Yearly Archives: 2022

Answer: (c) History

Answer: (c) Vote

Answer: (a) Privatisation

Answer: (a) Deficiency of money to buy good resources

Answer: (b) insult of owner

Answer: (a) Poverty

Answer: (a) fight for equality

Answer: (c) Both (a) and (b)

Answer: (a) Equality

Answer:

Answer: law

Answer: Tawa Matsya Sangha, fishermen

Answer: Narmada

Answer: 1958, 1978

Answer: True

Answer: False

Answer: False

Answer: True

Question 1.
What does the Indian Constitution recognise? What does it state?
Answer:

• The Indian constitution recognises all Indians as equal before the law.
• It states that no person can be discriminated against because o^ his religion, sex, caste or whether he is rich or poor.
• All adults in India have the equal right to vote during elections.
• This ‘power over the ballot box’ has been used by people to elect or replace their representatives.

Question 2.
Why does the feeling of equality that the ballot box provides not extend to the most people’s lives?
Answer:
The feeling of equality that the ballot box provides does not extend to most people’s lives. The following reasons are responsible for this:

• The increasing privatisation of health services and the neglect of government hospitals have made it difficult for most poor people like Kanta, Hakim Sheikh and Aman to get good quality healthcare.
• A small juice seller does not have the resources to compete with all of the major companies who sell branded drinks through expensive advertising.
• Farmers like Swapna do not have sufficient resources to grow cotton and so have to take a loan from the traders to grow their crops. This forces them to sell their cotton at a lower price.
• Melani like the millions of domestic workers across the country, is forced to endure the insults and hardships of working as a domestic help because she has no resources to set up something on her own.

Question 3.
State the main reasons why people do not have equality.
Answer:

• Poverty.
• Lack of resources.
• Discrimination on the basis of religion, caste and sex.
• Lack of dignity and respect for certain communities.

Question 4.
Are people discriminated on the basis of religion, caste or gender?
Answer:
Sometimes religion, caste or gender leads to inequality. The Ansaris had the resources to pay the rent but were not able to find apartment on rent. People were reluctant due to their religion.

• Om Prakash Valmiki had to sweep the the school yard because he was Dalit
• Women’s work is considered less valuable than men’s work.
• All these discriminations were social, cultural or gender based Most of the times poverty, lack of dignity or respect for certain communities comes together. It becomes difficult to identify where one ends and other begins.
• Dalit, Adivasi or Muslim girls drop out of schools. This is the combined effect of lack of resources, poverty or social discrimination.

Struggles for Equality

Question 1.
How do some people fight for removal of inequality in the society?
Answer:

• Throughout the world—in every community, village, city and town, there are some people Who are known and respected because of their fight for equality.
• These people stood up against the act of discrimination that theydaced or which they witnessed.
• They are respected because they treat all persons with dignity and are therefore trusted.
• They are called upon to resolve issues in the community.
• Often these persons become more widely recognised because they have the support of large number of people who have united to address a particular issue of inequality.
• In India there are several struggles in which people have come together to fight for issues that they believe are important.

Women started women’s movement to raise issues of equality.

• The Tawa Matsya Sangh in Madhya Pradesh is another example of people coming together to fight for an issue.
• There are many such struggles like these among beedi workers, fisher folk, agricultural labourers and slum dwellers and each group is struggling for justice in its own way.
• There are also many attempts to form cooperatives or other collective ways by which people have more control over resources.

Tawa Matsya Sangh

Question 1.
What leads to displacement of people and communities?
Answer:
There are many reasons which displace people and communities for example:

• When dams are built or forests are declared sanctuaries, thousands of people are displaced
• Villages uprooted and people have to start afresh.
• In urban areas, when bastis of poor people are relocated outside the cities
• Their work, children’s schooling gets disrupted due to distance.
• This displacement has become a widespread problem. People or different organisations usually come together to fight against this. For example Tawa Matsya Sangh

Question 2.
What is TMS?
Answer:
TMS – federation of Fisherworker’s cooperative fights for the rights of displaced forest dwellers of the Satpura forest in Madhya Pradesh

Question 3.
How was Tawa Matsya Sangh formed?
Answer:
Formation of Tawa Matsya Sangh

• Tawa river originates in the Mahadeo hills of Chindwara district.
• It flows through Betul, before joining the Narmada in Hoshangabad.
• The Tawa dam began to be built in 1958 and was completed in 1978.
• It submerged large areas of forest and agricultural land.
• The forest dwellers were left with nothing.
• Some of the displaced people settled around the reservoir.
• They apart from their meagre farms found a livelihood in fishing.
• They earned very little.
• In 1994 the government gave the rights for fishing in the Tawa reservoir to private contractors.
• These contractors drove the local people away and got cheap labour from outside.
• They began to threaten the villagers, who did not want to leave, by bringing in hoodlums.
• The villagers stood united and decided to set up an organisation and do something to protect their rights. Thus, the Tawa Matsya Sangh was formed.

Question 4.
How did Tawa Matsya Sangh achieve its goal of fishing right?
Answer:
Achievement of Goal of Fishing Right:
The newly formed Tawa Matsya Sangh (TMS) organised a Chakka jam (road blockade), demanding their right to continue fishing for their livelihood.

• In response to their protests, the government created a committee.
• The committee recommended that fishing rights be granted to the villagers for their livelihood.
• A five-year lease agreement was signed.
• With the TMS taking over, the fishworkers were able to increase their earnings substantially because they set up the cooperative which buys the catch from them at a fair price.
• The cooperative arranges to transport and sell this in markets where they get a good price.
• They have now begun to earn more.
• The TMS has also begun giving the fishworkers loans for repair and for buying new nets.
• By Managing to earn a higher wage as well as preserving the fish in the reservoir, the TMS has shown that when people’s organisations get their rights to livelihood, they can be good managers.

Question 5.
Describe creative expression against inequality.
Answer:
Creative Expression against Inequality

• Some people join protest movements to fight inequality.
• At the same time others use their pen, or their voice, or their ability to dance and draw attention to issues of inequality.
• Writers, singers, dancers and artists have also been very active in the fight against inequality.
• Often poems, songs and stories also inspire us and make us believe strongly in an issue and influence our efforts to correct the situation.

The Indian Constitution as a living Document

Question 1.
Give an account of the Indian Constitution as a living document.
Answer:
The Indian Constitution as a Living Document

• The foundation of all movements for justice and inspiration and for all the poetry and
  songs on equality is the recognition of equality among people. ‘
• The Indian Constitutipn recognises the equality of all persons.
• Movements and struggles for equality in India continuously refer to the Indian constitution to make their point about equality and justice for all.
• The fishworkers in the Tawa Matsya Sangh (TMS) hope that the provisions of the Constitution will become a reality through their participation in this movement.
• By constantly referring to the Constitution, they use it as a ‘living document’ i.e., something that has real meaning in our lives.
• In a democracy, there are always communities and individuals trying to expand the idea of democracy and push for a greater recognition of equality on existing as well as new issues.

Question 2.
‘Issues of Equality Are Central to a Democracy’. Explain the statement.
Answer:
Indian Constitution recognises the equality of all. Constitution helps people in their struggle for equality through laws and through government schemes

• Every person is equal before law
• No one is discriminated against on the basis of religion caste race or gender
• Everyone has access to all public places
• Untouchability is abolished

Question 3.
What is important to curb discrimination?
Answer:
Inequality affects poor and marginalised the most. Dignity and self respect of every individual should be realised to have social and economic equality. We must ensure adequate resources to support and nurture their families.

Answer: (b) Production of Cotton

Answer: (c) Rs 2500

Answer: (c) To sell her all cotton to him

Answer: (a) Kurnool

Answer: (a) Ginning mill

Answer: (a) Tamil Nadu

Answer: (b) garment manufacturers

Answer: (b) Weavers

Answer: (b) Exporter

Answer: (c) Worker

Answer: (a) Chain of markets

Answer: (b) profits

Answer:

Answer: consumer

Answer: putting out

Answer: low

Answer: fertilizers, pesticides

Answer: False

Answer: False

Answer: True

Answer: False

Question 1.
Where does the story of a shirt begin and where does it end?
Answer:

• The story of the shirt begins with the production of cotton.
• It ends with the sale of a shirt.

Question 2.
How does the chain of markets play an important role in the story of the shirt?
Answer:

• A chain of markets links the producer of cotton to the buyer of the shirt in the supermarket.
• Buying and selling takes place at every step in the chain.
• Everyone in the chain does not benefit equally from this.
• The retailer benefits the most from this chain.

A Cotton Farmer in Kurnool

Question 1.
Briefly write about Swapna as a farmer in Kuraool?
Answer:
Swapna is a small farmer in Kumool. She grows cotton on a small piece of land.

• Once cotton bolls ripen she picks them
• It takes several days as cotton bolls burst open at different times
• She takes’her harvest to local trader and not to Kurlnool market.
• She had taken Rs 2,500 loan at high interest rate from that trader to grow cotton.
• She had made a promise to sell her produce to him

Question 2.
Why do farmers borrow money from moneylenders?
Answer:

• Cultivation of cotton requires higher level of inputs like fertilizers and pesticides.
• Farmers have to incur heavy expenses on account of these inputs.
• Most often, the farmers need to borrow money to meet these expenses.

Question 3.
Does she get the right price from the trader?
Answer:
No, she does not get the right price.

• Her cotton is weighed and she is paid Rs. 1500/ quintal.
• She gets Rs. 6000/. Out of this Rs. 3000/ were deducted as loan and interest.
• She is told that cotton is selling cheap as there is lot of cotton in the market
• Her efforts of four months and clean and fine cotton also did not change the mind of trader,
• She does not argue. Though her earning is just a little more than a wage labourer.

Question 4.
Why does Swapna not argue with the trader further?
Answer:

• Swapna knows that cotton will sell for at least ₹ 1800 per quintal.
• But she doesn’t argue further with the trader as he is a powerful man in the village.
• The farmers have to depend on him for loans not only for cultivation, but also to meet other exigencies (urgent work) like illness, children’s school fees.
• During no work period of the year, the farmers have to borrow money for their survival.

The Cloth Market of Erode

Question 1.
Give an account of the cloth market of Erode.
Answer:
The Cloth Market of Erode

• Erode has a bi-weekly cloth market.
• This market is one of the largest cloth markets in the world.
• A large variety of cloth is sold in this market.
• Cloth that is made by weavers in the nearby villages is also brought here for sale.
• Offices of cloth merchants who buy this cloth are around the market.
• Other traders from many south Indian towns also come and purchase cloth here.
• On market days weavers bring cloth that has been made on order from the merchant.
• These merchants supply cloth on order to garment manufacturers and exporters around the country.
• They purchase the yam and give instructions to the weavers about the kind of cloth to be made.

Putting-Out System – Weavers Producing Cloth At Home

Question 1.
What is putting out system?
Answer:
Putting out is a system in which the weavers weave clothes at home with the help of family members and charge wages from the merchant. The merchants in turn supply the raw material and pay the wages and take the finished product.

Question 2.
Write the advantages and disadvantages of the ‘putting out system’.
Answer:
For the weaver it has two advantages:

• They do not have to spend money for purchasing yam and know what and how much cloth they have to make
• They do not face the problem of selling the finished cloth.

Disadvantages for the weaver

• They are dependent on the merchant for raw material as well as market
• They get low wages. They do not know from whom they are making the cloth
• They do not the market price of the cloth.

Question 3.
How is the merchant benefited in this system?
Answer:
The merchant gives the orders and raw material. They get the cloth at low price and sell to garment factories at high price.

Question 4.
Describe the earning of the weavers in a month.
Answer:

• Weavers invest all their savings or borrow money at a high interest rate to buy looms.
• Each loom costs ₹ 20,000.
• Hence, a small weaver with two looms has to invest ₹ 40,000.
• The work on these looms cannot be done by one weaver.
• The weaver and another adult member of his family work up to 12 hours a day to produce cloth.
• For all this work, the weaver’s family earns about ₹ 3500 per month.

Question 5.
What is Weavers cooperative? How does it work?
Answer:
Weavers are paid very little under the ‘putting-out system. Weaver’s cooperative is a way of reducing their dependence.

• In a cooperative people with common interests come together and work for mutual benefit.
• They take activities collectively like procuring yam, distribution among weavers.
• They do the marketing also.
• The role of merchant is reduced and weavers earn higher income.
• Government also helps the cooperative by buying cloth from them at reasonable rates
• Tamil Nadu government runs a Free School Uniform programme in the state. The cloth is procured from power loom weaver’s cooperatives.’
• Government buys cloth from handloom weaver’s cooperatives and sell it through ‘Co-optex stores

The Garment Exporting Factory Near Delhi

Question 1.
What happens with the cloth sold at Erode?
Answer:
The Erode merchant supplies the cotton cloth to the garment exporting factory near Delhi.

• The cloth is used to make shirts by the garment exporting factories.
• The shirts are exported to foreign buyers like businesspersons from US and Europe who own chain of stores
• These stores do business on their terms. They demand the lowest price. They set high standards for quality of production and timely delivery
• They deal strictly with any defects or delays in delivery.

Question 2.
How does the exporter meet pressures from foreign buyers?
Answer:
Exporters tries their best to meet the conditions set by the buyers.

• They try to cut costs
• Get maximum work out of the workers at lowest possible wages.
• Thus maximise their profits and sell to foreign buyers at cheap price.

Question 3.
Give an account of the Impex garment factory.
Answer:

• The Impex garment factory has 70 workers.
• Most of them are women and are employed on a temporary basis.
• This means that whenever the employer feels that a worker is not needed, the worker is asked to leave.
• Workers’ wages are fixed according to their skills.
• The highest paid among the workers are the tailors who get about ₹ 3,000 per month.
• Women are employed as helpers for thread cutting, buttoning, ironing and packaging.
• These jobs have the lowest wages, as mentioned below:

Payment to workers (per month) –
Tailoring – ₹ 3,000
Ironing  – ₹ 1.50
Checking – ₹ 2,000
Thread Cutting and buttoning  – ₹1,500

The shirt in the united states

Question 1.
Who earns maximum profit in the sale of shirts?
Answer:
A shirt in US is sold at 426 or around Rs.1200/.

• A businessperson purchase shirts from an exporter for Rs. 200/. He spends Rs 300/ on advertising and another Rs. 100/ for storage.
• Thus the shirt cost him Rs 600/. He sells it for Rs.1200 with a profit of Rs 600
• On the other hand garment exporter paid Rs. 15 to the worker per shirt. The cloth and other raw material cost him Rs.70/ cost of running office is Rs. 15. The shirt cost him Rs 100 which he sells at Rs.200/
• Both of them earn 100% profit. The worker gets the minimum wage.

Who are the Gainers in the Market?

Question 1.
Who are the gainers in the market?
Answer:

• A chain of markets links the producer of cotton to the buyer at the supermarket.
• Buying and selling takes place at every step in the chain.
• There are people who make profits in the market and there are some who do not gain as much from this buying and selling.
• Despite their having toiled very hard workers earn little.

Question 2.
Who are involved in the process of buying and selling?
Answer:

• Factories wholesalers, brokers, retailers and consumers are involved in this process of buying and selling.
• They all gain from the business.

Market and Equality

Question 1.
Establish relationship between market and equality.
Answer:
Market and Equality

• The foreign businessperson made huge profits in the market.
• The garment exporter made only moderate profits.
• On the other hand, the workers at the garment export factory earn barely enough to cover their day-to-day needs.
• In the same way, we saw the small cotton farmer and the weaver at Erode put in long hours of hard work. But they did not get a fair price in the market for their produce.
• The merchants or traders are somewhere in between.
• In comparison to the weavers they have earned more but it is still much less than the exporters.
• Thus, not everyone gains equally in the market.
• Democracy is also about getting a fair wage in the market. Whether it is Kanta or Swapna, if families don’t earn enough then they can’t live with dignity.
• They cannot think of themselves as equal to others.

Question 2.
What are the problems of the farmers and other producers? How can these be overcome?
Answer:

• On one hand, the market offers people opportunities for work qnd for sale of their products.
• On the other hand, the rich and the powerful get the maximum earnings from the market.
• These are the people who have money and own the factories, the large shops, large land holdings, etc.
• The poor have to depend on the rich and the powerful for various things.
• They have to depend for loans, raw materials and marketing of their goods and most often for employment.
• Because of this dependence, the poor are exploited in the market.
• There are ways to overcome these problems.
• They include forming cooperatives of producers and ensuring that laws are followed strictly.

Answer: (d) All of these

Answer: (a) Because it is held on a specific day of the week

Answer: (a) small traders

Answer: (c) Chemist shop

Answer: (d) all of these

Answer: (a) Mall

Answer: (c) Wholesale

Answer: (b) Azadpur

Answer: (a) Chain of market

Answer: (d) Both of these

Answer: (a) Branded

Answer:

Answer: temporary

Answer: retailer

Answer: branded and unbranded

Answer: producers and consumers

Answer: internet

Answer: True

Answer: False

Answer: True

Answer: False

Answer: True

Question 1.
Why do we go to markets?
Answer:

• We go to market to buy many things.
• They are vegetables, soap, toothpaste, masala, bread, rice, daal, clothes, notebooks, biscuits etc.
• The list of our purchases is really long.

Question 2.
Describe different kinds of markets.
Answer:

• There are many kinds of markets that we go for our everyday needs.
• They include shops, hawker’s stalls in our neighbourhood, a weekly market, a large shopping complex, perhaps even a mall.

Notes: What are different types of markets?
How do the goods reach the consumers?
What the issues related to buying and selling?

Weekly market

Question 1.
Why is a weekly market called so? How do they work?
Answer:

• A weekly market is called so because it is held on a specific day of the week.
• Weekly markets do not have permanent shops.
• Traders set up shops for the day.
• They close them up in the evening.
• They set up at a different place the next day.
• There are thousands of such markets in India. People come here for their everyday needs.

Question 2.
Why are things cheaper in weekly markets?
Answer:
Things in a weekly market are cheaper because:

• Shopkeepers do not spend much in terms of rent for shop, electricity, wages to workers or packaging of goods.
• The sellers store goods at home and have vehicles to move around.
• Their family members help them to produce or sell goods.
• There are many sellers of the same product so, there is competition among them.
• In weekly markets people bargain to bring the prices down.

Question 3.
What is effect of competition in weekly markets?
Answer:
Weekly markets have many shops selling same goods, so there is a competition between them. People have a choice to the vendor selling at low price. Thereby buyer can bargain and bring the price down.

Question 4.
What are the advantages of weekly markets?
Answer:
People go to the weekly market because of the following reasons:

• They get all things of their use at one place.
• The prices are less and bargaining can be done.
• They can buy goods in smaller quantities.
• People prefer weekly market because they get variety and choice of goods.

Question 5.
How and when does Sameer do good business?
Answer:

• Sameer is a small trader in the weekly market.
• He buys clothes from a large trader in the town and sells them in six different markets in a week.
• He and other cloth sellers move in groups.
• They hire a mini-van for this.
• His customers are from villages that are near the market place.
• At festival times such as during Deepawali or pongal, he does good business.

Shops in the Neighbourhood

Question 1.
What are different types of shops in the neighbourhood?
Answer:
Weekly markets offer variety of goods. There are other markets also like many shops sell goods and services in the neighbourhood.

• Chemist / physician
• Tailor / dry cleaner / garment shop
• Grocery / departmental store
• Hair Saloon/ florist/ sweet shop

We buy milk, groceries, stationary, eatables, medicines etc. Many of these are permanent. Some of them are roadside hawkers selling vegetables, fruits or flowers.

Question 2.
How are shops in our neighbourhood useful for us?
Answer:
Shops in our neighbourhood are useful for us in many ways.

• They are near our home.
• We can go there on any day of the week and at any time.
• Usually the buyer and seller know each other.
• These shops also provide goods on credit.

Question 3.
Define the term credit.
Answer:
In the neighbourhood markets people purchase goods without paying at that time and the shopkeeper notes it down. People pay at a later date when they have the money. This system is useful for low income group people.

Question 4.
What are the two types of sellers in our neighbourhood?
Answer:
There are different kinds of sellers even in our neighbourhood markets.

• Some of them have permanent shops.
• The others sell their goods on the roadside, as hawkers.
• Some move from one house to another to sell their goods.
• Some make home delivery of goods free of cartage charges.

Question 5.
How are the neighbourhood shops managed?
Answer:
Neighbourhood shops are generally managed by the owner with helpers.

• The owners take the list of the items required. The helpers weigh and pack the things
• The billing is done by the owner.
• These shops have different products of different brands
• They are organised on shelves which are easily visible to the customer

Question 6.
How did Sujata make purchases? How does she make payments?
Answer:

• It took almost 20 minutes to weigh and pack all the groceries.
• Then Sujata showed her notebook.
• The woman noted an amount of ₹ 1550 in the notebook and gave it back.
• She also noted the amount in her big register book.
• With the heavy bags both moved out of the shop. Sujata’s family shall make the payment for the purchases in the first week of the next month.

Shopping Complexes and Malls

NOTES: Urban areas have another type of markets like shopping complex Anzal Plaza

• They have glass lifts and escalators
• Different type of shops selling variety of branded items
• One can get anything from ice cream, pizza, footwear, home appliances to leather goods
• They sell branded goods. Shops have security guards
• Goods are generally costly here.

Question 1.
Why did the guard think of stopping Kavita and Sujata from entering the shop?
Answer:

• He wanted to stop Kavita and Sujata from entering the shop because he was not sure that they would buy goods from this shop.
• I would say that I want to buy goods even if they are costlier.

Question 2.
Describe shopping complexes and malls.
Answer:
Shopping Complexes and Malls

• There are other markets in urban areas.
• They have many shops, popularly called shopping complexes.
• These /lays in many urban areas there are large multi-airconditioned buildings with shops on different floors.
• They are known as malls.
• In these urban markets, we get both branded and non-branded goods.
• They have restaurants and eating places.
• They have multilevel parking.
• They may have multiplex theatres.

Question 3.
Why are branded goods expensive?
Answer:
Branded goods are expensive because they are advertised and claims better quality. The companies producing these sell them through shops in urban markets or special showrooms.This further add to their cost. Few people can afford to buy branded goods.

Chain of Markets

Question 1.
From where do you think shop owners procure their goods?
Answer:

• Goods are produced in Factories, on farms and in homes.
• We do not buy them directly from the factory or from the farm.
• Producers are not interested in selling us goods in small quantities like one kilo
  of vegetables or one plastic mug.
• The people in between the producer and the final consumer are traders.

The wholesale trader first buys goods in large quantities.
Examples:

• Vegetable wholesale trader does not buy a few kilos of vegetables. He buys them in bulk quantities. He sells them to retailers.
• A retailer purchases vegetables in bulk from the wholesale trader. He sells them in small quantities to the consumers at higher rates.

Question 2.
Who is a retailer?
Answer:
In the markets buying and selling takes place between the traders. Through these traders the goods reach faraway places. The trader who finally sells the goods to consumer is the retailer. This could a in weekly market, a hawker or in a shopping complex.

Question 3.
How is chain of markets set up?
Answer:
Chain of markets has visible and invisible links.

• Wholesalers buy the products in bulk directly from the producers.
• Every city has areas with wholesale market from where the goods are supplied to other traders.
• Retailers buy goods in smaller quantities from the wholesalers and take them to different parts of the city.
• The road side hawkers further purchase these goods either from a wholesaler or a retailer to sell it in particular localities.
• Wholesale trader bought large quantity of goods from factory or producers and store them in godowns.
• In this way a chain of markets is set up through which the goods finally travel to reach us.
• Certain services are also sold like this e.g., representatives of various companies go to the retailers or sometimes directly to the consumer to sell their products.

Chain of Markets serves the following purposes

• Factories and wholesalers need not find consumers of their goods.
• Several people get benefited.
• Consumers get goods of their needs in small quantities.
• They get goods from their nearby places, they do not need to walk long distances.
• Factories and wholesalers do not sell goods in small quantities. It saves time and energy of the factory owners and the wholesalers.

Question 4.
What do the terms wholesale and retail refer to?
Answer:
Wholesale refers to buying or selling goods in large quantity like fruits, vegetables, flowers, kitchen items etc.
Retail means buying the goods in smaller quantity from the wholesaler and sell it in the local markets to the consumers.

NOTES: STORY OF AFTAB – Wholesaler In The City

• Aftab a wholesaler starts his business around 2.am
• Vegetables reaches the mandi from nearby areas
• He participates in the auction for selecting which vegetables to buy
• He stores these vegetables in his shop and further sells it to hawkers or shopkeepers.
• These retailers come to the mandi around 6 am and reach their own areas by 10 in the morning.

Markets everywhere

Question 1.
Describe the various ways of selling and purchasing of goods.
Answer:

• There are different market places where people buy and sell a variety of goods and services.
• All these markets are in a specific locality.
• They work in a particular manner and time.
• These days it is not always necessary to go to market to purchase goods.
• Orders can be placed for a variety of things through the phone and through the Internet.
• Goods are delivered at the customer’s home.
• In clinics and nursing homes, sales representatives come to take order for supplying medicines.
• Sales representatives are also engaged in the selling of goods. Thus, buying and selling of goods takes place in different ways.

Question 2.
Give an account of those things which we do not directly use.
Answer:

• We can recognise markets easily.
• There are also such markets that we do not know.
• A large number of goods are bought and sold that we do not use directly.
  Examples
• A farmer uses fertilizers to grow crops.
• He purchases them from special shops in the city.
• These shops get them from factories.
• Likewise a car factory purchases engine, gears, petrol tanks, axles, wheels etc. from various other factories.
• We do not usually see all the buying and selling of these ancillaries but only the final product—the car in the showroom.
• The story is similar for any other good.

Markets And Equality

Question 1.
Discuss the relationship between markets and equality.
Answer:
There are two types of sellers in the market, one in the weekly market and other in the shopping complex.
Small trader has little money whereas the other has more money to set up their shops. They earn unequal amounts. The weekly market traders earns little as compared of a regular shop owner in a shopping complex.
Even buyers are also differently placed. There are some who can not afford cheapest of goods and some shop in malls.
Therefore these markets depend on money as buyers or sellers.

Question 2.
How does chain of markets works?
Answer:
Goods go through a chain of markets before reaching the consumer. Goods produced at one place reaches different areas through chain of markets. Selling of new products encourages productions and new earning opportunities.