book. As a result, these transactions are kept in a separate book called the petty cash book.

As a result, the cashier keeps a petty cash book to keep track of these recurrent transactions in one area. Because the volume of small transactions is too much for a single cashier to handle, a petty cashier is hired.

Q19. What do you mean by balancing of cash book? 

Ans: All cash transactions relating to cash receipts and cash payments are recorded date-wise when they are recorded in cash books. When a cash book is kept, there is no need to open a separate cash book in the ledger. Because cash revenues cannot be less than cash payments, there is always a debit balance in the cash book.

The principal document for cash receipts is essentially a duplicate copy of the receipt that the cashier issues. Any invoice, bill, or other document used to make payments will be regarded as the source or principal document for documenting transactions.

Q20. Define the types of cash book. Explain 

Ans: There are four different kinds of cash books, They are explained below:

i. Single-column cash book: Each debit and credit side contains a single amount column.

ii. Double column cash book: On both the debit and credit sides, it has two columns of amounts.

iii. Three-column cash book: On both the debit and credit sides, it has three columns of amounts. One column is for cash, another is for discounts, and a third is for bank transactions.

iv. A nice cash book: Large corporations have a lot of little transactions. As a result, all little transactions are grouped together to produce a nice cash book.

In This Post we are  providing  CHAPTER 7 FEDERALISM NCERT MOST IMPORTANT QUESTION for Class 11 POLITICAL SCIENCE which will be beneficial for students. These solutions are updated according to 2021-22 syllabus. These MCQS  can be really helpful in the preparation of Board exams and will provide you with a brief knowledge of the chapter.

NCERT MOST IMPORTANT QUESTION ON FEDERALISM

Question 1.
Define federalism. Why it is needed in a plural society?
Answer:
Federalism is a system of government in which powers are divided between the centre and the states. In a true federation, the states surrender their certain powers and create a centre to administer on the issues which are of national and international importance. On local issues the states Government administrate. Such a system of Governance becomes necessary in a plural society because a number of states are formed on the basis of administration convince.’The regional aspirations and centres of the people of such formed states are realised in federal aspirations of the people remain unfulfilled and unrealised. Therefore for a fuller development of linguistic and cultural aspirations, the federal system is necessary.

Question 2.
Compare the federal system of India with a federal system of the United States of America.
Answer:
India and the United States of America both are the federal systems of Government but both have a different system. The USA is said to be a true federal system while different people say differently about the nature of the Indian federal system. Followings are the difference between India and USA

1. In America centre is the creation of states while in India states are the creation of the centre.
2. In the Constitution of India, the USA is described as a federation. In the Indian Constitution, India is described as Union of States.
3. In the USA more powers are given to states. In India, the centre is given more powers.
4. In USA residual powers are with states. In India, residual powers are given to the centre.

Question 3.
Explain the unity in diversity in India.
Answer:
It is rightly said about India that India is not a country, it is a continent. There are more than 20 major languages and several hundred minor ones. It has several major regions of different geography and Culture. In climate changes after every twenty kilometres. In spite of all such diversities, we share many common values, history and ethos. We all fought for national independence jointly in which Hindu, Muslim, Sikh and Christians participated. We do not share common part only we cherish common hopes and aspirations. This has led to national leaders to visualise India as a country where there is unity in diversity. India in its last 60 years of journey of the post-independent period has stood the test of this slogan ie, unity in diversity.

Question 4.
Write the main features of a federal system.
Answer:
Federalism, as a principle of Government, has evolved differently in different situations yet there are some basic features which are generally considered essential for a federal system. These areas under.

1. Written Constitution & double Constitution
2. Rigid Consitution
3. The institutional mechanism to accommodate two sets of politics.
4. Two sets of identities and loyalties of the people to their region as well as their nation.
5. Distribution of powers between two sets of Government one at centra! level and other at the state level.
6. Bicameral legislative
7. Independent Judiciary
8. Double Citizenship
9. Supremacy of Constitution
10. Residual powers with the states

Question 5.
Write federal features of the Indian constitution.
Answer:
Indian society is a plural society so there is a plural polity in India. Followings are the main dominant features in the Indian Constitution on the basis of which we can term the Indian Constitution as a federal system:

1. Written Constitution
2. Rigid Constitution
3. Supremacy of Constitution
4. Divisions of Powers between centre and states.
5. Double sets of polity
6. Double set of loyalties of the people. One for their regions and others for the nation
7. Bicameral Legislature
8. Independent judiciary to settle the dispute between the centre and states.

Question 6.
Write the main unitary features of Indian constitution.
Answer:
Structurally Indian Constitution appears to be federal but there are some features in Indian Constitution which make it unitary. These are as under:

1. There is no word federation in the Indian constitution. Rather it is the union of states.
2. Unequal distribution of powers between the centre and states.
3. Unequal representation of the states in the upper House.
4. Emergency powers of the President
5. Integrated judiciary
6. President Rule in the states
7. Important appointment by the President
8. Governor as the agent of centre in States.
9. Single Constitution
10. Single Citizenship
11. The dominance of centre on Election Commission, Planing commission and NDC
12. The increasing role of All India Government Service

Question 7.
Write Legislative relations between the centre and states.
Answer:
Subjects are divided between the centre and states for this purpose three lists are formed which areas:

1. Central list 96 subjects (Parliament Legislates on their subjects)
2. State list 66 subjects (State legislative legislates these subjects
3. Concert List 47 subjects (on these issues central Parliament, as well as the state legislature, can legislate on their issue but in case of conflict central view will prevail)
4. Residual powers rest with the centre.
5. In Emergency Parliament can Legislate on any subject of state list
6. In President Rule, Parliament will make law for a state w. which President Rule is in force.
7. To fulfil international commitment Parliament can make law on a state subject.
8. Governor can refer to President any bill which is passed by the State Assembly.

Question 8.
What is President Rule?
Answer:
Under Art 356 of the Indian Constitution Governor can recommend President Rule in the state in the following circumstances:

1. If the law and order is broke down in the state
2. There is political instability in the state
3. No party has secured a majority for the formation of a Government and there is political hoarding
4. If the constitutional machinery has failed and the government is not being run according to the provisions of the Constitution.

It is the discretionary power of the Governor to see that such a situation has arisen or not as to warrant the imposition of President Rule.

Question 9.
Explain the executive relations between the centre and states.
Answer:

1. Art 257 of the Constitution says that the executive power of every state shall be so exercised as not to implode or prejudice the exercise of the executive powers of the union and the executive powers of the Union shall extend to the giving of such directions to a State as may appear to- the government of India to be necessary for that purpose.
2. States will make their policies as per in tune with the policies of the central government.
3. During an emergency, the President may give any direction to the states as seems necessary. During an emergency, the administration of the states comes in the hands of President Rule because it becomes unitary in Emergency.
4. Governor is the agent of the centre and he can recommend imposition of President Rule in the state in the given circumstances.
5. All India Service (IAS and IPS other) control the states development and law and order.

Question 10.
Explaining the measuring bf federalism, discuss the features and nature of Indian federalism.
Answer:
Federalism is a system of government where powers are divided between the centre and states. It involves the territorial distribution of powers.

It is very much needed for a divine plural society. Since India is also a plural society, the Indian constitution-makers also introduced dominant features of a federal Government like the written constitution, division of powers between the centre and states, bicameral legislature and independent judiciary. At /the same time many threats were emerging for national integration. Therefore they introduced the provision for national integration and a strong centre.

They adopted the concept of the union of states which crates federal structure with the strong unitary feature. The concept of the union of states was adopted from Canada. The most important unitary, the feature is:

1. Unequal distribution of powers between the centre and states.
2. Residual powers are with the centre
3. Provision of Emergency powers for the President (Art 352)
4. Provision of President rule in the states Art 356
5. Integrated judiciary
6. Integrated bureaucracy and dominance of All India Services in the states.
7. Appointment of Governor by the President
8. Governor’s role as the agent of the centre.
9. Amendment powers are with the centre.
10. The dominance of centre over NDC, planing commission UPSC and Finance Commission and Election Commission;

Therefore India is a federal system with strong unitary feature^ on the basis of its working during the last 60 years. K.C. Where has termed as the co-operative federal system and Morris Jones has termed it a Bargaining system.

In This Post we are  providing  CHAPTER 5 LOCAL GOVERNMENT NCERT MOST IMPORTANT QUESTION for Class 11 POLITICAL SCIENCE which will be beneficial for students. These solutions are updated according to 2021-22 syllabus. These MCQS  can be really helpful in the preparation of Board exams and will provide you with a brief knowledge of the chapter.

NCERT MOST IMPORTANT QUESTION ON LOCAL GOVERNMENT

Question 1.
What does the Panchayati Raj stand for?
Answer:
Panchayati Raj was incorporated on the suggestions given by Balwant Rai Mehta Committee in 1956, which said that without the cooperation of local people, the development work cannot take place at local level. Hence, the three-tier system was established to decentralise the power and to give due representation to the local people to implement the programmes:

• Panchayats at village level.
• Block Committees or samitis at block level.
• Zila Parishad or District Council at district level.

Question 2.
What is the composition of Panchayat Samiti?
Answer:
The block panchayat is known as panchayat samiti, consisting of following members:

• All the Panchs and Sarpanchs of panchayats in a Block elect some members from among themselves.
• In some states, Sarpanchs are ex-officio members of panchayat samiti.
• All the MLAs and MPs of the district are ex-officio members of panchayat samiti.
• The Sub-divisional Magistrate and the Block Development Officers are ex-officio members of panchayat samiti.
• 1/3 seats have been reserved for women as well as for SCs and STs.

Question 3.
What are the main functions of Gram Panchayat?
Answer:

• It works for promotion of agriculture to make arrangements for seeds and to make farmers aware of modern methods of agriculture.
• It makes arrangements for providing primary education to the children.
• It provides sanitary arrangements and facilities in the village.
• It makes efforts to improve health of the people and opens hospitals and dispensaries.
• It also makes arrangements for street lighting also.

Question 4.
What are the main functions of Gram Sabha?
Answer:

• Gram Sabha elect the Pradhan and Panchs of the Panchayat.
• Even it can remove the Panchs and Sarpanch by passing a resolution by 2/3 majority.
• It approves the annual budget of the village and votes on the imposition of taxes.
• Gram Sabha passes the annual budget of Gram Panchayat.
• The Gram Sabha decides the policies also for development work of the village.

Question 5.
Mention the weaknesses of Panchayati Raj system.
Answer:

• Due to illiteracy, most of the members are unable to understand the real concept of democracy.
• The village people still have the differences on the basis of caste and community, hence, they do not have real environment for democracy.
• Sometimes, the political parties interferes in the functioning of village panchayats.

Question 6.
What were the constitutional provisions for local self-government before 1992?
Answer:

• Local government’s subjects were assigned to the state government.
• These were included as Directive Principles of State Policy.
• These were non-justiciable and only advisory in nature.
• In 1952, a three tier system of local government was recommended, but these had no powers and functions to look after.
• The elections were not held regularly.
• These had to be dependent on the states for their grants and finances.

Question 7.
Mention some subjects included in the eleventh schedule.
Answer:
Eleventh schedule was listed with the 29 subjects in 1992 by the 73rd Amendment Act:

• Agriculture and agricultural extension.
• Minor irrigation, water management and watershed development.
• Small scale industries including food processing.
• Rural housing.
• Drinking water.
• Roads, culverts
• Rural electrification
• Poverty alleviation programmes.
• Primary and secondary education.
• Technical training and vocational education.
• Adult and non-formal education.
• Libraries
• Cultural activities
• Markets and fairs
• Health and sanitation.
• Family welfare
• Women and child development
• Social welfare.
• Welfare of weaker sections especially SC’s and ST’s
• Public Distribution System.
• Fuel and Fodder
• Non-conventional energy resources.
• Maintenance of community assets.
• Fisheries
• Animal husbandry, dairy poultry.
• Soil forestry
• Implementation of land reforms, soil conservation, etc.
• Khadi village and cottage industries.
• Minor forest produce.

Question 8.
Explain the three tier structure of Panchayati Raj alongwith one function of each of them.
Answer:
The Panchayati Raj has three-tier system:

• Gram Panchayat at village level
• Panchayat Samiti at block level
• Zila parishad at district level

Composition of Gram Panchayat:
The members of the Gram Panchayat are elected by Gram Sabha and every adult who is the resident of village has the right to vote in these elections.
Functions:

• Makes arrangements for pure drinking water.
• To improve sanitary conditions.
• Makes efforts for improving health of people by opening hospitals and dispensaries.

Composition of Panchayat Samiti:

• The members are elected directly by Universal Adult Franchise.
• MLAs, MPs, SDM, BDO are the ex-office members.
• Apart, other members are elected and seats are reserved for SC’s and ST’s in proportion of population.
• 30% seats are reserved for women.
• Its term is for five years.

Functions:

• It looks after all the works of the gram panchayat in the area.
• Promote scientific and modern agricultural practices and distributes seeds, fertilizers and scientific equipments.

3. Composition of Zila Parishad:

• The chairman will be elected by the elected members.
• MPs, MLAs, Collector, Deputy Collectors, SDMs will be ex-officio members.
• The provision of Zila Parishad is composed of elected members.
• A finance commission will be set up to review financial position and to recommend allocation of funds and grants in aid.

Functions:

• To co-ordinate the working of Gram panchayats and panchayat samitis in the districD.
• The panchayat samitis pass their annual budget and send it to Zila Parishad. 120

Question 9.
Distinguish between Gram Panchayat and Gram Sabha. What are the functions of Gram Panchayat?
Answer:
Difference:

• Gram Sabha consists of all the adult members (who has attained the age of 18 years) of a village or a cluster of villages constituting Gram Sabha, whereas Gram Panchayat is a small body, whose members are elected by the members of Gram Sabha.
• The term of office of Gram Panchayat is for five years whereas the Gram Sabha is a permanent body and not subject to dissolution.
• Gram Panchayat is an executive organ and monitors and evaluates the activities of Gram panchayat.

Functions:

• Gram Panchayat looks after better health and life of the people to make proper civic amenities as village sanitation,drinking water, arrangements of lightening, etc.
• Gram Panchayat keeps the records of birth and death in village to ensure effective implementation of family planning and family welfare programmes, i.e. animal husbandry, agricultural development, etc.
• Gram Panchayat is responsible for certain development functions at village level, i.e. construction of roads, irrigation, etc.

Question 10.
What is the importance of local bodies in modern times?
Answer:

• The local self bodies are related with the daily life of the people to perform functions related to education, sanitation, public health, etc.
• The local bodies provide the right solution of the local problems due to participation of local peoples, where the central and state governments are unable to pick up the exact nature of problem.
• The local bodies lessen the work-load of the central and state government because they could not spare time to look into the local matters. Hence, local bodies can solve these problems easily.
• The local bodies develop the qualities of citizens to awaken the political consciousness and to experience the sense of liberty and equality which is essential for the success of democracy.
• It creates decentralization of powers, where people directly participate in the daily need, jobs and feed satisfied.

In This Post we are  providing  CHAPTER 9 CONSTITUTION AS A LIVING DOCUMENT NCERT MOST IMPORTANT QUESTION for Class 11 POLITICAL SCIENCE which will be beneficial for students. These solutions are updated according to 2021-22 syllabus. These MCQS  can be really helpful in the preparation of Board exams and will provide you with a brief knowledge of the chapter.

NCERT MOST IMPORTANT QUESTION ON CONSTITUTION AS A LIVING DOCUMENT

Question 1.
Define constitutionalism and constitution.
Answer:
Constitutionalism stands for a check on the arbitrariness of the ruler. Constitutionalism stands for rule of law and seeks to check the rule of whims and fancies of the rulers. Constitutionalism stands for discussion and debate on the issues of government. Constitutional development is a part of constitutionalism. Which is meant for evolving the norm and regulations for administrators.

The constitution can be defined as a body of rules and regulations which provide a framework for governance in a democratic setup. It defines the area of work for different organs of the government. It also decides the made and norms and philosophy and direction of the government as well as ‘ society.

Question 2.
Discuss how the Constitution is a living document.
Answer:
A constitution is a living document because it reflects the aspirations of living beings. This is a document-which keeps on responding to the situations and circumstances arising from time to time. Like a living being the constitution responds to experience. A constitution is a dynamic document reflecting the movement and dynamism of the society. It continues to work for society effectively because of its dynamism and response to the changing situations and the demand of the circumstances. The constitution protects the democracy and Fundamental Rights of the people and the existence of different constitutions. The constitution allows the evolution of new practices and also needs respect from the citizens.

Question 3.
Explain the contribution of the judiciary in the development of the Constitution.
Answer:
Judiciary plays important role in the development of the Constitution. Judiciary is the final authority in the matter of interpretation of the constitution. Judiciary examines and interprets the laws made by the parlia¬ment and state legislature and gives a final ruling on different issues which becomes the source of law and part of the Constitution. Judiciary ensures that all the laws of the legislatures and policies and programs of the executives are made within the framework of the constitution. Sometimes this leads to controversy between the judiciary and Parliament.

It has happened many times on different occasions when the Judiciary declared the laws of the Parliament as unconstitutional and Parliament amended the Constitution to nullify the ruling of the Judiciary. For example in 1967 in the Golakhnath case, the judiciary gave the ruling that Parliament cannot amend the Fundamental Rights but Parliament brought the 38th and 39th Amendments to nullify the effect of that ruling.

Question 4.
What is the basic structure theory case?
Answer:
To nullify the effect of the ruling in the Golakhnath case, the Parliament passed 38th and 39th amendments in the constitution in 1971. In 1973, in the Keshwananda Bharti case, these amendments were challenged by the Supreme Court, The court ruled that Parliament can amend any part of the Constitution, including Fundamental Rights but cannot amend the basic structure of the constitution. This particular case ie; Keshwananda Bharti Case is known as the Basic Structure Theory case.

Question 5.
Make a distinction between the letter and spirit of the Constitution.
Answer:
In the interpretation of the Constitution and in giving its ruling in different cases, the judiciary has made a distinction between the letter and spirit of the constitution. The court is of the view that in reading a text of a document, we must respect the intention behind that document. A mere text of the law is not so important as the social circumstances and aspirations that has produced that law or document or the aspiration which are reflected by that document. The circumstances and the background of the law or document can indicate the real intention and purpose of the document. Therefore spirit is more important than the letter of the Constitution.

Question 6.
Discuss the circumstances and main provisions of the 42nd amendment.
Answer:
42 amendment of the constitution is known to be the most con¬troversial amendment and it was passed in the most controversial circumstance. 42nd amendment was passed in 1976 when an internal Emergency was in force and top opposition leaders were in jail.

The main provisions 42nd Amendment are as under:

1. The term of Parliament and state legislature were extended for six years in place of 5. years.
2. Fundamental Rights were made. inferior to Directive Principles of State Policy.
3. Important institutions like Judiciary were made weak and subordinate
4. Two new words socialism and secularism were added in the Preamble of the Constitution.
5. The position of the President is also reduced.
6. The powers of the press were snatched
7. Restrictions were put on the judiciary
8. Chapter 10 of Fundamental Duties were added.

Question 7.
How far the Constitution should be flexible and rigid.
Answer:
The Constitution provides the framework of the government which is most suitable and responsive for the present and future society. The Constitution has to be. able to respond to the challenges that may arise in the future. Therefore it must be the quality and characteristic of the consti¬tution- that it has something that is contemporary and something that has a more durable importance suiting to the needs of the future. It should also show some rigidity also so that the Constitution does not become a plaything in the hands of the ruling, party and it is not misused at any stage.

Question 8.
Indian Constitution is both flexible as well as rigid. Explain.
Answer:
The makers of the Indian constitution were aware of both the needs of the Constitution ie; flexibility as well as rigidity. Therefore they struck a balance. They made the Constitution above law and expected that the future generation will respect this document. At sometimes were aware that in the future this document will require modifications because circumstances are bound to change according to the needs of the time. Due to differences of Opinion also change would become necessary. It is because of this they made it flexible and to save the Constitution from the atrocity of the ruling party they made it rigid.

Question 9.
Explain the significance of the 44th constitutional amendment.
Answer:
42nd amendment distorted the entire Constitution during the Emergency in 1976. In 1977 elections were held in which the Congress party under Mrs. Indira Gandhi was badly ruled out and Janata Party come to power under the Prime- ministership of Shri Morarji Desai. Janata Party Government was committed to correct the distortions of the 42nd amendment. Therefore the 44th constitutional amendment was passed by Janata Party Government in 1979 for this purpose its main provisions are as under:

1. The tenure of Parliament and State legislature were again deduced to five years.
2. The status and position of the President and judiciary were restored to them by this amendment.
3. Fundament Rights were given primary position.
4. The fundamental Right of the property was deleted from the Constitution.

Question 10.
Mention the main provisions of the 52 amendments of the Constitution.
Answer:
52nd amendment was passed in 1985 by Rajiv Gandhi Government to check the evil of defection in Indian politics. The main provisions of this Act are as under: It was based on the consensus of all political parties.

1. A person who is elected on a ticket of a particular party will lose his/her membership if he/she joins another party after the election
2. An independently elected member will also lose the membership if he/she joins any political party of the election.
3. If a nominated member joins any political party he/she will also lose the membership of the house.
4. However, in the case of a split and merger of the political parties, the membership will not be affected. For split 1/3 membership will be required and for a merger 2/3 majority of the legislative group of the party will be required.
5. Speaker will be the final authority to decide the split or merger of the political parties.

In This Post we are  providing  CHAPTER 10 THE PHILOSOPHY OF CONSTITUTION NCERT MOST IMPORTANT QUESTION for Class 11 POLITICAL SCIENCE which will be beneficial for students. These solutions are updated according to 2021-22 syllabus. These MCQS  can be really helpful in the preparation of Board exams and will provide you with a brief knowledge of the chapter.

NCERT MOST IMPORTANT QUESTION ON THE PHILOSOPHY OF CONSTITUTION

Question 1.
Which of the following principles of secularism are adopted in the Constitution of India?
(a) that state will have nothing to do with religion
(b) that state will have close relation with religion
(c) that state can discriminate among religions
(d) that state will recognize rights of religious groups
(e) that state will have limited powers to intervene in affairs of religions
Answer:
(a) that state will have nothing to do with religion
(d) that state will recognize rights of religious groups
(e) that state will have limited powers to intervene in affairs of religions Q6. Match the

Question 6.
Match the following:

(a) Freedom to criticize treatment of widows	1. Substantive achievement
(b) Taking decisions in the constituent assembly on the basis of reason, not self interest	2. Procedural achievement
(c) Accepting importance of community in an individual’s life	3. Neglect of gender justice
(d) Article 370 and 371	4. Liberal individualism
(e) Unequal rights to women regarding family property and children	5. Attention to requirements of a particular region

Answer:
(a)—(2)
(b)—(1)
(c)—(4)
(d)—(5)
(e)—(3)

Question 2.
Why is it said that the making of the Indian Constitution was unrepresentative? Does that make the Constitution unrepresentative? Give reasons for your answer.
Answer:

• The Constitution of India was framed in November 1946 through indirect election of its members by provincial legislatures under the provisions of Cabinet Mission Plan 1946.
• The Assembly consisted of 389 members out of which 292 were to be elected from the provinces, 93 were to be nominated from princely states and four members were to be nominated from Chief Commissioner’s areas.
• Each provincial Assembly elected its own members through single transferable vote system.
•  Due to declaration of partition in June 1947 under Mount batten Plan, this membership reduced to 299 and finally 28 4 members signed on the constitution on 26 November, 1949.
• On August 15, 1947, the Constituent Assembly functioned as a sovereign entity but it is considered unrepresentative because its members were chosen by restricted franchise in place of universal suffrage.
• But Constituent Assembly included the members from each and every section of society to be represented and on a thorough reading, we may find that no section is untouched on the various issues and opinions.

Question 3.
One of the limitations of the Constitution of India is that it does not adequately attend to gender justice. What evidence can you give to substantiate this charge? If you were writing the Constitution today, what provisions would you recommend for remedying this limitation?
Answer:
On the social conditions, there may be very controversial matters which may need careful revision:

• Most important issue is gender justice, particularly within the family.
• Women enjoy unequal rights on property inheritance and children.
• Equal pay for equal work for both men and women has been inserted in the directive principles in place of Fundamental Rights.

My recommendation:

• The empowerment of women.
• To make provisions for inheritance of property in favour of women on equal basis. (Hi) To make provisions for reservations of seats.

Question 4.
Do you agree with the statement that “it is not clear why in a poor developing country, certain basic socio-economic rights were relegated to the section on Directive Principles rather than made an integral feature of our Fundamental Rights”? Give reasons for your answer. What do you think are the possible reasons for putting socio-economic rights in the section on Directive Principles?
Answer:
Directive Principles of state policy focus on the need of an egalitarian society:

• These principles are complementary to fundamental rights because fundamental rights ensure the political democracy while these principles aim at social-economic democracy.
• Fundamental rights are justiciable or protected by law where directive principles are moral values supposed to be followed by the government.
• Hence, in a poor country, certain basic social-economic rights were inserted in directive principles rather than making it in the fundamental rights.
• Our country was so poor at that time, when it was not possible to give much pressure on the states for socio-economic moral values.
• Under Article 37 of Constitution, “It shall be the duty of the state to apply these principles in making laws”.
• If any government overlooks these, it will lose confidence of people and cannot remain in power.

Question 5.
Why do we need constitution?
Answer:

• To provide a framework, within which the government has to work.
• It demarcates between the powers of different organs of government to minimise the disputes.
• It controls the misuse of power by government.
• To safeguard Fundamental Rights of citizens.

Question 6.
Write the main features of Constitution of India.
Answer:

• It establishes a sovereign, democratic, republic in India.
• It establishes a parliamentary form of government (Bi-cameral legislatures).
• It provides fundamental rights and fundamental duties of the citizens.
• It establishes a secular state.

Question 7.
Is India a secular state? Why do we need a secular country in modern times?
Answer:
Yes, India is a secular state because:

• India has no religion of its own.
• Under Article 25 to 28, the right to freedom of religion has been granted to all the persons residing in India.
• All persons in India are equally free to progress, practicise or propagate the religion of their own choices.

Secular state is must in modern times because:

• It opposes to intra-religious domination.
• To value peace, religion and state must be kept separate.
• It promotes freedom within religions.

Question 8.
How can we say that the Constitution of India pays equal respect to different communities?
Answer:
Every community wants to dominate the other community if they are not given an equal relationship by the state:

• It was a great challenge before the constitution-makers to foster a sense of equal respect in the conditions of hierarchy or intense rivalry.
• India is a land of multiple cultural communities to ensure community-based right to be mandatory.
• Hence, fundamental rights of religious communities to establish and run their own educational institutions as well as to receive money from the government for the same.

Question 9.
Mention some unique feature of Constitution of India.
Answer:

• It is the written and lengthiest one to have 395 Articles and 12 schedules.
• It is federal in form but unitary in spirit.
• Constitution of India has a provision of six fundamental rights to ensure political democracy.
• It has provisions for directive principles of state policy also to ensure socio-economic justice.
• It is a blend of flexibility and rigidity both to be amended from time to time.
• By 42nd amendment 10 fundamental duties have also been inserted.

Question 10.
Define duty. What are the fundamental duties given in the Constitution of India?
Answer:
Duty is a positive or negative work that one is assigned to do either one likes or not. Hence 10 fundamental duties have been inserted in the Constitution of India:

• To obtain by the constitution and respect its ideals and institutions, i.e. National Flag and National Anthem.
• To cherish and follow the noble ideals which inspired national struggle for freedom. To uphold and protect the sovereignty, unity and integrity of nation.
• To defend the country and national service to be rendered if required.
• To promote harmony and the spirit of brotherhood and to renounce practices derogatory to women.
• To value and preserve the rich heritage of India.
• To protect and improve the natural environment and have compassion for living creatures.
• To develop scientific temper, humanism and spirit of inquiry and reform.
• To safeguard public property and to adjure violence.
• To strive towards excellence to rise the nation at the constant highest level of achievements.

In This Post we are  providing  CHAPTER 1 CONSTITUTION WHY AND HOW ? NCERT MOST IMPORTANT QUESTION for Class 11 POLITICAL SCIENCE which will be beneficial for students. These solutions are updated according to 2021-22 syllabus. These MCQS  can be really helpful in the preparation of Board exams and will provide you with a brief knowledge of the chapter.

NCERT MOST IMPORTANT QUESTION CONSTITUTION WHY AND HOW ?

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Constitution: Why and How? Class 11 Important Extra Questions Political Science Chapter 1

February 8, 2021 by Prasanna

Here we are providing Class 11 Political Science Important Extra Questions and Answers Chapter 1 Constitution: Why and How?. Political Science Class 11 Important Questions with Answers are the best resource for students which helps in class 11 board exams.https://0a101e8ad5c0961f6240b1b18f9885eb.safeframe.googlesyndication.com/safeframe/1-0-38/html/container.html

Class 11 Political Science Chapter 1 Important Extra Questions Constitution: Why and How?

Constitution: Why and How? Important Extra Questions Very Short Answer Type

Question 1.
What is society?
Answer:
Society is a group of people of the same race, socio, economic background, and cherishes common aspirations. Due to social instinct when they come together and their relationship gets institutionalized, it constitutes a society.

Question 2.
Why certain rules are necessary for society?
Answer:
Certain rules and understandings are very necessary for observance by the members of society so that their relationship is properly maintained. These rules will help in maintaining the discipline and realizing the objectives of the society.

Question 3.
What is Constitution?
Answer:
The constitution is a body of rules and regulations, understandings, and modes of behavior on the basis of which the government is constituted and run. The constitution specifies the areas of functions between the organs of the government. It also sets the mode of .relationship between citizens and the state.https://googleads.g.doubleclick.net/pagead/ads?client=ca-pub-7601472013083661&output=html&h=280&slotname=5417518103&adk=3149448318&adf=4000517792&pi=t.ma~as.5417518103&w=750&fwrn=4&fwrnh=100&lmt=1642573173&rafmt=1&psa=1&format=750×280&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.learninsta.com%2Fclass-11-political-science-important-questions-chapter-1-part-a%2F&flash=0&fwr=0&fwrattr=true&rpe=1&resp_fmts=3&wgl=1&uach=WyJXaW5kb3dzIiwiMTAuMC4wIiwieDg2IiwiIiwiOTcuMC40NjkyLjk5IixbXSxudWxsLG51bGwsIjY0Il0.&dt=1643476535620&bpp=9&bdt=1661&idt=875&shv=r20220126&mjsv=m202201260201&ptt=9&saldr=aa&abxe=1&cookie=ID%3Dfd4aa72f97d9c2e9%3AT%3D1634367513%3AS%3DALNI_MaETLrjqHGKW5I_-_i8TgqcgONNyg&prev_fmts=0x0&nras=1&correlator=4477060103217&frm=20&pv=1&ga_vid=357607371.1634367513&ga_sid=1643476536&ga_hid=1627835936&ga_fc=1&u_tz=330&u_his=4&u_h=768&u_w=1366&u_ah=728&u_aw=1366&u_cd=24&u_sd=1&dmc=4&adx=105&ady=1329&biw=1349&bih=657&scr_x=0&scr_y=0&eid=44750773%2C31064582%2C21067496&oid=2&pvsid=1978607050312369&pem=771&tmod=659966019&uas=0&nvt=1&ref=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2F&eae=0&fc=1920&brdim=0%2C0%2C0%2C0%2C1366%2C0%2C1366%2C728%2C1366%2C657&vis=1&rsz=%7C%7CeEbr%7C&abl=CS&pfx=0&fu=128&bc=31&ifi=2&uci=a!2&btvi=1&fsb=1&xpc=9rR5RfpZX6&p=https%3A//www.learninsta.com&dtd=891

Question 4.
Why is the Constitution needed?
Answer:
As said the Constitution is the body of rules, regulations, and common understanding, it is very much needed to achieve definiteness in the relations of citizens and different organs of the government. The Constitution may be written or unwritten. Constitution also put the check on rulers.

Question 5.
What is Constitutionalism?
Answer:
Constitutionalism stands for the check on arbitrariness and whimsical behavior of the ruler and to ensure rule by rational decisions. It seeks to establish the rule of law for the welfare of the people. The constitution is the product of constitutionalism. Constitutionalism also stands for rule by rational discussion, debate, and consent.https://googleads.g.doubleclick.net/pagead/ads?client=ca-pub-7601472013083661&output=html&h=280&adk=2523109437&adf=2575581379&pi=t.aa~a.4089255474~i.16~rp.4&w=750&fwrn=4&fwrnh=100&lmt=1642573173&num_ads=1&rafmt=1&armr=3&sem=mc&pwprc=1894297687&psa=1&ad_type=text_image&format=750×280&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.learninsta.com%2Fclass-11-political-science-important-questions-chapter-1-part-a%2F&flash=0&fwr=0&pra=3&rh=188&rw=750&rpe=1&resp_fmts=3&wgl=1&fa=27&adsid=ChAIgOjTjwYQzt6DoIj3_aAyEjkAH5Da71MxPWJD42d5UVYF078gNQb4YX1fXlpZv_-d5YLRvbpvtMfQRCEtzNvR8vJx2QOeCTqQs1c&uach=WyJXaW5kb3dzIiwiMTAuMC4wIiwieDg2IiwiIiwiOTcuMC40NjkyLjk5IixbXSxudWxsLG51bGwsIjY0Il0.&dt=1643476538197&bpp=7&bdt=4238&idt=7&shv=r20220126&mjsv=m202201260201&ptt=9&saldr=aa&abxe=1&cookie=ID%3Dfd4aa72f97d9c2e9-22b4dc9840d000a6%3AT%3D1634367513%3ART%3D1643476537%3AS%3DALNI_MaV3-653FyO5TfPAPBKzzZHftidZw&prev_fmts=0x0%2C750x280&nras=2&correlator=4477060103217&frm=20&pv=1&ga_vid=357607371.1634367513&ga_sid=1643476536&ga_hid=1627835936&ga_fc=1&u_tz=330&u_his=4&u_h=768&u_w=1366&u_ah=728&u_aw=1366&u_cd=24&u_sd=1&dmc=4&adx=105&ady=2007&biw=1349&bih=657&scr_x=0&scr_y=0&eid=44750773%2C31064582%2C21067496&oid=2&psts=AGkb-H9irrtziKQlVmOUhM8VhX1kGB-q79ta3AFYTygUCrC9wX-J5t5BcoXm1ImSW7Vb1zH5ADCzfRGggGs3&pvsid=1978607050312369&pem=771&tmod=659966019&uas=0&nvt=1&ref=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2F&eae=0&fc=1408&brdim=0%2C0%2C0%2C0%2C1366%2C0%2C1366%2C728%2C1366%2C657&vis=1&rsz=%7C%7Cs%7C&abl=NS&fu=128&bc=31&ifi=3&uci=a!3&btvi=2&fsb=1&xpc=HelYp5XlW6&p=https%3A//www.learninsta.com&dtd=101

Question 6.
What is Constituent Assembly?
Answer:
A constituent assembly is a body of renowned persons who are engaged in discussion debate and decision-making process and then drafting the Constitution. Most of the constitutions of world countries are written by the Constituent Assemblies.

Question 7.
How much time was taken by Constituent Assembly to write the Constitution?
Answer:
The Constituent Assembly to write the Indian Constitution was constituted in 1946 and it completed the work on 26th November 1949. It took two years, eleven months, and eighteen days to complete the Constitution of India.

Question 8.
What are the main functions of the Constitution?
Answer:
The Constitution is the DQ document whose main function is to demarcate the jurisdiction of organs of the government. It also suggests the composition of the government. It also sets the relationship between the state and citizens. The main function of the Constitution is to limit the powers of the government.

Question 9.
What is an unwritten constitution?
Answer:
A written Constitution is in the form of a document while an unwritten constitution is based on understandings, traditions, usages, and convention. An unwritten constitution means observance of certain accepted modes of behavior.

Question 10.
Name main countries from where institutions and features are taken for the Indian Constitution.
Answer:
It is said that the Indian Constitution is a borrowed bag because this Constitution has many foreign sources. Britain has the maximum impact on the Indian Constitution. Besides Britain, the USA, Canada, Ireland, Australia, and South Africa are the countries that have influenced the Indian constitution. It is rightly said that the Indian Constitution is a borrowed bag.

Question 11.
How the decisions were taken by Constituent Assembly?
Answer:
Taking decisions in the Constituent Assembly was not easy because of thorny issues. There were many people and groups of divergent opinions. But all the members were fired with a high sense of patriotism. Therefore all the decisions were taken by consensus which could be possible by the spirit of accommodation. ,

Question 12.
What is the Preamble of the Constitution?
Answer:
A preamble is the introductory part of the Constitution which gives the idea of forms of government, values, philosophy, and commitment of the Constitution. Preamble helps in the interpretation of the Constitution.

Question 13.
What was the significance of the Cabinet Mission Plan?
Answer:
Cabinet Mission Plan was appointed by the British Government in 1946 to discuss the modalities of the Constituent Assembly with the Indian leaders. With the discussion by Indian leaders, the Cabinet Mission plan gave its recommendations on the basis of which the Constituent Assembly was constituted.

Question 14.
From where the Constitution drew its authority?
Answer:
The Constitution drew its authority from the Constituent Assembly which was representative of the people. Therefore ultimately the people are /the source of the authority of the Constitution. In Preamble the stating words are We the people of India, which means to say that people support this Constitution.

Question 15.
How India is Republic?
Answer:
India is Republic. It is very much given in the Preamble of the Constitution. India has an elected head in the form of a President. Therefore India is Republic.

Constitution: Why and How? Important Extra Questions Short Answer Type

Question 1.
What do you mean by Constitution? How it performs its role for society?
Answer:
A Constitution is fundamental law of the land. It can be defined as the body of rules, regulations, and understandings on the basis of which state is’ constituted and governed. The Constitution is also the instrument of realizing the aspirations of the people. It plays a vital role for society as it specifies the basic allocations of power in society. The Constitution of a country indicates the framework of the government with the respective role of each organ of the government. The Constitution influences society and in turn is influenced by society. Indian Constitution represents the ethos, values, and preferences of Indian people and at the same time has successfully given the direction to Indian society to become a liberal, secular, democratic, and modern society. The constitution plays this role in all societies. We can take the example Of Chinese and Russian Constitutions also.

Question 2.
Discuss the importance of a written constitution.
Answer:
The constitution explains the structure of government and the mode of governance. Generally, the constitution is to be taken as a written one but it does not mean that there cannot be an unwritten constitution. British Consti¬tution is the example of the unwritten constitution which is working on the basis of unwritten understandings, traditions, and conventions. But in most of the countries of the world, there are written constitutions which are in the form of a document written by a specially constructed Constituent Assembly. The written constitution has its own utility and importance. The written part of the constitution is a clear indicator of the jurisdiction or powers of a particular organ. There cannot be any ambiguity in a written constitution if it is, it can be explained. A written constitution is generally available in the form of a document that is prepared by continuous discussions and debate and with due process of decision making. It may be the majority method or it can be based on consensus. Therefore a written constitution is more popular.

Question 3.
Write the composition of the Constituent Assembly of India.
Answer:
Indian Constitution is written by a specially constituted Constituent Assembly. This Constituted Assembly had a total strength of 389 members, whose composition was as follows:

1. 292 members from British ruled states
2. 93 members from Princely states
3. 4 members of minorities like Sikh and Anglo Indians

The elected members were to be indirectly elected by the state Assemblies which were constituted by the election of 1946 to the states on the basis of the Government of India Act 1935. Therefore this Constituent Assembly was constituted by indirect elections and nomination. It was constituted as per recommendations of the Cabinet Mission Plan 1946 which came to India after the formation of a new government led by Mr. Atlee in Britain. The Constituent Assembly enacted this Constitution on 26 November 1949 by taking the time of two years, eleven months, and eighteen days. The idea of a Constituent Assembly had come to prevail largely as an article of faith in almost all the politically minded classes in the country.

Question 4.
Write important features of the Indian Constitution.
Answer:
The main features of the Indian Constitution are as under:-

1. Written Constitution
2. Flexible and rigid Constitution
3. The preamble of the Constitution
4. Liberal Constitution.
5. Parliamentary form of government
6. Federal system of government
7. Republican system
8. Fundamental Rights
9. fundamental Duties
10. Directive Principles of State Policy
11. Secularism
12. Bicameral Legislature of center
13. Adult Franchise
14. Multi-Party System
15. Power of Judicial Review to the Judiciary
16. Mixed economy
17. Single citizenship
18. Supremacy of Constitution

Question 5.
How the powers are demarcated in Indian Constitution?
Answer:
The important base of the effectiveness of a constitution is a balanced arrangement of the distributions of power and allocation of areas of work (jurisdiction) among the institutions and organs of the government. The basic principle on which the constitution worked was that the government must be democratic and committed to the welfare of the people. The constitution-makers, for the purpose of evolving the right balance among the various institutions like the executive, the legislature, and the judiciary, adopted parliamentary form government and federal-arrangement between the center and states. This will lead to the distributions of power between the legislature and executive on the one hand and between the central government and the state governments. For this purpose the powers were distributed on the basis of three lists as under :

1. Union list 96 subjects
2. State list 66 subjects
3. Concurrent list 47 subjects. The residual powers rest with the center

Question 6.
Write four important functions of the Constitution.
Answer:
As the constitution is a framework of Government and embodiment of ethos, values, goals, and commitments of the people, it performs a number of functions for the society and the rulers i.e. government. Its main functions are as under:

1. The first function of a constitution is to provide a set of basic rules that allow for minimum co-ordination and assurance amongst members of society. Constitutions provide authority to the government for framing rules, regulations, and their issuance and implementation for the purposes of main co-ordination among the people of the people and to establish discipline.

2. the Second function is to provide the framework of government and decide the area of jurisdictions of each organ of the government to make the decisions, about the people. It also decides, how the government will be constituted.

3. The third function of a constitution is to set some limits on what a government can impose on its citizens. These limits are not to be violated by the organs of the government and the people. Citizens are given four Fun-damental Rights that cannot be violated by the government. So these fundamental rights are given protections.

4. The fourth important function of the constitution is to ensure the fulfillment of the aspiration of the people and the governmental system.

Question 7.
How far you agree that the Indian Constituent Assembly was a representative body?
Answer:
Although members of the Constituent Assembly were not directly elected by the people there was a serious effort and intention to make the Assembly a representative body. In fact, at that time adult franchise’ was not prevailing, and also the situation k that time was conducive to hold the elections directly. Therefore it was decided that members of the Constituent Assembly be elected by the members of legislative Assefnblies of the states. Besides this through the process of nomination efforts were made to give representation to all shades and opinions. In the election also members of all religions were given due representation.

In terms of Political parties, the Congress party which dominated -the’- political scene at that time, also dominated the composition of the Constituent Assembly. The Congress itself was such a party that managed to accommodate almost all sections of the society. Therefore we can conclude that CoristituenK Assembly was a representative body.

Question 8.
How Parliament is subordinate to that of the Constitution in India?
Answer:
In India, Parliament is certainly subordinate to the Constitution because Parliament is the product of the Constitution which has set the composition and jurisdiction of the Parliament. In India, we have the supremacy of the Constitution and not of Parliament. Parliament will discharge its duty on the areas, assigned by the Constitution. Parliament can make laws on the issues which are given in the centralized and some times on the issues of stateliest also. But its laws are open for judicial review. Therefore we can say that in India, Parliament is subordinate to Constitution which can be altered only by the Constituent Assembly.

Question 9.
What goals are set in the Indian Constitution?
Answer:
Indian society inherited inequality, discrimination, illiteracy, and injustices as a legacy of British imperialism. After independence, the people of India had high hopes. Constitution makers were aware’ of these needs and aspirations of the people. Therefore new goals for the society were set to be realized through the governmental machinery. These objectives were incorporated in the Preamble of the Constitution. The framers of the Indian constitution thought that each individual in the society should have all that which is necessary for them to lead a life of minimum dignity and social self-respect and also minimum material well-being. Therefore to achieve egalitarianism is the first goal of the Constitution. To achieve these goals, related values like justice equality, liberty, the dignity of the individual, fraternity among the people of the country are incorporated. National integrations are also the goal of the Constituent.

Question 10.
Giving a brief history of the demand of the Constituent Assembly, explain the theoretical and constitutional framework of the Indian Constitution.
Answer:
During the national movement, there has been a persistent demand for the composition of a Constituent Assembly. Such demand was first of all raised in Nehru Report in 1928.’vWhen after, Second World War, the British government put the demand for co-operation in the war through August offer 1940, Cripp’s Mission 1942 and Wavel Plan 1945.

Every time Congress raised the demand of setting up of a Constituent Assembly. Which was ultimately accepted through the cabinet Mission Plan 1946. Gandhi had aired the demand of the Constituent Assembly several times in strong words. This was referred by Dr. Rajendra Prashad as the first Chairman of Constituent Assembly on 9th December 1946 as that Swaraj would mean wishes of the people as expressed through their freely chosen representative. The idea of a Constitu¬ent Assembly had come to prevail largely as an article of faith in almost all the politically minded classes in the country.

The Constituent Assembly was constituted by indirect election. An attempt was made to make this body representative of the body. It took the decisions by accommodation and consensus. It took two years, eleven months and eighteen days to complete this Constitution on 26th November 1949 and which was adopted on 26th January 1950, which we celebrate as Republic day because in this Constitution we are given the provisions of an elected President. Before this, there was the post of nominated Governor-General.

The preamble of the Constitution is a very significant part of the Constitution. By going through the Preamble one can understand the theoretical and institutional framework. The Preamble of the Indian Constitution speaks like this: “We the people of India. Solemnly resolve to constitute India a ‘Sovereign, Secular Socialistic, Democratic, Republic, there will be Justice – Social-economic and political

Liberty – of thought and expression EQuestion equality – of status and opportunity and dignity, fraternity, and national integration will be the ultimate objectives.

The above description of the Preamble tells the nature of the state which is sovereign, the nature of society i.e socialistic and secular, and the nature of the polity which is the Democratic Republic. It is the institutional framework of the con¬stitution.

The theoretical framework is also given in the Preamble of the consti¬tution. The critical framework includes all those values, commitments philosophy, and goals. The Constitution seeks to establish an equalized society by removing the glaring inequalities prevailing in the society to achieve the value of justice. Seemed important value is the liberty of thought and expression. The institution seeks liberty for every citizen so that he or she may feel confident and independent and sense responsibility and sense of belonging guess. Another value is equality of status and opportunity which is needed for the dignity of man.

To achieve national integration and human dignity is the ultimate aim of the Constitution.

In This Post we are  providing  CHAPTER 2 RIGHTS AND DUTIES IN INDIAN CONSTITUTION NCERT MOST IMPORTANT QUESTION for Class 11 POLITICAL SCIENCE which will be beneficial for students. These solutions are updated according to 2021-22 syllabus. These MCQS  can be really helpful in the preparation of Board exams and will provide you with a brief knowledge of the chapter.

NCERT MOST IMPORTANT QUESTION ON RIGHTS AND DUTIES IN INDIAN CONSTITUTION

Question 1.
What do you mean by ‘Right to Freedom’?
Answer:
Right to Freedom implies:

• Freedom of speech and expression.
• To assemble peacefully and without arms.
• To form associations and unions.
• To move freely inside territory of country.

Question 2.
What does the ‘Right to Life’ stand for?
Answer:
Right to Life stands for:

• To live up without fear, injury and external danger.
• Even the individual himself does not possess the right to take away his own life, i.e. to commit suicide is also a crime before law.

Question 3.
What do you mean by the ‘Right to Work’?
Answer:
Right to work includes:

• It is the duty of the state to provide a work to all citizens to earn one’s own livelihood.
• There should be efforts to remove unemployment from the society.
• Every state is responsible to make its citizens mentally and morally fit for struggle of life.

Question 4.
What do the Fundamental Duties refer in Indian Constitution?
Answer:
The Fundamental Duties were inserted in Constitution by 42nd Amendment in 1976:

• To remind its citizens, though they enjoy basic fundamental rights but they are supposed to observe certain basic norms of democratic conducts and behavior.
• A set of ten fundamental duties of citizens have been enumerated by the amendment.

Question 5.
What are Directive Principles of State Policy?
Answer:
Directive Principles of State Policy are guidelines only to the government which are ‘non-justiciable’. It implies:

• The goals and objectives that we as a society should adopt.
• Certain rights that an individual should enjoy apart from Fundamental Rights.
• Certain policies that the government should adopt.

Question 6.
“The Right to Freedom is a cluster of several rights”. Explain.
Answer:
The Right to Freedom guarantees various freedoms to the citizens of India:

• Freedom of Speech and Expression:Every citizen of India enjoys the Right to Freedom of Speech and Expression of his views/ideas freely either orally or in written form.
• Freedom to form Unions and Associations:Citizens of India enjoy the freedom to form unions or associations to safeguard the interests to secure justice and equal opportunities.
• Freedom to Assemble Peacefully: Citizens of India can assemble at a place peacefully without arms to interact with each other.
• Freedom to reside in any part of India: Indian citizen may reside in any part of India which may be limited only for the sake of public order.
• Freedom to move freely within the territory of India: Citizens of India are free to move freely within the territory of India subject to the restrictions imposed in the interest of  public order or to safeguard the interest of ST’s.
• Freedom to Practice any Profession or Occupation: Every citizen has the freedom to choose one’s profession as per choice as well as enjoy the right to change the profession  according to will and circumstances.

Question 7.
What are the provisions of the Right to Equality?
Answer:
‘Right to Equality’ refers that all citizens of India are equal before law, not to be discriminated on the grounds of caste, colour, religion, language, race, sex or place of birth, etc.
Right to Equality has been included under Articles 14 to 18 of Indian Constitution:

•  Article 14: Guarantees equality before law and equal protection of law to persons living within territory of India without any discrimination on the ground of caste, colour, race, religion, language, sex, etc.
• Article 15: Guarantees social equalities, i.e. no discrimination on any ground as well as equal access of each and every person to the public places and facilities. And state cannot be prevented from making any special provision for women and children.
• Article 16: Guarantees equal opportunities for all citizens in the matters of employment or appointment to any office under the state without any discrimination means employment and appointments should be on the basis of merit.
• Article 17: Abolishes untouchability and its practices in any of the form are also forbidden.
• Article 18: Abolishes titles except the degrees and titles concerned with military and education. Even foreigners who are serving in India are not entitled to receive any title from foreign government without the consent of the President of India.

Question 8.
Mention the Fundamental Duties of a Citizen in Constitution of India.
Answer:
By the 42nd Amendment in 1976, ten Fundamental Duties of Citizens of India were incorporated under Article 51A of the Constitution of India:

• To abide by the Constitution and respect its ideals and institutions, national flag, and national anthem.
• To cherish and follow the noble ideals which inspired our national struggle for freedom.
• To uphold and protect sovereignty, unity and integrity of India.
• To defend the country and render national services whenever required.
• To promote harmony and the spirit of common brotherhood amongst all the people of India and to renounce those practices which seem to be indignified towards women.
• To value and preserve the rich heritage of our composite culture.
• To protect and improve the natural environment including forests, lakes, rivers and wildlife as well as to have compassion towards all living creatures.
• To safeguard public property.
• To develop scientific temper and the spirit of inquiry and reform.
• To strive towards excellence in all spheres of individual or collective activities to reach the nation to the higher levels of endeavours and achievements.

Question 9.
Throw some light on the relationship between the Fundamental Rights and Directive Principles of State Policy.
Answer:
The Fundamental Rights are guaranteed to the individuals but the Directive Principles are the instructions to the State:

• The Fundamental Rights are justiciable means in case of their violation, it can be challenged either in the High Court or Supreme Court that, oars a duty to safeguard the rights.Whereas Directive Principles of State Policy are not justiciable, these are only to remind to central and state governments about their duties.
• Fundamental Rights are directly concerned with each and every individual whereas Directive Principles of State Policy are directly concerned with the State only, where a State is expected to implement and also to achieve the goal of Welfare State.
• Fundamental Rights may be suspended during the case of emergency by the President including the Right to Constitutional Remedies also whereas Directive Principles of State Policy cannot be suspended even during these circumstances.
• Fundamental Rights concern with the overall development of an individual whereas Directive Principles of State Policy concern with society as a whole which have been mentioned in Article 38 to create a society by the State where all enjoy social and economic justice.

Question 10.
What is the importance of the Right to Constitutional Remedies? Explain.
Answer:
‘Right to Constitutional Remedies’ is the ‘Heart and Soul’ of Indian Constitution to protect the rest of the Fundamental Rights of the Citizens under Article 32 and 226. This right contains various writs to be issued by the Supreme Court and High Court from time to time:
The Writ of Habeas Corpus:

• The Court orders that the arrested person should be presented before it.
• Court can order to set free an arrested person if the grounds of arrest are unlawful.

Mandamus:

• When the court finds that the particular office holder is not performing legal duty.
• Thereby, he is infringing on the right of an individual.

Prohibition:

• It is issued by a higher court to a lower court on considering a case to go beyond its jurisdiction.
• Higher court orders to stop the proceedings of certain case.

Quo Warranto:

• If the court finds that a person is holding office but is not entitled to hold that office.
• This restricts that person from acting as an office holder.

Certiorari:

• The Court orders a lower court or another authority to transfer a matter pending before it to the higher authority or court.