Monthly Archives: January 2022

In This Post we are  providing  CHAPTER 13 WATER (OCEANS) NCERT MOST IMPORTANT QUESTION for Class 11 GEOGRAPHY which will be beneficial for students. These solutions are updated according to 2021-22 syllabus. These MCQS  can be really helpful in the preparation of Board exams and will provide you with a brief knowledge of the chapter.

NCERT MOST IMPORTANT QUESTION ON WATER (OCEANS)

Question 1.
Differentiate between continental shelf and continental slope.
Answer:
Continental shelf:

• It is an extended margin of each continent occupied by shallow sea, gulfs, etc. It is a submerge part of the land adjoining the coast.
• It is shallow and is about 800m deep with an average gradient 1° or even less.
• Its edges extended upto the denth of 150-200 m. ‘
• It contains the sediments deposited with land its average width is 80km.
• The largest continental shelf is a Siberian shelf in Arctic Ocean which stretches upto 1500 km of width.
• About one-fourth of the petroleum is produced from oil wells on the continental shelfs.
•  It is important for coastal transport and trade.

Continental slopes:

• It represents the edge of continental block.
• It connects continental shelf and ocean basin.
• The depth varies from 200-300 m.
• Its average gradient is 2-5°.
• It has a steep slope linking continental shelf and deep sea flow lying at an average depth of 3600 m.
• Canyons are formed here.

Question 2.
Write a short note on variation in salinity.
Answer:
The salinity for normal open ocean ranges between 33% and 37%. In the land locked Red Sea, it is as high as 41%, while in the estuaries and the Arctic, the salinity fluctuates from 0 – 35 %, seasonally. In hot and dry regions, where evaporation is high, the salinity sometimes reaches to 70%. Salinity decreases from 35% – 31% on the western parts of the northern hemisphere because of the influx of melted water from the Arctic region. In the same way, after 15° – 20° south, it decreases to 33%.

The average salinity of the Atlantic Ocean is around 36%. The highest salinity is recorded between 15° and 20° latitudes. Maximum salinity (37%) is observed between 20° N and 30° N and 20° W—60° W. It gradually decreases towards the north. The North Sea, in spite of its location in higher latitudes, records higher salinity due to more saline water brought by the North Atlantic Drift. Baltic Sea records low salinity due to influx of river water in large quantity. Highest salinity is found in water bodies as Lake Van in Turkey, Dead Sea, Great Salt Lake.

Question 3.
The average temperature of water on oceans floor keeps on falling from equator to poles systematically. Explain.
Answer:
The average temperature of surface water of the- oceans is about 27°C and it gradually decreases from the equator towards the poles. The rate of decrease of temperature with increasing latitude is generally 0.5°C per latitude. The average temperature is around 22°C at 20° latitudes, 14° C at 40° latitudes and 0° C near poles.

The oceans in the northern hemisphere record relatively higher temperature than in the southern hemisphere. The highest temperature is not recorded at the equator but slightly towards north of it.

The average annual temperatures for the northern and southern hemisphere are around 19° C and 16° C respectively. This variation is due to the unequal distribution of land and water in the northern and southern hemispheres.

Question 4.
Explain about horizontal distribution of salinity.
Answer:
Horizontal distribution of salinity:

• The salinity for normal Open Ocean ranges between 33% and 37%. In the land locked Red Sea records higher salinity due to high evaporation.
• Salinity is, however, very low in Black Sea due to enormous fresh water influx by rivers.
• The average salinity of the Indian Ocean is 35 %.
• The low salinity trend is observed in the Bay of Bengal due to influx of river water.
• On the contrary, the Arabian Sea shows higher salinity due to high evaporation and low influx of fresh water.

Question 5.
Explain about vertical distribution of salinity.
Answer:
Vertical distribution of salinity

• Salinity changes with depth, but the way it changes depends upon the location of the sea. Salinity at the surface increases by the loss of water to ice or evaporation, or decreased by the input of fresh waters, such as from the rivers.
• Salinity at depth is very much fixed, because there is no way that water is ‘lost’, or the salt is ‘added.’
• There is a marked difference in the salinity between the surface zones and the deep zones of the oceans. The lower salinity water rests above the higher salinity dense water.
• Salinity, generally, increases with depth and there is a distinct zone called the halocline, where salinity increases sharply.
• Other factors being constant, increasing salinity of seawater causes its density to increase. High salinity seawater, generally, sinks below the lower salinity water. This leads to stratification by salinity.

Question 6.
Explain about vertical distribution of temperature.
Answer:
The temperature structure of oceans over middle and low latitudes can be described as a three-layer system from surface to the bottom.

• The first layer represents the top layer of warm oceanic water and it is about 500 m thick with temperatures ranging between 20° and 25° C. This layer, within the tropical region, is present throughout the year but in mid-latitudes it develops only during summer.
• The second layer called the thermocline layer lies below the first layer and is characterised by rapid decrease in temperature with increasing depth. The thermocline is 500 – 1,000 m thick.
• The third layer is very cold and extends upto the deep ocean floor. In the Arctic and Antarctic circles, the surface water temperatures are close to 0 C and so the temperature change with the depth is very slight.

Question 7.
Explain the features of the deep sea plains, submarine ridges, ocean deeps and seamount.
Answer:
Abyssal plains (the deep sea plains):

• These are the world’s flattest and smoothest regions.
• About 40% of the oceanic floor is flat.
• It is formed accumulation of sediments on the sea floor.
• Its depth varies from 3000-6000 m.

Submarine ridges:

• Oceanic floors have submarine narrow and elongated ridges.
• They resemble mountain ridges on the earth surface.
• Peak of these ridges may rise above the sea level to form islands.
• Eg-Philippines Ice land is a mid-Atlantic ridge.

Oceanic deeps of submarine trenches:

• Deep narrow steep sided depression is found along the abyssal plain.
• The depth of these trenches may vary from 6,000 to 11,000 m. Example, Marina trenches is the deepest trench in Pacific Ocean.
• Trenches are formed as a result of tectonic forces and normally occur along the marines of Pacific Ocean.
• They occur at the base of the continental slopes and along the island area. Normally associated with volcanoes and strong earthquake.
• There are 32 trenches in Pacific Ocean, 19 in Atlantic Ocean and just 6 in Indian Ocean.

Seamount:

• It is the mount with a pointed submit rising from the sea floor but do not reach the surface of ocean. For example
  • Emperor seamount, an extension of Hawaiian islands in Pacific Ocean
  • The tallest seamount between Soman and New Zealand.
• Seamounts are volcanic in origin and can be 3000 to 4500 m tall.

Question 8.
“Ocean seems to be water body but it has many types of landforms within it”. Justify the statements by giving some examples.
Answer:
The statement is absolutely right. Like the surface of the earth ocean flow is neither level or flat, it is undulating and varying. It comprises of different types of landforms below it. Some of these are:

• Continental shelf: It is an extended margin of each continent occupied by shallow sea, gulfs, etc. It is a submerge part of the land adjoining the coast.
• Continental slopes: It represents the edge of continental block. It connects continental shelf and ocean basin. The depth varies from 200-300 m.
• Abyssal Plains (The Deep Sea Plains): These are the world’s flattest and smoothest regions. About 40% of the oceanic floor is flat. It is formed accumulation of sediments on the sea floor. Its depth varies from 3000-6000m.
• Sub Marine Ridges: Oceanic floors have sub-marine narrow and elongated ridges. They resemble mountain ridges on the earth surface. Peak of these ridges may rise above the sea level to form islands. Eg- Philippines Ice land is a mid-Atlantic ridge.
• Oceanic deeps of sub-marine trenches: Deep narrow steep sided depression found along the abyssal plain. The depth of these trenches may vary from 6,000 to 11,000 m. Example, Marina trenches is the deepest trench in Pacific Ocean.

Question 9.
Explain hydrological cycle.
Answer:
The hydrological cycle is a conceptual model that describes the storage and movement of water between the biosphere, atmosphere, lithosphere, and the hydrosphere. Water on our planet can be stored in any one of the
following major reservoirs: atmosphere, oceans, lakes, rivers, soils, glaciers, snowfields, and groundwater. Water moves from one reservoir to another by way of processes like evaporation, condensation, precipitation, deposi-tion, runoff, infiltration, subli¬mation, transpiration, melting, and groundwrater flow. The oceans supply most of the evaporated water found in the atmosphere. Of this evaporated water, only 91% of it is returned to the ocean basins by way of precipitation. The remaining 9% is transported to areas over landmasses where climatologically factors induce the formation of precipitation. The resulting imbalance between rates of evaporation and precipitation over land and ocean is corrected by runoff and groundwater flow to the oceans.

Question 10.
Show different types of ocean floors.
Answer:

In This Post we are  providing  CHAPTER 12 WORLD CLIMATE AND CLIMATE CHANGE NCERT MOST IMPORTANT QUESTION for Class 11 GEOGRAPHY which will be beneficial for students. These solutions are updated according to 2021-22 syllabus. These MCQS  can be really helpful in the preparation of Board exams and will provide you with a brief knowledge of the chapter.

NCERT MOST IMPORTANT QUESTION ON WORLD CLIMATE AND CLIMATE CHANGE

Question 1.
Explain why the tropical humid climate is found in an irregular belt of 20° to 40° latitudes.
Answer:
The tropical belt extends across the two tropics, viz., Tropic of Cancer and Tropic of Capricorn in Northern and Southern hemisphere respectively. It is one of the belts which, for part of the year, comes under the influence of trade winds but for the rest of the year is subjected to conventional rain. Moreover, the trade winds which blow from north-east and southeast also bring a considerable amount of rainfall.

Question 2.
What could be the possible consequences of the continued addition of carbon dioxide and methane gases to the atmosphere?
Answer:
The continued addition of carbon dioxide and methane gases to the atmosphere will increase the atmospheric temperature to an extent that it will cause ice to melt in the Arctic Ocean and in Antarctica. As a result, sea levels will rise causing the drowning of central lowlands and islands, altering rainfall and evaporation patterns, creating new plant diseases and part problems, and enlarging the ozone hole. Enlargement of the ozone hole, in turn, will cause more and more ultraviolet radiation to reach the earth’s surface, leading to a further rise in temperature of the lower layers of the atmosphere.

Question 3.
Match the following :

S.no. Symbol	Climatic Group
1. A	(a) Polar climate
2. C	(b) Subtropical
3. D	(c) Tropical Humid
4. E	(d) Boreal
5. F	(e) Temperate
6. B	(f) Dry

Answer:

S.no. Symbol	Climatic Group
1. A	(c) Tropical Humid
2. C	(b) Subtropical
3. D	(e) Temperate
4. E	(d) Boreal
5. F	(a) Polar climate
6. B	(f) Dry

Question 4.
Discuss the bases of climatic classifications of Koeppen and Thornthwaite.
Answer:
Koeppen’s classification is based upon annual and monthly means of temperature and precipitation. Native vegetation was considered as the best expression of the totality of climate. Similarly, Thornthwaite followed Koeppen’s principle that plant is nature’s meteorological instrument capable of integrating climatic elements like precipitation effectiveness and potential evapotranspiration.

Question 5.
Discuss the aims and objectives of Trewartha’s classification.
Answer:
Trewartha believed that people who need to understand and use the climatic environment for their own purposes should have the parts of climate presented realistically. At the same time, he also recognized the merits of the genetic type of climatic classification. According to him, “genetic not only increases interest and adds to the scientific quality of climatic analysis, but also gives an extra dimension of insight to the student’s understanding of the description.” Genetic classification of climates emphasizes the causes or origin of their formation based on weather processes.

Question 6.
Give an account of any four factors which control the climate of a region.
Answer:
These are the following factors that control the climate of a region :

1. Altitude: Regions on the higher altitude have a cold climate and on the lower altitude have a warm climate.
2. Location: The climate of a region depends on the location of that region. If the location is close to the equator, the climate will be hot and wet.
3. Distance from the sea: Regions that are closer to the sea have a moderate climate and others have an extreme type of climate.
4. The direction of the mountains: The extension of the Himalayas does not allow the cold winds of Central Asia into India and the temperature of India does not come down.

Question 7.
Describe in brief Koeppen’s classification of climate.
Answer:
Koeppen’s classification is strictly empirical as it is neither based on weather process (wind belt, air masses, fronts, and storms) nor does it emphasize causes of formation of climatic type. The classification is based upon annual and monthly means of temperature and precipitation. Natural vegetation is considered the best expression of the totality of climate. On the basis of the climate needs of certain types of vegetation, Koeppen identified five major groups: A to E, to which he added a sixth category of mountain zone (H).

‘A’ is the tropical zone, with a temperature exceeding 20°C all the 12 months.

‘B’ is the sub-tropical zone, where for 4 to 11 months temperature exceeds 20°C, and for 1 to 8 months the temperature ranges between 10° to 20°C.

‘C’ is the temperate zone, where the temperature ranges between 10° to 20°C for 4 to 12 months.

‘D’ is the cold zone, with temperature ranging between 10° to 20°C for 1 to 4 months and below 10°C for 8 to 11 months.

‘E’ is the polar zone, where the temperature remains below 10°C throughout the year.

These major climatic groups were sub-divided on the basis of variation in rainfall and temperature characteristics.

Question 8.
Discuss the global climatic changes in detail.
Answer:
The atmosphere is well structured and fairly dynamic in nature. The dynamism is more complex near the earth’s surface where the changes take place both spatially and temporally. These changes may be induced internally within the earth’s atmospheric system or externally by extra-terrestrial factors. Some of these changes are the results of human intervention and, hence, may be slowed down by human efforts. Global warming is one of the changes caused by man’s continual and growing introduction of carbon dioxide as well as some other so-called greenhouse gases, like carbon and chlorofluorocarbon, into the atmosphere.

The atoms and molecules of atmospheric gases cause absorption and back radiation of sunlight by the greenhouse gases, especially water, carbon dioxide, and methane. The concentration of water in the atmosphere is controlled by evaporation from oceans. Carbon dioxide is introduced into the atmosphere by volcanism. Methane is produced by the metabolization of bacteria in wood/grass-eating animals.

Human activities also add methane and carbon dioxide to the .atmosphere by burning fossil fuels and by various agricultural activities.

The carbon dioxide contents of the atmosphere play a dominant role in causing worldwide climatic changes. The gas is transparent to incoming solar radiation but absorbs outgoing long-wave terrestrial radiation. This absorbed terrestrial radiation is radiated back to the earth’s surface. Thus, it is clear that any appreciable change in carbon dioxide content would bring about a change in temperature in the lower layers of the atmosphere. Methane, which rapidly gets oxidized into carbon dioxide, is 20 times more effective than CO₂

Rapid industrialization and technological changes, a revolution in agriculture and transport sectors have resulted in large supplies of carbon dioxide, methane and chlorofluorocarbon gases into the atmosphere.

Of the many climatic parameters, the temperature is the most affected one due to urbanization and industrialization. The thermal characteristics of urban areas are in marked contrast to those of the surrounding countryside.

Man is considered as an engine of climatic change. In support of this, rice farmers, coal miners, dairy farmers, and shifting agriculturists contribute their rate in global warming.

Question 9.
Describe the advantages of Trewartha’s classification over Koeppan’s classification.
Answer:
On the basis of grouping, climate types are either genetic or empirical. Genetic classification emphasizes the causes or origin of their formation based on weather processes. The empirical classification, on the other hand, is based on observation related to factors for climatic differentiation.

Koeppen’s classification is strictly empirical as it is neither based on weather process nor does it emphasize causes of formation of climatic type. The classification is based upon annual and monthly means of temperature and precipitation. Natural vegetation is considered the best expression of the totality of climate. Koeppen followed the principle that plant is nature’s meteorological instruments capable of integrating climatic elements like precipitation effectiveness and potential evapotranspiration.

The climate classification system devised by G.T. Trewartha represents a compromise between purely empirical and genetic methods. Besides being simple and explanatory, it combines the fundamentals of the empirical as well as genetic classification schemes. Trewartha, while proposing his climatic classification, was conscious of the fact that the classification systems of Koeppen, being based on certain statistical parameters. of a few weather elements, were cumbersome and complex. The empirical quantitative classification system, as devised by the author, produced such a large number of climatic types and sub-types that it was rather too difficult to remember them. Keeping this aspect in view, Trewartha recognized only a limited number of climatic types, i.e., 6 major types and 10 sub-types.

The major climatic groups included: Tropical humid climate
(A) Dry climate
(B) Sub-tropical
(C) Temperate climate
(D) Boreal climate
(E) Polar climate
(F) Each of these, except Boreal
(E) the climate has two sub-types.

Question 10.
Write a note on temperate climates.
Answer:
The temperate climate is found in the vast landmasses of middle latitudes (40° and 65°). This climatic band of severe winters is found between the sub-tropical and boreal type of climates.

The two sub-types of temperate climate are temperate marine and temperate continental. They are primarily demarcated on the basis of summer temperatures.

The temperate marine climate has mild winters and fairly warm i- summers. Throughout the year, the average temperature is above 0°C. Rainfall is experienced throughout the year. This type of climate is found on the western sides of continents in the temperate zone.

The temperate continental climate is found in the interior of the continents in middle latitudes. The impact of land is visible as it is characterized by harsh winters and cool summers. The extreme cooling of the ground is associated with anticyclones. Annual precipitation is low, though it takes place throughout the year. This type of climate is found in north-eastern Asia, eastern Canada, and Eurasia.

In This Post we are  providing  CHAPTER 14 MOVEMENT OF OCEAN WATER NCERT MOST IMPORTANT QUESTION for Class 11 GEOGRAPHY which will be beneficial for students. These solutions are updated according to 2021-22 syllabus. These MCQS  can be really helpful in the preparation of Board exams and will provide you with a brief knowledge of the chapter.

NCERT MOST IMPORTANT QUESTION ON MOVEMENT OF OCEAN WATER

Question 1.
How do ocean currents affect the climate? Explain.
Answer:
Effects of currents influenced by temperature.

• Warm currents makes the place warmer where as the cold currents makes the place colder. Example, Warm currents of Koroshio makes the southern Japan less cold in winter whereas the cold current of Koroshio makes the winter longer and severe in north Japan.
• Winds passing over warm currents absorbs lot of moisture and cause heavy rainfall in coastal areas. On the other hand winds passing over long currents do not get any warm currents as such, they make the climate of coastal areas dry. This is the reason why hot deserts are located near the coastal areas from where the cold current passes.
• The places where cold current and warm current near the coastal areas are found in abundance are rich fishing ground. For example, Newfoundland, the east coast of North America where Labrador current and Gulf stream meet.

Question 2 .
Differentiate between spring tides and neap tides.
Answer:

S.no.	Spring Tides	Neap Tides
1.	It occurs twice each month new moon day because the sun, moon and earth are in the straight line.	They occur at first and third quarter of the moon. Because during these days the sun, moon form a right angle with each other.
2.	When the rise and fall is more than the normal then it is called the spring tides.	The rise and the fall is considerably low than the normal level.
3.	It is due to complimentary gravitational effect and cause sun, moon and earth are in the same.	Here the tidal forces do not supplement each other because the moon and earth are in right angles and so the velocity of tidal current slows down.

Question 3.
In how many categories can tides be classified on the basis of their height and frequency?
Answer:

• Semi-diurnal tide: It is the most common tidal pattern, featuring two high tides and two low tides each day. The successive high or low tides are approximately of the same height.
• Diurnal tide: There is only one high tide and one low tide during each day. The successive high and low tides are approximately of the same height.
• Mixed tide: Tides having variations in height are known as mixed tides. These tides generally occur along the west coast of North America and on many islands of the Pacific Ocean.
• Spring tides: The position of both the sun and the moon in relation to the earth has direct bearing on tide height. When the sun, the moon and the earth are in a straight line, the height of the tide will be higher. These are called spring tides.
• Neap tides: Wlien the sun and moon are at right angles to each other and the forces of the sun and moon tend to counteract one another. The moon’s attraction, though more than twice as strong as the sun’s, is diminished by the counteracting force of the sun’s gravitational pull. These are called neap tides.

Question 4.
White the characteristics of waves in the oceanic water.
Answer:
Characteristics of waves in the oceanic water are given below:

• The highest and lowest points of a wave are called the crest and trough.
• Wave height is the vertical distance from the bottom of a trough to the top of a crest of a wave.
• Wave amplitude is one-half of the wave height.
• Wave period is merely the time interval between two successive wave crests.
• Wavelength is the horizontal distance between two successive crests.
• Wave speed is the rate at which the wave moves through the water, and is measured in knots.
• Wave frequency is the number of waves passing a given point during a one- second time interval.

Question 5.
Explain how do heating of solar energy, wind, gravitation and coriolis force affect the ocean currents.
Answer:
Heating by solar energy: Heating by solar energy causes the water to expand, that is why, near the equator the ocean water is about 8 cm higher in level than in the middle latitudes. This causes a very slight gradient and water tends to flow down the slope.

• Wind: Wind blowing on the surface of the ocean pushes the water to move. Friction between the wind and the water surface affects the movement of the water body in its course.
• Gravity: Gravity tends to pull the water down the pile and create gradient variation.
• The Coriolis force: The coriolis intervenes and cause the water to move to the right in the northern hemisphere and to the left in the southern hemisphere.

Question 6.
Differentiate between warm currents and cold currents.
Answer:

S.no.	Warm currents	Cold currents
1.	They flow from equatorial regions to high latitudes.	They flow from polar region to low latitudes.
2.	Its temperature is higher than the surrounding water.	Its temperature is below than the surrounding water.
3.	It raises the temperature of coastal areas and are observed normally on the east coast of lower and middle latitude.	It reduces the temperature of the coastal area and are observed on the west of continent in lower and middle latitudes.
4.	Winds passing over warm currents absorb a good amount of moisture and bring heavy rainfall on the coastal areas.	Winds passing over cold currents becomes dry and little rainfall on the coaarea.
5.	Warm currents are of great help to navigation because they melt ice bergs.	Cold currents hinder navigation because they create ice bergs.
6.	Warm currents keep the ports open in the polar regions free from ice.	Cold currents make the parts unoperational in lower latitudes as they are ice bound.

Question 7.
Make a list of currents which are found in Pacific, Atlantic and Indian Ocean.
Answer:
This is a listing of the seventeen major surface ocean currents.

Agulhas Current	Indian	Warm
Alaska Current	North Pacific	Warm
Benguela Current	South Atlantic	Warm/Cool
Brazil Current	South Atlantic	Warm
California Current	North Pacific	Cool
Canaries Current	North Atlantic	Cool
East Australian Current	South Pacific	Warm
Equitorial Current	Pacific	Warm
Gulf Stream	North Atlantic	Warm
Humboldt (Peru)Current	South Pacific	Cool
Kuroshio (Japan)Current	North Pacific	Warm
Labrador Current	North Atlantic	Cool
North Atlantic Drift	North Atlantic	Warm
North Pacific Drift	North Pacific	Warm
Oyashio (Kamchatka)Current	North Pacific	Cool
West Australian Current	Indian	Cool
West Wind Drift	South Pacific	Cool

Question 8.
How is the movement of currents influenced by prevailing winds? Give examples.
Answer:
The prevailing winds, or winds that usually blow in the same direction, influence ocean currents because the wind causes friction on the water surface causing the water to move in the same direction as the wind. Some prevailing winds are called “trade winds” because merchants on sailboats used these regular winds to sail across the Indian Ocean or Atlantic Ocean to trade their goods. The wind made sailing to some places very easy and other places very difficult. Some of these regular winds change direction during certain months. This is called monsoon. Monsoon winds blow one direction from May to October, then change directions from November to April, which allowed the merchants to sail home in Monsoon areas of the world. The monsoon winds mainly effects South Asia (India). Indian traders sailed west to Africa in the summer and east back to India in the winter.

Question 9.
Why some currents are warm or cold?
Answer:
There are several warm ocean currents that move warm water away from the equator. These currents of water have warm air above the water. The warm air raises the temperature of the land it touches. These areas enjoy a much warmer climate than other places at the same latitude. Areas such as England would be much colder without the warm Gulf Stream. Warm ocean currents flow on the eastern side of a continents. They only reach the western side in high latitude areas. Another characteristic is that they flow away from the equator. Warm currents have higher temperatures, so they are less dense than cold water. Usually warm water has a higher salinity, but it remains less dense than cold water, so cold water is heavier and flows under warm water. The water is warmed on the surface, so warm currents flow across the surface of the ocean. As a warm current cools down, it drops down and becomes a cold water currents.

Question 10.
What are under currents?
Answer:
Under currents deep in the ocean flow in the opposite direction from the surface current above them. They replace the surface waters that are moving out. A major under current circles the globe at about 30 mph. The main under current is called the Great Conveyor Belt. It is truly like an underwater river. In fact, under currents are called “submarine rivers”

In This Post we are  providing  CHAPTER 15 LIFE ON EARTH NCERT MOST IMPORTANT QUESTION for Class 11 GEOGRAPHY which will be beneficial for students. These solutions are updated according to 2021-22 syllabus. These MCQS  can be really helpful in the preparation of Board exams and will provide you with a brief knowledge of the chapter.

NCERT MOST IMPORTANT QUESTION ON LIFE ON EARTH

Question 1.
What is a bio in?
Answer:
Natural ecological groups of plants and animals extend over large areas. Each of these major terrestrial ecosystems or distinctive terrestrial areas with their group of plants and associated animals are recognized as biomes. A biome is, therefore, the largest terrestrial community of plants and associated animals in interaction with the environment.

Question 2.
What kind of animals live in tropical rain forests?
Answer:
The animals living in tropical rain forests include monkeys, snakes, ant-eaters, tropical birds, bats, large carnivorous animals, and a variety of fish in the rivers. Of all the species of insects known nearly 70 to S0% occur in the tropical rain forests.

Question 3.
What kind of flora and fauna characterize the deserts?
Answer:
Deserts are characterized by scanty flora and fauna. Desert plants include different kinds of acacias, cacti, euphorbias, and other succulents. Ants, locusts, wasps, scorpions, spiders, lizards, rattlesnakes, a large number of insect-eating birds such as swifts and swallows, seed-eating quails, doves, desert rats, rabbits, foxes, jackals, and various cats are the common desert animals.

Question 4.
What kind of plant and animal life is supported by tropical savanna?
Answer:
Savannas are characterized by coarse grass and scattered trees on the margins of the tropics where rainfall is seasonal. Wet seasons alternate with dry seasons. Plants and animals are drought-tolerant and do not show much diversity. This biome supports the greatest variety of hoofed herbivore species including the zebra, giraffe, elephant, and several kinds of antelopes. Kangaroos are found in the savannas of Australia.

Question 5.
What are the important features of the Mediterranean scrub forest as a biome?
Answer:
This biome is also known as Chapparal. This is marked by very limited winter rain followed by drought in the rest of the year. The temperature is moderate under the influence of the cool, moist air of the oceans. The biome is characterized by broad-leaved evergreen vegetation. It is made up of fire-resistant resinous plants and drought-adapted animals.

Question 6.
Write a note on deciduous forests.
Answer:
The deciduous forests are found in the temperate regions of north-central Europe, eastern Asia, and the eastern United States. The annual precipitation ranges between 75-150 cm. With the onset of autumn, most of the trees and shrubs become leafless. The vegetation comprises broad-leaved, hardwood trees such as oak, elm, beech, maple, and hickory. The fauna includes frogs, salamanders, turtles, snakes, lizards, squirrels, rabbits, deer, bears, raccoons, foxes, and songbirds.

Question 7.
“Food chains are not isolated linear chains of trophic levels.” Comment.
Answer:
In nature, the food relationship cannot be explained only in terms of a single food chain. A herbivore consumes many types of plants or plant products. Many kinds of animals, other than tiger, derive food from herbivorous animals. Ticks and mites, leeches, and blood-sucking insects are dependent on herbivores and even on carnivores. Thus, food chains are not isolated linear chains of trophic levels.

Depending upon the availability and choice of food, different organisms at each level have a food relationship with more than one organism at the lower levels. A rat, for example, feeds on various kinds of stem, roots, fruits, and grains. In turn, it is consumed by a snake which is eaten by a falcon. The snakes feed on both, frogs and rats. Then, a network of food chains exist, which is called a food web. The food web becomes more complicated when taste and preference, availability, and compulsion are involved.

Question 8.
Describe the functions of various biotic components.
Answer:
Various biotic components include producers, herbivores, carnivores, and decomposers. All organisms require energy for their life processes. Food supplies both energy and materials for the sustenance of life. Green plants produce carbohydrates by photosynthesis and also synthesize proteins and fats. The green plants, therefore, are called producers. The animals that consume this energy are called consumers.

The herbivores like cattle, deer, and goats derive their food or energy directly from plants and are called the first-order consumers. The carnivores like tiger and lion depend on herbivores for their food and energy and are therefore called the secondary or second-order consumers. The non-green organisms like fungi and some bacteria, which do not produce their own food, live on the dead and decaying plants or animals and are consumers of a special type called decomposers.

Question 9.
Describe the energy flow in the biosphere.
Answer:
Energy from the sun enters the living world through photosynthetic organisms and passes on from one organism to another in the form of food.

The organisms which trap solar energy and act as producers also use some energy for their own life processes. Only a portion of the energy trapped is taken by the primary consumers. Animals being more active than plants use much of the energy acquired before they are consumed by the next trophic level. At each stage of energy transfer, some amount of energy is lost from the food chain. The amount of energy transferred to the next higher level thus gradually decreases. The decomposition of dead organisms also releases chemical energy. Eventually, all this solar energy that entered the living system through the producers goes back into the non-living world, not as light but as heat.

Question 10.
Describe the carbon cycle in brief.
Answer:
Carbon is one of the basic elements of all living organisms. It forms the basic constituent of all organic compounds. The biosphere contains over half a million carbon compounds. The carbon cycle is mainly the conversion of carbon dioxide. This conversion is initiated by the fixation of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere through photosynthesis. Such conversion results in the production of carbohydrates, glucose that may be converted to other organic compounds such as starch, cellulose, etc. Here, some of the carbohydrates are utilized directly by the plant itself. During this process, more carbon dioxide is generated and is released through its leaves or roots during the day. The remaining unutilized carbohydrates become part of the plant tissue.

The plant tissues are either eaten by the herbivorous animals or get decomposed by micro-organisms. The herbivores convert some of the consumed carbohydrates into carbon dioxide for release into the air through respiration. The micro-organisms decompose the remaining carbohydrates after the animal dies. The carbohydrates that are decomposed get oxidized into carbon dioxide and are returned back to the atmosphere.

In This Post we are  providing  CHAPTER 16 BIODIVERSITY AND CONSERVATION NCERT MOST IMPORTANT QUESTION for Class 11 GEOGRAPHY which will be beneficial for students. These solutions are updated according to 2021-22 syllabus. These MCQS  can be really helpful in the preparation of Board exams and will provide you with a brief knowledge of the chapter.

NCERT MOST IMPORTANT QUESTION ON BIODIVERSITY AND CONSERVATION

Question 1.
What is meant by “Homosapien”?
Answer:
‘Homo’ means ‘man’ and ‘sapient’ means ‘wise’. Homosapien is one of the species of the animal kingdom to which human beings belong. Because of their unique characteristic of wisdom’, human beings are separated from other animal species.

Question 2.
Define ‘ecosystem’ with examples.
Answer:
The biotic community, along with the physical environment forms an interacting system called the ecosystem. An ecosystem can be natural or artificial, temporary or permanent. A large grassland or a forest, a small 1 tract in a forest or a single log, an edge of a pond, a village, an aquarium, or a manned spaceship can all be regarded as an ecosystem.

Question 3.
Describe various structural components of an ecosystem.
Answer:
Various structural components of an ecosystem are classified into two main groups:

1. biotic or living, and
2. abiotic or non-living.

The biotic component of an ecosystem comprises the kinds, numbers, and distribution of living organisms. The abiotic component consists of the kinds, quantity, and distribution of living organisms. The abiotic component consists of the kinds, quantity, and distribution of physical and chemical factors such as light, temperature, water, oxygen, carbon, nitrogen, and minerals.

Question 4.
How does the background of the habitat determine the distribution of animals?
Answer:
The background of the habitat determines the distribution of animals by enabling them to camouflage against the color, general texture, and pattern. Desert animals like the lion and the camel are sand-colored. Most of the jellyfish, sea cucumbers are lassy. The chameleon changes its color according to its background.

Question 5.
How are plants important to human beings?
Answer:
Plants produce substantial volumes of food for human beings. Besides producing varieties of food crops for man, plants also provide food to their domesticated animals. They also supply timber to serve various requirements of human beings.

Question 6.
Discuss the human developments that led to a negative impact on the biotic resources of the earth in the modern period.
Answer:
The modem period is the age of industry and urbanization. The population is growing enabled with more lands being cleared of their forests, more soils being filled to grow crops, and more areas being used to erect homes, construct roads, build parking lots, and all the activities that channel resources toward urban locations. The loss of soil, movement of nutrients, and contamination of the environment with tonic materials are syrup to make of the excessive use of energy and unchecked outputs. Virtually every urban and industrial activity has a negative impact on water quality. Industrial and urban sewerage contain hazardous substances and cause eutrophication, diminishing the quality of the freshwater system. Human manipulation of nature has resulted in fragmented and incomplete systems. All these developments have a negative impact on the biotic resources of the earth.

Question 7.
Distinguish between exploitation and conservation of forest.
Answer:
Both the acts are related to human usage of forests as a resource and are contradictory to each other. Exploitation means the usage of forests by human beings in an unfair and selfish manner for one’s own advantage or profit. On the contrary, conservation means the protection of forests. Here also man exploits the forest resources, but with a cautious
effort, i.e. in such a manner that the evolution of species continues, preventing rare ones from extinction.

There are two levels of biodiversity. Genetic diversity comprises the genetic and related variations within the plant or animal species. It is concerned with their origin and evolution. On the other hand, species diversity is reflected by morphological and physiological features of the plant and animal species. It is related to the form and structure.

Question 8.
Distinguish between a National Park and a Sanctuary.
Answer:
National Parks: A national park is an area that is strictly reserved for the betterment of the wildlife and where activities like presenting, grazing, or cultivation are not permitted. In these parks, ‘ even the private ownership rights are not allowed. There are 66 national parks in India. Some important national parks are Kaziranga National Park (Assam), Sunderbans (West Bengal), Hazaribagh National Park (Jharkhand), Corbett National Park (Uttaranchal).

Sanctuary: Some important sanctuaries of the countries are:

• Annalia Sanctuary (Tamil Nadu)
• Jaldapara Sanctuary (West Bengal)
• Keoladeo Ghana Bird Sanctuary (Rajasthan)
• Sultanpur Lake Bird Sanctuary (Haryana)
• Nagarjun Sagar Sanctuary (Andhra Pradesh)
• Chilka Lake Bird Sanctuary (Orissa).

Question 9.
Write a short note on the man-made ecosystems.
Answer:
Humans have changed the environment to a far greater .p extent than any other species. In some instances, the modification is so profound that we call them man-made or artificial ecosystems. These are of variable stability and duration. Villages and cities, orchards and plantations, gardens and parks with their plants and animals are familiar; examples of the man-made terrestrial ecosystem. Large dams and reservoirs, lakes, canals, small fishery, tanks, and aquarium are examples of the man-made aquatic ecosystem.

The most important man-made modifications in the biotic community came with the use of fire, cultivation of plants, and domestication of animals.

All man-made ecosystems including agroecosystems are simpler and highly efficient. They lack the diversity of natural ecosystems. The consequence of diversity is stability. A simple system, on the other hand, is more vulnerable to sudden changes. A single crop agrosystem, for example, may be totally destroyed by drought, floods, diseases, pests, etc. A diversified system, on the other hand, has scope for many adjustments and substitutions.

Question 10.
What do you know about the boundaries of the ecosystem?
Answer:
An ecosystem is an area in which the inputs and outputs can be studied across its boundaries. It is only for convenience that it is considered as a separate entity. Otherwise, ecosystems are not strictly isolated. Their boundaries are indistinct and overlapping. Some movement always occurs in their materials. This movement may be from an adjacent or distinct ecosystem. For instance, a pond may be separated from an adjoining grassland, but some birds may break the barrier and feed on the fish and crabs of the pond. The movement of energy and material can be achieved by biological climate or geological processes.

In This Post we are  providing  CHAPTER 9 SOLAR RADIATION , HEAT BALANCE AND TEMPERATURE NCERT MOST IMPORTANT QUESTION for Class 11 GEOGRAPHY which will be beneficial for students. These solutions are updated according to 2021-22 syllabus. These MCQS  can be really helpful in the preparation of Board exams and will provide you with a brief knowledge of the chapter.

NCERT MOST IMPORTANT QUESTION ON SOLAR RADIATION , HEAT BALANCE AND TEMPERATURE

Question 1.
What is inversion of temperature? When | and in what regions does it take place?
Answer:
At times, the situations are reversed and the normal lapse rate is inverted. It is called Inversion of temperature. Inversion is usually of short duration but quite common nonetheless. A long winter night with clear skies and still air is ideal situation for inversion. The heat of the day is radiated off during the night, and by early morning hours, the earth is’ cooler than the air above. Over polar areas, temperature inversion is normal throughout the year. Surface inversion promotes stability in the lower layers of the atmosphere.

Smoke and dust particles get collected beneath the inversion layer and spread horizontally to fill the lower strata of the atmosphere. Dense fogs in mornings are common occurrences especially during winter season. This inversion commonly lasts for few7 hours until the sun comes up and beings to warm the earth. The inversion takes place in hills and mountains due to air drainage.

Question 2.
How does the energy received in upper layer of the atmosphere keep changing at different times of the year?
Answer:
The solar output received at the top of the atmosphere varies slightly in a year due to the variations in the distance between the earth and the sun. During its revolution around the sun, the earth is farthest from the sun (152 million km) on 4th July. This position of the earth is called aphelion.On 3rd January, the earth is the nearest to the sun (147 million km). This position is called perihelion. Therefore, the annual insolation received by the earth on 3rd January is slightly more than the amount received on 4th July.

However, the effect of this variation in the solar output is masked by other factors like the distribution of land and sea, and the atmospheric circulation. Hence, this variation in the solar output does not have great effect on daily weather changes on the surface of the earth.

Question 3.
How does the amount of insolation received depends on the angle of inclination of the rays?
Answer:
The amount of insolation received depends on the angle of inclination of the rays. It depends on the latitude of a place. The higher the latitude the less is the angle they make with the surface of the earth resulting in slant sunrays. The area covered by vertical rays is always less than the slant rays. If more area is covered, the energy gets distributed and the net energy received per unit area decreases. Moreover, the slant rays are required to pass through greater depth of the atmosphere resulting in more absorption, scattering and diffusion.

Question 4.
Explain about spatial distribution of insolation on the earth’s surface.
Answer:
The insolation received at the surface varies from about 320 Watt/m2 in the tropics to about 70 Watt/m2 in the poles. Maximum latitude insolation is received over the subtropical deserts, where the cloudiness is the least. Equator receives comparatively less insolation than the tropics. Generally, at the same latitude the insolation is more over the continent than over the oceans. In winter, the middle and higher latitudes receive less radiation than in summer.

Question 5.
Explain the distribution of temperature in July.
Answer:
Distribution of temperature in July

• During this period the sun shines vertically over head near the tropic of cancer. It is summer for the northern hemisphere and winters for the southern hemisphere.
• In the northern hemisphere the isotherm bends equator wards while crossing the oceans and pole wards ‘while crossing the landmass. In the southern hemisphere it is vice-versa.
• The isotherms are most irregular and zig-zig in northern hemisphere on the other hand the isotherms are relatively more regular and straight in southern hemisphere.
• Maximum temperature of about 30 degree centigrade occurs entirely in the northern hemisphere between 10° and 40° north latitude however the lowest temperature below 0° C is recorded over northern hemisphere in the central parts of green land.

Question 6.
Explain the factors affecting insolation at the surface of earth.
Answer:
The factors affecting insolation at the surface of earth are:-

1. The rotation of earth on its axis: The fact that the earth on its axis makes an angle of 6614 with the plane of it’s orbit round the sun has a greater influence on the amount of insolation received at different latitudes.

2. The angle of inclination of the sunrays: The higher the latitude the greater is the angle they make with the surface of the’earth resulting in slant sunrays. The areas covered by vertical rays is always less than the slant rays. If more areas is covered the energy gets distributed and the net energy received per unit area decreases. Thus, the slant rays are required to pass through greater depth of the atmosphere resulting in more absorption, scattering and diffusion.

3. The transparency of the atmosphere:
The atmosphere is largely transparent to the short wave solar radiation. The incoming solar radiation passes through the atmosphere before striking the earth’s surface. Within the troposphere water vapour, ozone and other gases absorb much of the near infrared radiation.

4. The configuration of land in terms of its aspect: The insolation received at the surface varies from about 320 watt/ m2 in the poles. Maximum insolation is received over the subtropical deserts, when the cfoudness is the least. Equator receives less rainfall as compared to tropics

Question 7.
Distribution of temperature in the month of July.
Answer:

• During this period the sun shines vertically over head near tropic of cancer it is the summer for northern hemisphere and winter for southern hemisphere.
• The isotherms are relatively more regular and straight in southern hemisphere.
• Maximum temperature of over 30°C occurs entirely in northern hemisphere between 10° and 40° temperature below 0° C is recorded over northern hemisphere in the central parts of Greenland.

Question 8.
Explain the distribution of temperature in January.
Answer:

1. In January the isotherms deviate to north over the ocean and to the south over the continent. This can be seen on the North Atlantic Ocean.

2. The pressure of warm ocean currents, Gulf Stream and north Atlantic drift, make the northern Atlantic Ocean warmer and the isotherms bend towards the north.

3. Over the land the temperature decreases sharply and the isotherms bend towards south in Europe.

4.  It is much pronounced in the Siberian plan. The mean January temperature along 60° E longitude is minus 20° both at 80° N and 50° N latitude. The mean monthly temperature for January is over 27° C in equatorial oceans over 24°C in the tropics and 2° C- 0° C in middle latitudes and -18° C to -48° C in Eurasian continental interior.

5. The effect of the ocean in well pronounced in southern hemisphere. Here, the isotherms are more or less parallel to latitudes and the variations in temperature is more gradual than in the northern hemisphere. The isotherm of 20°C, 10°C, and 0°C run parallel to 35°S, 45° and 60°S latitudes respectively.

Question 9.
Explain about inversion of temperature.
Answer:
At times, the situations are reversed and the normal lapse rate is inverted. It is called inversion of temperature. Inversion is usually of short duration but quite common nonetheless. A long winter night with clear skies and still air is ideal situation for inversion. The heat of the day is radiated off during the night, and by early morning hours, the earth is cooler than the air above.

Over polar areas, temperature inversion is normal throughout the year. Surface inversion promotes stability in the lower layers of the atmosphere. Smoke and dust particles get collected beneath the inversion layer and spread horizontally to fill the lower strata of the atmosphere. Dense fogs in mornings are common occurrences especially during winter season. This inversion commonly lasts for few hours until the sun comes up and beings to warm the earth. The inversion takes place in hills and mountains due to air drainage.

Question 10.
Explain the heating and the cooling mechanism of atmosphere.
Or
Discuss the process through which earth and the atmosphere system maintain heat balance.
Answer:
(a) Conduction:

• The earth after being heated by insolation transmits the heat to the atmospheric layers near to the earth in long wave form. The air in contact with the land gets heated slowly and the upper layers in contact with the lower layers also get heated.
• Conduction takes place when two bodies of unequal temperature are in contact with one another, there is a flow of energy from the warmer to cooler body. The transfer of heat continues until both the bodies attain the same temperature or the contact is broken. Conduction is important in heating the lower layers of the atmosphere.

(b) Convection:

• The air in contact with the earth rises vertically on heating in the form of currents and further transmits the heat of the atmosphere. This vertical heating of atmosphere is known as convection.
• The convection transfer of energy is confined only to the troposphere.

(c) Advection:

• The transfer of heat through horizontal movement of air is called advection. Horizontal movement of the air is relatively more important than the vertical movement.
• In tropical regions particularly in northern India during summer season local winds called ‘loo’ is the outcome of advection process.

In This Post we are  providing  CHAPTER 10 ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATIONS AND WEATHER SYSTEMS NCERT MOST IMPORTANT QUESTION for Class 11 GEOGRAPHY which will be beneficial for students. These solutions are updated according to 2021-22 syllabus. These MCQS  can be really helpful in the preparation of Board exams and will provide you with a brief knowledge of the chapter.

NCERT MOST IMPORTANT QUESTION ON ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATIONS AND WEATHER SYSTEMS

Question 1.
What is a jet stream? Explain.
Answer:
The winds with a high velocity which blow at high altitude are called the jet stream. This strong current of air is located near 90° north latitude. It affects the weather patterns of the world. High flying planes use these as super tailwinds to save time and fuel.

Question 2.
Describe the local winds in brief.
Answer:
Winds having special characteristics under local conditions are known as local winds.

1. Hot winds: Chinook in Canada and USA, foehn in Switzerland.
2. Dry winds: Sirocco in south Europe, Khanzim in Egypt, Hermatton in West Africa, Simoon of Arabia, Santa Anna of California, Zenda of Argentina.
3. Cold winds: Boro and Mistral in Southern Europe, Pampero in Argentina, Buran in Siberia.

Question 3.
Write a short note on ‘doldrums’.
Answer:
The doldrum is an equatorial low-pressure belt between 5°N to 5°S latitudes. It is known as the-belt of calm. The air is constantly heated due to the high temperature. The air expands and rises as convection currents. There are no surface winds. Sailing ships often found them becalmed in this belt due to the absence of backing winds.

Question 4.
What is the importance of air mass?
Answer:
Air mass is important for climatological study. Air masses are related to atmospheric disturbances, cyclones, storms, and fronts.

• The distribution and location of air provide an essential understanding of regional climate.
• Air masses transfer heat from lower latitude to higher latitudes.
• Atmosphericdisturbancesdevelopalongfrontsofdifferentairmasses.
• Air masses are associated with particular types of wind belts and determine the weather characteristics.

Question 5.
What do you understand by valley breeze?
Answer:
The valley breeze occurs during day time. Due to insolation, the valley bottom gets heated. The hot air becomes light and ascends towards the upper slopes. It is known as the valley breeze.

Fig. 10.3: Slopes heated by insolation

Question 6.
Distinguish between:
1. planetary and periodic winds,
2. the sea breeze and land breeze.
Answer:
1. Planetary and periodic winds:
Planetary winds are related to the general circulatory pattern of winds on the rotating earth’s surface. These winds constitute the large-scale motion of the atmosphere under the influence of pressure gradients. They ignore seasonal heating and land-water contrast on the earth’s surface. They are also called permanent or primary wind system of the earth’s surface and comprise trade winds, westerlies, and polar easterlies. These winds blow constantly in a particular direction throughout the year.

Fig. 10.4: Planetary winds

The winds that change their direction periodically with the change in season are called periodic or secondary winds. Monsoon, air masses and fronts, cyclones and anticyclones, land and sea breezes, and mountain and valley breezes are the wind systems that periodically change their courses diurnally or seasonally.

2. Land and sea breezes:
Daily temperature contacts between land and water produce a small diurnal reversal of winds called land and sea breezes. Both are basically caused by differential heating of land and sea.

During the day, the land gets heated up much faster than the sea. The sea remains comparatively cool with higher pressure, so the sea breeze blows in from the sea to land during the day. Its speed is between 5-20 miles/hour and it is generally stronger in tropical than temperate regions.

Its influence does not normally exceed 15 miles from the coast. It is most deeply felt when one stands facing the sea in a coastal area.

At night, the reverse takes place. As the land cools down much faster than the sea, the cold and heavy air produces a region of local high pressure. The sea conserves its heat and remains quite warm. Its pressure is comparatively low. A land breeze thus blows out from land to sea.

Fishermen in the tropics often take advantage of the outgoing land breeze and sail out with it.

Question 7.
Describe the global pattern of the distribution of pressure.
Answer:
The horizontal distribution of pressure, or its global pattern in general, presents an alternate belt of low and high-pressure areas.

There is an inverse relationship between pressure and temperature. The equatorial region having high temperature has low pressure, while the polar regions with low temperature have high pressure. These pressure belts are thermally induced. Logically, there should have been a gradual increase in pressure from the equator towards the poles.

Fig. Pressure belts of the world (See fig.9.1)

There are two intermediate zones of subtropical highs in the vicinity of 30°N and S and two sub-polar lows in the vicinity of 60°N and S. The dynamic control, viz., pressure gradient force, rotation of the earth, are responsible for the formation of these pressure belts.

Thus there are seven pressure belts:

1. An equatorial trough of low pressure.
2. Sub-tropical high-pressure belt (Northern hemisphere)
3. Sub-polar low-pressure belt (Northern hemisphere)
4. Sub-polar low-pressure belt (Southern hemisphere)
5. Sub-tropical high-pressure belt (Southern hemisphere)
6. Polar high (Northern hemisphere)
7. Polar high (Southern hemisphere)

Question 8.
Discuss the seasonal variations in the pressure distribution over the earth’s surface.
Answer:
Despite a broad generalized pattern of pressure distribution on the earth, pressure conditions vary considerably on the basis of prevailing weather conditions in different parts of the world. The horizontal distribution of pressure on the earth’s surface is shown by isobar. Just as there is a daily range of temperature on the surface of tire earth, so there is the diurnal rhythm of pressure.

The direction and rate of change in pressure are called pressure gradient. It is at right angles to isobars, just as the slope of the land surface is at right angles to contour, lines. The rate of change or steepness of the gradient is shown by the spacing of isobars. Closely spacing isobars show’ steep pressure gradient, and widely spaced isobars show’ gentle gradient.

The zonal distribution of pressure is modified by continents and oceans, in summer, the relatively hot continents intensify the low-pressure cells and weaken or destroy high-pressure cells. In a similar manner, the corresponding cooler oceans weaken the low-pressure cells and the high-pressure cells. In winter the situation is reversed. ,

Fig. 10.6: Horizontal distribution of pressure and winds

Question 9.
What are cyclones? Describe the various types of cyclones.
Answer:
Cyclones constitute the most fundamental and climatically the most significant atmospheric disturbances affecting the weather. On the basis of the areas of their origin, they are classified into two types: temperate and tropical.

Temperate cyclones: Temperate1 cyclones are concentrated in the middle latitudes between 35° and 65° in both hemispheres. They are generally extensive having a vertical thickness ranging from 9 to 11 km. and a diameter of about 1,000 km. It is just like a spearhead, having the shape of an upturned ‘V’. The approaching temperate cyclones are noticed by the appearance of dark clouds in the background of white clouds.

According to polar front theory, the highs and lows of westerly wind belts result from the interactions and alteration of two contrasting types of air masses, one in the polar region and the other in the subtropics. Cold air from highs moves toward the equator and is deflected westward, forming the northeast and southeast polar winds. Warmer air from the subtropical highs moves toward the poles and by an eastward deflection from the westerly winds.

Fig. 10.7: Temperate cyclones

As soon as the cyclone approaches, there is drizzle followed by heavy rainfall. The velocity of the wind increases. On the approach of the warm front, the fall in the pressure stops, and the sky becomes clear. This gives the clue that the center of the cyclones has reached. Immediately after this, the temperature begins to fall and the sky becomes cloudy and raining again. This indicates the approach of a cold front.

Tropical cyclones: These are violent storms that originate over tropical seas and move over the coastal areas bringing about large-scale destruction caused by violent winds, very heavy rainfall, and storm surges. They are known as cyclones in the Indian ocean, hurricanes in the Atlantic, typhoons in the western Pacific and South China sea, and willy-willies in west Australia. The conditions favorable for the formation and intensification of tropical storms are:

• Large sea surface with a temperature higher than 27°C.
• Presence of the Coriolis force.
• Small variations in the vertical wind speed.
• A pre-existing weak low-pressure area or low level cyclonic
  circulation.
• Upper divergence above the sea level system.

The cyclone creates stone surges and they inundate the coastland. Over the Indian sea, the cyclonic storms occur in the pre-monsoon

Question 10.
Define and describe the fronts.
Answer:
The contact line between air masses of different properties is called a front. A cold front develops where the cold air mass moves under warm air mass and lifts it up. On the other hand, the trailing edge of a cold air mass that is followed by warm air is called a warm front. In each case, precipitation is likely to occur because warm air is rising over the cold air. Thus duration and intensity of precipitation along the few from.s are quite different. The cold front is steep and produces showery and sometimes violet precipitation for a longer period of time. If the cold front moves faster than the warm front in such a trap, part or all the pocket of warm air may be lifted from the surface, thus producing air occluded front. Often exculpation of the air masses lose earlier characters and form new fronts.

In This Post we are  providing  CHAPTER 11 WATER IN ATMOSPHERE NCERT MOST IMPORTANT QUESTION for Class 11 GEOGRAPHY which will be beneficial for students. These solutions are updated according to 2021-22 syllabus. These MCQS  can be really helpful in the preparation of Board exams and will provide you with a brief knowledge of the chapter.

NCERT MOST IMPORTANT QUESTION ON WATER IN ATMOSPHERE

Question 1.
What is convectional rain?
Answer:
Convectional Rain: The air on being heated, becomes light and rises up in convection currents. As it rises, it expands and loses heat and consequently, condensation takes place and cumulous clouds are formed. With thunder and lightening, heavy rainfall takes place but this does not last for long.

Question 2.
What factors influence the process of condensation?
Answer:
Condensation is influenced by the volume of air, temperature, pressure and humidity. Condensation takes place:

• when the temperature of the air is reduced to dew point with its volume remaining constant;
• when both the volume and the temperature are reduced;
• when moisture is added to the air through evaporation.

Question 3 .
Name and define three important types of rainfall.
Answer:
On the basis of origin, rainfall may be classified into three main types:

1. The convectional rain
2. Orographic or relief rain and
3. Cyclonic or frontal rainfall

1. Convectional rain: The air on being heated, becomes light and rises up in convection currents. As it rises, it expands and loses heat and consequently, condensation takes place and cumulous clouds are formed. With thunder and lightening, heavy rainfall takes place but this does not last for long.
Such rain is common in the summer or in the hotter part of the day. It is very common in the equatorial regions and interior parts of the continents, particularly in the northern hemisphere.

2. Orographic rain: When the saturated air mass comes across a mountain, it is forced to ascend and as it rises, it expands; the temperature falls, and the moisture is condensed. In this sort of rain the windward slopes receive greater rainfall. After giving rain on the windward side, when these winds reach the other slope, they descend, and their temperature rises. Then their capacity to take in moisture increases and hence, these leeward slopes remain rainless and dry. The area situated on the leeward side, which gets less rainfall is known as the rain-shadow area. It is also known as the relief rain.

3. Cyclonic rainfall: These rains take place in low pressure areas where air moves from low pressure area to high pressure are a and this movement brings rainfall.

Question 4.
Explain the process of evaporation.
Answer:
Evaporation is a process by which water is transformed from liquid to gaseous state. Heat is the main cause for evaporation. The temperature at which the water starts evaporating is referred to as the latent heat of vapourisation. Increase in temperature increases water absorption and retention capacity of the given parcel of air. Similarly, if the moisture content is low, air has a potentiality of absorbing and retaining moisture. Movement of air replaces the saturated layer with the unsaturated layer. Hence, the greater the movement of air, the greater is the evaporation.

Question 5.
Explain cyclonic rain.
Answer:
Air expands when heated and gets compressed when cooled. This results in variations in the atmospheric pressure. The result is that it causes the movement of air from high pressure to low pressure, setting the air in motion. Air in horizontal motion is wind. Atmospheric pressure also determines when the air will rise or sink. The wind redistributes the heat and moisture across the planet, thereby, maintaining a constant temperature for the planet as a whole. The vertical rising of moist air cools it down to form the clouds and bring precipitation. It is called cyclonic rain.

Question 6.
Differentiate between
Answer:
(i) Precipitation and Condensation.

Basis	Precipitation	Condensation
Meaning	After the condensation of water vapour, the release of moisture is known as precipitation. This may take place in liquid or solid form.	The transformation of water vapour into water is called condensation. Condensation is caused by the loss of heat.
Sequence	Precipitation takes place after condensation.	Condensation takes place before precipitation.
Forms	It may take form of rainfall, snowfall, hailstorms, sleet etc.	It may take form of dew, smog, clouds, fog and mist etc.

(ii) Absolute humidity and Relative humidity.

Basis	Absolute Humidity	Relative Humidity
Meaning	The actual amount of the water vapour present in the atmosphere is known as the absolute humidity.	The percentage of moisture present in the atmosphere as compared to its full capacity at a given temperature is known as the relative humidity.
Unit	It is the weight of water vapour per unit volume of air and is expressed in terms of grams per cubic metre.	It is measured in percentage and hence is unit free.

(iii) Convection rain and Relief rain.

Basis	Convection Rain	Relief Rain
Meaning	The, air on being heated, becomes light and rises up in convection currents. As it rises, it expands and loses heat and consequently, condensation takes place and cumulous clouds are formed. With thunder and lightening, heavy rainfall takes place but this does not last for long.	When the saturated air mass comes across a mountain, it is forced to ascend and as it rises, it expands; the temperature falls, and the moisture is condensed. In this sort of rain is that the windward slopes receive greater rainfall. After giving rain on the windward side, when these winds reach the other slope, they descend, and their temperature rises. Then their capacity to take in moisture increases and hence, these leeward slopes remain rainless and dry.
Timing	Such rain is common in the summer or in the hotter part of the day.	Such rain is common in winters.
Prevalent	It is very common in the equatorial regions and interior parts of the continents, particularly in the northern hemisphere.	It is very common in terrestrial regions.

(iv) Fog and Mist.

Basis	Fog	Mist
Meaning	Fogs are drier than mist.	The mist contains more moisture than the fog.
Prevalent	They are prevalent where warm currents of air come in contact with cold currents.	Mists are frequent over mountains as the warm air rising up the slopes meets a cold surface.
Structure	In mist each nuclei contains a thicker layer of moisture.	Fogs are mini clouds in which condensation takes place around nuclei provided by the dust, smoke, and the salt particles.

Question 7.
Explain about condensation in detail.
Answer:
1. Meaning: The transformation of water vapour into water is called condensation. Cause: Condensation is caused by the loss of heat.

2. Sublimation: When moist air is cooled, it may reach a level when its capacity to hold water vapour ceases. Then, the excess water vapour condenses into liquid form. If it directly condenses into solid form, it is known as sublimation.

3. Process: In free air, condensation results from cooling around very small particles termed as hygroscopic condensation nuclei. Particles of dust, smoke and salt from the ocean are particularly good nuclei because they absorb water. Condensation also takes place when the moist air comes in contact with some colder object and it may also take place when the temperature is close to the dew point. Condensation, therefore, depends upon the amount of cooling and the relative humidity of the air.

Factors affecting condensation:

• When the temperature of the air is reduced to dew point with its volume remaining constant;
• When both the volume and the temperature are reduced;
• When moisture is added to the air through evaporation.

However, the most favourable condition for condensation is the decrease in air temperature. After condensation the water vapour or the moisture in the atmosphere takes form of dew, frost, fog and clouds.

Question 8.
Explain about fog and mist.
Answer:
When the temperature of an air mass containing a large quantity of water vapour falls all of a sudden, condensation takes place within itself on fine dust particles. So, the fog is a cloud with its base at or very near to the ground.

• Because of the fog and mist, the visibility becomes poor to zero. In urban and industrial centres smoke provides plenty of nuclei which help in the formation of fog and mist.
• Such a condition when fog is mixed with smoke, is described as smog.
• The only difference between the mist and fog is that mist contains more moisture than the fog.
• In mist each nuceli contains a thicker layer of moisture. Mists are frequent over mountains as the warm air rises up the slopes and meets a cold surface.
• Fogs are drier than mist and they are prevalent where warm currents of air come in contact with cold currents. Fogs are mini clouds in which condensation takes place around nuclei provided by the dust, smoke, and the salt particles.

Question 9.
On the basis of rainfall received, in how many groups can we classify the world?
Answer:
On the basis of rainfall received, we can classify the world into five groups.

1. The equatorial belt, the windward slopes of the mountains along the western coasts in the cool temperate zone and the coastal areas of the monsoon land receive heavy rainfall of over 200 cm per annum.
2. Interior continental areas receive moderate rainfall varying from 100 – 200 cm per annum.
3. The coastal areas of the continents receive moderate amount of rainfall.
4. The central parts of the tropical land and the eastern and interior parts of the temperate lands receive rainfall varying between 50-100 cm per annum.
5. Areas lying in the rain shadow zone of the interior of the continents and high latitudes receive very low rainfall-less than 50 cm per annum.

Question 10.
Use a diagram to explain the process of evaporation.
Answer:
Evaporation is a process by which water is transformed from liquid to gaseous state. Heat is the main cause for evaporation. Movement of air replaces the saturated layer with the unsaturated layer. Hence, the greater the movement of air, the greater is the evaporation.

In This Post we are  providing  CHAPTER 8 COMPOSITION AND STRUCTURE OF ATMOSPHERE NCERT MOST IMPORTANT QUESTION for Class 11 GEOGRAPHY which will be beneficial for students. These solutions are updated according to 2021-22 syllabus. These MCQS  can be really helpful in the preparation of Board exams and will provide you with a brief knowledge of the chapter.

NCERT MOST IMPORTANT QUESTION ON COMPOSITION AND STRUCTURE OF ATMOSPHERE

Question 1.
Why are the vapour and dust particles important variables of weather and climate?
Answer:
The water vapour and dust particles are important variables of weather and climate because they are the source of all forms of condensation and principal absorbers of heat received from the sun or radiated from the earth. Besides, they affect the stability of the atmosphere.

Question 2.
What is meant by a normal lapse rate?
Answer:
The temperature decreases with altitude because the atmosphere is heated more by the heat radiated from the earth’s surface. Wanner air lying under the cooler air goes up or turns downward. In this layer, the temperature decreases vertically at a rate of 0.65°C per 100 metres. It is called the normal lapse rate.

Question 3.
What is homosphere?
Answer:
The atmospheric layer up to an altitude of 90 km. above the surface of the earth is generally called homosphere. It is uniform in term of these major gases – nitrogen, oxygen and argon. In addition, it also contains some rare gases like neon, krypton and xenon.

Question 4.
Name the gases and other materials which compose the atmosphere.
Answer:
Nitrogen, oxygen and argon are the most important gases of the atmosphere. In addition, it contains gases like carbon dioxide, neon, helium, ozone, hydrogen, methane, krypton and xenon. Besides, there are also present huge amounts of solid and liquid particles collectively called aerosols.

Question 5.
Discuss the properties of nitrogen gas.
Answer:
Nitrogen is the most abundant gas of the atmosphere. By volume, it constitutes 78.8% of the total gases present in the atmosphere. Nitrogen does not easily enter into chemical union with other substances but gets fixed into the soil. It serves mainly as diluent or dissolver. It regulates combustion.

Question 6.
Distinguish between troposphere and stratosphere.
Answer:

Troposphere	Stratosphere
(1) It is the lowermost layer of the atmosphere.	(1) It is the second layer of the atmosphere above the earth.
(2) Its height varies from 10-18 km. at the equator.	(2) Its height is up to 50 km.
(3) Temperature decreases at the rate of 1 °C per 165 metres in this layer.	(3) In this layer temperature is very low and fairly constant.
(4) It is the zone of convection currents of the atmosphere.	(4) It is a zone of non-convection currents of the atmosphere.
(5) Water vapour, dust particles, clouds are found in this layer.	(5) There is no water vapour but dust particles and clouds are found.
(6) Atmospheric processes occur in this layer.	(6) This zone is free from atmospheric disturbances.

Question 7.
What is the difference between condensation and precipitation?
Answer:
Condensation is the physical process of the transition of a substance from the vapour to the liquid state, e.g., as a result of cooling or increase of pressure. It occurs in the atmosphere when the air is saturated or when it is cool. Thus, the change of state of the moisture from invisible water vapour to visible liquid (water) or solid (ice or snow ) state is known n as condensation. It is opposite of evaporation.

Precipitation, on the other hand, means ‘throwing down of moisture’. Continuous condensation in the body of the air helps the water droplets to grow in size so that the resistance of the air fails to keep them suspended. In such cases, only an ascending air current can keep them floating in the air. In the absence of such a current, the products of condensation begin to fall on the earth’s surface. The process whereby the water vapour first condenses in the air and then falls on to the earth is called precipitation.

Question 8.
Discuss the principal elements of weather and climate and the major climatic controls.
Answer:
The principal elements of weather and climate are temperature precipitation, moisture, pressure and winds. These are called elements because they are the ingredients out of which various weather and climate types are compounded. The temperature and precipitation are the main basic elements to which pressure, winds and other elements are related.

Temperature expresses the intensity of heat. Practically all the heat energy on the earth is the result of insulation or the increasing solar radiation. Unequal distribution of temperature over the earth’s surface causes differences in atmospheric pressure, which causes winds.

Higher the temperature, the greater is the capacity’ of air to hold moisture on cooling. The air is not able to retain all the moisture it gathers while warm. This leads to condensation and precipitation.

Thus, the temperature is the basic element on which other elements of climate depend.

The climatic controls are :
Latitude (or sun), distribution of land and water, the great semi¬permanent high and low-pressure belts, winds, altitude, mountain barriers, ocean currents and storms of various kinds.

Question 9.
Define the atmosphere. Explain its importance to human life.
Answer:
The atmosphere is a mixture of air and various gases which envelopes the earth all around. It represents the gaseous realm of the earth. It is held to the earth by the force of gravity.

Importance of atmosphere:

1. It contains gases like oxygen (essential for breathing) for man and animals and carbon dioxide for plants.
2. By trapping the heat, it acts as a greenhouse. It keeps the earth
   warm.
3. One of its layer, the ionosphere, reflects radio waves back to the earth and makes radio communication possible.
4. It protects us from the deadly cosmic rays and meteors which are continuously showered on the earth from outer space.
5. All the weather phenomenon take place in the atmosphere. Presence of water vapour in the atmosphere brings many changes such as condensation and precipitation. These processes influence the human life, plants and animals.
6. It absorbs ultraviolet rays.
7. It acts as an air conditioner by moderating the extremes of heat ‘ and cold.
8. It is a storehouse of water vapour.

Question 10.
Discuss the proportion of the constituent gases of the atmosphere.
Answer:
The atmosphere is a mixture of various gases. It includes :
Nitrogen (N,), Oxygen (O,), Argon (Ar), Carbon dioxide (CO,), Neon (Ne), Helium (He), Ozone (O,), Hydrogen (H), Methane (CH4), Krypton (Kr) and Xenon (Xe).

Nitrogen (N2): It is a colourless, odourless gas, the main constituent (i.e. 78.8% by volume) of the atmosphere. It is an essential constituent of living organisms. It is an important element for plants.

Oxygen (O,): Constitutes 20.94% of the total volume of the atmosphere. It is the second most abundant gas. It is essential to plant and animal life.

Argon (Ar): It constitutes one per cent volume of the total atmosphere. It is an inert gas, does not take part in any chemical reaction.

Carbon dioxide: It constitutes a very small amount (0.03%). It is an important gas in the atmospheric process. It can absorb heat and thus allows the lower atmosphere to be warmed up by heat radiation from the sun and from the earth’s surface. Green plants in the process of photosynthesis utilise carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.

Neon (Ne): Neon is an inert gaseous element occurring in’ trivial quantities (0.0018%) in the atmosphere.

Helium (He): It exists primarily in the sun’s atmosphere. It is an inert element of the atmosphere.

Ozone (03): It is an allotropic form of oxygen (02). Its main concentration lies between 20 to 25 km. from the earth’s surface.

Hydrogen (H): It is the lightest element. It is gaseous and inflammable. It is used in many chemical processes.

NCERT MCQ ON Balance of Payment:

Q1. Balance of Payments of a country is a statement that records:-

a) Sources of Foreign Exchange
b) Uses of Foreign Exchange
c) Both a) and b)
d) None of the above

Ans:- c)
Explanation:- Balance of Payments is an accounting statement that records the foreign exchange transactions of a country with the rest of the world

Q2. The categories of transactions that are included in current account of Balance of Payments are:-

a) Exports and imports of goods
b) (a) + Exports and Imports of services
c) (b) + Income from and to abroad
d) (c) + Transfers from and to abroad

Ans – d)
Explanation:- Current Account of BoP records 1) export and imports of goods, services, income from and to abroad, unilateral transfers from and to abroad

Q3. Balance of Trade equals:-

a) Exports less imports
b) Exports of goods less imports of goods
c) Exports of services less imports of services
d) None of the aboveShow Answer

Ans – b)
Explanation:- Balance of Trade is the part of Current account of BoP. It is the differnce between Export and Import of physical goods

Q4. The categories of transactions that are included in the capital account of the Balance of Payments are:-

a) Investments from and to abroad
b) Borrowings and lendings from and to abroad
c) Changes in foreign exchange reserves
d) All the above

Ans – d)
Explanation:- Capital account of BoP records the financial transactions of a country in foreign exchange with the rest of the world that changes assets and liabilities status of a country. It includes three transactions. 1) Investments from and to abroad, 2) Borrowings and lendings from and to abroad, 3) Changes in foreign exchange reserves.

Q5. The measurement of Balance of Payments deficit is based on:-

a) Autonomous transactions
b) Accommodating transactions
c) Current account transactions
d) Capital account transactions

Ans – a)
Explanation:- Autonomous transactions are done for profit motive. Such transactions are the main cause of deficit in BoP.

Q6. Choose the correct statement from given below:

a) Balance of trade records the exports and imports of invisible items.
b) A surplus in BoT can rectify the deficit in Bop.
c) Accommodating items are only recorded in the capital account of the BOP.
d) Import of machinery will be recorded in the capital account of BoP.

Ans – c)
Explanation:- Accommodating transactionsa are only recorded in Capital Account. Main motive of such transactions are to settle the surplus and deficit of BoP due to autonomous transactions.

Q7.Choose the correct statement from given below.

a) Balance of Trade is a component of the capital account of Balance of Payments.
b) Floating exchange rate is used to stabilize the price of foreign currency.
c) Increase in the supply of foreign exchange results in a fall in its price
d) Rise in the exchange rate leads to the revaluation of the currency.

Ans – c)
Explanation:- Higher is the supply of foreign exchange, lesser is the foreign exchange rate.

Q8. Current accounts records all payments to rest of the world as_________and all receipts from rest of the world as______

a) Credit, Debit
b) Debit, Credit
c) Debit, Debit
d) Credit, CreditShow Answer

Ans – b)
Explanation:- Foreign exchange inflow is recorded on the credit side. The outflow of foreign exchange is recorded at the debit side of the BoP.

Q9. Balance on invisible trade is equal to

a) Export of goods – Import of goods
b) Export of services – Import of services
c) Import of goods – Export of goods
d) Import of services – Export of goods

Ans – b)
Explanation:- Invisible trade means trade of intangible goods like services

Q10. If value of visible exports is greater than the value of invisible imports, the balance relates to

a) Current account Bop
b) Trade Deficit
c) Capital account BoP
d) Can’t be determinedr

Ans – d)
Explanation:- Only visible exports are compared with visible imports and invisible exports are compared to invisible imports.

Q11. Balance of trade is a__________concept as compared to balance of payments.

a) narrower
b) broader
c) similar
d) None of the above

Ans – a)

Explanation:- Balance of trade is the difference between exports and imports of visible goods. It is just a part of current account

Q12. If trade deficit is ₹ 1500 crores and import of goods are ₹ 3500 crores, value of export of goods will be ₹ 2000 crores?

a) True
b) False
c) Partially true
d) Can’t be predicted

Ans – a)

Explanation:- Trade deficit = Imports of goods – Exports of goods

Q13. Trade deficit refers to the situation where

a) Export of goods is more than the import of goods
b) export of goods is less than the import of goods
c) export of services is more than the import of services
d) export of services is less than the import of services

Ans – b)

Explanation:- When exports of goods is less than the imports of goods. it is the situation of Trade Deficit.

Q14. Uni-lateral transfers are included in

a) current account Bop
b) capital account Bop
c) Both a) and b)
d) None of these

Ans – a)

Explanation:- Unilateral transfers are the part of invisible sections of Current account of BoP.

Q15. An Indian real estate company received rent from google in New York. This transaction would be recorded on____________side of_____________account.

a) credit, current
b) debit, capital
c) credit, capital
d) debit, current

Ans – a)

Explanation:- It is an income out of Investment. It is recorded as income receipts at credit side under invisible trade in current account

Q16. A company located in India receives a loan from a company located abroad. How is this
transaction recorded in India’s Balance of Payments Account?

a) Credit side of current account
b) Debit side of current account
c) Credit side of Capital account
d) Debit side of Capital account

Ans – c)

Explanation:- It is financial transaction and increases the liabilities

Q17. An Indian Company located in India invests in a company located abroad. This transaction is entered in India’s Balance of Payments Account on:-

a) Credit side of current account
b) Debit side of current account
c) Credit side of Capital account
d) Debit side of Capital account

Ans – d)

Explanation:- It is financial transaction and increases the assets of a country in rest of the world and results in outflow of foreign exchange

Q18. Foreign Exchange Transactions which are independent of other transactions in the Balance
of Payments Account are called:

a) Current transactions
b) Capital transactions
c) Autonomous transactions
d) Accommodating transactions

Ans – c)

Explanation:- Autonomous transactions are the transactions that are not influenced by other foreign exchange transactions. For example an Indian company wants to invest in USA rest state market.

Q19. Foreign Exchange Transactions dependent on other Foreign Exchange Transactions are called:

a) Current account transactions
b) Capital account transactions
c) Autonomous transactions
d) Accommodating transactions

Ans – d)

Explanation:- Accommodating transactions are those that are undertaken as a consequence of the autonomous transactions

Q20. Which of the following statements is not true?

a) Borrowings from the Asia Development Bank by the government is an accommodating
transaction.
b) Loans given to Sri Lanka by the government are an accommodating transaction.
c) Buying of machinery from Japan is an accommodating transaction
d) Borrowing from the public is an accommodating transaction.

Ans – c)

Explanation:- Autonomous items refers to those Balance of Payment (BoP0 transactions which are undertaken for profit.

Q21. Who out of the following is included in “Residents” in BoP transactions?

a) Firms
b) Foreign military personnel
c) Government agencies
d) Individuals

Ans – a),c),d)

Explanation:- Here residents means normal residents who has economic interest in the country

Q22. An accounting statement that provides a systematic record of all the economic transactions, between residents of a country and the rest of the world is________

a) Balance of Payments
b) Balance of Trade
c) Government Budget
d) None of these

Ans – a)

Explanation:- BoP is the accounting statement that records the foreign exchange transactions of a country with the rest of the world.

Q23. Balance of Payments is a___________Concept.

a) Stock
b) Flow
c) Both a) and b)
d) Neither a) nor b)

Ans – b)

Explanation:- BoP is prepared for a fiscal (accounting) year for 12 months.

Q24. Inflow of foreign exchange is recorded on the_________side.

a) Credit
b) Debit
c) Either a) or b)
d) Neither a) nor b)

Ans – a),c),d)

Explanation:- Credit side of BoP records the inflow of foreign exchagne.

Q25. When receipts of foreign exchange are more than payments of foreign exchange, BOP is:

a) Balanced
b) Surplus
c) Deficit
d) None of these

Ans – b),c),d)

Explanation:- When receipts of foreign exchange are more than payments. BoP results in surplus.

Q26. Unilateral Transfers are also known as:

a) Bilateral Transfers
b) One-way Transfers
c) Unrequited Transfers
d) Neither a) nor b)

Ans – b)

Explanation:- Unilateral transfers are one way transactions. where one person does not receive anyting in return from another person.

Q27. Balance on ‘Balance of Trade’ can be:

a) Surplus
b) Balanced
c) Deficit
d) Either a) or b) or c)

Ans – d)

Explanation:- Balance of trade is the difference between exports of goods and imports of goods. exports can be more, less and equal to imports of goods

Q28. Which of the following is a component of the Balance of Payment?

a) Current Account
b) Capital Account
c) Nominal Account
d) Real Account

Ans – a),b)

Explanation:-

Q29. Export and import of goods is also known as:

a) Indivisible Trade
b) Visible Trade
c) One-sided Transactions
d) Unrequited transfers

Ans – b)

Explanation:-

Q30. __________refers to the difference between exports and imports of visible items.

a) Balance of Payments
b) Balance of Trade
c) Both a) and b)
d) Neither a) nor b)

Ans – b)

Q31. Autonomous transactions take place on

a) Real Account
b) Capital Account
c) Current Account
d) None of these

Ans – b), c)

Explanation:-

Q32. ____________transactions are undertaken to cover the deficit or surplus in autonomous transactions.

a) current account
b) current account
c) Accommodating
d) None of these

Ans – c)

Explanation:-

Q33. ________is the difference between value of goods sold to the rest of the world and value of goods imported from rest of the world.

a) Balance of Payment
b) Balance of trade
c) Balance of current account
d) Balance of capital account

Ans – b)

Explanation:-

Q34. Gifts and remittances to abroad are recorded on the:

a) Credit side of current Account
b) Debit side of Capital Account
c) Debit side of current Account
d) Credi side of Capital Account

Ans – c)

Q35. Export of the Machinery recorded on the:

a) Debit side of Current Account
b) Credit side of Current Account
c) Credit side of Capital Account
d) Debit side of capital Account

Ans – b)

Q36. Surplus in BoP arises when

a) Autonomous Payments > Autonomous Receipts
b) Accommodating Receipts > Accommodating Payments
c) Accommodating Payments > Accommodating Receipts
d) Autonomous Receipts > Autonomous Payments

Ans – d)

Q37. Balance of Trade is also known as:

a) Balance of Visible Trade
b) Balance of Payments
c) Trade Balance
d) None of these

Ans – a)

Explanation:-

Q38. Import of Machinery is recorded in the_________Account and ‘Borrowings from abroad’ is recorded in the______Account.

a) Current, Capital
b) Capital, Current
c) Capital, Capital
d) Current, Current

Ans – a)

Explanation:-

Q39. Foreign Exchange transactions are dependent on other foreign exchange transactions are called:

a) Current Account Transactions
b) Capital Account Transactions
c) Autonomous Transactions
d) Accommodating Transaction

Ans – d)

Explanation:-

Q40. Foreign Exchange transactions which are independent of other transactions in the Balance of Payments Account are called:

a) Current Transactions
b) Capital Transactions
c) Autonomous Transactions
d) Accommodating Transactions

Ans – c)