In This Post we are  providing  CHAPTER 7 FEDERALISM NCERT MOST IMPORTANT QUESTION for Class 11 POLITICAL SCIENCE which will be beneficial for students. These solutions are updated according to 2021-22 syllabus. These MCQS  can be really helpful in the preparation of Board exams and will provide you with a brief knowledge of the chapter.

NCERT MOST IMPORTANT QUESTION ON FEDERALISM

Question 1.
Define federalism. Why it is needed in a plural society?
Answer:
Federalism is a system of government in which powers are divided between the centre and the states. In a true federation, the states surrender their certain powers and create a centre to administer on the issues which are of national and international importance. On local issues the states Government administrate. Such a system of Governance becomes necessary in a plural society because a number of states are formed on the basis of administration convince.’The regional aspirations and centres of the people of such formed states are realised in federal aspirations of the people remain unfulfilled and unrealised. Therefore for a fuller development of linguistic and cultural aspirations, the federal system is necessary.

Question 2.
Compare the federal system of India with a federal system of the United States of America.
Answer:
India and the United States of America both are the federal systems of Government but both have a different system. The USA is said to be a true federal system while different people say differently about the nature of the Indian federal system. Followings are the difference between India and USA

1. In America centre is the creation of states while in India states are the creation of the centre.
2. In the Constitution of India, the USA is described as a federation. In the Indian Constitution, India is described as Union of States.
3. In the USA more powers are given to states. In India, the centre is given more powers.
4. In USA residual powers are with states. In India, residual powers are given to the centre.

Question 3.
Explain the unity in diversity in India.
Answer:
It is rightly said about India that India is not a country, it is a continent. There are more than 20 major languages and several hundred minor ones. It has several major regions of different geography and Culture. In climate changes after every twenty kilometres. In spite of all such diversities, we share many common values, history and ethos. We all fought for national independence jointly in which Hindu, Muslim, Sikh and Christians participated. We do not share common part only we cherish common hopes and aspirations. This has led to national leaders to visualise India as a country where there is unity in diversity. India in its last 60 years of journey of the post-independent period has stood the test of this slogan ie, unity in diversity.

Question 4.
Write the main features of a federal system.
Answer:
Federalism, as a principle of Government, has evolved differently in different situations yet there are some basic features which are generally considered essential for a federal system. These areas under.

1. Written Constitution & double Constitution
2. Rigid Consitution
3. The institutional mechanism to accommodate two sets of politics.
4. Two sets of identities and loyalties of the people to their region as well as their nation.
5. Distribution of powers between two sets of Government one at centra! level and other at the state level.
6. Bicameral legislative
7. Independent Judiciary
8. Double Citizenship
9. Supremacy of Constitution
10. Residual powers with the states

Question 5.
Write federal features of the Indian constitution.
Answer:
Indian society is a plural society so there is a plural polity in India. Followings are the main dominant features in the Indian Constitution on the basis of which we can term the Indian Constitution as a federal system:

1. Written Constitution
2. Rigid Constitution
3. Supremacy of Constitution
4. Divisions of Powers between centre and states.
5. Double sets of polity
6. Double set of loyalties of the people. One for their regions and others for the nation
7. Bicameral Legislature
8. Independent judiciary to settle the dispute between the centre and states.

Question 6.
Write the main unitary features of Indian constitution.
Answer:
Structurally Indian Constitution appears to be federal but there are some features in Indian Constitution which make it unitary. These are as under:

1. There is no word federation in the Indian constitution. Rather it is the union of states.
2. Unequal distribution of powers between the centre and states.
3. Unequal representation of the states in the upper House.
4. Emergency powers of the President
5. Integrated judiciary
6. President Rule in the states
7. Important appointment by the President
8. Governor as the agent of centre in States.
9. Single Constitution
10. Single Citizenship
11. The dominance of centre on Election Commission, Planing commission and NDC
12. The increasing role of All India Government Service

Question 7.
Write Legislative relations between the centre and states.
Answer:
Subjects are divided between the centre and states for this purpose three lists are formed which areas:

1. Central list 96 subjects (Parliament Legislates on their subjects)
2. State list 66 subjects (State legislative legislates these subjects
3. Concert List 47 subjects (on these issues central Parliament, as well as the state legislature, can legislate on their issue but in case of conflict central view will prevail)
4. Residual powers rest with the centre.
5. In Emergency Parliament can Legislate on any subject of state list
6. In President Rule, Parliament will make law for a state w. which President Rule is in force.
7. To fulfil international commitment Parliament can make law on a state subject.
8. Governor can refer to President any bill which is passed by the State Assembly.

Question 8.
What is President Rule?
Answer:
Under Art 356 of the Indian Constitution Governor can recommend President Rule in the state in the following circumstances:

1. If the law and order is broke down in the state
2. There is political instability in the state
3. No party has secured a majority for the formation of a Government and there is political hoarding
4. If the constitutional machinery has failed and the government is not being run according to the provisions of the Constitution.

It is the discretionary power of the Governor to see that such a situation has arisen or not as to warrant the imposition of President Rule.

Question 9.
Explain the executive relations between the centre and states.
Answer:

1. Art 257 of the Constitution says that the executive power of every state shall be so exercised as not to implode or prejudice the exercise of the executive powers of the union and the executive powers of the Union shall extend to the giving of such directions to a State as may appear to- the government of India to be necessary for that purpose.
2. States will make their policies as per in tune with the policies of the central government.
3. During an emergency, the President may give any direction to the states as seems necessary. During an emergency, the administration of the states comes in the hands of President Rule because it becomes unitary in Emergency.
4. Governor is the agent of the centre and he can recommend imposition of President Rule in the state in the given circumstances.
5. All India Service (IAS and IPS other) control the states development and law and order.

Question 10.
Explaining the measuring bf federalism, discuss the features and nature of Indian federalism.
Answer:
Federalism is a system of government where powers are divided between the centre and states. It involves the territorial distribution of powers.

It is very much needed for a divine plural society. Since India is also a plural society, the Indian constitution-makers also introduced dominant features of a federal Government like the written constitution, division of powers between the centre and states, bicameral legislature and independent judiciary. At /the same time many threats were emerging for national integration. Therefore they introduced the provision for national integration and a strong centre.

They adopted the concept of the union of states which crates federal structure with the strong unitary feature. The concept of the union of states was adopted from Canada. The most important unitary, the feature is:

1. Unequal distribution of powers between the centre and states.
2. Residual powers are with the centre
3. Provision of Emergency powers for the President (Art 352)
4. Provision of President rule in the states Art 356
5. Integrated judiciary
6. Integrated bureaucracy and dominance of All India Services in the states.
7. Appointment of Governor by the President
8. Governor’s role as the agent of the centre.
9. Amendment powers are with the centre.
10. The dominance of centre over NDC, planing commission UPSC and Finance Commission and Election Commission;

Therefore India is a federal system with strong unitary feature^ on the basis of its working during the last 60 years. K.C. Where has termed as the co-operative federal system and Morris Jones has termed it a Bargaining system.

In This Post we are  providing  CHAPTER 5 LOCAL GOVERNMENT NCERT MOST IMPORTANT QUESTION for Class 11 POLITICAL SCIENCE which will be beneficial for students. These solutions are updated according to 2021-22 syllabus. These MCQS  can be really helpful in the preparation of Board exams and will provide you with a brief knowledge of the chapter.

NCERT MOST IMPORTANT QUESTION ON LOCAL GOVERNMENT

Question 1.
What does the Panchayati Raj stand for?
Answer:
Panchayati Raj was incorporated on the suggestions given by Balwant Rai Mehta Committee in 1956, which said that without the cooperation of local people, the development work cannot take place at local level. Hence, the three-tier system was established to decentralise the power and to give due representation to the local people to implement the programmes:

• Panchayats at village level.
• Block Committees or samitis at block level.
• Zila Parishad or District Council at district level.

Question 2.
What is the composition of Panchayat Samiti?
Answer:
The block panchayat is known as panchayat samiti, consisting of following members:

• All the Panchs and Sarpanchs of panchayats in a Block elect some members from among themselves.
• In some states, Sarpanchs are ex-officio members of panchayat samiti.
• All the MLAs and MPs of the district are ex-officio members of panchayat samiti.
• The Sub-divisional Magistrate and the Block Development Officers are ex-officio members of panchayat samiti.
• 1/3 seats have been reserved for women as well as for SCs and STs.

Question 3.
What are the main functions of Gram Panchayat?
Answer:

• It works for promotion of agriculture to make arrangements for seeds and to make farmers aware of modern methods of agriculture.
• It makes arrangements for providing primary education to the children.
• It provides sanitary arrangements and facilities in the village.
• It makes efforts to improve health of the people and opens hospitals and dispensaries.
• It also makes arrangements for street lighting also.

Question 4.
What are the main functions of Gram Sabha?
Answer:

• Gram Sabha elect the Pradhan and Panchs of the Panchayat.
• Even it can remove the Panchs and Sarpanch by passing a resolution by 2/3 majority.
• It approves the annual budget of the village and votes on the imposition of taxes.
• Gram Sabha passes the annual budget of Gram Panchayat.
• The Gram Sabha decides the policies also for development work of the village.

Question 5.
Mention the weaknesses of Panchayati Raj system.
Answer:

• Due to illiteracy, most of the members are unable to understand the real concept of democracy.
• The village people still have the differences on the basis of caste and community, hence, they do not have real environment for democracy.
• Sometimes, the political parties interferes in the functioning of village panchayats.

Question 6.
What were the constitutional provisions for local self-government before 1992?
Answer:

• Local government’s subjects were assigned to the state government.
• These were included as Directive Principles of State Policy.
• These were non-justiciable and only advisory in nature.
• In 1952, a three tier system of local government was recommended, but these had no powers and functions to look after.
• The elections were not held regularly.
• These had to be dependent on the states for their grants and finances.

Question 7.
Mention some subjects included in the eleventh schedule.
Answer:
Eleventh schedule was listed with the 29 subjects in 1992 by the 73rd Amendment Act:

• Agriculture and agricultural extension.
• Minor irrigation, water management and watershed development.
• Small scale industries including food processing.
• Rural housing.
• Drinking water.
• Roads, culverts
• Rural electrification
• Poverty alleviation programmes.
• Primary and secondary education.
• Technical training and vocational education.
• Adult and non-formal education.
• Libraries
• Cultural activities
• Markets and fairs
• Health and sanitation.
• Family welfare
• Women and child development
• Social welfare.
• Welfare of weaker sections especially SC’s and ST’s
• Public Distribution System.
• Fuel and Fodder
• Non-conventional energy resources.
• Maintenance of community assets.
• Fisheries
• Animal husbandry, dairy poultry.
• Soil forestry
• Implementation of land reforms, soil conservation, etc.
• Khadi village and cottage industries.
• Minor forest produce.

Question 8.
Explain the three tier structure of Panchayati Raj alongwith one function of each of them.
Answer:
The Panchayati Raj has three-tier system:

• Gram Panchayat at village level
• Panchayat Samiti at block level
• Zila parishad at district level

Composition of Gram Panchayat:
The members of the Gram Panchayat are elected by Gram Sabha and every adult who is the resident of village has the right to vote in these elections.
Functions:

• Makes arrangements for pure drinking water.
• To improve sanitary conditions.
• Makes efforts for improving health of people by opening hospitals and dispensaries.

Composition of Panchayat Samiti:

• The members are elected directly by Universal Adult Franchise.
• MLAs, MPs, SDM, BDO are the ex-office members.
• Apart, other members are elected and seats are reserved for SC’s and ST’s in proportion of population.
• 30% seats are reserved for women.
• Its term is for five years.

Functions:

• It looks after all the works of the gram panchayat in the area.
• Promote scientific and modern agricultural practices and distributes seeds, fertilizers and scientific equipments.

3. Composition of Zila Parishad:

• The chairman will be elected by the elected members.
• MPs, MLAs, Collector, Deputy Collectors, SDMs will be ex-officio members.
• The provision of Zila Parishad is composed of elected members.
• A finance commission will be set up to review financial position and to recommend allocation of funds and grants in aid.

Functions:

• To co-ordinate the working of Gram panchayats and panchayat samitis in the districD.
• The panchayat samitis pass their annual budget and send it to Zila Parishad. 120

Question 9.
Distinguish between Gram Panchayat and Gram Sabha. What are the functions of Gram Panchayat?
Answer:
Difference:

• Gram Sabha consists of all the adult members (who has attained the age of 18 years) of a village or a cluster of villages constituting Gram Sabha, whereas Gram Panchayat is a small body, whose members are elected by the members of Gram Sabha.
• The term of office of Gram Panchayat is for five years whereas the Gram Sabha is a permanent body and not subject to dissolution.
• Gram Panchayat is an executive organ and monitors and evaluates the activities of Gram panchayat.

Functions:

• Gram Panchayat looks after better health and life of the people to make proper civic amenities as village sanitation,drinking water, arrangements of lightening, etc.
• Gram Panchayat keeps the records of birth and death in village to ensure effective implementation of family planning and family welfare programmes, i.e. animal husbandry, agricultural development, etc.
• Gram Panchayat is responsible for certain development functions at village level, i.e. construction of roads, irrigation, etc.

Question 10.
What is the importance of local bodies in modern times?
Answer:

• The local self bodies are related with the daily life of the people to perform functions related to education, sanitation, public health, etc.
• The local bodies provide the right solution of the local problems due to participation of local peoples, where the central and state governments are unable to pick up the exact nature of problem.
• The local bodies lessen the work-load of the central and state government because they could not spare time to look into the local matters. Hence, local bodies can solve these problems easily.
• The local bodies develop the qualities of citizens to awaken the political consciousness and to experience the sense of liberty and equality which is essential for the success of democracy.
• It creates decentralization of powers, where people directly participate in the daily need, jobs and feed satisfied.

In This Post we are  providing  CHAPTER 9 CONSTITUTION AS A LIVING DOCUMENT NCERT MOST IMPORTANT QUESTION for Class 11 POLITICAL SCIENCE which will be beneficial for students. These solutions are updated according to 2021-22 syllabus. These MCQS  can be really helpful in the preparation of Board exams and will provide you with a brief knowledge of the chapter.

NCERT MOST IMPORTANT QUESTION ON CONSTITUTION AS A LIVING DOCUMENT

Question 1.
Define constitutionalism and constitution.
Answer:
Constitutionalism stands for a check on the arbitrariness of the ruler. Constitutionalism stands for rule of law and seeks to check the rule of whims and fancies of the rulers. Constitutionalism stands for discussion and debate on the issues of government. Constitutional development is a part of constitutionalism. Which is meant for evolving the norm and regulations for administrators.

The constitution can be defined as a body of rules and regulations which provide a framework for governance in a democratic setup. It defines the area of work for different organs of the government. It also decides the made and norms and philosophy and direction of the government as well as ‘ society.

Question 2.
Discuss how the Constitution is a living document.
Answer:
A constitution is a living document because it reflects the aspirations of living beings. This is a document-which keeps on responding to the situations and circumstances arising from time to time. Like a living being the constitution responds to experience. A constitution is a dynamic document reflecting the movement and dynamism of the society. It continues to work for society effectively because of its dynamism and response to the changing situations and the demand of the circumstances. The constitution protects the democracy and Fundamental Rights of the people and the existence of different constitutions. The constitution allows the evolution of new practices and also needs respect from the citizens.

Question 3.
Explain the contribution of the judiciary in the development of the Constitution.
Answer:
Judiciary plays important role in the development of the Constitution. Judiciary is the final authority in the matter of interpretation of the constitution. Judiciary examines and interprets the laws made by the parlia¬ment and state legislature and gives a final ruling on different issues which becomes the source of law and part of the Constitution. Judiciary ensures that all the laws of the legislatures and policies and programs of the executives are made within the framework of the constitution. Sometimes this leads to controversy between the judiciary and Parliament.

It has happened many times on different occasions when the Judiciary declared the laws of the Parliament as unconstitutional and Parliament amended the Constitution to nullify the ruling of the Judiciary. For example in 1967 in the Golakhnath case, the judiciary gave the ruling that Parliament cannot amend the Fundamental Rights but Parliament brought the 38th and 39th Amendments to nullify the effect of that ruling.

Question 4.
What is the basic structure theory case?
Answer:
To nullify the effect of the ruling in the Golakhnath case, the Parliament passed 38th and 39th amendments in the constitution in 1971. In 1973, in the Keshwananda Bharti case, these amendments were challenged by the Supreme Court, The court ruled that Parliament can amend any part of the Constitution, including Fundamental Rights but cannot amend the basic structure of the constitution. This particular case ie; Keshwananda Bharti Case is known as the Basic Structure Theory case.

Question 5.
Make a distinction between the letter and spirit of the Constitution.
Answer:
In the interpretation of the Constitution and in giving its ruling in different cases, the judiciary has made a distinction between the letter and spirit of the constitution. The court is of the view that in reading a text of a document, we must respect the intention behind that document. A mere text of the law is not so important as the social circumstances and aspirations that has produced that law or document or the aspiration which are reflected by that document. The circumstances and the background of the law or document can indicate the real intention and purpose of the document. Therefore spirit is more important than the letter of the Constitution.

Question 6.
Discuss the circumstances and main provisions of the 42nd amendment.
Answer:
42 amendment of the constitution is known to be the most con¬troversial amendment and it was passed in the most controversial circumstance. 42nd amendment was passed in 1976 when an internal Emergency was in force and top opposition leaders were in jail.

The main provisions 42nd Amendment are as under:

1. The term of Parliament and state legislature were extended for six years in place of 5. years.
2. Fundamental Rights were made. inferior to Directive Principles of State Policy.
3. Important institutions like Judiciary were made weak and subordinate
4. Two new words socialism and secularism were added in the Preamble of the Constitution.
5. The position of the President is also reduced.
6. The powers of the press were snatched
7. Restrictions were put on the judiciary
8. Chapter 10 of Fundamental Duties were added.

Question 7.
How far the Constitution should be flexible and rigid.
Answer:
The Constitution provides the framework of the government which is most suitable and responsive for the present and future society. The Constitution has to be. able to respond to the challenges that may arise in the future. Therefore it must be the quality and characteristic of the consti¬tution- that it has something that is contemporary and something that has a more durable importance suiting to the needs of the future. It should also show some rigidity also so that the Constitution does not become a plaything in the hands of the ruling, party and it is not misused at any stage.

Question 8.
Indian Constitution is both flexible as well as rigid. Explain.
Answer:
The makers of the Indian constitution were aware of both the needs of the Constitution ie; flexibility as well as rigidity. Therefore they struck a balance. They made the Constitution above law and expected that the future generation will respect this document. At sometimes were aware that in the future this document will require modifications because circumstances are bound to change according to the needs of the time. Due to differences of Opinion also change would become necessary. It is because of this they made it flexible and to save the Constitution from the atrocity of the ruling party they made it rigid.

Question 9.
Explain the significance of the 44th constitutional amendment.
Answer:
42nd amendment distorted the entire Constitution during the Emergency in 1976. In 1977 elections were held in which the Congress party under Mrs. Indira Gandhi was badly ruled out and Janata Party come to power under the Prime- ministership of Shri Morarji Desai. Janata Party Government was committed to correct the distortions of the 42nd amendment. Therefore the 44th constitutional amendment was passed by Janata Party Government in 1979 for this purpose its main provisions are as under:

1. The tenure of Parliament and State legislature were again deduced to five years.
2. The status and position of the President and judiciary were restored to them by this amendment.
3. Fundament Rights were given primary position.
4. The fundamental Right of the property was deleted from the Constitution.

Question 10.
Mention the main provisions of the 52 amendments of the Constitution.
Answer:
52nd amendment was passed in 1985 by Rajiv Gandhi Government to check the evil of defection in Indian politics. The main provisions of this Act are as under: It was based on the consensus of all political parties.

1. A person who is elected on a ticket of a particular party will lose his/her membership if he/she joins another party after the election
2. An independently elected member will also lose the membership if he/she joins any political party of the election.
3. If a nominated member joins any political party he/she will also lose the membership of the house.
4. However, in the case of a split and merger of the political parties, the membership will not be affected. For split 1/3 membership will be required and for a merger 2/3 majority of the legislative group of the party will be required.
5. Speaker will be the final authority to decide the split or merger of the political parties.

In This Post we are  providing  CHAPTER 10 THE PHILOSOPHY OF CONSTITUTION NCERT MOST IMPORTANT QUESTION for Class 11 POLITICAL SCIENCE which will be beneficial for students. These solutions are updated according to 2021-22 syllabus. These MCQS  can be really helpful in the preparation of Board exams and will provide you with a brief knowledge of the chapter.

NCERT MOST IMPORTANT QUESTION ON THE PHILOSOPHY OF CONSTITUTION

Question 1.
Which of the following principles of secularism are adopted in the Constitution of India?
(a) that state will have nothing to do with religion
(b) that state will have close relation with religion
(c) that state can discriminate among religions
(d) that state will recognize rights of religious groups
(e) that state will have limited powers to intervene in affairs of religions
Answer:
(a) that state will have nothing to do with religion
(d) that state will recognize rights of religious groups
(e) that state will have limited powers to intervene in affairs of religions Q6. Match the

Question 6.
Match the following:

(a) Freedom to criticize treatment of widows	1. Substantive achievement
(b) Taking decisions in the constituent assembly on the basis of reason, not self interest	2. Procedural achievement
(c) Accepting importance of community in an individual’s life	3. Neglect of gender justice
(d) Article 370 and 371	4. Liberal individualism
(e) Unequal rights to women regarding family property and children	5. Attention to requirements of a particular region

Answer:
(a)—(2)
(b)—(1)
(c)—(4)
(d)—(5)
(e)—(3)

Question 2.
Why is it said that the making of the Indian Constitution was unrepresentative? Does that make the Constitution unrepresentative? Give reasons for your answer.
Answer:

• The Constitution of India was framed in November 1946 through indirect election of its members by provincial legislatures under the provisions of Cabinet Mission Plan 1946.
• The Assembly consisted of 389 members out of which 292 were to be elected from the provinces, 93 were to be nominated from princely states and four members were to be nominated from Chief Commissioner’s areas.
• Each provincial Assembly elected its own members through single transferable vote system.
•  Due to declaration of partition in June 1947 under Mount batten Plan, this membership reduced to 299 and finally 28 4 members signed on the constitution on 26 November, 1949.
• On August 15, 1947, the Constituent Assembly functioned as a sovereign entity but it is considered unrepresentative because its members were chosen by restricted franchise in place of universal suffrage.
• But Constituent Assembly included the members from each and every section of society to be represented and on a thorough reading, we may find that no section is untouched on the various issues and opinions.

Question 3.
One of the limitations of the Constitution of India is that it does not adequately attend to gender justice. What evidence can you give to substantiate this charge? If you were writing the Constitution today, what provisions would you recommend for remedying this limitation?
Answer:
On the social conditions, there may be very controversial matters which may need careful revision:

• Most important issue is gender justice, particularly within the family.
• Women enjoy unequal rights on property inheritance and children.
• Equal pay for equal work for both men and women has been inserted in the directive principles in place of Fundamental Rights.

My recommendation:

• The empowerment of women.
• To make provisions for inheritance of property in favour of women on equal basis. (Hi) To make provisions for reservations of seats.

Question 4.
Do you agree with the statement that “it is not clear why in a poor developing country, certain basic socio-economic rights were relegated to the section on Directive Principles rather than made an integral feature of our Fundamental Rights”? Give reasons for your answer. What do you think are the possible reasons for putting socio-economic rights in the section on Directive Principles?
Answer:
Directive Principles of state policy focus on the need of an egalitarian society:

• These principles are complementary to fundamental rights because fundamental rights ensure the political democracy while these principles aim at social-economic democracy.
• Fundamental rights are justiciable or protected by law where directive principles are moral values supposed to be followed by the government.
• Hence, in a poor country, certain basic social-economic rights were inserted in directive principles rather than making it in the fundamental rights.
• Our country was so poor at that time, when it was not possible to give much pressure on the states for socio-economic moral values.
• Under Article 37 of Constitution, “It shall be the duty of the state to apply these principles in making laws”.
• If any government overlooks these, it will lose confidence of people and cannot remain in power.

Question 5.
Why do we need constitution?
Answer:

• To provide a framework, within which the government has to work.
• It demarcates between the powers of different organs of government to minimise the disputes.
• It controls the misuse of power by government.
• To safeguard Fundamental Rights of citizens.

Question 6.
Write the main features of Constitution of India.
Answer:

• It establishes a sovereign, democratic, republic in India.
• It establishes a parliamentary form of government (Bi-cameral legislatures).
• It provides fundamental rights and fundamental duties of the citizens.
• It establishes a secular state.

Question 7.
Is India a secular state? Why do we need a secular country in modern times?
Answer:
Yes, India is a secular state because:

• India has no religion of its own.
• Under Article 25 to 28, the right to freedom of religion has been granted to all the persons residing in India.
• All persons in India are equally free to progress, practicise or propagate the religion of their own choices.

Secular state is must in modern times because:

• It opposes to intra-religious domination.
• To value peace, religion and state must be kept separate.
• It promotes freedom within religions.

Question 8.
How can we say that the Constitution of India pays equal respect to different communities?
Answer:
Every community wants to dominate the other community if they are not given an equal relationship by the state:

• It was a great challenge before the constitution-makers to foster a sense of equal respect in the conditions of hierarchy or intense rivalry.
• India is a land of multiple cultural communities to ensure community-based right to be mandatory.
• Hence, fundamental rights of religious communities to establish and run their own educational institutions as well as to receive money from the government for the same.

Question 9.
Mention some unique feature of Constitution of India.
Answer:

• It is the written and lengthiest one to have 395 Articles and 12 schedules.
• It is federal in form but unitary in spirit.
• Constitution of India has a provision of six fundamental rights to ensure political democracy.
• It has provisions for directive principles of state policy also to ensure socio-economic justice.
• It is a blend of flexibility and rigidity both to be amended from time to time.
• By 42nd amendment 10 fundamental duties have also been inserted.

Question 10.
Define duty. What are the fundamental duties given in the Constitution of India?
Answer:
Duty is a positive or negative work that one is assigned to do either one likes or not. Hence 10 fundamental duties have been inserted in the Constitution of India:

• To obtain by the constitution and respect its ideals and institutions, i.e. National Flag and National Anthem.
• To cherish and follow the noble ideals which inspired national struggle for freedom. To uphold and protect the sovereignty, unity and integrity of nation.
• To defend the country and national service to be rendered if required.
• To promote harmony and the spirit of brotherhood and to renounce practices derogatory to women.
• To value and preserve the rich heritage of India.
• To protect and improve the natural environment and have compassion for living creatures.
• To develop scientific temper, humanism and spirit of inquiry and reform.
• To safeguard public property and to adjure violence.
• To strive towards excellence to rise the nation at the constant highest level of achievements.

In This Post we are  providing  CHAPTER 1 CONSTITUTION WHY AND HOW ? NCERT MOST IMPORTANT QUESTION for Class 11 POLITICAL SCIENCE which will be beneficial for students. These solutions are updated according to 2021-22 syllabus. These MCQS  can be really helpful in the preparation of Board exams and will provide you with a brief knowledge of the chapter.

NCERT MOST IMPORTANT QUESTION CONSTITUTION WHY AND HOW ?

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Constitution: Why and How? Class 11 Important Extra Questions Political Science Chapter 1

February 8, 2021 by Prasanna

Here we are providing Class 11 Political Science Important Extra Questions and Answers Chapter 1 Constitution: Why and How?. Political Science Class 11 Important Questions with Answers are the best resource for students which helps in class 11 board exams.https://0a101e8ad5c0961f6240b1b18f9885eb.safeframe.googlesyndication.com/safeframe/1-0-38/html/container.html

Class 11 Political Science Chapter 1 Important Extra Questions Constitution: Why and How?

Constitution: Why and How? Important Extra Questions Very Short Answer Type

Question 1.
What is society?
Answer:
Society is a group of people of the same race, socio, economic background, and cherishes common aspirations. Due to social instinct when they come together and their relationship gets institutionalized, it constitutes a society.

Question 2.
Why certain rules are necessary for society?
Answer:
Certain rules and understandings are very necessary for observance by the members of society so that their relationship is properly maintained. These rules will help in maintaining the discipline and realizing the objectives of the society.

Question 3.
What is Constitution?
Answer:
The constitution is a body of rules and regulations, understandings, and modes of behavior on the basis of which the government is constituted and run. The constitution specifies the areas of functions between the organs of the government. It also sets the mode of .relationship between citizens and the state.https://googleads.g.doubleclick.net/pagead/ads?client=ca-pub-7601472013083661&output=html&h=280&slotname=5417518103&adk=3149448318&adf=4000517792&pi=t.ma~as.5417518103&w=750&fwrn=4&fwrnh=100&lmt=1642573173&rafmt=1&psa=1&format=750×280&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.learninsta.com%2Fclass-11-political-science-important-questions-chapter-1-part-a%2F&flash=0&fwr=0&fwrattr=true&rpe=1&resp_fmts=3&wgl=1&uach=WyJXaW5kb3dzIiwiMTAuMC4wIiwieDg2IiwiIiwiOTcuMC40NjkyLjk5IixbXSxudWxsLG51bGwsIjY0Il0.&dt=1643476535620&bpp=9&bdt=1661&idt=875&shv=r20220126&mjsv=m202201260201&ptt=9&saldr=aa&abxe=1&cookie=ID%3Dfd4aa72f97d9c2e9%3AT%3D1634367513%3AS%3DALNI_MaETLrjqHGKW5I_-_i8TgqcgONNyg&prev_fmts=0x0&nras=1&correlator=4477060103217&frm=20&pv=1&ga_vid=357607371.1634367513&ga_sid=1643476536&ga_hid=1627835936&ga_fc=1&u_tz=330&u_his=4&u_h=768&u_w=1366&u_ah=728&u_aw=1366&u_cd=24&u_sd=1&dmc=4&adx=105&ady=1329&biw=1349&bih=657&scr_x=0&scr_y=0&eid=44750773%2C31064582%2C21067496&oid=2&pvsid=1978607050312369&pem=771&tmod=659966019&uas=0&nvt=1&ref=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2F&eae=0&fc=1920&brdim=0%2C0%2C0%2C0%2C1366%2C0%2C1366%2C728%2C1366%2C657&vis=1&rsz=%7C%7CeEbr%7C&abl=CS&pfx=0&fu=128&bc=31&ifi=2&uci=a!2&btvi=1&fsb=1&xpc=9rR5RfpZX6&p=https%3A//www.learninsta.com&dtd=891

Question 4.
Why is the Constitution needed?
Answer:
As said the Constitution is the body of rules, regulations, and common understanding, it is very much needed to achieve definiteness in the relations of citizens and different organs of the government. The Constitution may be written or unwritten. Constitution also put the check on rulers.

Question 5.
What is Constitutionalism?
Answer:
Constitutionalism stands for the check on arbitrariness and whimsical behavior of the ruler and to ensure rule by rational decisions. It seeks to establish the rule of law for the welfare of the people. The constitution is the product of constitutionalism. Constitutionalism also stands for rule by rational discussion, debate, and consent.https://googleads.g.doubleclick.net/pagead/ads?client=ca-pub-7601472013083661&output=html&h=280&adk=2523109437&adf=2575581379&pi=t.aa~a.4089255474~i.16~rp.4&w=750&fwrn=4&fwrnh=100&lmt=1642573173&num_ads=1&rafmt=1&armr=3&sem=mc&pwprc=1894297687&psa=1&ad_type=text_image&format=750×280&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.learninsta.com%2Fclass-11-political-science-important-questions-chapter-1-part-a%2F&flash=0&fwr=0&pra=3&rh=188&rw=750&rpe=1&resp_fmts=3&wgl=1&fa=27&adsid=ChAIgOjTjwYQzt6DoIj3_aAyEjkAH5Da71MxPWJD42d5UVYF078gNQb4YX1fXlpZv_-d5YLRvbpvtMfQRCEtzNvR8vJx2QOeCTqQs1c&uach=WyJXaW5kb3dzIiwiMTAuMC4wIiwieDg2IiwiIiwiOTcuMC40NjkyLjk5IixbXSxudWxsLG51bGwsIjY0Il0.&dt=1643476538197&bpp=7&bdt=4238&idt=7&shv=r20220126&mjsv=m202201260201&ptt=9&saldr=aa&abxe=1&cookie=ID%3Dfd4aa72f97d9c2e9-22b4dc9840d000a6%3AT%3D1634367513%3ART%3D1643476537%3AS%3DALNI_MaV3-653FyO5TfPAPBKzzZHftidZw&prev_fmts=0x0%2C750x280&nras=2&correlator=4477060103217&frm=20&pv=1&ga_vid=357607371.1634367513&ga_sid=1643476536&ga_hid=1627835936&ga_fc=1&u_tz=330&u_his=4&u_h=768&u_w=1366&u_ah=728&u_aw=1366&u_cd=24&u_sd=1&dmc=4&adx=105&ady=2007&biw=1349&bih=657&scr_x=0&scr_y=0&eid=44750773%2C31064582%2C21067496&oid=2&psts=AGkb-H9irrtziKQlVmOUhM8VhX1kGB-q79ta3AFYTygUCrC9wX-J5t5BcoXm1ImSW7Vb1zH5ADCzfRGggGs3&pvsid=1978607050312369&pem=771&tmod=659966019&uas=0&nvt=1&ref=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2F&eae=0&fc=1408&brdim=0%2C0%2C0%2C0%2C1366%2C0%2C1366%2C728%2C1366%2C657&vis=1&rsz=%7C%7Cs%7C&abl=NS&fu=128&bc=31&ifi=3&uci=a!3&btvi=2&fsb=1&xpc=HelYp5XlW6&p=https%3A//www.learninsta.com&dtd=101

Question 6.
What is Constituent Assembly?
Answer:
A constituent assembly is a body of renowned persons who are engaged in discussion debate and decision-making process and then drafting the Constitution. Most of the constitutions of world countries are written by the Constituent Assemblies.

Question 7.
How much time was taken by Constituent Assembly to write the Constitution?
Answer:
The Constituent Assembly to write the Indian Constitution was constituted in 1946 and it completed the work on 26th November 1949. It took two years, eleven months, and eighteen days to complete the Constitution of India.

Question 8.
What are the main functions of the Constitution?
Answer:
The Constitution is the DQ document whose main function is to demarcate the jurisdiction of organs of the government. It also suggests the composition of the government. It also sets the relationship between the state and citizens. The main function of the Constitution is to limit the powers of the government.

Question 9.
What is an unwritten constitution?
Answer:
A written Constitution is in the form of a document while an unwritten constitution is based on understandings, traditions, usages, and convention. An unwritten constitution means observance of certain accepted modes of behavior.

Question 10.
Name main countries from where institutions and features are taken for the Indian Constitution.
Answer:
It is said that the Indian Constitution is a borrowed bag because this Constitution has many foreign sources. Britain has the maximum impact on the Indian Constitution. Besides Britain, the USA, Canada, Ireland, Australia, and South Africa are the countries that have influenced the Indian constitution. It is rightly said that the Indian Constitution is a borrowed bag.

Question 11.
How the decisions were taken by Constituent Assembly?
Answer:
Taking decisions in the Constituent Assembly was not easy because of thorny issues. There were many people and groups of divergent opinions. But all the members were fired with a high sense of patriotism. Therefore all the decisions were taken by consensus which could be possible by the spirit of accommodation. ,

Question 12.
What is the Preamble of the Constitution?
Answer:
A preamble is the introductory part of the Constitution which gives the idea of forms of government, values, philosophy, and commitment of the Constitution. Preamble helps in the interpretation of the Constitution.

Question 13.
What was the significance of the Cabinet Mission Plan?
Answer:
Cabinet Mission Plan was appointed by the British Government in 1946 to discuss the modalities of the Constituent Assembly with the Indian leaders. With the discussion by Indian leaders, the Cabinet Mission plan gave its recommendations on the basis of which the Constituent Assembly was constituted.

Question 14.
From where the Constitution drew its authority?
Answer:
The Constitution drew its authority from the Constituent Assembly which was representative of the people. Therefore ultimately the people are /the source of the authority of the Constitution. In Preamble the stating words are We the people of India, which means to say that people support this Constitution.

Question 15.
How India is Republic?
Answer:
India is Republic. It is very much given in the Preamble of the Constitution. India has an elected head in the form of a President. Therefore India is Republic.

Constitution: Why and How? Important Extra Questions Short Answer Type

Question 1.
What do you mean by Constitution? How it performs its role for society?
Answer:
A Constitution is fundamental law of the land. It can be defined as the body of rules, regulations, and understandings on the basis of which state is’ constituted and governed. The Constitution is also the instrument of realizing the aspirations of the people. It plays a vital role for society as it specifies the basic allocations of power in society. The Constitution of a country indicates the framework of the government with the respective role of each organ of the government. The Constitution influences society and in turn is influenced by society. Indian Constitution represents the ethos, values, and preferences of Indian people and at the same time has successfully given the direction to Indian society to become a liberal, secular, democratic, and modern society. The constitution plays this role in all societies. We can take the example Of Chinese and Russian Constitutions also.

Question 2.
Discuss the importance of a written constitution.
Answer:
The constitution explains the structure of government and the mode of governance. Generally, the constitution is to be taken as a written one but it does not mean that there cannot be an unwritten constitution. British Consti¬tution is the example of the unwritten constitution which is working on the basis of unwritten understandings, traditions, and conventions. But in most of the countries of the world, there are written constitutions which are in the form of a document written by a specially constructed Constituent Assembly. The written constitution has its own utility and importance. The written part of the constitution is a clear indicator of the jurisdiction or powers of a particular organ. There cannot be any ambiguity in a written constitution if it is, it can be explained. A written constitution is generally available in the form of a document that is prepared by continuous discussions and debate and with due process of decision making. It may be the majority method or it can be based on consensus. Therefore a written constitution is more popular.

Question 3.
Write the composition of the Constituent Assembly of India.
Answer:
Indian Constitution is written by a specially constituted Constituent Assembly. This Constituted Assembly had a total strength of 389 members, whose composition was as follows:

1. 292 members from British ruled states
2. 93 members from Princely states
3. 4 members of minorities like Sikh and Anglo Indians

The elected members were to be indirectly elected by the state Assemblies which were constituted by the election of 1946 to the states on the basis of the Government of India Act 1935. Therefore this Constituent Assembly was constituted by indirect elections and nomination. It was constituted as per recommendations of the Cabinet Mission Plan 1946 which came to India after the formation of a new government led by Mr. Atlee in Britain. The Constituent Assembly enacted this Constitution on 26 November 1949 by taking the time of two years, eleven months, and eighteen days. The idea of a Constituent Assembly had come to prevail largely as an article of faith in almost all the politically minded classes in the country.

Question 4.
Write important features of the Indian Constitution.
Answer:
The main features of the Indian Constitution are as under:-

1. Written Constitution
2. Flexible and rigid Constitution
3. The preamble of the Constitution
4. Liberal Constitution.
5. Parliamentary form of government
6. Federal system of government
7. Republican system
8. Fundamental Rights
9. fundamental Duties
10. Directive Principles of State Policy
11. Secularism
12. Bicameral Legislature of center
13. Adult Franchise
14. Multi-Party System
15. Power of Judicial Review to the Judiciary
16. Mixed economy
17. Single citizenship
18. Supremacy of Constitution

Question 5.
How the powers are demarcated in Indian Constitution?
Answer:
The important base of the effectiveness of a constitution is a balanced arrangement of the distributions of power and allocation of areas of work (jurisdiction) among the institutions and organs of the government. The basic principle on which the constitution worked was that the government must be democratic and committed to the welfare of the people. The constitution-makers, for the purpose of evolving the right balance among the various institutions like the executive, the legislature, and the judiciary, adopted parliamentary form government and federal-arrangement between the center and states. This will lead to the distributions of power between the legislature and executive on the one hand and between the central government and the state governments. For this purpose the powers were distributed on the basis of three lists as under :

1. Union list 96 subjects
2. State list 66 subjects
3. Concurrent list 47 subjects. The residual powers rest with the center

Question 6.
Write four important functions of the Constitution.
Answer:
As the constitution is a framework of Government and embodiment of ethos, values, goals, and commitments of the people, it performs a number of functions for the society and the rulers i.e. government. Its main functions are as under:

1. The first function of a constitution is to provide a set of basic rules that allow for minimum co-ordination and assurance amongst members of society. Constitutions provide authority to the government for framing rules, regulations, and their issuance and implementation for the purposes of main co-ordination among the people of the people and to establish discipline.

2. the Second function is to provide the framework of government and decide the area of jurisdictions of each organ of the government to make the decisions, about the people. It also decides, how the government will be constituted.

3. The third function of a constitution is to set some limits on what a government can impose on its citizens. These limits are not to be violated by the organs of the government and the people. Citizens are given four Fun-damental Rights that cannot be violated by the government. So these fundamental rights are given protections.

4. The fourth important function of the constitution is to ensure the fulfillment of the aspiration of the people and the governmental system.

Question 7.
How far you agree that the Indian Constituent Assembly was a representative body?
Answer:
Although members of the Constituent Assembly were not directly elected by the people there was a serious effort and intention to make the Assembly a representative body. In fact, at that time adult franchise’ was not prevailing, and also the situation k that time was conducive to hold the elections directly. Therefore it was decided that members of the Constituent Assembly be elected by the members of legislative Assefnblies of the states. Besides this through the process of nomination efforts were made to give representation to all shades and opinions. In the election also members of all religions were given due representation.

In terms of Political parties, the Congress party which dominated -the’- political scene at that time, also dominated the composition of the Constituent Assembly. The Congress itself was such a party that managed to accommodate almost all sections of the society. Therefore we can conclude that CoristituenK Assembly was a representative body.

Question 8.
How Parliament is subordinate to that of the Constitution in India?
Answer:
In India, Parliament is certainly subordinate to the Constitution because Parliament is the product of the Constitution which has set the composition and jurisdiction of the Parliament. In India, we have the supremacy of the Constitution and not of Parliament. Parliament will discharge its duty on the areas, assigned by the Constitution. Parliament can make laws on the issues which are given in the centralized and some times on the issues of stateliest also. But its laws are open for judicial review. Therefore we can say that in India, Parliament is subordinate to Constitution which can be altered only by the Constituent Assembly.

Question 9.
What goals are set in the Indian Constitution?
Answer:
Indian society inherited inequality, discrimination, illiteracy, and injustices as a legacy of British imperialism. After independence, the people of India had high hopes. Constitution makers were aware’ of these needs and aspirations of the people. Therefore new goals for the society were set to be realized through the governmental machinery. These objectives were incorporated in the Preamble of the Constitution. The framers of the Indian constitution thought that each individual in the society should have all that which is necessary for them to lead a life of minimum dignity and social self-respect and also minimum material well-being. Therefore to achieve egalitarianism is the first goal of the Constitution. To achieve these goals, related values like justice equality, liberty, the dignity of the individual, fraternity among the people of the country are incorporated. National integrations are also the goal of the Constituent.

Question 10.
Giving a brief history of the demand of the Constituent Assembly, explain the theoretical and constitutional framework of the Indian Constitution.
Answer:
During the national movement, there has been a persistent demand for the composition of a Constituent Assembly. Such demand was first of all raised in Nehru Report in 1928.’vWhen after, Second World War, the British government put the demand for co-operation in the war through August offer 1940, Cripp’s Mission 1942 and Wavel Plan 1945.

Every time Congress raised the demand of setting up of a Constituent Assembly. Which was ultimately accepted through the cabinet Mission Plan 1946. Gandhi had aired the demand of the Constituent Assembly several times in strong words. This was referred by Dr. Rajendra Prashad as the first Chairman of Constituent Assembly on 9th December 1946 as that Swaraj would mean wishes of the people as expressed through their freely chosen representative. The idea of a Constitu¬ent Assembly had come to prevail largely as an article of faith in almost all the politically minded classes in the country.

The Constituent Assembly was constituted by indirect election. An attempt was made to make this body representative of the body. It took the decisions by accommodation and consensus. It took two years, eleven months and eighteen days to complete this Constitution on 26th November 1949 and which was adopted on 26th January 1950, which we celebrate as Republic day because in this Constitution we are given the provisions of an elected President. Before this, there was the post of nominated Governor-General.

The preamble of the Constitution is a very significant part of the Constitution. By going through the Preamble one can understand the theoretical and institutional framework. The Preamble of the Indian Constitution speaks like this: “We the people of India. Solemnly resolve to constitute India a ‘Sovereign, Secular Socialistic, Democratic, Republic, there will be Justice – Social-economic and political

Liberty – of thought and expression EQuestion equality – of status and opportunity and dignity, fraternity, and national integration will be the ultimate objectives.

The above description of the Preamble tells the nature of the state which is sovereign, the nature of society i.e socialistic and secular, and the nature of the polity which is the Democratic Republic. It is the institutional framework of the con¬stitution.

The theoretical framework is also given in the Preamble of the consti¬tution. The critical framework includes all those values, commitments philosophy, and goals. The Constitution seeks to establish an equalized society by removing the glaring inequalities prevailing in the society to achieve the value of justice. Seemed important value is the liberty of thought and expression. The institution seeks liberty for every citizen so that he or she may feel confident and independent and sense responsibility and sense of belonging guess. Another value is equality of status and opportunity which is needed for the dignity of man.

To achieve national integration and human dignity is the ultimate aim of the Constitution.

In This Post we are  providing  CHAPTER 2 RIGHTS AND DUTIES IN INDIAN CONSTITUTION NCERT MOST IMPORTANT QUESTION for Class 11 POLITICAL SCIENCE which will be beneficial for students. These solutions are updated according to 2021-22 syllabus. These MCQS  can be really helpful in the preparation of Board exams and will provide you with a brief knowledge of the chapter.

NCERT MOST IMPORTANT QUESTION ON RIGHTS AND DUTIES IN INDIAN CONSTITUTION

Question 1.
What do you mean by ‘Right to Freedom’?
Answer:
Right to Freedom implies:

• Freedom of speech and expression.
• To assemble peacefully and without arms.
• To form associations and unions.
• To move freely inside territory of country.

Question 2.
What does the ‘Right to Life’ stand for?
Answer:
Right to Life stands for:

• To live up without fear, injury and external danger.
• Even the individual himself does not possess the right to take away his own life, i.e. to commit suicide is also a crime before law.

Question 3.
What do you mean by the ‘Right to Work’?
Answer:
Right to work includes:

• It is the duty of the state to provide a work to all citizens to earn one’s own livelihood.
• There should be efforts to remove unemployment from the society.
• Every state is responsible to make its citizens mentally and morally fit for struggle of life.

Question 4.
What do the Fundamental Duties refer in Indian Constitution?
Answer:
The Fundamental Duties were inserted in Constitution by 42nd Amendment in 1976:

• To remind its citizens, though they enjoy basic fundamental rights but they are supposed to observe certain basic norms of democratic conducts and behavior.
• A set of ten fundamental duties of citizens have been enumerated by the amendment.

Question 5.
What are Directive Principles of State Policy?
Answer:
Directive Principles of State Policy are guidelines only to the government which are ‘non-justiciable’. It implies:

• The goals and objectives that we as a society should adopt.
• Certain rights that an individual should enjoy apart from Fundamental Rights.
• Certain policies that the government should adopt.

Question 6.
“The Right to Freedom is a cluster of several rights”. Explain.
Answer:
The Right to Freedom guarantees various freedoms to the citizens of India:

• Freedom of Speech and Expression:Every citizen of India enjoys the Right to Freedom of Speech and Expression of his views/ideas freely either orally or in written form.
• Freedom to form Unions and Associations:Citizens of India enjoy the freedom to form unions or associations to safeguard the interests to secure justice and equal opportunities.
• Freedom to Assemble Peacefully: Citizens of India can assemble at a place peacefully without arms to interact with each other.
• Freedom to reside in any part of India: Indian citizen may reside in any part of India which may be limited only for the sake of public order.
• Freedom to move freely within the territory of India: Citizens of India are free to move freely within the territory of India subject to the restrictions imposed in the interest of  public order or to safeguard the interest of ST’s.
• Freedom to Practice any Profession or Occupation: Every citizen has the freedom to choose one’s profession as per choice as well as enjoy the right to change the profession  according to will and circumstances.

Question 7.
What are the provisions of the Right to Equality?
Answer:
‘Right to Equality’ refers that all citizens of India are equal before law, not to be discriminated on the grounds of caste, colour, religion, language, race, sex or place of birth, etc.
Right to Equality has been included under Articles 14 to 18 of Indian Constitution:

•  Article 14: Guarantees equality before law and equal protection of law to persons living within territory of India without any discrimination on the ground of caste, colour, race, religion, language, sex, etc.
• Article 15: Guarantees social equalities, i.e. no discrimination on any ground as well as equal access of each and every person to the public places and facilities. And state cannot be prevented from making any special provision for women and children.
• Article 16: Guarantees equal opportunities for all citizens in the matters of employment or appointment to any office under the state without any discrimination means employment and appointments should be on the basis of merit.
• Article 17: Abolishes untouchability and its practices in any of the form are also forbidden.
• Article 18: Abolishes titles except the degrees and titles concerned with military and education. Even foreigners who are serving in India are not entitled to receive any title from foreign government without the consent of the President of India.

Question 8.
Mention the Fundamental Duties of a Citizen in Constitution of India.
Answer:
By the 42nd Amendment in 1976, ten Fundamental Duties of Citizens of India were incorporated under Article 51A of the Constitution of India:

• To abide by the Constitution and respect its ideals and institutions, national flag, and national anthem.
• To cherish and follow the noble ideals which inspired our national struggle for freedom.
• To uphold and protect sovereignty, unity and integrity of India.
• To defend the country and render national services whenever required.
• To promote harmony and the spirit of common brotherhood amongst all the people of India and to renounce those practices which seem to be indignified towards women.
• To value and preserve the rich heritage of our composite culture.
• To protect and improve the natural environment including forests, lakes, rivers and wildlife as well as to have compassion towards all living creatures.
• To safeguard public property.
• To develop scientific temper and the spirit of inquiry and reform.
• To strive towards excellence in all spheres of individual or collective activities to reach the nation to the higher levels of endeavours and achievements.

Question 9.
Throw some light on the relationship between the Fundamental Rights and Directive Principles of State Policy.
Answer:
The Fundamental Rights are guaranteed to the individuals but the Directive Principles are the instructions to the State:

• The Fundamental Rights are justiciable means in case of their violation, it can be challenged either in the High Court or Supreme Court that, oars a duty to safeguard the rights.Whereas Directive Principles of State Policy are not justiciable, these are only to remind to central and state governments about their duties.
• Fundamental Rights are directly concerned with each and every individual whereas Directive Principles of State Policy are directly concerned with the State only, where a State is expected to implement and also to achieve the goal of Welfare State.
• Fundamental Rights may be suspended during the case of emergency by the President including the Right to Constitutional Remedies also whereas Directive Principles of State Policy cannot be suspended even during these circumstances.
• Fundamental Rights concern with the overall development of an individual whereas Directive Principles of State Policy concern with society as a whole which have been mentioned in Article 38 to create a society by the State where all enjoy social and economic justice.

Question 10.
What is the importance of the Right to Constitutional Remedies? Explain.
Answer:
‘Right to Constitutional Remedies’ is the ‘Heart and Soul’ of Indian Constitution to protect the rest of the Fundamental Rights of the Citizens under Article 32 and 226. This right contains various writs to be issued by the Supreme Court and High Court from time to time:
The Writ of Habeas Corpus:

• The Court orders that the arrested person should be presented before it.
• Court can order to set free an arrested person if the grounds of arrest are unlawful.

Mandamus:

• When the court finds that the particular office holder is not performing legal duty.
• Thereby, he is infringing on the right of an individual.

Prohibition:

• It is issued by a higher court to a lower court on considering a case to go beyond its jurisdiction.
• Higher court orders to stop the proceedings of certain case.

Quo Warranto:

• If the court finds that a person is holding office but is not entitled to hold that office.
• This restricts that person from acting as an office holder.

Certiorari:

• The Court orders a lower court or another authority to transfer a matter pending before it to the higher authority or court.

In This Post we are  providing  CHAPTER 3 ELECTION AND REPRESENTATION NCERT MOST IMPORTANT QUESTION for Class 11 POLITICAL SCIENCE which will be beneficial for students. These solutions are updated according to 2021-22 syllabus. These MCQS  can be really helpful in the preparation of Board exams and will provide you with a brief knowledge of the chapter.

NCERT MOST IMPORTANT QUESTION ON ELECTION AND REPRESENTATION

Question 1.
Explain the merits and demerits of Direct democracy and Indirect democracy.
Answer:
Direct democracy is one form of a democratic form of government in which people participate directly in the process of governance. The people of state sit together in person, discuss the issues and make final decisions about old matters like policymaking, making rules, making appointments, and giving punishment. It has two important merits

No.1. People take part in the discussion and decisions directly.

No. 2. The decisions are taken quickly and no time is wasted.

It has some demerits also which are as under:

1. It is not feasible in bigger states,
2. Common people are not competent to taken technical decisions. Indirect democracy is another form of democracy where people do not participate directly but indirectly i.e. through their representative. The elected representatives act on behalf of the people and take part in the matter of administration.

It has two main merits which are as under.

1. It is possible in big states.
2. Elected people are responsible to the people.

Its demerits are as under.

1. A lot of expenditure has to be incurred on elections
2. Representatives are unable to keep all the interest of the people.

Question 2.
What is the election? What are the requisites of an election?
Answer:
The election is a method of choosing one’s representative. In a representative democracy, the election becomes a necessity because people cannot take part in administration directly. It is an elected representative who works on behalf of the common people. There is a number of requisitions for an election.

These requisites are as under

1. It is to be decided that who will be eligible for vote.
2. There should be free and fair elections for which a competent body has to be constituted to conduct free and fair elections.
3. The basis of constituency formation has to be decided
4. The method of election has to be decided.
5. Election results are decided.

Question 3.
Write main features of the Indian electoral system.
Answer:
Following are the main features of the Indian electoral system:

1. Adult Franchise: Every person above the age of 18years has been given the rights to Vote.
2. Multimember Election Commissioner: Indian Constitution has pro¬vided a multimember (Now three members) Election Commission to conduct free and fair elections.
3. Joint Electorate: Joint electorate is a very important feature of the Indian electoral system. In this system, all the persons irrespective of their caste or occupation, elect their representative jointly.
4. Temporal representation: In India Territorial representation has been adopted which means the country has been divided into territorial constituencies (Now 5.43). Each such Territorial constituency will send one represen¬tative.
5. reservation ensure the adequate representation of each minority social groups some seats have been reserved for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled tribes in Parliament and State Assemblies.
6. Secret ballot papers.
7. First Past the Post system
8. Election Petitions

Question 4.
Describe various steps in the Election Process of India.
Answer:
Following are the stages of the Election process in India:

1. Formation & Electoral Territorial constituencies by the commission.
2. Updating and finalizing the voter’s list
3. Notification of declaration of Elections
4. Nomination of candidates
5. Scrutiny of the forms of candidates
6. Time for withdrawal of the candidature
7. Finalization of the total candidates in the Electron and publication of such a list.
8. Printing of the ballot papers
9. The proportion of EVM (Electronic Voting Machine) or the ballot box.
10. Constitution of Polling booths in different constitutions
11. Constitution of polling parties
12. Preparation of poHingJiags with necessary election material for each polling booth.
13. Conducting of the elections
14. Counting of the votes
15. Declaration of the result.
16. Settlement of Election petitions

Question 5.
Distinguish between FPTP and PR system.
Answer:
FPTP system stands for First Post the post system which means
that candidate, who secures the highest vote among the total candidates in the election is declared elected. It is not necessary for him to get even 50% of the total votes. It means that in the electorate race, the candidate who is ahead of others and who crosses the winning post, first of all, is the winner.

In the PR system i.e the Proportional Representation method, multi-member constituencies are made. It is of two types 1. Single Transferable vote system and No.2. is the list system. In this system, it is ensured that minority social groups are duly represented as per the proportion of their qualifications. Similarly, all political parties are given a number of seats in proportion to the votes they have received in the election.

Question 6.
Discuss the composition of the Election Commission of India.
Answer:
Now Election Commission of India is a three-member body with one Chief Election Commissioner and two other election commissioners. Each election commissioner has equal power and pay. However, Chief Election Commissioner provides the meetings of the commission and discharges the formal duties of the Election Commission. He also acts as spokesman of the commission. Every Election Commissioner enjoys the tenure of six years or up to the attainment of the age of 65 years whichever is earlier.

To assist the Election Commissioner of India there is a chief electoral officer in every state. State Election Commissioner is responsible for conducting the local body elections and is independent of the Election Commission of India. When elections are declared every State and Central Government employee comes under the jurisdiction of’Election Commissioner under the Representation of people’s Act 1951 which makes it obligatory for every employee to perform the election duty assigned to him by the commission.

Question 7.
Write main functions of the Election Commissioner.
Answer:
The Election Commissioner has a wide range of functions which are as under.

1. The election Commissioner supervises the preparation of updated voter’s list in every state.,
2. It also determines the timings of the election and prepares the schedules of the election. lt also notifies the schedule which includes filling up of nomination form, last date of scripting, last date of withdrawals, date of polling, date of counting, and declaration to the result.
3. Its main duty is to conduct free and fair poll:
4. It has the power to implement the model code of elections and it punishes those who try to violate it.
5. It takes the decision regarding repel! in any constituency.
6. The Election Commission accord recognition to political parties and allocates flaps, symbols to the candidates and political parties.
7. Election Commission monitor and supervise the election and takes a decision about any dispute related, with the election. „

Question 8.
Discuss the position of the Election Commission of India.
Answer:
Chief Election Commissioner has a wide range of powers so is its role and position. Once the years the Election Commission of India has emerged as an independent authority and has exercised its powers and authority to ensure free and fair elections.

When Chief Election Commissioners like T.N. Susan, B.B. Lyndog were at the helm of authority it has acquired more and more teeth. It is widely agreed that Election Commission is more independent and assertive now than it was ever. The Election Commission has started using more effectively its powers that it has been given by the Constitution makers. Many political leaders call it judicial activism also but it is not so.

Over the years Election Commission has conducted the election of 14 Lok Sabhas and-many more state assembly elections and bye-elections have been conducted. Election Commission has conducted the elections in the most difficult situations. Generally, its decisions have been accepted and its impartiality has never been questioned. Its authority has been appreciated even in other countries also.

Question 9.
Mention some Election defects in our Election system.
Answer:
In spite of the smooth functionary of our electoral democracy, our electoral system is not free from defects. It has some structural and functional defects which are as under.

1. The multiplicity of the political parties and candidates
2. Rigging in the elections
3. FPTP system is defective because it ensures the win of a candidate even if he or she does not get the majority of the votes.
4. Booth capturing
5. The minority is ruling over the majority
6. Hung Assemblies and hung Parliament
7. Impersonation
8. Use of black money in the elections
9. Crimmalisatiort Or politics.
10. Lack of political training.

Question 10.
Explain Single Transferable Vote System.
Answer:
A single Transferable system is a proportional method of representation. It is used in multi-member constituencies. In this system, every voter can express as many preferences as there are candidates in the election. A person who secures the desired quotas on basis of counting of votes of first preference is declared elected. The formula of getting the quota is as under.

If no person does not get the definite Quota in first counting the remaining votes of other candidates are transferred to the nearest candidate till he gets desired Quota.

In This Post we are  providing  CHAPTER 4 EXECUTIVE NCERT MOST IMPORTANT QUESTION for Class 11 POLITICAL SCIENCE which will be beneficial for students. These solutions are updated according to 2021-22 syllabus. These MCQS  can be really helpful in the preparation of Board exams and will provide you with a brief knowledge of the chapter.

NCERT MOST IMPORTANT QUESTION ON EXECUTIVE

Question 1.
What do you understand by the dominance of executive leadership?
Answer:
In the parliamentary system, the legislature is formed mainly by the elected representatives because the political party who gets the majority, the leader of that party is called upon by the President to form the government. The parliament enjoys many powers even to pass no confidence motion against the Prime Minister and his Council as well as to remove them from their office. But in fact, the Prime Minister leads the parliament whenever he wants, can dissolve the Lok Sabha. Hence, it is considered as dominance of executive leadership.

Question 2.
Write a short note on the relationship between the President and the Prime Minister.
Answer:

• According to the constitution, the appointment of the Prime Minister is made by the President who calls upon to the leader of majority party to form the government.
• The President is the constitutional head while the Prime Minister is the real head of the state.
• The Prime Minster serves as a link between the President and the Council of Ministers.

Question 3.
How is the President of India elected?
Answer:
The President of India is elected by the electoral college which consists of:

• Elected members of both the houses of parliament.
• Elected members of the Legislative Assemblies of the states.
• The elected members of the Legislative Assemblies of Delhi and Pondicherry have been authorized to be the part of Electoral College by 70th Amendment of 1992.
• The President should fulfill all the qualifications also as assigned by the constitution of India.

Question 4.
Distinguish between the Political executive and the Permanent executive.
Answer:

• Political executives are elected by the people through the process of elections where permanent executives are appointed by the Government of India on the basis of merits.
• The tenure of Political executives depends on the popular election in order to formulate policy and give direction to administration as long as they command the support of the electorates whereas the civil servants continue in service till they reach the age of superannuation.
• Political executives keep on changing after some duration but the permanent executives are there to cooperate with whichever leader comes in power by maintaining political neutrality in the discharge of their official duties.

Question 5.
Mention the situations to when a Governor can use his discretionary powers.
Answer:

• If any party does not get the absolute majority or the winning is unable to choose its leader, the Governor can appoint chief minister of his own choice.
• If constitutional machinery fails in the state, the Governor immediately sends the report to the President and he is not bound to consult with the council of ministers under such circumstances, he can work independently.
• If the President declares emergency in the state, the Governor acts as an agent to the president in place to act in accordance with the advice of council of ministers.
• If the Governor feels some bills to be contradictory to the Central Government, he can reserve this bill for the approval of the President.

Question 6.
In what circumstances, the President’s rule is imposed in a state? What role does the Governor play during this?
Answer:
Under the following circumstances. President’s rule is imposed in a state:

• If no political party gets the majority and formation of government in the state becomes quiet impossible then on the advice of the Governor, President’s rule is imposed.
• If the President gets information of failing of constitutional machinery in the state. Role of Governor: When a President’s rule is imposed, the legislative assembly is dissolved and all the powers of government come into the hands of the Governor who works as an agent to the President of India and the legislative powers of the state go into the hands of parliament.

Question 7.
What are the Emergency powers of the President of India?
Answer:
The President of India can declare emergency mainly in the following cases:

• If the President feels the internal disturbances in the country, external aggression due to war, an emergency can be proclaimed by the President when parliament has the authority to form laws and fundamental rights of the citizens are also suspended.
• If a constitutional machinery fails in any of the state and the state legislative assembly is dissolved and all the legislative powers of state go into the hands of the parliament.
• The President can declare a financial emergency also and may decrease the pay and allowances of government employees.

Question 8.
Write a short note on single and plural executive.
Answer:
Single Executive: Refers to a person who does not share powers with others as in USA. In the UK and other parliamentary form of governments, the executive authority is vested in the cabinet, a plural body but in fact constituting a singular executive. The British cabinet acts as a unit and goes out of the office together. It functions under the leadership of Prime Minister.
Plural Executive: Refers to directing authority by one single individual for a term but a group of persons have co-equal authority as the Swiss federal council consisting of seven Councillors and the chairman of the council is selected only for a term of one year and is merely the first among equals.

Question 9.
Describe the powers and functions of the President of India.
Answer:
The powers of the President can be summarised as follows:
Executive Powers:

• The President appoints the Prime Minister who is the leader of the majority party and the other members also on the advice of the Prime Minister.
• The President appoints the high officials in India, i.e. Governors of the state, Lt. Governors of Union Territories, Attorney General, Controller and Auditor General, the Chairman and the members of UPSC, the Ambassadors or High Commissioners in other countries.
• The President of India is the supreme commander of the Defense forces. The President can declare war and make peace.

2. Legislative Powers:

• The President nominates 12 persons to the Rajya Sabha who are distinguished in the fields of art, literature, science and social service, as well as he can nominate two Anglo-Indian members to the Lok Sabha also.
• The President can summon both the houses, if there are some differences on any bill issued by the parliament, the joint session might be summoned.
• The President has the power to dissolve the Lok Sabha before completion of its term and can order for fresh elections, but on the recommendation of the Prime Minister.
• The President has the power to give his assent to the bill, because no bill passed by the Parliament can become an Act without the assent of the President. He has no power to reject the Money Bill passed by the Parliament.
• The President has the power to issue the ordinances during the intervals of the sessions of parliament which have the force of laws.

3. Financial Powers:

• The President has the duty to place the budget before the beginning of financial year by the finance minister on behalf of the President.
• Money bills can be introduced only in the Parliament on the recommendation of the President.
• The President has a full control over the contingency fund to spend it according to his will even prior to the consent of the Parliament.
• The President has the power to distribute the share of income-tax among the states.

4. Judicial Powers:

• The President has the power to appoint the judges of the Supreme Court and the High Courts.
• The President of India has the power to pardon, reprieve or commute the punishment of any criminal for whom he thinks to deserve pardon.

Question 10.
Describe the powers and functions of the Prime Minister of India.
Answer:

• The Prime Minister forms the Council of Ministers according to the capability of the ministers, he assigns duty to them.
• The Prime Minister allocates the department to the ministers and if he does not find the working satisfactory, can change the departments of the ministers.
• The Prime Minister presides over the meetings of cabinet, he prepares an agenda for meetings and controls it.
• The Prime Minister makes the appointments of state Governors, Ambassadors, members of UPSC by giving the advice to the President to appoint the same.
• The Prime Minister works as a link between the President and the Council of Ministers. No minister can discuss the issues directly with the President without the permission of the Prime Minister.
• The Prime Minister leads the cabinet in the Parliament as he explains the policy and decisions of the cabinet to parliament and if the President requires any information regarding the functioning of Parliament, he would demand such information from the Prime Minister only.

In This Post we are  providing  CHAPTER 5 LEGISLATURE NCERT MOST IMPORTANT QUESTION for Class 11 POLITICAL SCIENCE which will be beneficial for students. These solutions are updated according to 2021-22 syllabus. These MCQS  can be really helpful in the preparation of Board exams and will provide you with a brief knowledge of the chapter.

NCERT MOST IMPORTANT QUESTION ON LEGISLATURE

Question 1.
What is the main function of the Legislature in the modern state?
Answer:
Legislatures of modem state perform the following functions whatever may be the forms of government:

1. Discussion, debate, and deliberations on public issues.
2. Legislative function:- Enactment of law is the primary function of legislation.
3. Financial functions:- Legislatures control the expenditure. The executive cannot spend even a single penny without the approval of the Legislature.
4. Executive functions:- Executive is controlled by the legislature by different methods.
5. Constitutional amendment functions
6. Judicial functions.
7. Electoral functions
8. Emergency powers.
9. Miscellaneous functions

Question 2.
Discuss the compositions of Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha.
Answer:
Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha are two houses of the Indian Parliament. Lok Sabha is the Lower house and Rajya Sabha is the upper house. Lok Sabha has a maximum capacity of 550 members which are elected by the people by direct elections. A person of a minimum of 25 years of age can be a member of the Lok Sabha. Every person 18 years of age is eligible to cast his vote in this election.

Rajya Sabha is a permanent house and cannot be dissolved Every member enjoys the tenure of 6 years. Its one-third of members are retired after every second year and new members are elected by the respective state assembly by a single transferable vote system.

Its total strength is 250 members out of where 238 members are elected and the rest 12 members are nominated by the President of India. To become a member of the Rajya Sabha one should be a member of a minimum of 30 years of age. Vice President of India acts as ex-officio Chairman Parliament of Rajya Sabha and conducts its meetings.

Question 3.
What are the main functions of the Lok Sabha speaker?
Answer:
The speaker of Lok Sabha performs the following functions:

1. To preside over the meetings of Lok Sabha.
2. To maintain discipline and decorum in the house
3. To allow the introductions of the bill in the house.
4. To decide the nature of the bill
5. To interpret the rules of the house
6. To constitute different committees.
7. To safeguard the privilege of the member of the parliament and house itself.
8. To refer the bills to different committees.
9. To conduct the business of the house and decide the term of the speakers.
10. To exercise the casting vote in case of a tie on a bill.

Question 4.
How the parliament exercises control over the executive?
Answer:
The Parliament exercises administrative and financial control as the executive in the following ways:

1. It discusses, debate and make a public opinion on different policy matters of the executive.
2. It molds the decisions of the government.
3. It controls the arbitrariness of the government.
4. Executive can not make any expedition without the approval of the Parliament
5. The executive has to give the report of expenditure before the Parliament.

Question 5.
Write main functions of Parliament.
Answer:
Parliament performs the following functions:-

1. It discusses the issues of public importance
2. It makes laws.
3. It discusses, approves, and passes the budget.
4. It exercises control on the executive.
5. Parliament members take part in the election of President and Vice-President.
6. Parliament makes amendments in the Constitution.
7. Parliament brings and listens and passes the improvement against the President, Vice-Present, and judges of Supreme court and High Courts.
8. Parliament approves the decision of declaration of emergency.

Question 6.
Tell the areas in which Rajya Sabha has equal powers.
Answer:
Rajya Sabha enjoys equal powers with Lok Sabha in the following areas:

1. In discussion and debate on the issues of public interest and to help in making a public opinion.
2. In the area of a constitutional amendment, Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha have equal power. No amendment bill will become Act until and unless it is passed by both houses separately. Amendment bill can be introduced in either house of Parliament.
3. In judicial matters also Lok sabha and Rajya sabha have equal powers as Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha can initiate impeachment proceedings against the President, Vice President, and judges of the Supreme court and High court.
4.  Rajya Sabha has also emergency powers which it shares with Lok Sabha.

Question 7.
Write the various steps in the Lawmaking process.
Answer:
Followings are various stages in the law-making process:

1. Preparation of the bills
2. Introduction of the bill in either House (First reading)
3. Second Reading
4. Committee stage
5. Report stage
6. Introduction of the bill in the second house.
7. President’s assent.

Question 8.
Name the states which have a bicameral legislature and how bicameral legislature can be introduced.
Answer:
The following five states have bicameral legislature:

1. Uttar Pradesh
2. Bihar
3. Jammu & Kashmir
4. Maharashtra.
5. Karnataka

The Upper house in a state can be withdrawn or introduced at the request of the concerned state by constitutional amendment

Question 9.
Differentiate between
1. Government bilk and Private member bill
2. Ordinary bill and a money bill
3. Private bill and ordinary bill
Answer:

1. Government billAll the bills; which are introduced by the ministers are called Government bill while bills which are introduced by ordinal members are called private member bill.
2. Ordinary bills and money billAll the bills which are dealing with income and expenditure are called money bills and all other rum-money bills are called ordinary bills.
3. Private bill and an ordinary bill:-The bill that is related to a particular area, person a group is a private bill, and a bill that is related to the common general public is known as the General bill.

Question 10.
Discuss the powers and decline of the Indian Parliament.
Answer:
We have supremacy of the Constitution. Indian Parliament is the product of the constitution. It is the most powerful institution. Due to the Parliamentary system of Government, the power and prestige of the Parliament are further increased. Parliament is the representative of the people. It performs deliberative functions and makes a public opinion by enlightening discussion and debate. Parliament is called the soul of the people.

Parliament exercises control on the executive by a number of methods which are as under

1. Deliberations and discussion on the policies of the Government
2. Approval on the refusal of Laws.
3. Financial control on the executive
4. No-confidence motion against the Government

The executive is responsible to Parliament for every omission and commission. They are accountable to the people through the Parliament. The government cannot make any expenditure without the approval of Parliament. Parliament can remove even the President, Vice President, and judges from their offices by means of impeachment. The executive is the order of declaration of Emergency cannot last long without the approval of the Indian Parliament within a specific period.

Over the years the powers and prestige of Parliament are on the decline. The sitings of the Parliament are reduced. The atmosphere of the Parliament is polluted by ugly sums. Allegations and counter-allegations are exchanged. Due to the criminalization of politics, people of criminal backgrounds have entered Parliament. The commercialization of politics has also polluted the atmosphere of Parliament.

Due to frequent disturbances, a lot of valuable time of parliament is wasted for which people have to pay. The seriousness of the business of the house also is on the decline. There is no doubt that houses of the parliament have been plagued by the absence of a quorum, a boycott of sessions by members of opposition which deprive the house to control the executive through discussion.

In This Post we are  providing  CHAPTER 6 JUDICIARY NCERT MOST IMPORTANT QUESTION for Class 11 POLITICAL SCIENCE which will be beneficial for students. These solutions are updated according to 2021-22 syllabus. These MCQS  can be really helpful in the preparation of Board exams and will provide you with a brief knowledge of the chapter.

NCERT MOST IMPORTANT QUESTION ON JUDICIARY

Question 1.
Write down the composition of the Supreme Court of India.
Answer .

• Supreme Court of India consists of a Chief Justice and 25 other judges.
• The judges of the Supreme Court are appointed by the President in the consultation with such judge to whom he feels appropriate for the same?
• In appointing other judges, the President will consult with the Chief Justice of India.
• A judge of Supreme Court holds office till the age of 65 years.

Question 2.
How can a judge of Supreme Court be removed from his office?
Answer:
A judge of the Supreme Court can be removed from his office before his term expires on the ground of incapacity or misbehavior if Parliament approves it by a majority of two-third members of the Parliament (Both the houses) present and voting. Finally, the President exercises the right to remove a judge if impeachment is proved.

Question 3.
What is the original jurisdiction of the Supreme Court?
Answer:
The Supreme Court enjoys the original jurisdiction in the following:

• A case where jurisdiction can be initiated at first instance.
• Between the union of India and any state or states and one or more states on the either side.
• Between the union and one or more states.
• Between two or more states.

Question 4.
What is the composition of a high court in a state?
Answer:

• The number of judges in the high court is not fixed. It is fixed by the President only.
• Every high court has a Chief Justice and other judges to be fixed by the President.
• On the appointment of Chief Justice, the President consults the Chief Justice of India and the Governor of the state concerned.
• While other members’ appointment is consulted with the Governor of state and Chief Justice of high court.

Question 5.
Give some suggestions to ensure speedy and inexpensive justice in India.
Answer:

• The instruments of judicial activism should be availed, i.e. Public Interest Litigation which has expanded the idea of rights and duties even to those, who cannot approach the courts easily.
• The pendency of cases should be expediated and decided at the earliest possible.
• Some new courts should be established as well as the fees of courts and advocates should be controlled upto minimum extent.
• Lok Adalats should be established more and these should be publicised also, so that maximum people could get justice in a speedy manner.

Question 6.
What is the jurisdiction of the high courts?
Answer:

• The high courts are empowered to issue orders, directions and writs for the enforcement of fundamental rights and for any other purpose also.
• The high courts of Mumbai, Chennai and Kolkata exercises original jurisdiction as they had before the enforcement of the new constitution on the cases involving hearing of Christians Parsis.
• The above-mentioned high courts also exercise the original jurisdiction when the amount involved is more than ? 2,000 and in criminal cases, it extends to cases committed to them by presidency Magistrates.
• The jurisdiction of the high courts also extends to the matters of administration, matrimonial, contempt of court and cases transferred from a lower court.

Question 7.
What are Lok Adalats? Explain.
Answer:

• Lok Adalats resolve disputes on the basis of discussion, counselling to provide speedy and Chief Justice alongwith the mutual and free consultation of the parties concerned.
• Lok Adalats reduce time and expenditure also.
• These were established to eliminate delay in imparting justice and to speed up clearance of pending cases earliest possible.
• In 1985, in Delhi, the first Lok Adalat was held and 150 cases were decided within a single day.

Question 8.
What is Public Interest Litigation? Explain.
Answer:

• The Public Interest Litigation was initiated by some judges of the Supreme Court.
• PIL can register a complaint through an application or mentioned on postcartd.
• PIL has been used to provide reliefs for undertrial prisoners in jails, acquisitions of cycle, rickshaws by licensed rickshaw pullers, prohibition of human trafficking, etc.
• Due importance is given to the weaker sections, bonded labour, women and children.
• The PIL acquired new dimensions under the leadership of former Chief Justice P.N. Bhagwati.

Question 9.
What is the importance of judiciary in a democratic country like India?
Answer:
Judiciary plays an important role in imparting justice to people due to complex nature of society. Hence, it performs the following functions:

• The judiciary acts as a custodian of the constitution by interpreting it in a proper manner as it can declare any law passed by legislature ultra vires and unconstitutional if it is against the spirit of constitution.
• The judiciary performs the legislative functions by way of giving judge made laws to fill up the gap between the legislature and society.
• The judiciary performs some administrative functions by keeping a check on the smooth functioning of each court.
• The judiciary advice’s the head of the state on the validity of particular law so that it can not be declared unconstitutional after it is passed.
• It is the duty of the judiciary to see whether the people could enjoy their fundamental rights without any contradiction.
• The judiciary look after minors, issues licenses, grant probates, bails and administer oath of office, etc.

Question 10.
Mention those factors which ensure the independence of the judiciary in India.
Answer:

• Judges of Supreme Court and high court are appointed by the President of India on the consultation of Chief Justice and governor of the state in the case of high court. Hence, appointment of judges make it independent, free from any pressure of political parties.
• The judges of India are supposed to be highly qualified because a highly qualified person can judge the cases in an independent manner as’ well as they are expertise of law on the basis of experience of five or ten years as an advocate.
• The method to remove judges in India, is very difficult because no judge can be removed from the post before he attains the age of retirement.
• A judge enjoys a fixed tenure of his service till the age of retirement and avails more experience and delivers justice on honest and sincere basis.
• To make judges impartial they are provided with the handsome salaries so that they could not accept bribe or run after money.