NCERT Solutions for Class 10 civics Chapter 5 Popular Struggles and Movements
NCERT Solutions for Class 10 will help the students in learning complex topics and problems in an easy way. Class 10 Social Science NCERT Solutions will help students in understanding the topics in most simple manner and grasp it easily to perform better. You can study in an organized manner and set a good foundation for your future goals.
Page No: 69
Exercises
1. In what ways do pressure groups and movements exert influence on politics?
Answer
Pressure groups and movements exert influence on politics in a variety of ways. → They try to gain public support and sympathy for their cause by carrying out information campaigns, organising meetings, filing petitions, etc. → By organising strikes and disruptions, they seek to make the government take note of their demands. → They also influence decision-making by lobbying. → The issues raised by them often influence the policies of political parties.
2. Describe the forms of relationship between pressure groups and political parties?
Answer
The relationship between political parties and pressure groups can take different forms. → Pressure groups are often formed and led by politicians and political parties. Most trade unions and students’ organisations in India are either established by, or affiliated to one or the other major political party. → Political parties sometimes grow out of movements. Parties like DMK and AIADMK were formed this way. → Many a times, the issues raised by pressure or movement groups are taken up by political parties, leading to a change in the policies of the parties.
3. Explain how the activities of pressure groups are useful in the functioning of a democratic government.
Answer
Pressure groups help in the deepening of democracy. As long as everyone gets the opportunity, putting pressure on the rulers is not an unhealthy activity in a democracy. Governments can often come under undue pressure from a small group of rich and powerful people. Pressure groups perform a useful role of countering this undue influence of reminding the government of the needs and concerns of ordinary citizens.
4. What is a pressure group? Give a few examples.
Answer
A pressure group is an organisation which attempts to influence government policies through protests and demonstrations. Pressure groups are formed when people with similar opinions get together for similar objectives. Examples of pressure groups are FEDECOR and BAMCEF.
5. What is the difference between a pressure group and a political party?
Answer
A pressure group is an organised or an unorganised body that tries to promote its interests. They fight and try to achieve a common objective. Political parties contest elections because their aim is to achieve political power. They have more than one interests, they have their own ideology. They represent various interests and have their own way of achieving their aims.
6. Organisations that undertake activities to promote the interests of specific social sections such as workers, employees, teachers, and lawyers are called _____________ groups.
Answer
sectional interest
7. Which among the following is the special feature that distinguishes a pressure group from a political party? (a) Parties take political stances, while pressure groups do not bother about political issues. (b) Pressure groups are confined to a few people, while parties involve larger number of people. (c) Pressure groups do not seek to get into power, while political parties do. (d) Pressure groups do not seek to mobilise people, while parties do.
Answer
(c) Pressure groups do not seek to get into power, while political parties do.
8. Match List I (organisations and struggles) with List II and select the correct answer using the codes given below the lists:
List I
List II
1.
Organisations that seek to promote the interests of a particular section or group
Α.
Movement
2.
Organisations that seek to promote common interest
Β.
Political parties
3.
Struggles launched for the resolution of a social problem with or without an organisational structure
C.
Sectional interest groups
4.
Organisations that mobilise people with a view to win political power
D.
Public interest groups
1
2
3
4
(a)
C
D
B
A
(b)
C
D
A
B
(c)
D
C
B
A
(d)
B
C
D
A
Answer
1
2
3
4
(b)
C
D
A
B
Page No: 70
9. Match List I with list II and select the correct answer using the codes given below the lists:
List I
List II
1.
Pressure group
Α.
Narmada Bachao Andolan
2.
Long-term movement
Β.
Asom Gana Parishad
3.
Single issue movement
C.
Women’s Movement
4.
Political party
D.
Fertilizer dealers’ association
1
2
3
4
(a)
D
C
A
B
(b)
B
A
D
C
(c)
C
D
B
A
(d)
B
D
C
A
Answer
1
2
3
4
(a)
D
C
A
B
10. Consider the following statements about pressure groups and parties. A. Pressure groups are the organised expression of the interests and views of specific social sections. B. Pressure groups take positions on political issues. C. All pressure groups are political parties. Which of the statements given above are correct? (a) A, B and C (b) A and B (c) B and C (d) A and C
NCERT Solutions for Class 10 civics Chapter 4 Gender, Religion and Caste
NCERT Solutions for Class 10 will help the students in learning complex topics and problems in an easy way. Class 10 Social Science NCERT Solutions will help students in understanding the topics in most simple manner and grasp it easily to perform better. You can study in an organized manner and set a good foundation for your future goals.
Page No: 55
Exercises
1. Mention different aspects of life in which women are discriminated or disadvantaged in India.
Answer
In India, women are discriminated and disadvantaged in the following ways: → They are not provided adequate education. Thus, the literacy rate among women is just 54%. → Most of the labour done by them is unpaid. Where they are paid for their work, they receive lesser wages than men. → Due to the preference for the boy child, female foeticide is practiced in many parts of the country.
2. State different forms of communal politics with one example each. Answer Different forms of communal politics: → The expression of communal superiority in everyday beliefs Militant religious groups are a good example of this. → The desire to form a majoritarian dominance or a separate state Separatist leaders and political parties in Jammu and Kashmir and Central India are an example of this. → The use of religious symbols and leaders in politics to appeal to the voters This technique is applied by many politicians to influence voters from the two largest religious communities in the country. → In addition to all this, communal politics can take the form of communal violence and riots, like the riots in Gujarat in 2002.
3. State how caste inequalities are still continuing in India. Answer Caste has not disappeared from contemporary India. → Even now most people marry within their own caste or tribe. → Untouchability has not ended completely despite constitutional prohibition. → Effects of centuries of advantages and disadvantages continue to be felt today, e.g., Caste continues to be closely linked to economic status.
4. State two reasons to say that caste alone cannot determine election results in India.
Answer
Caste alone cannot determine election results in India because: → No parliamentary constituency has a clear majority of one single caste. → No party wins all the votes of a particular caste.
5. What is the status of women’s representation in India’s legislative bodies?
Answer
When it comes to representation of women in legislative bodies, India is among the bottom group of nations in the world. Women’s representation has always been less than 10% in Lok Sabha and 5% in the State Assemblies. On the other hand, the situation is different in the case of local government bodies. As one-third of seats in local government bodies (panchayats and municipalities) is reserved for women, there are more than 10 lakh elected women representatives in rural and urban local bodies.
6. Mention any two constitutional provisions that make India a secular state.
Answer
Two constitutional provisions that make India a secular state are: → Freedom to practice, profess and propagate the religion of one’s choice. → The Constitution prohibits discrimination on grounds of religion.
7. When we speak of gender divisions, we usually refer to: (a) Biological difference between men and women (b) Unequal roles assigned by the society to men and women (c) Unequal child sex ratio (d) Absence of voting rights for women in democracies
Answer
(b) Unequal roles assigned by the society to men and women
8. In India seats are reserved for women in (a) Lok Sabha (b) State Legislative Assemblies (c) Cabinets (d) Panchayati Raj bodies
Answer
(d) Panchayati Raj bodies
9. Consider the following statements on the meaning of communal politics. Communal politics is based on the belief that: A. One religion is superior to that of others. B. People belonging to different religions can live together happily as equal citizens. Followers of a particular religion constitute one community. D. State power cannot be used to establish the domination of one religious group over others. Which of the statements is/are correct? (a) A, B, C and D (b) A, B and D (c) A and C (d) B and D
Answer
(c) A and C
10. Which among the following statements about India’s Constitution is wrong? It (a) prohibits discrimination on grounds of religion (b) gives official status to one religion (c) provides to all individuals freedom to profess any religion (d) ensures equality of citizens within religious communities
Answer
(b) gives official status to one religion
11. Social divisions based on ______________ are peculiar to India.
Answer
caste
Page No: 56
12. Match List I with List II and select the correct answer using the codes given below the Lists:
List I
List II
1.
A person who believes in equal rights and opportunities for women and men
Α.
Communalist
2.
A person who says that religion is the principal basis of community
Β.
Feminist
3.
A person who thinks that caste is the principal basis of community
C.
Secularist
4.
A person who does not discriminate others on the basis of religious beliefs
NCERT Solutions for Class 10 civics Chapter 3 Democracy and Diversity
NCERT Solutions for Class 10 will help the students in learning complex topics and problems in an easy way. Class 10 Social Science NCERT Solutions will help students in understanding the topics in most simple manner and grasp it easily to perform better. You can study in an organized manner and set a good foundation for your future goals.
Page No: 37
Exercises
1. Discuss three factors that determine the outcomes of politics of social divisions.
Answer
Three factors which determine the outcomes of politics of social divisions: → The people’s perception of their identities: When this is singular, the accommodation of other identities becomes difficult. → Representation of a community by political leaders: While representing a community, if politicians raise demands that are constitutional, then it is easier to accommodate those demands. → The government’s reaction: If the reasonable demands of a community are suppressed by the government, then it leads to social divisions, which in turn threaten the integrity of the country.
2. When does a social difference become a social division? Answer A social difference becomes a social division when it overlaps with some other social difference. For example, the Whites were rich and powerful and the Blacks were poor and homeless and discriminated against. When one kind of social difference becomes more important than the other, then it leads to division.
3. How do social divisions affect politics? Give two examples. Answer In politics, there is competition between political parties. If these political parties use this competition in support of some social divisions, it can lead to political divisions. This can lead to conflict, violence or even disintegration of a country. → One example is of Northern Ireland where religious divisions led to ethno-political conflict. Two major sects of Christianity : 53% Protestants and 44% Catholics dominate the country. The Catholics wanted Northern Ireland to join the Republic of Ireland and the Protestants wanted to remain with UK. This led to years of violence where thousands were killed. Only in 1998, peace returned when the UK government and the Nationalists reached a peace treaty and stopped all violence. → The second example is of Yugoslavia where the political parties refused to accommodate each other. Each ethno-religious group wanted to dominate the other. Result – disintegration of Yugoslavia into seven independent countries.
4. ________________ social differences create possibilities of deep social divisions and tensions. ________________ social differences do not usually lead to conflicts.
Answer
Overlapping social differences create possibilities of deep social divisions and tensions. Cross cutting social differences do not usually lead to conflicts.
Page No. 38
5. In dealing with social divisions which one of the following statements is NOT correct about democracy? (a) Due to political competition in a democracy, social divisions get reflected in politics. (b) In a democracy it is possible for communities to voice their grievances in a peaceful manner. (c) Democracy is the best way to accommodate social diversity. (d) Democracy always leads to disintegration of society on the basis of social divisions.
Answer
(d) Democracy always leads to disintegration of society on the basis of social divisions.
6. Consider the following three statements. A. Social divisions take place when social differences overlap. B. It is possible that a person can have multiple identities. C. Social divisions exist in only big countries like India. Which of the statements is/are correct? (a) A, B and C (b) A and B (c) B and C (d) Only C
Answer
(b) A and B
7. Arrange the following statements in a logical sequence and select the right answers by using the code given below. A. But all political expression of social divisions need not be always dangerous. B. Social divisions of one kind or the other exist in most countries. C. Parties try to win political support by appealing to social divisions. D. Some social differences may result in social divisions. (a) D, B, C, A (b) D, B, A, C (c) D, A, C, B (d) A, B, C, D
Answer
(a) D, B, C, A
8. Among the following, which country suffered disintegration due to political fights on the basis of religious and ethnic identities? (a) Belgium (b) India (c) Yugoslavia (d) Netherlands
Answer
(c) Yugoslavia
9. Read the following passage from a famous speech by Martin Luther king Jr. in 1963. Which social division is he talking about? What are his aspirations and anxieties? Do you see a relationship between this speech and the incident in Mexico Olympics mentioned in this chapter? “I have a dream that my four little children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the colour of their skin but by the content of their character. Let freedom ring – when we let it ring from every village and every hamlet, from every state and every city, we will be able to speed up that day when all of God’s children – back men and white men, Jews and Gentiles, Protestants and Catholics – will be able to join hands and sing in the words of the old Negro spiritual: ‘Free at last! Free at last! Thank God Almighty, we are free at last!’ I have a dream that one day this nation will rise up and live out the true meaning of its creed: ‘we hold these truths to be self-evident: that all men are created equal’.”
Answer There is mention of racial discrimination in the speech of Martine Luther King Jr in USA. He is referring to the segregation policies adopted by the Whites towards the Coloured people. He aspires for a country where there will be security for all; where racial abuse will not occur; and where everyone will be treated as equal irrespective of the colour of their skin. This speech and the incident at the Mexico Olympics are both part of a movement that wanted to highlight the plight of the African-American people.
NCERT Solutions for Class 10 civics Chapter 2 Federalism
NCERT Solutions for Class 10 will help the students in learning complex topics and problems in an easy way. Class 10 Social Science NCERT Solutions will help students in understanding the topics in most simple manner and grasp it easily to perform better. You can study in an organized manner and set a good foundation for your future goals.
Page No: 27
Exercises
1. Locate the following States on a blank outline political map of India: Manipur, Sikkim, Chhattisgarh and Goa
Answer
2. Identify and shade three federal countries (other than India) on a blank outline political map of the world. Answer
3. Point out one feature in the practice of federalism in India that is similar to and one feature that is different from that of Belgium. Answer In India, just like in Belgium, the central government has to share its powers with the regional governments. However, unlike India, Belgium has a community government in addition to the central and the state government.
4. What is the main difference between a federal form of government and a unitary one? Explain with an example. Answer In a federal form of government, the central government shares its powers with the various constituent units of the country. For example, in India, power is divided between the government at the Centre and the various State governments. In a unitary form of government, all the power is exercised by only one government. For example, in Sri Lanka, the national government has all the powers.
5. State any two differences between the local government before and after the constitutional amendment in 1992.
Answer
Local governments Before 1992
Local governments After 1992
Elections were controlled by the state and not held regularly.
An independent State Election Commissionis responsible to conduct elections regularly.
Local governments did not have any powers or resources of their own.
The State governments are required to share some powers and revenue with local government bodies.
6. Fill in the blanks: Since the United States is a ____________________ type of federation, all the constituent States have equal powers and States are _______________ vis-à-vis the federal government. But India is a _________________ type of federation and some States have more power than others. In India, the ___________________ government has more powers.
Answer
Since the United States is a coming together type of federation, all the constituent States have equal powers and States are strong vis-à-vis the federal government. But India is a holding together type of federation and some States have more power than others. In India, the Central government has more powers.
7. Here are three reactions to the language policy followed in India. Give an argument and an example to support any of these positions. Sangeeta: The policy of accommodation has strengthened national unity. Arman: Language-based States have divided us by making everyone conscious of their language. Harish: This policy has only helped to consolidate the dominance of English over all other languages.
Answer
I agree with Sangeeta’s reaction. If the policy of accommodation was not followed, and states were not created on linguistic basis, there would have been further partition of India. For example, imposition of Hindi as the national language would have led the South to break away from the North and Tamil Nadu would have become an independent nation.
8. The distinguishing feature of a federal government is: (a) National government gives some powers to the provincial governments. (b) Power is distributed among the legislature, executive and judiciary. (c) Elected officials exercise supreme power in the government. (d) Governmental power is divided between different levels of government.
Answer
(d) Governmental power is divided between different levels of government.
9. A few subjects in various Lists of the Indian Constitution are given here. Group them under the Union, State and Concurrent Lists as provided in the table below. A. Defence B. Police C. Agriculture D. Education E. Banking F. ForestsG. Communications H. Trade I. Marriages
Union List
–
State List
–
Concurrent List
–
Answer
Union List
Defence, Banking, Communications
State List
Police, Agriculture, Trade
Concurrent List
Education, Forests, Marriages
Page No: 28
10. Examine the following pairs that give the level of government in India and the powers of the government at that level to make laws on the subjects mentioned against each. Which of the following pairs is not correctly matched?
(a)
State government
State List
(b)
Central government
Union List
(c)
Central and State government
Concurrent List
(d)
Local governments
Residuary powers
Answer
(d)
Local governments
Residuary powers
11. Match List I with List II and select the correct answer using the codes given below the lists:
List I
List II
1. Union of India
A. Prime Minister
2. State
Β. Sarpanch
3. Municipal
C. Governor
4. Gram Panchayat
D. Mayor
1
2
3
4
(a)
D
A
B
C
(b)
B
C
D
A
(c)
A
C
D
B
(d)
C
D
A
B
Answer
1
2
3
4
(c)
A
C
D
B
12. Consider the following statements. A. In a federation the powers of the federal and provincial governments are clearly demarcated. B. India is a federation because the powers of the Union and State Governments are specified in the Constitution and they have exclusive jurisdiction on their respective subjects. C. Sri Lanka is a federation because the country is divided into provinces. D. India is no longer a federation because some powers of the states have been devolved to the local government bodies. Which of the statements given above are correct? (a) A, B and C (b) A, C and D (c) A and B only (d) B and C only
NCERT Solutions for Class 10 civics Chapter 1 Power sharing
NCERT Solutions for Class 10 will help the students in learning complex topics and problems in an easy way. Class 10 Social Science NCERT Solutions will help students in understanding the topics in most simple manner and grasp it easily to perform better. You can study in an organized manner and set a good foundation for your future goals.
Page No: 2
1. I have a simple equation in mind. Sharing power = dividing power = weakening the country. Why do we start by talking of this?Answer Sharing of power does not always mean weakening the country. Sometimes, it may create the problem by delaying decisions which are for the welfare of the people but many times it creates the possibilities of better decision making.→ It ensures that people coming from different spheres have ‘say’ in the government.→ It also ensures that maximum people can participate in the government making decision more democratic.→ It also helps in reducing conflict between different social groups hence, make country more powerful. Page No: 4 1. What’s wrong if the majority community rules? If Sinhalas don’t rule in Sri Lanka, where else will they rule? Answer Ruling by the majority does not mean oppression of the minority. Sinhalas which are in majority and in government in Sri Lanka disregarding the wishes and needs of the minority. In modern era, oppression is not morally correct to be in power. Democracy works on the majority of opinion, not by major community. A democratically elected government must be sensible to the people’s demands and protect citizen’s basic rights. Page No. 9 1. In my school, the class monitor changes every month. Is that what you call a power sharing arrangement? Answer This is not power sharing arrangement as the class monitor has all the power at a time and this power is shifted to another in next month. There is no check on his/her power. The power must be shared among others which is an important feature of power sharing. Page No: 10
Exercises
1. What are the different forms of power sharing in modern democracies? Give an example of each of these.
Answer
The different forms of power sharing in modern democracies are:
→ Horizontal Distribution of Power: The power is shared among the different organs of government, such as the legislature, executive and judiciary. Example: The distribution of power between Indian Parliament (legislature), the council of ministers headed by chief ministers (executive) and Courts of India. → Vertical Distribution of Power: The power is shared among governments at different levels– a general government for the entire country and governments at the provincial or regional level. Example: In India, power is shared among Central government, State government and local governments. → Distribution of Power among different Social Groups: Power may also be shared among different social groups such as the religious and linguistic groups.Example: ‘Community Government’ in Belgium.
→ Distribution of Power among Political Parties, Pressure Groups and Movements: Political Parties, Pressure Groups and Movements control or influence those who are in power. Different political parties contest elections for power which ensures that power does not remain in one hand and shared among different political parties that represent different ideologies and social groups. Pressure groups and movements influence the decision making process.
2. State one prudential reason and one moral reason for power sharing with an example from the Indian context.
Answer
→ Prudential Reason: Power sharing helps in reducing the conflict between various social groups. Hence, power sharing is necessary for maintaining social harmony and peace. In India, seats are reserved for the weaker sections of society. Example: reservation of seats for scheduled castes and scheduled tribes. This allows the weaker sections also to participate in the running of the Government.
→ Moral Reason: It upholds the spirit of democracy. In a truly democratic setup, the citizens too have a stake in governance. In India, the citizens can come together to debate and criticise the policies and decisions of the government. This in turn puts pressure on the government to rethink its policies and reconsider its decisions.
3. After reading this chapter, three students drew different conclusions. Which of these do you agree with and why? Give your reasons in about 50 words. Thomman – Power sharing is necessary only in societies which have religious, linguistic or ethnic divisions. Mathayi – Power sharing is suitable only for big countries that have regional divisons. Ouseph – Every society needs some form of power sharing even if it is small or does not have social divisions.
Answer
Ouseph’s statement is the most logical, and thus, should be agreed on. Every society needs some form of power sharing even if it is small or does not have social divisions. A democratic society is one where its members or citizens through participation acquire a stake in the system. Power sharing not only prevents conflict between various groups in the society but it also generates a sense of belongingness among them to the society. Power sharing helps to maintain a balance of power among various institutions and also keep a check on how it is exercised. Irrespective of the size of a country or the type of a society, people will be more satisfied where they have a say in the functioning and decision making processes of the system.
4. The Mayor of Mrchtem, a town near Brussels in Belgium, has defended a ban on speaking French in the town’s schools. He said that a ban would help all non-Dutch speakers integrate in this Flemish town. Do you think that this measure is in keeping with the spirit of Belgium’s power sharing arrangements? Give your reasons in about 50 words.
Answer
No, This measure is not in keeping with Belgium’s power sharing arrangements. The arrangements seek to maintain peace between the French and Dutch-speaking communities. By banning French, the mayor will cause civil unrest. Both the languages should be made acceptable in the town’s schools. This bilingual education system will be a better way to integrate the people of the town.
Page No: 5
5. Read the following passage and pick out any one of the prudential reasons for power sharing offered in this. “We need to give more power to the panchayats to realise the dream of Mahatma Gandhi and the hopes of the makers of our Constitution. Panchayati Raj establishes true democracy. It restores power to the only place where power belongs in a democracy – in the hands of the people. Given power to panchayats is also a way to reduce corruption and increase administrative efficiency. When people participate in the planning and implementation of developmental schemes, they would naturally exercise greater control over these schemes. This would eliminate the corrupt middlemen. Thus, Panchayati Raj will strengthen the foundations of our democracy.”
Answer The prudential reason for power sharing offered in this passage is giving power to panchayats is also a way to reduce corruption and increase administrative efficiency.
6. Different arguments are usually put forth in favour of and against power sharing. Identify those which are in favour of power sharing and select the answer using the codes given below? Power sharing: A. reduces conflict among different communities B. decreases the possibility of arbitrariness C. delays decision making process D. accommodates diversities E. increases instability and divisiveness F. promotes people’s participation in government G. undermines the unity of a country
(a)
A
B
D
F
(b)
A
C
E
F
(c)
A
B
D
G
(d)
B
C
D
G
Answer
(a)
A
B
D
F
7. Consider the following statements about power sharing arrangements in Belgium and Sri Lanka. A. In Belgium, the Dutch-speaking majority people tried to impose their domination on the minority French-speaking community. B. In Sri Lanka, the policies of the government sought to ensure the dominance of the Sinhala-speaking majority. C. The Tamils in Sri Lanka demanded a federal arrangement of power sharing to protect their culture, language and equality of opportunity in education and jobs. D. The transformation of Belgium from unitary government to a federal one prevented a possible division of the country on linguistic lines. Which of the statements given above are correct? (a) A, B, C and D (b) A, B and D (c) C and D (d) B, C and D
Answer
(d) B, C and D
Page No: 12
8. Match list I (forms of power sharing) with List II (forms of government) and select the correct answer using the codes given below in the lists:
List I
List II
1.
Power shared among different organs of government
Α.
Community government
2.
Power shared among governments at different levels
Β.
Separation of powers
3.
Power shared by different social groups
C.
Coalition government
4.
Power shared by two or more political parties
D.
Federal government
1
2
3
4
(a)
D
A
B
C
(b)
B
C
D
A
(c)
B
D
A
C
(d)
C
D
A
B
Answer
1
2
3
4
(c)
B
D
A
C
9. Consider the following two statements on power sharing and select the answer using the codes given below: A. Power sharing is good for democracy. B. It helps to reduce the possibility of conflict between social groups. Which of these statements are true and false?
NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Economics Chapter 5 Consumer Rights
NCERT Solutions for Class 10 will help the students in learning complex topics and problems in an easy way. Class 10 Social Science NCERT Solutions will help students in understanding the topics in most simple manner and grasp it easily to perform better. You can study in an organized manner and set a good foundation for your future goals.
Page No: 87
Excercises
1. Why are rules and regulations required in the marketplace? Illustrate with a few examples.
Answer
Rules and regulations are required in the marketplace to protect consumers. Sellers often abdicate responsibility for a low-quality product, cheat in weighing out goods, add extra charges over the retail price, and sell adulterated/ defective goods. Hence, rules and regulations are needed to protect the scattered buyers from powerful and fewer producers who monopolise markets. For example, a grocery shop owner might sell expired products, and then blame the customer for not checking the date of expiry before buying the items.
2. What factors gave birth to the consumer movement in India? Trace its evolution.
Answer
The factors that gave birth to the consumer movement in India are manifold. It started as a “social force” with the need to protect and promote consumer interests against unfair and unethical trade practices. Extreme food shortages, hoarding, black marketing and adulteration of food led to the consumer movement becoming an organised arena in the 1960s. Till the 1970s, consumer organisations were mostly busy writing articles and holding exhibitions. More recently, there has been an upsurge in the number of consumer groups who have shown concern towards ration shop malpractices and overcrowding of public transport vehicles. In 1986, the Indian government enacted the Consumer Protection Act, also known as COPRA. This was a major step in the consumer movement in India.
3. Explain the need for consumer consciousness by giving two examples.
Answer
Consumer consciousness is being aware of your right as a consumer while buying any goods or services. Example : → It is common to see consumers bargaining with sellers for additional discounts below the MRP. → Because of conscious consumers, most of the sweet shops do not include the weight of the container when they weigh sweets. 4. Mention a few factors which cause exploitation of consumers.
Answer
Factors which cause exploitation of consumers are : → Lack of awareness of consumer rights among buyers. → Improper and inadequate monitoring of rules and regulations. → Individual purchase quantity is quite small. → Consumers are scattered over large areas.
5. What is the rationale behind the enactment of Consumer Protection Act 1986?
Answer
The rationale behind the enactment of COPRA 1986 was to set up a separate department of consumer affairs in Central and State governments and it has enabled us as consumers to have the right to represent in a consumer court.
6. Describe some of your duties as consumers if you visit a shopping complex in your locality.
Answer
Some of my duties as a consumer if I visit a shopping complex include checking expiry dates of the products I wish to purchase, paying only the maximum retail price printed on the goods, preventing shopkeepers from duping me with defective products, and registering a complaint with a consumer forum or court in case a seller refuses to take responsibility for an adulterated or flawed product.
7. Suppose you buy a bottle of honey and a biscuit packet. Which logo or mark you will have to look for and why?
Answer
We should look for Agmark symbol before buying the food items because this mark is certified by the government and assures the quality of the product.
8. What legal measures were taken by the government to empower the consumers in India?
Answer
Legal measures taken by the government to empower consumers in India are plenty. First and foremost being the COPRA in 1986. Then, in October 2005, the Right to Information Act was passed, ensuring citizens all information about the functioning of government departments. Also, under COPRA, a consumer can appeal in state and national courts, even if his case has been dismissed at the district level. Thus, consumers even have the right to represent themselves in consumer courts now.
9. Mention some of the rights of consumers and write a few sentences on each.
Answer
Some of the rights of consumers are as follows : → Right to choice — Any consumer who receives a service in whatever capacity, regardless of age, gender and nature of service, has the right to choose whether to continue to receive that service. Under this right, a consumer may also choose any one of the various brands of a product (say, a refrigerator) available in the market. → Right to redressal — Consumers have the right to seek redressal against unfair trade practices and exploitation. → Right to represent — The act has enabled us as consumers to have the right to represent in the consumer courts.
10. By what means can the consumers express their solidarity?
Answer
Consumers can express their solidarity by forming consumer groups that write articles or hold exhibitions against traders’ exploitation. These groups guide individuals on how to approach a consumer court, and they even fight cases for consumers. Such groups receive financial aid from the government to create public awareness. Participation of one and all will further strengthen consumer solidarity. 11. Critically examine the progress of consumer movement in India.
Answer
The consumer movement in India has evolved vastly since it began. There has been a significant change in consumer awareness in the country. Till the enactment of COPRA in 1986, the consumer movement did not bear much force, but ever since its inception, the movement has been empowered substantially. The setting up of consumer courts and consumer groups has been a progressive move. However, in contemporary India, the consumer redressal process is quite complicated, expensive and time-consuming. Filing cases, attending court proceedings, hiring lawyers, and other procedures make it cumbersome. In India, there are over 700 consumer groups of which, unfortunately, only about 20-25 are well-organised and functioning smoothly.
12. Match the following.
(i)
Availing details of ingredients of a product
(a)
Right to safety
(ii)
Agmark
(b)
Dealing with consumer cases
(iii)
Accident due to faulty engine in a scooter
(c)
Certification of edible oil and cereals
(iv)
District Consumer Court
(d)
Agency that develops standards for goods and services
(v)
Consumers International
(e)
Right to information
(vi)
Bureau of Indian Standards
(f)
Global level institution of consumer welfare organisations
Answer
(i)
Availing details of ingredients of a product
(e)
Right to information
(ii)
Agmark
(c)
Certification of edible oil and cereals
(iii)
Accident due to faulty engine in a scooter
(a)
Right to safety
(iv)
District Consumer Court
(b)
Dealing with consumer cases
(v)
Consumers International
(f)
Global level institution of consumer welfare organisations
(vi)
Bureau of Indian Standards
(d)
Agency that develops standards for goods and services
13. Say True or False.
(i) COPRA applies only to goods. (ii) India is one of the many countries in the world which has exclusive courts for consumer redressal. (iii) When a consumer feels that he has been exploited, he must file a case in the District Consumer Court. (iv) It is worthwhile to move to consumer courts only if the damages incurred are of high value. (v) Hallmark is the certification maintained for standardisation of jewellry. (vi) The consumer redressal process is very simple and quick. (vii) A consumer has the right to get compensation depending on the degree of the damage.
NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Economics Chapter 4 Globalisation and the Indian Economy
NCERT Solutions for Class 10 will help the students in learning complex topics and problems in an easy way. Class 10 Social Science NCERT Solutions will help students in understanding the topics in most simple manner and grasp it easily to perform better. You can study in an organized manner and set a good foundation for your future goals.
Page No: 72
Excercises
1. What do you understand by globalisation? Explain in your own words.
Answer
Globalisation means integrating the economy of a country with the economies of other countries under conditions of free flow of trade, capital and movement of persons across borders. It includes (i) Increase in foreign trade (ii) Export and import of techniques of production. (iii) Flow of capital and finance from one country to another (iv) Migration of people from one country to another.
2. What was the reason for putting barriers to foreign trade and foreign investment by the Indian government? Why did it wish to remove these barriers?
Answer
The Indian government had put barriers to foreign trade and foreign investment to protect domestic producers from foreign competition, especially when industries had just begun to come up in the 1950s and 1960s. At this time, competition from imports would have been a death blow to growing industries. Hence, India allowed imports of only essential goods. In New Economic Policy in 1991, the government wished to remove these barriers because it felt that domestic producers were ready to compete with foreign industries. It felt that foreign competition would in fact improve the quality of goods produced by Indian industries. This decision was also supported by powerful international organisations. 3. How would flexibility in labour laws help companies?
Answer
Flexibility in labour laws will help companies in being competitive and progressive. By easing up on labour laws, company heads can negotiate wages and terminate employment, depending on market conditions. This will lead to an increase in the company’s competitiveness.
4. What are the various ways in which MNCs set up, or control, production in other countries?
Answer
Multinational Corporations (MNCs) set up their factories or production units close to markets where they can get desired type of skilled or unskilled labour at low costs along with other factors of production. After ensuring these conditions MNCs set up production units in the following ways : → Jointly with some local companies of the existing country. → Buy the local companies and then expand its production with the help of modern technology. → They place orders for small producers and sell these products under their own brand name to the customers worldwide.
5. Why do developed countries want developing countries to liberalise their trade and investment? What do you think should the developing countries demand in return?
Answer
Developed countries want developing countries to liberalise their trade and investment because then the MNCs belonging to the developed countries can set up factories in less-expensive developing nations, and thereby increase profits, with lower manufacturing costs and the same sale price. In my opinion, the developing countries should demand, in return, for some manner of protection of domestic producers against competition from imports. Also, charges should be levied on MNCs looking to set base in developing nations. 6. “The impact of globalisation has not been uniform.” Explain this statement.
Answer
“The impact of globalisation has not been uniform”. It has only benefitted skilled and professional person in urban not the unskilled persons. The industrial and service sector has much gained in globalisation than in agriculture. It benefitted MNCs on domestic producers and the industrial working class. Small producers of goods such as batteries, capacitors, plastics, toys, tyres, dairy products and vegetable oil have been hit hard by competition from cheaper imports.
7. How has liberalisation of trade and investment policies helped the globalisation process?
Answer
Liberalisation of trade and investment policies has helped the globalisation process by making foreign trade and investment easier. Earlier, several developing countries had placed barriers and restrictions on imports and investments from abroad to protect domestic production. However, to improve the quality of domestic goods, these countries have removed the barriers. Thus, liberalisation has led to a further spread of globalisation because now businesses are allowed to make their own decisions on imports and exports. This has led to a deeper integration of national economies into one conglomerate whole.
8. How does foreign trade lead to integration of markets across countries? Explain with an example.
Answer
Foreign trade provides opportunities for both producers and buyers to reach beyond the markets of their own countries. Goods travel from one country to another.Competition among producers of various countries as well as buyers prevails. Thus foreign trade leads to integration of markets across countries. For example, during Diwali season, buyers in India have the option of choosing between Indian and Chinese decorative lights and bulbs. So this provides an opportunity to expand business. 9. Globalisation will continue in the future. Can you imagine what the world would be like twenty years from now? Give reasons for your answer.
Answer
After twenty years, world would undergo a positive change which will possess the following features— healthy competition, improved productive efficiency, increased volume of output, income and employment, better living standards, greater availability of information and modern technoloy. Reason for the views given above : These are the favourable factors for globalisation : → Availability of human resources both quantitywise and qualitywise. → Broad resource and industrial base of major countries. → Growing entrepreneurship → Growing domestic market.
10. Supposing you find two people arguing: One is saying globalisation has hurt our country’s development. The other is telling, globalisation is helping India develop. How would you respond to these organisations?
Answer
Benefits of globalisation of India : → Increase in the volume of trade in goods and services → Inflow of private foreign capital and export orientation of the economy. → Increases volume of output, income and employment.
Negative Impact / Fears of Globalisation. → It may not help in achieving sustainable growth. → It may lead to widening of income inequalities among various countries.→ It may lead to aggravation of income inequalities within countries.Whatever may be the fears of globalisation, I feel that it has now become a process which is catching the fancy of more and more nations. Hence we must become ready to accept globalisation with grace and also maximise economic gains from the world market. 11. Fill in the blanks.
Indian buyers have a greater choice of goods than they did two decades back. This is closely associated with the process of ______________. Markets in India are selling goods produced in many other countries. This means there is increasing ______________ with other countries. Moreover, the rising number of brands that we see in the markets might be produced by MNCs in India. MNCs are investing in India because _____________. While consumers have more choices in the market, the effect of rising _______________ and ______________has meant greater ________________among the producers.
Answer
Indian buyers have a greater choice of goods than they did two decades back. This is closely associated with the process of globalisation. Markets in India are selling goods produced in many other countries. This means there is increasing trade with other countries. Moreover, the rising number of brands that we see in the markets might be produced by MNCs in India. MNCs are investing in India because of cheaper production costs. While consumers have more choices in the market, the effect of rising demand and purchasing power has meant greater competition among the producers.
12. Match the following.
(i)
MNCs buy at cheap rates from small producers
(a)
Automobiles
(ii)
Quotas and taxes on imports are used to regulate trade
(b)
Garments, footwear, sports items
(iii)
Indian companies who have invested abroad
(c)
Call centres
(iv)
IT has helped in spreading of production of services
(d)
Tata Motors, Infosys, Ranbaxy
(v)
Several MNCs have invested in setting up factories in India for production
(e)
Trade barriers
Answer
(i)
MNCs buy at cheap rates from small producers
(b)
Garments, footwear, sports items
(ii)
Quotas and taxes on imports are used to regulate trade
(e)
Trade barriers
(iii)
Indian companies who have invested abroad
(d)
Tata Motors, Infosys, Ranbaxy
(iv)
IT has helped in spreading of production of services
(c)
Call centres
(v)
Several MNCs have invested in setting up factories in India for production
(a)
Automobiles
Page No: 73
13. Choose the most appropriate option.
(i) The past two decades of globalisation has seen rapid movements in (a) goods, services and people between countries. (b) goods, services and investments between countries. (c) goods, investments and people between countries. ► (b) goods, services and investments between countries.
(ii) The most common route for investments by MNCs in countries around the world is to (a) set up new factories. (b) buy existing local companies. (c) form partnerships with local companies. ► (b) buy existing local companies.
(iii) Globalisation has led to improvement in living conditions (a) of all the people (b) of people in the developed countries (c) of workers in the developing countries (d) none of the above ► (d) none of the above
NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Economics Chapter 3 Money and Credit
NCERT Solutions for Class 10 will help the students in learning complex topics and problems in an easy way. Class 10 Social Science NCERT Solutions will help students in understanding the topics in most simple manner and grasp it easily to perform better. You can study in an organized manner and set a good foundation for your future goals.
Page No: 52
Excercises
1. In situations with high risks, credit might create further problems for the borrower. Explain.
Answer
In situations with high risks, credit might create further problems for the borrower. This is also known as a debt-trap. Taking credit involves an interest rate on the loan and if this is not paid back, then the borrower is forced to give up his collateral or asset used as the guarantee, to the lender. If a farmer takes a loan for crop production and the crop fails, loan payment becomes impossible. To repay the loan the farmer may sell a part of his land making the situation worse than before. Thus, in situations with high risks, if the risks affect a borrower badly, then he ends up losing more than he would have without the loan.
2. How does money solve the problem of double coincidence of wants? Explain with an example of your own.
Answer
In a barter system where goods are directly exchanged without the use of money, double coincidence of wants is an essential feature. By serving as a medium of exchanges, money removes the need for double coincidence of wants and the difficulties associated with the barter system. For example, it is no longer necessary for the farmer to look for a book publisher who will buy his cereals at the same time sell him books. All he has to do is find a buyer for his cereals. If he has exchanged his cereals for money, he can purchase any goods or service which he needs. This is because money acts as a medium of exchange.
3. How do banks mediate between those who have surplus money and those who need money?
Answer
Banks keep small portion deposits as cash (15%) for themselves (to pay the depositors on demand). They use the major portion of the deposits to extend loans to those who need money. In this way banks mediate between those who have surplus money and those who need money.
4. Look at a 10 rupee note. What is written on top? Can you explain this statement?
Answer
“Reserve Bank of India” and “Guaranteed by the Government” are written on top. In India, Reserve Bank of India issues currency notes on behalf of the central government. The statement means that the currency is authorized or guaranteed by the Central Government. That is, Indian law legalizes the use of rupee as a medium of payment that can not be refused in setting transaction in India.
5. Why do we need to expand formal sources of credit in India?
Answer
We need to expand formal sources of credit in India due to:→ To reduce dependence on informal sources of credit because the latter charge high interest rates and do not benefit the borrower much. → Cheap and affordable credit is essential for country’s development. → Banks and co-operatives should increase their lending particularly in rural areas.
6. What is the basic idea behind the SHGs for the poor? Explain in your own words.
Answer
The basic behind the SHGs is to provide a financial resource for the poor through organizing the rural poor especially women, into small Self Help Groups. They also provide timely loans at a responsible interest rate without collateral. Thus, the main objectives of the SHGs are: → To organize rural poor especially women into small Self Help Groups. → To collect savings of their members. → To provide loans without collateral. → To provide timely loans for a variety of purposes. → To provide loans at responsible rate of interest and easy terms. → Provide platform to discuss and act on a variety of social issues such education, health, nutrition, domestic violence etc.
7. What are the reasons why the banks might not be willing to lend to certain borrowers?
Answer
The banks might not be willing to lend certain borrowers due to the following reasons: → Banks require proper documents and collateral as security against loans. Some persons fail to meet these requirements. → The borrowers who have not repaid previous loans, the banks might not be willing to lend them further. → The banks might not be willing to lend those entrepreneurs who are going to invest in the business with high risks. → One of the principle objectives of a bank is to earn more profits after meeting a number of expenses. For this purpose it has to adopt judicious loan and investment policies which ensure fair and stable return on the funds.
Page No: 53 8. In what ways does the Reserve Bank of India supervise the functions of Banks? Why is this necessary?
Answer
The Reserve Bank of India supervises the functions of banks in a number of ways: → The commercial banks are required to hold part of their cash reserves with their RBI. RBI ensures that the banks maintain a minimum cash balance out of the deposits they receive. → RBI observes that the banks give loans not just to profit making businesses and traders but also to small cultivators, small scale industries, small borrowers etc. → The commercial banks have to submit information to the RBI on how much they are lending, to whom, at what interest rate etc. This is necessary to ensure equality in the economy of the country and protect especially small depositors, farmers, small scale industries, small borrowers etc. In this process RBI also acts as the lender of the last resort to the banks.
9. Analyse the role of credit for development.
Answer
Cheap and affordable credit plays a crucial role for the country’s development. There is a huge demand for loans for various economic activities. The credit helps people to meet the ongoing expenses of production and thereby develop their business. Many people could then borrow for a variety of different needs. They could grow crops, do business, set up industries etc. In this way credit plays a vital role in the development of a country.
10. Manav needs a loan to set up a small business. On what basis will Manav decide whether to borrow from the bank or the moneylender? Discuss.
Answer
Manav will decide whether to borrow from the bank or the money lender on the basis of the following terms of credit: → Rate of interest → Requirements availability of collateral and documentation required by banker. → Mode of repayment. Depending on these factors and of course, easier terms of repayment, Manav has to decide whether he has to borrow from the bank or the moneylender.
11. In India, about 80 per cent of farmers are small farmers, who need credit for cultivation. (a) Why might banks be unwilling to lend to small farmers? (b) What are the other sources from which the small farmers can borrow? (c) Explain with an example how the terms of credit can be unfavourable for the small farmer. (d) Suggest some ways by which small farmers can get cheap credit.
Answer
(a) Bank loans require proper documents and collateral as security against loans. But most of the times the small farmers lack in providing such documents and collateral. Besides, at times they even fail to repay the loan in time because of the uncertainty of the crop. So, banks might be unwilling to lend to small farmers.
(b) Apart from bank, the small farmers can borrow from local money lenders, agricultural traders, big landlords, cooperatives, SHGs etc. (c) The terms of credit can be unfavorable for the small farmer which can be explained by the following – Ramu, a small farmer borrows from a local moneylender at a high rate of interest i.e. 3 per cent to grow rice. But the crop is hit by drought and it fails. As a result Ramu has to sell a part of land to repay the loan. Now his condition becomes worse than before. (d) The small farmers can get cheap credit from the different sources like – Banks, Agricultural Cooperatives, and SHGs. 12. Fill in the blanks: (i) Majority of the credit needs of the __________households are met from informal sources. (ii) __________costs of borrowing increase the debt-burden. (iii) __________issues currency notes on behalf of the Central Government. (iv) Banks charge a higher interest rate on loans than what they offer on __________. (v) __________is an asset that the borrower owns and uses as a guarantee until the loan is repaid to the lender.
Answer
(i) poor (ii) high (iii) Reserve Bank of India (iv) deposits (v) Collateral
13. Choose the most appropriate answer.
(i) In a SHG most of the decisions regarding savings and loan activities are taken by (a) Bank. (b) Members. (c) Non-government organisation. ► (b) Members.
(ii) Formal sources of credit does not include (a) Banks. (b) Cooperatives. (c) Employers. ► (c) Employers.
NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Economics Chapter 2 Sectors of the Indian Economy
NCERT Solutions for Class 10 will help the students in learning complex topics and problems in an easy way. Class 10 Social Science NCERT Solutions will help students in understanding the topics in most simple manner and grasp it easily to perform better. You can study in an organized manner and set a good foundation for your future goals.
Page No: 35
Excercises
1. Fill in the blanks using the correct option given in the bracket:
(i) Employment in the service sector _________ increased to the same extent as production. (has / has not) (ii) Workers in the _________ sector do not produce goods. (tertiary / agricultural) (iii) Most of the workers in the _________ sector enjoy job security. (organised / unorganised) (iv) A _________ proportion of labourers in India are working in the unorganised sector. (large / small) (v) Cotton is a _________ product and cloth is a _________ product. (natural / manufactured) (vi) The activities in primary, secondary and tertiary sectors are _________. (independent /interdependent) Answer
(i) has not (ii) tertiary (iii) organised (iv) large (v) natural (vi) interdependent
2. Choose the most appropriate answer.
(a) The sectors are classified into public and private sector on the basis of: (i) employment conditions (ii) the nature of economic activity (iii) ownership of enterprises (iv) number of workers employed in the enterprise ► (iii) ownership of enterprises
(b) Production of a commodity, mostly through the natural process, is an activity in ______________ sector. (i) primary (ii) secondary (iii) tertiary (iv) information technology ► (i) primary
(c) GDP is the total value of _____________ produced during a particular year. (i) all goods and services (ii) all final goods and services (iii) all intermediate goods and services (iv) all intermediate and final goods and services ► (ii) all final goods and services
(d) In terms of GDP the share of tertiary sector in 2003 is _________ (i) between 20 per cent to 30 per cent (ii) between 30 per cent to 40 per cent (iii) between 50 per cent to 60 per cent (iv) 70 per cent ► (iii) between 50 per cent to 60 per cent
Page No: 36
3. Match the following:
Problems faced by farming sector
Some possible measures
1.
Unirrigated land
(a)
Setting up agro-based mills
2.
Low prices for crops
(b)
Cooperative marketing societies
3.
Debt burden
(c)
Procurement of food grains by government
4.
No job in the off season
(d)
Construction of canals by the government
5.
Compelled to sell their grains to the local traders soon after harvest
(e)
Banks to provide credit with low interest
Answer
Problems faced by farming sector
Some possible measures
1.
Unirrigated land
(d)
Construction of canals by the government
2.
Low prices for crops
(c)
Procurement of food grains by government
3.
Debt burden
(e)
Banks to provide credit with low interest
4.
No job in the off season
(a)
Setting up agro-based mills
5.
Compelled to sell their grains to the local traders soon after harvest
(b)
Cooperative marketing societies
4. Find the odd one out and say why.
(i) Tourist guide, dhobi, tailor, potter (ii) Teacher, doctor, vegetable vendor, lawyer (iii) Postman, cobbler, soldier, police constable (iv) MTNL, Indian Railways, Air India, SAHARA Airlines, All India Radio
Answer
(i) Tourist guide He is appointed by the government, while dhobi, tailor and potter belong to the private sector.
(ii) Vegetable vendor His is the only profession that does not require a formal education.
(iii) Cobbler The rest are workers in the public sector, while his profession is part of the private sector.
(iv) SAHARA Airlines It is a private enterprise, while the rest are government undertakings.
5. A research scholar looked at the working people in the city of Surat and found the following.
Place of work
Nature of employment
Percentage of working people
In offices and factories registered with the government
Organised
15
Own shops, office, clinics in marketplaces with formal license
–
15
People working on the street, construction workers, domestic workers
–
20
Working in small workshops usually not registered with the government
–
–
Complete the table. What is the percentage of workers in the unorganised sector in this city?
Answer
Place of work
Nature of employment
Percentage of working people
In offices and factories registered with the government
Organised
15
Own shops, office, clinics in market places with formal license
Organised
15
People working on the street, construction workers, domestic workers
Unorganised
20
Working in small workshops usually not registered with the government
Unorganised
50
The percentage of workers in the unorganised sector in this city is 70%. 6. Do you think the classification of economic activities into primary, secondary and tertiary is useful? Explain how.
Answer
The classification of economic activities into primary, tertiary and secondary is useful on account of the information it provides on how and where the people of a country are employed. also this helps in ascertaining as to which sector of economic activity contributes more or less to the country’s GDP and per capita income. If the tertiary sector is developing much faster than the primary sector, then it implies that agriculture is depleting, and the government must take measures to rectify this. The knowledge that the agricultural profession is becoming unpopular or regressive can only come if we know which sector it belongs to. Hence it is necessary to classify economic activities into these there sectors for smooth economic administration and development.
7. For each of the sectors that we came across in this chapter why should one focus on employment and GDP? Could there be other issues which should be examined? Discuss.
Answer
For each of the sectors that we came across in this chapter, one should focus on employment and GDP because these determine the size of a country’s economy. A focus on employment and GDP helps determine two important things- per capita income and productivity. Hence, in each of the three sectors, employment rate and status as well as its contribution to the GDP help us understand how that particular sector is functioning and what needs to be done to initiate further growth in it. Yes, the other issues which should be examined are – → Balanced regional development → Equality in income and wealth among the people of the country. → How to eradicate poverty → Modernization of technology → Self-reliance of the country → How to achieve surplus food production in the country. 9. How is the tertiary sector different from other sectors? Illustrate with a few examples.
Answer
The tertiary sector different from other two sectors. This is because other two sectors produce goods but, this sector does not produce goods by itself. But the activities under this sector help in the development of the primary and secondary sectors. These activities are an aid or support for the production process. For example, transport, communication, storage, banking, insurance, trade activities etc. For this reason this sector is also known as service sector. 10. What do you understand by disguised unemployment? Explain with an example each from the urban and rural areas.
Answer
Disguised Unemployment is a kind of unemployment in which there are people who are visibly employed but are actually unemployed. This situation is also known as Hidden Unemployment.In such a situation more people are engaged in a work than required.For example:→ In rural areas, this type of unemployment is generally found in agricultural sector like – in a family of 9 people all are engaged in the same agricultural plot. But if 4 people are with drawn from it there will be no reduction in output. So, these 4 people are actually disguisedly employed. → In urban areas, this type of unemployment can be seen mostly in service sectors such as in a family all members are engaged in one petty shop or a small business which can be managed by less number of persons. 11. Distinguish between open unemployment and disguised unemployment.
Answer
Open Unemployment
Disguised unemployment
When a country’s labour force do not get opportunities for adequate employment, this situation is called open unemployment.
This is a kind of unemployment in which there are people who are visibly employed but actually they don’t have full employment. In such a situation more people are engaged in a work than required.
This type of unemployment is generally found in the industrial sector of our country. This is also found among the landless agricultural labourers in rural areas.
This type of unemployment is generally found in unorganized sector where either work is not constantly available or too many people are employed for the same work that does not require so many hands.
Page No: 37
12. “Tertiary sector is not playing any significant role in the development of Indian economy.” Do you agree? Give reasons in support of your answer.
Answer
No, I do not agree with the statement that tertiary sector is not playing any significant role in the development of Indian economy. The tertiary sector has contributed vastly to the Indian economy, especially in the last two decades. In the last decade, the field of information technology has grown, and consequently, the GDP share of the tertiary sector has grown from around 40% in 1973 to more than 50% in 2003.
13. Service sector in India employs two different kinds of people. Who are these?
Answer
The service sector in India employs the following two different kinds of people. They are: → The people involved in the services that may directly help in the production of goods. For example, people involved in the transportation, storage, communication, finance etc. → The people involved in such services that may not directly help in the production of goods e.g. teachers, doctors, barbers, cobblers lawyers etc. They may be termed as ancillary workers means those who give services to the primary service providers.
14. Workers are exploited in the unorganised sector. Do you agree with this view? Give reasons in support of your answer.
Answer
Yes, workers are exploited in the unorganized sector. This would be clear from the following points: → There is no fixed number of working hours. The workers normally work 10 – 12 hours without paid overtime. → They do not get other allowances apart from the daily wages. → Government rules and regulations to protect the labourers are not followed there. → There is no job security. → Jobs are low paid the workers in this sector are generally illiterate, ignorant and unorganized. So they are not in a position to bargain or secure good wages. → Being very poor they are always heavily in debt. So, they can be easily made to accept lower wages.
15. How are the activities in the economy classified on the basis of employment conditions?
Answer
On the basis of employment conditions, the activities in the economy are classified into organized and unorganized sectors. → Organized Sector This sector covers those enterprises which are registered by the government and have to follow its rules and regulations. For example, Reliance Industries Ltd., GAIL etc. → Unorganized Sector It includes those small and scattered units which are largely outside the control of the government. Though there are rules and regulations but these are never followed here. For example, casual workers in construction, shops etc. In this sector there is no job security and the conditions of employment are also very tough.
16. Compare the employment conditions prevailing in the organised and unorganised sectors. Answer
The employment conditions prevailing in the organised and unorganised sectors are vastly different. The organised sector has companies registered with the government and hence, it offers job security, paid holidays, pensions, health and other benefits, fixed working hours and extra pay for overtime work. On the other hand, the unorganised sector is a host of opposites. There is no job security, no paid holidays or pensions on retirement, no benefits of provident fund or health insurance, unfixed working hours and no guarantee of safe work environment.
17. Explain the objective of implementing the NREGA 2005.
Answer
The objective of implementing the NREGA 2005 are: → To increase the income and employment of people. → Every state/region can develop tourism, regional craft, IT etc. for additional employment. → The central government made a law implementing the right to work in 200 districts. → NREGA aims to provide employment of 100 days. If it fails to do so, it will give unemployment allowances to the people.
19. Discuss and fill the following table giving one example each from your area.
Well-managed organisation
Badly-managed organisation
Public sector
Private sector
Answer
Well-managed organisation
Badly-managed organisation
Public sector
Delhi Metro Rail Corporation
Air India
Private sector
Reliance Mobile
Satyam
20. Give a few examples of public sector activities and explain why the government has taken them up.
Answer
A few examples of public sector activities are provision of water, electricity and some modes of transport. The government has taken these up because water and power are needed by everyone. If the work of providing electricity and water is left to private enterprises, the latter might exploit this opportunity and sell these at rates which the masses cannot afford. Hence, to ensure that basic amenities like water and power are available for all, the government supplies these at low and affordable rates.
21. Explain how public sector contributes to the economic development of a nation.
Answer
In the following ways Public sector contributes to the economic development of a nation: → It promotes rapid economic development through creation and expansion of infrastructure. → It creates employment opportunities. → It generates financial resources for development. → It is ensuring equality of income, wealth and thus, a balanced regional development. → It encourages development of small, medium and cottage industries. → It ensures easy availability of goods at moderate rates. → Contributes to community development i.e. to the Human Development Index (HDI) via health and educational services.
22. The workers in the unorganised sector need protection on the following issues: wages, safety and health. Explain with examples.
Answer
The workers in the unorganised sector need protection:→ Wages: Labourers who are employed as repair person, vendor etc. do not have fixed income. They nearly manage to earn their living. They are not employed all through the year. → Safety: Workers in unorganized sector are not provided with safe drinking water or clean environment. Eg., Working in mining, chemical industries is hazardous. → Health: Leave not granted in case of sickness. Medical facilities are not offered, Eg., Construction workers.
23. A study in Ahmedabad found that out of 15,00,000 workers in the city, 11,00,000 worked in the unorganised sector. The total income of the city in this year (1997-1998) was Rs 60,000 million. Out of this Rs 32,000 million was generated in the organised sector. Present this data as a table. What kind of ways should be thought of for generating more employment in the city?
Answer
–
Organised Sector
Unorganised Sector
Total
No. of workers
4,00,000
11,00,000
15,00,000
Income (Rs)
32,000 million
28,000 million
60,000 million
It is clear that while a larger portion of workers is working in the unorganized sector, the per capita earning of those in the organized sector is more. The government should encourage the entrepreneurs in the unorganized sector to change them into the organized sector. Moreover, government should introduce some incentives so that more industries could be opened up in the organized sector.
24. The following table gives the GDP in Rupees (Crores) by the three sectors:
Year
primary
secondary
tertiary
2000
52,000
48,500
1,33,500
2000
8,00,500
10,74,000
38,68,000
(i) Calculate the share of the three sectors in GDP for 2000 and 2013. (ii) Show the data as a bar diagram similar to Graph 2 in the chapter. (iii) What conclusions can we draw from the bar graph? Answer
(iii) We can draw the conclusion that the share of the tertiary sector in the GDP has increased by 10%, while that of the primary sector has almost halved. The secondary sector has grown by about 2% in the last 13 years.
NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Economics Chapter 1 Development Economics
NCERT Solutions for Class 10 will help the students in learning complex topics and problems in an easy way. Class 10 Social Science NCERT Solutions will help students in understanding the topics in most simple manner and grasp it easily to perform better. You can study in an organized manner and set a good foundation for your future goals.
Page No: 16
Exercises
1. Development of a country can generally be determined by (i) its per capita income (ii) its average literacy level (iii) health status of its people (iv) all the above ► (iv) all the above
2. Which of the following neighbouring countries has better performance in terms of human development than India? (i) Bangladesh (ii) Sri Lanka (iii) Nepal (iv) Pakistan ► (ii) Sri Lanka
3. Assume there are four families in a country. The average per capita income of these families is Rs 5000. If the income of three families is Rs 4000, Rs 7000 and Rs 3000 respectively, what is the income of the fourth family? (i) Rs 7500 (ii) Rs 3000 (iii) Rs 2000 (iv) Rs 6000 ► (iv) Rs 6000
4. What is the main criterion used by the World Bank in classifying different countries? What are the limitations of this criterion, if any?
Answer
Per Capita Income is the main criterion used by the World Bank in classifying different countries.The limitation of this criterion are: → It doesn’t show distribution of income. → It also ignores other factors such as infant mortality rate, literacy level, healthcare, etc.
5. In what respects is the criterion used by the UNDP for measuring development different from the one used by the World Bank?
Answer
World bank only uses per capita income for measuring development while UNDP uses many other factors like infant mortality, healthcare facility education level which help in improving the quality of life and helps in making the citizens more productive.
6. Why do we use averages? Are there any limitations to their use? Illustrate with your own examples related to development.
Answer
We use averages because they are useful for comparing differing quantities of the same category. For example, to compute the per capita income of a country, averages have to be used because there are differences in the incomes of diverse people. However, there are limitations to the use of averages. This does not show distribution of thing between people. For an example, if a country has very high per capita income then we can’t say that citizen living in that country are very rich because we are not knowing about the distribution of wealth in that country. Some people might be richer while other people are very poorer in that country.
7. Kerala, with lower per capita income has a better human development ranking than Punjab. Hence, per capita income is not a useful criterion at all and should not be used to compare states. Do you agree? Discuss.
Answer
No, I do not agree with the statement that per capita income is not a useful criterion at all. Kerala, with lower per capita income has a better human development ranking than Punjab because, human development ranking is determined using a combination of factors such as health, education, and income. So, this does not imply that per capita income is not useful. Rather, per capita income is one of the development factors and can not be neglected. The World Bank uses per capita income as the criterion for measuring development and comparing states. But this criterion has certain limitations because of which determination of Human Development Index (HDI) is done using this criterion along with some other development factors like health, education etc.
8. Find out the present sources of energy that are used by the people in India. What could be the other possibilities fifty years from now?
Answer
The present sources of energy that are used by the people of India are electricity, coal, crude oil, cowdung and solar energy. Other possibilities fifty years from now, could include ethanol, bio-diesel, nuclear energy and a better utilisation of wind energy, especially with the imminent danger of oil resources running out.
9. Why is the issue of sustainability important for development?
Answer
The issue of sustainability is important for development because development must be in tandem with the future. If natural resources are not sustained, then development will stagnate after a point of time. Exploiting resources unethically will ultimately undo the development that a country may have achieved. This is because in the future, those resources will not be available for further progress.
Page No: 17
10. “The Earth has enough resources to meet the needs of all but not enough to satisfy the greed of even one person”. How is this statement relevant to the discussion of development? Discuss.
Answer
“The Earth has enough resources to meet the needs of all but not enough to satisfy the greed of even one person”. This statement is relevant to the discussion of development since both resources and development go hand in hand. For the sustainability of development, the maintenance of resources is also crucial. As the statement claims, the Earth has enough resources- renewable and non-renewable to satisfy everyone’s needs; however, these need to be used with a view to keep the environment protected and clean so that a balance of production and use is maintained, and shortages are avoided.
11. List a few examples of environmental degradation that you may have observed around you.
Answer Few examples of environmental degradation: → Deforestation → Soil erosion → Falling levels of ground water → Depletion of the ozone layer and combustion from automobiles causing extreme air pollution → Water Pollution
12. For each of the items given in Table 1.6, find out which country is at the top and which is at the bottom.
TABLE 1.6 SOME DATA REGARDING INDIA AND ITS NEIGHBOURS FOR 2017
Country
Gross National income (GNI) per capita (2011 PPP US$)
Life Expectancy at birth (2017)
Mean Years of Schooling of People aged 25 and above (2017)
HDI Rank in the World (2018)
Sri LankaIndiaMyanmarPakistanNepal Bangladesh
11,3266,3535,5675,3312,4713,677
75.568.866.766.670.672.8
10.96.44.95.24.95.8
76130148150149136
Answer
(i) Per Capita Income in US$: Top country – Sri Lanka; Bottom country – Myanmar (ii) Life Expectancy at birth: Top country – Sri Lanka; Bottom country – Myanmar (iii) Literacy Rate for 15+ yrs population: Top country – Sri Lanka; Bottom country – Bangladesh (iv) Gross Enrolment Ratio for three levels: Top country – Sri Lanka; Bottom country – Pakistan(v) HDI Rank in the world: Top country – Sri Lanka; Bottom country – Nepal 13. The following table shows the proportion of undernourished adults in India. It is based on a survey of various states for the year 2001. Look at the table and answer the following questions.
State
Male (%)
Female (%)
KeralaKarnatakaMadhya Pradesh
8.51728
102128
All Sates
20
23
(i) Compare the nutritional level of people in Kerala and Madhya Pradesh.
(ii) Can you guess why around 40 per cent of people in the country are undernourished even though it is argued that there is enough food in the country? Describe in your own words. Answer
(i) The nutritional level of people of Kerala is quite higher than the people – both males and females of Madhya Pradesh. Their ratio of the under-nourished is less than that of Madhya Pradesh.
(ii) There is enough food in the country, even then 40% of the people in the country are undernourished because: → A large number of people are so poor that they cannot afford nutritious food. → In most of the states, the Public Distribution System (PDS) does not function properly and the poor people cannot get cheap food items. → There is lack of educational and health facilities in many parts of the country. So many people remain backward and poor. As such, they are unable to get nutritious food.
