In This Post we are providing Chapter-7 Structural Organization in Animals NCERT MCQ for Class 11 Biology which will be beneficial for students. These solutions are updated according to 2021-22 syllabus. These MCQS can be really helpful in the preparation of Board exams and will provide you with a brief knowledge of the chapter.
NCERT MCQ ON STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION IN ANIMALS
Question 1. Blood corpuscles are formed in the (a) Haversian canal (b) endosteum (c) red bone marrow (d) pancreas
Answer: (c) red bone marrow
Question 2. Which of the following is absent in female frog? (a) Webbed feet (b) Copulatory pads (c) Tympanum (d) All are present
Answer: (b) Copulatory pads Explanation: Copulatory pads are absent in female frog. These are present on the first digit of the fore limbs.
Question 3. Osteoblasts are found in (a) blood (b) muscle (c) bone (d) catrilage
Answer: (c) bone
Question 4. Choose the incorrect statement. (a) Vascular system of frog is closed type. (b) Frogs have 4-chambered heart. (c) During aestivation and hibernation, skin acts as respiratory organ. (d) All the statements are correct.
Answer: (b) Frogs have 4-chambered heart. Explanation: Vascular system of frogs is closed and they have 3-chambered heart.
Question 5. Which one of the four parts mentioned below is not part of a single uriniferous tubule ? (a) Bowman capsule (b) Loop of Henle (c) Distal convoluted tubule (d) Collecting ducts
Answer: (d) Collecting ducts
Question 6. Ciliated epithelium is present in (a) fallopian tubes (b) blood vessels (c) mid brain (d) none of the above
Answer: (a) fallopian tubes Explanation: Ciliated epithelium is present in inner surface of hollow organs like bronchioles ando fallopian tubes.
Question 7. The vascular tissue of blood is made up of (a) RBC (b) plasma (c) platelets (d) all of the above
Answer: (d) all of the above
Question 8. Which membrane protects the eyes of frog in water? (a) Tympanum (b) Skin (c) Sebaceous (d) Nictitating
Answer: (d) Nictitating Explanation: Frogs have nictitating membrane which protect their eyes in water.
Question 9. Fats are richly found in (a) alveolar tissue (b) lymph glands (c) adipose tissue (d) liver cells
Answer: (c) adipose tissue
Question 10. The main function of the skin of frog is (a) the exchange of respiratory gases (b) the storage of fat (c) the storage of energy (d) to convert light vitamin D
Answer: (a) the exchange of respiratory gases
Question 11. The ciliated epithelium in our body may be found in (a) trachea (b) ureter (c) bile duct (d) intestines
Answer: (a) trachea
Question 12. Which one of the following is a scent gland of mammals? (a) Bartholin (b) Anal (c) Prostate (d) Adrenal
Answer: (b) Anal
Question 13. The characteristic of simple epithelium is that (a) the cells are loosely placed (b) they are single – layered in thickness (c) cells are tightly packed with no intercellular spaces (d) cells are generally ciliated
Answer: (b) they are single – layered in thickness
Question 14. Spot the salivary gland in the following : (a) sublingual (b) adrenal (c) Brunner (d) lacrimal
Answer: (a) sublingual
Question 15. Protein not found in the connective tissues is (a) actin (b) Ossetin (c) collagen (d) elastin
In This Post we are providing Chapter-6 Anatomy of Flowering Plants NCERT MCQ for Class 11 Biology which will be beneficial for students. These solutions are updated according to 2021-22 syllabus. These MCQS can be really helpful in the preparation of Board exams and will provide you with a brief knowledge of the chapter.
NCERT MCQ ON ANATOMY OF FLOWERING PLANTS
Question 1 : Which is correct about transport or conduction of substances?
a) Organic food moves upwardly and downwardly through phloem
b) Inorganic food moves upwardly and downwardly through xylem
c) Organic food moves up through phloem
d) Organic food moves up through phloem
Answer : Organic food moves upwardly and downwardly through phloem
Question 2 : A narrow layer of thin walled cells found between phloem/ bark and wood of a dicot is
a) vascular cambium
b) pericycle
c) cork cambium
d) endodermis
Answer : vascular cambium
Question 3 : Which of the following statements is true?
a) Tracheids are unicellular with wide lumen
b) Vessels are unicellular with wide lumen.
c) Tracheids are multicellular with narrow lumen
d) Vessels are multicellular with narrow lumen.
Answer : Tracheids are unicellular with wide lumen
Question 4 : The quiescent centre in root meristem serves as a
a) reserve for replenishment of damaged cells of the meristem.
b) region for absorption of water
c) reservoir of growth hormones
d) site for storage of food which is utilized during maturation.
Answer : reserve for replenishment of damaged cells of the meristem.
Question 5 : Root hair arises from
a) epiblema
b) endodermis
c) pericycle
d) cortex
Answer : epiblema
Question 6 : Phellogen and phellem respectively denote
a) cork cambium and cork
b) cork and cork cambium
c) secondary cortex and cork
d) cork and secondary cortex
Answer : cork cambium and cork
Question 7 : The common bottle cork is a product of
a) Phellogen
b) Vascular cambium
c) Dermatogen
d) Xylem
Answer : Phellogen
Question 8 : A vascular bundle in which the protoxylem is pointing to the periphery is called
a) exarch
b) closed
c) endarch
d) radial
Answer : exarch
Question 9 : Which of the following does not have stomata?
a) Submerged hydrophytes
b) Xerophytes
c) Mesophytes
d) Hydrophytes
Answer : Submerged hydrophytes
Question 10 : Collenchyma differs from parenchyma in having
a) pectin deposits at corners
b) vacuoles
c) cellulose walls
d) living protoplasm
Answer : pectin deposits at corners
Question 11 : Which of the following plant shows multiple epidermis?
a) Nerium
b) Croton
c) Allium
d) Cucurbita
Answer : Nerium
Question 12 : Epidermis is absent in
a) root tip and shoot tip
b) ovule and seed
c) shoot bud and floral bud
d) petiole and pedice
Answer : root tip and shoot tip
Question 13 : Which of the following layer is present nearest of plasma membrane in plant cell?
a) Tonoplast
b) Middle lamella
c) Secondary wall
d) Primary wall
Answer : Tonoplast
Question 14 : In land plants, the guard cells differ from other epidermal cells in having
a) chloroplasts
b) mitochondria
c) cytoskeleton
d) endoplasmic reticulum
Answer : chloroplasts
Question 15 : In endarch condition of xylem, protoxylem lies ______ of metaxylem.
In This Post we are providing Chapter-2 Morphology of Flowering Plants NCERT MCQ for Class 11 Biology which will be beneficial for students. These solutions are updated according to 2021-22 syllabus. These MCQS can be really helpful in the preparation of Board exams and will provide you with a brief knowledge of the chapter.
NCERT MCQ ON MORPHOOGY OF FLOWERING PLANTS
Question 1. In tamarind, the pinnate leaf is (a) bipinnate (b) tripinnate (c) paripinnate (d) imparipinnate
Answer: (a) bipinnate
Question 2. Artabotrys is a hook climber in which the hooks are modified (a) inflorescence axis (b) petiole (c) roots (d) stipules
Answer: (a) inflorescence axis
Question 3. Exceptional roots of Cuscuta are (a) haustorial (b) coralloid (c) mycorrhizal (d) all of the above
Answer: (a) haustorial
Question 4. The petiole is swollen and spongy in (a) Nepenthes (b) Trapa (c) Clematis (d) all of the above
Answer: (b) Trapa
Question 5. Which one of the following plants dose not have root – pockets (a) Pistia (b) Lemma (c) Ficus (d) Eichhornia
Answer: (c) Ficus
Question 6. The largest petal overlaps the lateral ones in _________ aestivation. (a) Papilionaceous (b) Valvate (c) Twisted (d) Imbricate
Answer: (a) Papilionaceous Explanation: In pea and bean flowers, there are five petals, the largest overlaps the two lateral petals which in turn overlaps the two smallest anterior petals. This is called Vexillary or papilionaceous aestivation.
Question 7. In Lathyrus, the leaves are modified into (a) thorns (b) cladodes (c) tendrils (d) spines
Answer: (c) tendrils
Question 8. Label the parts of a monocot seed. (a) A.Endosperm, B. Scutellum, C. Radicle, D. Coleoptile, E. Plumule (b) A.Endosperm, B. Coleoptile, C. Scutellum, D. Radicle, E. Plumule (c) A.Endosperm, B. Scutellum, C. Coleoptile, D. Radicle, E. Plumule (d) A.Endosperm, B. Scutellum, C. Coleoptile, D. Plumule, E. Radicle
Answer: (d) A.Endosperm, B. Scutellum, C. Coleoptile, D. Plumule, E. Radicle Explanation:
Question 9. Potato tuber is an underground stem because (a) it lacks chlorophyll (b) it is swollen (c) it possesses axillary buds (d) it stores starch as reserve food material
Answer: (c) it possesses axillary buds
Question 10. Floating roots are characteristic of (a) Tinospora (b) Jussiaea (c) Viscum (d) Vanda
Answer: (b) Jussiaea
Question 11. Thorns and spines are (a) homologous organs (b) analogous organs (c) thorn is homologous while spine is analogous (d) spine is homologous while is analogous
Answer: (d) A
Question 12. Which of the following picture shows fibrous root system?
Answer: (d)
Question 13. In which of the following plants stems do not store the food material (a) potato (b) ginger (c) onion (d) colocasia
Answer: (c) onion
Question 14. In banana, the stem is (a) underground only (b) both underground and aerial (c) absent (d) aerial only
Answer: (a) underground only
Question 15. Stem modified to perform the function of a leaf and having many internodes is called as (a) phylloclade (b) cladode (c) offset (d) phyllode
In This Post we are providing Chapter-4 Animal Kingdom NCERT MCQ for Class 11 Biology which will be beneficial for students. These solutions are updated according to 2021-22 syllabus. These MCQS can be really helpful in the preparation of Board exams and will provide you with a brief knowledge of the chapter.
NCERT MCQ ON ANIMAL KINGDOM
Question 1 : Which one of the following groups of animals is bilaterally symmetrical and triploblastic?
a) Aschelminthes (round worms)
b) Coelenterates (Cnidarians)
c) Ctenophores
d) None of these
Answer : Aschelminthes (round worms)
Question 2 : Which of the following animal is cold blooded and has 4 – chambered heart?
a) Crocodile
b) Ornithorhynchus
c) Calotes
d) none of these
Answer : Crocodile
Question 3: Which one of the following is NOT a characteristic of phylum Annelida?
a) Pseudocoelom
b) Ventral nerve cord
c) Segmentation
d) Closed circulatory system
Answer : Pseudocoelom
Question 4 : Which one of the following characters is not typical of the class mammalia?
a) Ten pairs of cranial nerves
b) Seven cervical vertebrae
c) Alveolar lungs
d) Thecodont dentition
Answer : Ten pairs of cranial nerves
Question 5 : Which one of following feature is possessed by Crustaceans and not by insects?
a) Two pairs of antenna
b) Chitinous exoskeleton
c) Bilateral symmetry
d) Paired limbs
Answer : Two pairs of antenna
Question 6: Poison glands of snake are modified
a) Parotids
b) Sublinguals
c) Linguals
d) Maxillaries
Answer : Parotids
Question 7: The adults are radially symmetrical but larvae exhibit bilateral symmetry in
a) Echinodermata
b) Mollusca
c) Hemichordata
d) Cephalochordata
Answer : Echinodermata
Question 8: Solenocytes and metanephridia are excretory organs of
a) Platyhelminthes and Annelida
b) Coelenterata and Mollusca
c) Aschelminthes and Annelida
d) Annelida and Arthropoda
Answer : Platyhelminthes and Annelida
Question 9 : Radial symmetry occurs in
a) Coelenterata and Echinodermata
b) Coelenterata and Platyhelminthes
c) Arthropoda and Mollusca
d) Porifera and Coelenterata
Answer : Coelenterata and Echinodermata
Question 10 : In Amoeba and Paramecium osmoregulation occurs through
a) contractile vacuole
b) pseudopodia
c) nucleus
d) general surface
Answer : contractile vacuole
Question 11: Animals with metameric segmentation, bilateral symmetry and closed circulatory system belong to phylum
a) Annelida
b) Arthropoda
c) Echinodermata
d) Mollusca
Answer : Annelida
Question 12 : Which one of the following characters is not typical of the class Mammalia?
a) Ten pairs of cranial nerves
b) Alveolar lungs
c) Thecodont dentition
d) None of these
Answer : Ten pairs of cranial nerves
Question 13 : Animals like bats have/are
a) Endothermic
b) Efficient respiration. Non-vascular air sacs are connected to lungs to supplement respiration
c) Feathers which are modified reptilian scales
d) Hollow skeleton
Answer : Endothermic
Question 14 : Complete the following analogy : Pigeon’s milk : Crop :: Song
a) Syrinx
b) Proventriculus
c) Trachea
d) None of these
Answer : Syrinx
Question 15 : Which of the following is not correct matching of phylum and its three examples?
a) Aschelminthes : Ancylostoma, Enterobius, Tubifex
Q.1State the four basic requirements of a Database Applications.
ANSWER:The following are the four basic requirements of a Database Application.
Front-end Interface- It acts as an interactive connecting link between the user and the database oriented software through which the user communicates or interacts to the back-end database.
Back-end Database- It is the data storage system that is hidden from the users. It responds to the requirement of the users to the extent the user is authorised to access.
Data Processing- It is a sequence of actions that are taken to transform the input data into useful information for taking various decisions.
Reporting System- It is an integrated set of objects that includes all the relevant information that constitutes a report.
Q.2 Name the various categories of Accounting Package.
ANSWER:The following are the four basic requirements of a Database Application. The Accounting Packages are classified into the following categories.
Ready-to-use or Readymade Software.
Customised Software
Tailored or Tailor-made Software.
Q.3 Give examples of two types of Operating Systems.
ANSWER:The following are the four basic requirements of a Database Application. The following are the two types of Operating System along with their examples.
Single-User Operating System for example, DOS, Windows 95/97
Multi-User Operating System for example, UNIX, LINUX
Q.4 List the various advantages of Computerised Accounting Systems.
ANSWER:The following are the four basic requirements of a Database Application. The mentioned below are the various advantages of Computerised Accounting Systems.
Speed
Accuracy
Reliability
Up-to-Date Information
Real Time User Interface
Automated Document Production
Scalability
Legibility
Q.5 Give two examples each of the organisations where ‘ready-to-use’, ‘customised’, and ‘tailored’ accounting packages respectively suitable to perform the accounting activity.
ANSWER: Ready-to-use’ accounting packages are basically used by the small-sized enterprises. For example, grocery stores, medical stores, etc.
On the other hand, ‘Customised’ accounting packages are basically used by the medium and large business. For example, shopping malls, hospitals, etc.
Whereas, ‘Tailored’ accounting packages are basically used by the geographically scattered businesses. For example, MNC’s, Communication Industries, etc.:
Q.6 Distinguish between ‘ready-to-use’ and ‘tailored’ accounting software.
ANSWER:
Basis of Difference
Ready-to-Use Accounting Software
Tailored Accounting Software
(i) Nature of Business
This software is used in small and conventional businesses.
This software is used in large and typical businesses.
(ii) Adaptability
Its adaptability is very high.
Its adaptability is very specific and cannot be used by every business houses.
(iii) Linkage to other Information System
Its interface with the other information system is limited.
Its interface with the other information system is unlimited.
(iv) Number of Users
It has limited users.
It has huge number of users.
(v) Installation and Maintenance Costs
The installation and maintenance cost is low.
The installation and maintenance cost is comparatively higher.
Long Answer Type Question:
Q.1 Define a Computerised Accounting System. Distinguish between a Manual and Computerised Accounting Systems. ANSWER: Computerised Accounting Systems is based on the concept of database. It is an accounting information system that processes the financial transactions and events in accordance to the Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) to produce reports as per the requirements of the users. The computerised accounting is one of the database oriented application, where in the transactions data is stored in a wellorganised database. The accounting systems are of two types namely Manual and Computerised Accounting Systems. The following are some point of differences between Manual and Computerised Accounting Systems. Basis of Difference Manual Accounting Systems Computerised Accounting Systems (i) Identifying The identification of transactions is based on the application of the accounting principles. The identification of transactions in computerised accounting is also based on the application of accounting principles (ii) Recording In Manual Accounting Systems, the recording of financial transactions is done through books of original entries, i.e. Journal. In Computerised Accounting Systems, the data of such transactions is stored in a well designed database. (iii) Summarising By ascertaining the balance of various accounts, transactions are summarised to produce Trial Balance in the Manual Accounting Systems. Consequently, the generation of ledger In Computerised Accounting Systems, the originally stored transactions data are processed to give out the list of balances of various accounts to be finally shown in the Trial Balance accounts becomes a necessary condition. report. Thus, the generation of ledger accounts is not a necessary condition. (iv) Classification In Manual Accounting Systems, transactions recorded in the books of original entry are further classified by posting into ledger accounts. Thus, the data can be duplicated. In order to produce ledger accounts in Computerised Accounting Systems, the stored data is processed to appear as classified, such that no data is duplicated. (v) Adjusting Entries Adjusting entries are recorded to match the expenses and revenues generated of the accounting period. So, under Manual Accounting System, these entries are made to stick to the principles of cost matching revenue. In Computerised Accounting Systems, no such adjusting entries for errors and rectification are made. Thus, Journal and vouchers are prepared and stored to follow the principles of cost matching revenue. (vi) Financial Statements The preparation of financial statements hypotheses the availability of Trial Balance under the Manual System of Accounting. However, in Computerised Accounting System, journal vouchers are prepared and stored to follow the principles of cost matching revenue, but there is nothing like passing adjusting entries for error and rectification. (vii) Closing the books After preparing financial reports, the accountants prepare books for the following accounting period, which is done by posting of closing and reversing the closing Journal entries. In the Computerised Accounting Systems, to create and store the opening account balances in the database, year-end process is used.
Q.2 Discuss the advantages of Computerised Accounting Systems over the Manual Accounting Systems. Answer : The following are the various advantages of the Computerised Accounting Systems over the Manual Accounting Systems
Speed- The speed of a computer is very high and takes very less time in performing various difficult operations. The accounting data is processed comparatively faster through the Computerised Accounting Systems than it can be done through the manual efforts.
Accuracy- In Computerised Accounting Systems, the possibility of errors is minimised or reduced as the primary accounting data is entered only once for preparing various accounting reports and for subsequent usage and processes. On the other hand, in Manual Accounting Systems, posting of same data is required a numerous times to prepare different types of accounting reports. This increases the possibility of accounting errors.
Reliability- As the Computerised Accounting Systems is well-equipped in performing repetitive operations, so it is comparatively more reliable to perform the operations than the manual system. Also, the Computerised Accounting Systems overcome the limitation of Manual Accounting Systems such as tiredness, boredom or fatigue, etc., thereby enhances the degree of reliability.
Up-to-Date Information- In the Computerised Accounting Systems, whenever the new accounting data is entered and stored, the existing accounting records automatically gets updated. For example, when a transaction related to purchase of machinery is entered in the Computerised Accounting Systems, then automatically the cash balance and machinery balance on the Assets side of the Balance Sheet gets updated immediately. This ensures that latest information is reflected in the accounting reports at any particular period of time. On the other hand, the accounting records maintained under the Manual Accounting Systems fail to reflect the latest status. This is because it depends on the human mental capability and patience to update the records each time a transaction happens.
Real-Time User Interface- Most of the automated accounting systems are inter-linked through a network of computers. The availability of information to various users at the same time on the real-time basis is facilitated under computerised system of accounting. This is very difficult to avail such facility under manual system as this call for availability of multiple copies of the accounting records that can be accessed by many users at the same time.
Automated Document Production- Under Computerised Accounting Systems, the accounting reports such as, Cash Book, Trial balance, Statement of Accounts, etc. are very easy to obtain. This is because most of the computerised systems have standardised and user-defined format of accounting reports that are generated automatically. On the other hand, such an ease cannot be enjoyed under manual system. This is because the accounts books are prepared by different employees, thereby subjected to vary from person to person.
Scalability- The computerised systems of accounting are highly scalable as the requirement of additional manpower is mainly confined to data entry for recording and storing the additional vouchers in the computers. Thus, the additional cost of processing additional transactions is meagre as compared to the cost associated with hiring new accountants to handle additional transactions.
Legibility- In Computerised Accounting Systems, the accounting records are typed and presented in standard fonts. The various characters especially numbers, alphabets, graphics, etc. are more clear and can be read without any difficulty and ambiguity. But, in the manual system, the writing of different personnel varies; consequently, reading and interpreting the written materials involve errors due to misinterpretation
Q.3 Describe the various types of accounting software along with their advantages and limitations. Answer :
Ready-to-use
Customised
Tailored Ready-to-use Software- This type of software is readily available in the market with prescribed and standard features. This accounting software is basically used by the small-size business enterprises, where the number of transactions is not so large. The cost of its installation and maintenance is also low. It has limited number of users. Its adaptability is very high as it is relatively easier to learn and operate. It does not have a wide scope to link it with other information systems. Customised Software- Customised software is the software that has standardised features to meet the special requirements of the users. It provides the scope of changing the features of accounting software. The functions of this software can be programmed as per the needs and requirements of the users. This type of software best suits the needs of medium and large businesses. Its cost of installation and maintenance is comparatively higher. It can be easily linked to the other information systems. Tailored Software- Tailored or Tailor-made accounting software is the software that is developed as per the specifications and requirements of the users. This accounting software is generally used in the large business organisations with multi-users and geographically scattered locations. It is designed to meet the specific needs of the users and form an integral part of the organisational MIS. It has infinite number of users. Advantages of Ready-made Accounting Software The advantages of Ready-made Accounting Software are enlisted below.
This software is easily available in the market.
It is less expensive, as it comes with basic and standard features.
It involves a lesser need for training.
It is less sophisticated.
Its adaptability is very high as it is relatively easier to learn and operate.
It is suitable for small-size business enterprises. Disadvantages of Ready-made Accounting Software The disadvantages of Ready-made Accounting Software are enlisted below.
It has limited number of users.
It is not suitable for medium and large business organisation, where the number of transactions is very large.
It fails to cater the specific needs of the users.
It suffers from the low level of data secrecy.
It does not have a wide scope to link it with other information systems. Advantages of Customised and Tailor-made Accounting Software The following are the advantages of Customised and Tailor-made AccountingSoftware.
This software is suitable for medium and large business organisation.
It caters the specific requirements and needs of the users.
It can be modified as per the needs of the organisation.
It has high level of security and minimises the loss and unauthorised access of data.
It cannot be easily imitated or duplicated in the market due to difference in the needs and requirements of different users.
It does not involve high cost of training as the training can be imparted within the organisation by the experienced personnel.
It can be easily linked to the other information systems.
It forms an integral part of the organisational MIS. Disadvantages of Customised and Tailor-made Accounting Software The following are the disadvantages of Customised and Tailor-made Accounting Software.
It involves high cost of installation and maintenance.
Developing customised software is a time-consuming process and involves high cost of development.
Maintenance of this software is difficult as there exists limited availability of knowledge to the developers.
It lacks standard training module.
Q.4 Accounting software is an integral part of the Computerised Accounting Systems’ Explain. Briefly list the generic considerations before sourcing accounting software. Answer : The accounting software does form an integral part of the Computerised Accounting Systems. The accounting software should be selected after considering the level of skill and proficiency of the accounting professionals. This is one of the important aspects that should be taken care of before introducing Computerised Accounting Systems, as the accounting professionals are responsible for accounting and the not computers. The following are some of the important points that should be taken into consideration before introducing accounting software in an organisation.
Flexibility- This is the most important factor that should be considered before sourcing accounting software. The accounting software should be flexible in terms of data entry, retrieval of data and generating design of reports. The software should be able to run on different computers having different operating systems and having different configurations. It should provide some flexibility among its users. It should also provide easy switch over between users, operating system and hardware.
Cost of Installation and Maintenance- The selection of accounting software largely depends upon its cost to the organisation. The cost of accounting software includes cost of installing the related components and hardware, maintenance and alteration costs, cost of training the staff and cost involved in recovering data in case of data failure. An organisation needs to evaluate the benefits of the software against its costs. Based on its evaluation, an organisation will introduce the software if the benefits are more than the cost and if it is in the affordable range of the organisation.
Size of Organisation- The size of an organisation also determines the selection of accounting software. The small-sized organisations, where the volume of business transactions is not so large, usually opt for simple and single user oriented software. On the other hand, large scale organisations, where the volume of business transactions is very large choose the latest and sophisticated software for meeting the multi-user requirements.
Training Needs- Another factor that affects the choice of software is the training needs. There are some accounting software that requires comparatively lesser training and are more user-friendly. While, there are some other complicated software that requires continuous and thorough training.
Level of Secrecy- The level of expected security is one of the important factors that an organisation bears in mind before sourcing accounting software. Software should be able to prevent the unauthorised access and manipulation of data. It should have in-built features of security. For example, in tailored software the user rights may be restricted according to their work or responsibility criteria.
Exchanging Data Facility- The capability of accounting software to transfer data is another important factor to be considered for its selection. The accounting software should be able to provide an easy and safe transfer of data from one system to another system and during migration of database.
Utilities/MIS Reports- Another factor which helps in determining the software selection is the MIS reports and the extent to which they are used in the organisation.
Vendor Reputation and Capability- The selection of software is also affected by the capability and competence of the vendor. It depends upon the reputation of the vendor in the market, the user-reviews of the similar software, the extent of post sales support services from the vendors, etc.
Q.5 Computerised Accounting Systems are best form of accounting system’. Do you agree? Comment.
Answer : Yes, we agree with this statement that ‘Computerised Accounting Systems are best form of accounting system’. It becomes very easier to work with Computerised Accounting Systems leading to reduction in the accounting errors. Moreover, the computerised accounting reports are highly reliable, thereby enhances the overall efficiency. Due to the following positive aspects, the Computerised Accounting Systems certainly enjoy an edge over the Manual Accounting Systems.
Speed- The speed of a computer is very high and takes very less time in performing various difficult operations. The accounting data is processed comparatively faster through the Computerised Accounting Systems than it can be done through the manual efforts.
Accuracy- In Computerised Accounting Systems, the possibility of errors is minimised or reduced as the primary accounting data is entered only once for preparing various accounting reports and for subsequent usage and processes. On the other hand, in Manual Accounting Systems, posting of same data is required a numerous times to prepare different types of accounting reports. This increases the possibility of accounting errors.
Reliability- As the Computerised Accounting Systems is well-equipped in performing repetitive operations, so it is comparatively more reliable to perform the operations than the manual system. Also, the Computerised Accounting Systems overcome the limitation of Manual Accounting Systems such as tiredness, boredom or fatigue, etc., thereby enhances the degree of reliability.
Up-to-Date Information- In the Computerised Accounting Systems, whenever the new accounting data is entered and stored, the existing accounting records automatically gets updated. For example, when a transaction related to purchase of machinery is entered in the Computerised Accounting Systems, then automatically the cash balance and machinery balance on the Assets side of the Balance Sheet gets updated immediately. This ensures that latest information is reflected in the accounting reports at any particular period of time. On the other hand, the accounting records maintained under the Manual Accounting Systems fail to reflect the latest status. This is because it depends on the human mental capability and patience to update the records each time a transaction happens.
Real-Time User Interface- Most of the automated accounting systems are inter-linked through a network of computers. The availability of information to various users at the same time on the real-time basis is facilitated under computerised system of accounting. This is very difficult to avail such facility under manual system as this call for availability of multiple copies of the accounting records that can be accessed by many users at the same time.
Automated Document Production- Under Computerised Accounting Systems, the accounting reports such as, Cash Book, Trial balance, Statement of Accounts, etc. are very easy to obtain. This is because most of the computerised systems have standardised and user-defined format of accounting reports that are generated automatically. On the other hand, such an ease cannot be enjoyed under manual system. This is because the accounts books are prepared by different employees, thereby subjected to vary from person to person.
Scalability- The computerised systems of accounting are highly scalable as the requirement of additional manpower is mainly confined to data entry for recording and storing the additional vouchers in the computers. Thus, the additional cost of processing additional transactions is meagre as compared to the cost associated with hiring new accountants to handle additional transactions.
Legibility- In Computerised Accounting Systems, the accounting records are typed and presented in standard fonts. The various characters especially numbers, alphabets, graphics, etc. are more clear and can be read without any difficulty and ambiguity. But, in the manual system, the writing of different personnel varies; consequently, reading and interpreting the written materials involve errors due to misinterpretation.
Q.1 State the different elements of a computer system.
ANSWER: A computer system is mainly composed of the following six elements.
1. Hardware- It includes all the physical components of a computer such as, keyboard, mouse, monitor, processor, etc. These can be touched and a user inputs commands through them.
2. Software- It is referred to a set of the programs that enables a computer to perform its tasks or commands given by the user. There are following six types of software.
Operating System
Utility Programs
Application Software
Language Processors
System Software
Connectivity Software
3. People- It constitutes the most important part of a computer system. It basically refers to the individuals or the users who interact with the computer through the use of hardware and software. The following are the people who are involved in a computer system.
System Analysts
Operators
Programmers
4. Procedures- A series of operations that are executed in a certain manner in order to achieve a desired set of results is known as ‘Procedures’. There are mainly following three types of procedures.
Hardware-oriented Procedures
Software-oriented Procedures
Internal Procedures
5. Data- The facts that are gathered and entered into a computer system is known as ‘Data’. It may comprise of numbers, text, graphics, etc.
6. Connectivity- This refers to the manner, in which a computer system is connected to the other electronic devices through telephone lines, microwave transmission, satellite link, etc., is known as ‘Connectivity’.
Q.2 List the distinctive advantages of a computer system over a manual system.
ANSWER: The following are some of the distinctive advantages of a computer system over a manual system.
High speed
Accuracy
Reliability
Versatility
Storage
Q.3 Draw block diagram showing the main components of a computer.
ANSWER:
Q.4 Give three examples of a Transaction Processing System.
ANSWER: Transaction Processing System (TPS) refers to a computerised system that records, processes, validates and stores routine transactions that occur in various functional areas of a business on daily basis. Some of the examples of Transaction Processing System are enlisted as:
1. Automatic Teller Machine (ATMs)- These are those machines that handle the bank transactions through the use of specialised computer programs.
2. Payroll Applications- These are the applications that help to execute payroll programs using terminal and online processing. These are commonly used for preparing payroll or salary of the employees.
3. Order Processing- With the help of TPS applications, orders are collected from clients either manually or through mails and telephonic calls. Thereafter, these orders are processed to initiate invoicing, account receivables and inventory control processing. These are now-a-days widely used in almost every spheres of business, such as online purchasing of tickets, online booking, etc.
Q.5 State the relationship between Information and Decision.
ANSWER: An organisation consists of various interdependent decision making units at every level of management and department. All these separate departments take decisions for their respective fields to achieve the desired common organisational objectives. The organisation as a whole needs to set its targets, draft plans and formulate various policies. These activities are based on the information (in form of data) regarding the past experiences and expected future conditions. It is on the basis of this information that an organisation allocates its resources and attempts to accomplish its determined targets. Thus, it can be said that on one hand, information facilitates the decision making process while on the other hand, decisions took in the past acts as a pool of information in the future.
Q.6 What is Accounting Information System?
ANSWER: An Accounting Information System (AIS) is a system that identifies, collects, processes, summarises, generates and presents information about a business organisation to a wide variety of users. It provides relevant information by processing voluminous accounting data, which is beyond the human capabilities. It provides a glimpse of various organisational activities and maintains a detailed financial record. It acts as a common pool of information from which different departments such as, production department, sales and marketing department, HR department, etc. can fetch useful and relevant information. The information thus provided, helps the users to take their decisions rationally and accordingly formulate their plans and policies. Thus, it can be said that an efficient AIS enhances the effectiveness and efficacy of an organisation as a whole.
The below mentioned points highlight the important characteristics of AIS.
1. It helps in handling the huge volume of accounting and financial transactions of an organisation.
2. It helps in drafting future plans and accordingly setting the future objectives.
3. It acts as a common pool for providing information to different departments besides accounts and finance departments.
4. It helps in maintaining the accounting information as per the guidelines laid down by the Law.
5. It helps in meeting the informational needs by generating reports for both external accounting users (investors, creditors, etc.) as well as for the internal accounting users (management, shareholders, etc.).
Q.7 State the various essential features of an accounting report.
ANSWER: The following are the various features of an accounting report.
a. Relevance
b. Accuracy
c. Timeliness
d. Conciseness
e. Completeness
Q.8 Name three components of a Transaction Processing System.
ANSWER: The following are three main components of a Transaction Processing System (TPS).
1. Input- A computerised accounting system accepts the complete transaction data as input through the process of data collection, data editing, data validation and data manipulation.
2. Storage- The system stores the inputted data in computer storage media such as hard disk.
3. Output- The stored data, through the process of report generation and query support can be retrieved and processed as and when required for generating an accounting report as output.
Q.9 Give example of the relationship between a Human Resource Information System and MIS.
ANSWER: Management Information System (MIS) is a planned system of collecting, processing, storing and disseminating the data in the form of information to perform the task of decision making and management of an organisation.
Human Resource Information System (HRIS) maintains the records of the employees and prepares salaries and wages payable to them.
Relationship between MIS and HRIS
HRIS provides MIS with the information such as, the qualifications, skills, experiences and past performances of an individual employee. The MIS in turn uses this information to take appropriate decisions. This helps in placing the right person with right qualities at right job positions. This also helps in making decisions regarding promotions and increments of the employees.
Long Answer Type Question:
‘Q.1 An organisation is a collection of interdependent decision-making units that exists to pursue organisational objectives. In the light of this statement, explain the relationship between information and decisions. Also explain the role of TransactionProcessing System in facilitating the decision-making process in business organisations. ANSWER: In organisation consists of various interdependent decision making units at every level of management and department. All these separate departments take decisions for their respective fields to achieve the desired common organisational objectives. The organisation as a whole needs to set its targets, draft plans and formulate various policies. These activities are based on the information (in form of data) regarding the past experiences and expected future conditions. It is on the basis of this information that an organisation allocates its resources and attempts to accomplish its determined targets. Thus, it can be said that on one hand, information facilitates the decision making process while on the other hand, decisions took in the past acts as a pool of information in the future In this aspect, information forms the most crucial part of today’s business environment. In this context, Transaction Processing System (TPS) has emerged as crucial component of the business operations. Transaction Processing System (TPS) refers to a computerised system that records, processes, validates and stores routine transactions that occur in various functional areas of a business on daily basis. This system facilitates the decision making in a business organisation through the following processes.
Data Collection- The TPS collects all the required data to complete one or more transactions. The data can be collected either manually or through other devices such as scanners and point of sale equipments.
Data Editing- The system checks the data for its accuracy, correctness and completeness.
Data Validation- It refers to a process, where TPS verifies the data for its correctness and rectifies the errors, if detected.
Data Manipulation- TPS performs the process of calculation, then processes and analyses the inputted data on a pre-set design.
Data Storage- It places or stores the data in one or more database.
Output Generation- TPS helps in creating and generating reports and also presents the reports generated in a pre-designed format either as hardcopy or softcopy.
Query Support- TPS provides a mechanism enabling its users to raise a query upon the stored data and extract the required information in required format as and when the need arises.
Q.2 Explain, using examples, the relationship between the organisational MIS and the other functional information system in ANSWER: an organisation. Describe how AIS receives and provides information to other functional MIS. Answer : MIS is a planned system of collecting, processing, storing and disseminating the data in the form of information to perform the task of decision making and management of an organisation. An organisation basically operates in an environment, which is surrounded by its suppliers and customers. The informational needs of the organisation emerge from the business processes stratified into its various functional areas. Thus, in this sense, MIS has functional relationship with other functional management information system namely Manufacturing Information System, Human Resource Information System, Accounting Information System and Marketing Information System. MIS receives information from these other functional information systems and uses the received information to take appropriate decisions. An Accounting Information System (AIS) is a system that identifies, collects, processes, summarises, generates and presents information about a business organisation to a wide variety of users. It is an important component of MIS. It receives and provides information to the various sub-systems of the MIS. Relationship between AIS, Manufacturing Information System and Human Resource Information System The Human Resource Department sends a list of workers to the Manufacturing Department. The Manufacturing Department on the basis of this information prepares a report on the performance of each worker and deductions to be made from the wages, if any. Thereafter, this report is send to both Accounts Department as well as to Human Resource Department. After this, the Human Resource Department sends report to the Accounts Department to pay the wages. The Accounts Department with the help of these reports calculates the amount payable and statutory dues and subsequently, makes the final payments to the workers. The report of the final payments is send to the HR Department and the Manufacturing Department by the Accounts Department. Relationship between AIS and Manufacturing Information System- Business processes in the Manufacturing Department include the following activities. a) Preparation of Plans and Schedules b) Issue of Material Requisition Form and Job Cards c) Issue of Stock and Inventory d) Issue of Raw Material Procurement Orders e) Handling Supplier Invoices f) Payments to Suppliers The AIS would accordingly include the process of a) Purchasing Orders b) Payments to Suppliers c) Preparing Inventory Status Reports d) Preparing Reports of Accounts Payable Relationship between AIS and Marketing Information System- Business processes in the Marketing and Sales Department involve the following activities. a) Inquiry Process b) Creation of Contacts c) Entry of Orders d) Dispatching Goods e) Generation of Bills to Customers The AIS would accordingly include the following activities. a) Processing of Sales Orders b) Authorisation of Credit c) Keeping Custody of the Goods d) Inventory Status e) Shipping Details
Q.3 An accounting report is essential report which must be able to fulfil certain basic criteria’. Explain? List the various types of accounting reports. ANSWER: When the collected data is processed and manipulated in a useful sense that can be understood by the users without any ambiguity, then it becomes information. When this relevant information is further summarised to meet a particular aim, it is called a report. The content and the design of the report depend upon the level of management to which it is to be submitted. The various decisions are to be made on the basis of this report. Irrespective of the content and design, every accounting report must fulfill the following criteria. 1) Relevance 2) Timeliness 3) Accuracy 4) Completeness 5) Summarisation The various types of reports used in MIS can be broadly categorised as follows.
Summary Reports- These are the reports that summarise all the activities of an organisation. Example, Profit and Loss Account.
Demand Reports- These are the reports that are prepared on the request and need of the management. Example, Bad-Debts report.
Customer/Supplier Reports- These are the reports that are prepared as per the specifications of the management showing various aspects of the suppliers/customers. Example, Report of Top 10 customers.
Exception Reports- These are the reports that are prepared in accordance with some specific conditions or exceptions. Example, Inventory Status Report.
Responsibility Reports- These reports are prepared by the managers who are responsible for their respective departments. Example, Purchase Manager submits a report regarding different aspects of purchase.
Q.4 Describe the various elements of a computer system and explain the distinctive features of a computer system and manualsystem. ANSWER: A computer system is ideally composed of the following six elements.
Hardware- It includes all the physical components of a computer such as, keyboard, mouse, monitor, processor, etc. These can be touched and a user inputs commands through them.
Software- It is referred to a set of the programs that enables a computer to perform its tasks or commands given by the user. There are following six types of software. a. Operating System- It is an integrated set of specialised programs that are meant to manage and control the resources of a computer. They make the computer user-interactive, i.e. user-friendly. It means that operating system forms an interactive link between the user and the computer hardware. b. Utility Programs- Utility Programs refer to the set of pre-written computer programs that are designed to perform certain supporting operations. Most of the utility software are highly specialised and are specially designed to perform a single task or a small range of tasks. c. Application Software- These are user-oriented programs that are designed and developed for performing certain specified tasks. d. Language Processors- These are the software that interpret or translate a program language into a machine language. e. System Software- These are the software that controls the internal functions of the system such as reading data from the input devices. f. Connectivity Software- These are the software that creates and controls the connection between a computer and a server with the purpose of sharing the data.
People- It constitutes the most important part of a computer system. It basically refers to the individuals or the users who interact with the computer through the use of hardware and software. The following are the people who are involved in a computer system. a. System Analyst- They are the people who design the data processing system. b. Operators- They are the people who write programs to implement the data processing system. c. Programmers- They are the people who participate in operating the computers.
Procedures- A series of operations that are executed in a certain manner in order to achieve a desired set of results is known as ‘Procedures’. There are mainly following three types of procedures. a. Hardware Oriented Procedures- Hardware Oriented Procedures provide details about various components of a computer and their uses. b. Software Oriented Procedures – Software Oriented Procedures provide detailed set of instructions required for using the software of a computer system. c. Internal Procedures- These procedures help in sequencing the operation or working of each sub-set of overall computer system.
Data- It refers to the facts that are gathered and entered into a computer system. It may comprise of numbers, text, graphics, etc.
Connectivity- This refers to the manner, in which a computer system is connected to the other electronic devices through telephone lines, microwave transmission, satellite link, etc., is known as ‘Connectivity’. The mentioned below are some distinctive features of a computer system and a manual system.
Accuracy- The computations and operations performed by a computer are highly accurate and correct. If any error is detected it may be due to input of the wrong data or wrong command by the user. As against this, in manual system the results generated or produced by the human beings are not very accurate due to carelessness, boredom and fatigue.
Speed- Computer systems require far less time than the manual systems in performing a task. Modern computers can perform 100 million calculations per second.
Reliability- It may be beyond the human capabilities to work continuously for long hours. Often people get tired, lack concentration and may feel mental stress while working out huge volume of data that involves tedious calculations. Computer systems overcome these limitations very easily. A computer can easily perform variety of tasks with great precision and accuracy, thereby making the results highly reliable. As against this, the reliability of the manual system is little doubtful in case of voluminous data.
Versatility- Computers are designed to perform a variety of task and has wide application in various areas such as, business, industry, etc. As against this, in manual systems human beings can perform only a few specialised tasks and thus are lesser versatile.
Storage- Computers have a huge storage capacity and can store huge volume of data in a very small physical space. For example a typical main frame computer can store bullions of characters and thousands of graphic images. As against this, the capabilities of manual system are no where close to this.
In This Post we are providing Chapter-3 Plant Kingdom NCERT MCQ for Class 11 Biology which will be beneficial for students. These solutions are updated according to 2021-22 syllabus. These MCQS can be really helpful in the preparation of Board exams and will provide you with a brief knowledge of the chapter.
NCERT MCQ ON PLANT KINGDOM
Question 1 : In Chlorophyceae, sexual reproduction occurs by
a) isogamy, anisogamy and oogamy
b) oogamy only
c) anisogamy and oogamy
d) isogamy and anisogamy
Answer : isogamy, anisogamy and oogamy
Question 2 : A water fern which is used as a green manure in rice fields is
a) Azolla
b) Mucor
c) Salvinia
d) Aspergillus
Answer : Azolla
Question 3 : The largest flower found is known as
a) Rafflesia
b) Musa
c) Cauliflower
d) Tecoma
Answer : Rafflesia
Question 4 : In fern, spores are formed in
a) sporangium
b) archegonium
c) oogonium
d) stomium
Answer : sporangium
Question 5 : Laminaria (kelp) and Fucus (rock weed) are the examples of
a) brown algae
b) green algae
c) golden brown algae
d) red algae
Answer : brown algae
Question 6 : People recovering from long illness are often advised to include the alga Spirulina in their diet because it
a) is rich in proteins
b) has antibiotic properties
c) restores the intestinal microflora
d) makes the food easy to digest
Answer : is rich in proteins
Question 7 : Which of the following cell organelle remains enveloped by a single unit membrane?
a) Lysosomes
b) Chloroplast
c) Mitochondria
d) Nucleus
Answer : Lysosomes
Question 8 : Algae have cell wall made up of
a) cellulose, galactans and mannans
b) hemicellulose, pectins and proteins
c) pectins, cellulose and proteins
d) cellulose, hemicellulose and pectins
Answer : cellulose, galactans and mannans
Question 9 : Which plays an important role in the dispersal of spores in Funaria?
a) Peristome and annulus
b) Sporogonium
c) Capsule
d) Operculum
Answer : Peristome and annulus
Question 10 : Which one of the following is a correct statement ?
a) Origin of seed habit can be traced in pteridophytes
b) Antheridiophores and archegoniophores are present in pteridophytes
c) In gymnosperms female gametophyte is free-living
d) None of these
Answer : Origin of seed habit can be traced in pteridophytes
Question 11 : What is the similarity between gymnosperms and angiosperms ?
a) Both have leaves, stem and roots
b) Origin of ovule and seed is similar in both
c) Endosperm is formed before fertilization in both
d) Phloem of both have companian cells
Answer : Both have leaves, stem and roots
Question 12 : In Chlorophyceae, sexual reproduction occurs by
a) isogamy, anisogamy and oogamy
b) oogamy only
c) anisogamy and oogamy
d) isogamy and anisogamy
Answer : isogamy, anisogamy and oogamy
Question 13 : In gymnosperms, the ovule is naked because
a) ovary wall is absent
b) perianth is absent
c) integuments are absent
d) nucellus is absent
Answer : ovary wall is absent
Question 14 : How many meiotic division would be required to produce 101 female gametophytes in an angiosperm?
a) 101
b) 127
c) 26
d) None of these
Answer : 101
Question 15 : Which one of the following is the major difference between mosses and ferns ?
a) Sporophytes of ferns live much longer as compared to the sporophytes of mosses.
b) Vascular bundles of ferns show xylem vessels while those of mosses lack it
c) Mosses are facultative aerobes while ferns are obligate aerobes.
d) Ferns lack alternation of generation while mosses show the same.
Answer : Sporophytes of ferns live much longer as compared to the sporophytes of mosses.
Q.1 State the meaning of incomplete records? Answer : Accounts that are not recorded as per the double entry system are known as incomplete records. According to Kohler (Dictionary for Accountants), single entry system is defined as, ” A system of book-keeping in which as a rule, only records of cash and of personal accounts are maintained; it is always incomplete double entry, varying with circumstances.” Many small-sized business firms maintain incomplete records of their business transactions. They do not maintain proper books of accounts and mainly prepare books like, Cash Book, personal accounts (of debtors and creditors) and Balance Sheet at the end of the year. They maintain books as per their needs. This system is also known as defective double entry system. The preparation of financial statements is neither as easier nor as effective, as it is under double entry system. Consequently, accurate profit or loss is not possible to ascertain.
Q.2 What are the possible reasons for keeping incomplete records? Answer : The possible reasons for keeping incomplete records are:
Simple method: Proprietors, who do not have the proper knowledge of accounting principles, find it much convenient and easier to maintain their business records under this system.
Less time consuming: Maintaining books according to the single entry system is less time consuming, as only few books are to be maintained. Further, the books are not as comprehensive as they are under double entry system.
Less expensive: It is an economical mode of maintaining records, as there is no need to appoint specialised accountant.
Flexible: Owner may record transactions as per his/her own needs. It can be easily adjusted or changed whenever needed.
Q.3 Distinguish between statement of affairs and balance sheet.
Answer : Difference between Statement of Affairs and Balance Sheet Basis of Difference Statement of Affairs Balance Sheet Objective It is prepared to determine the amount of capital at a particular date. It is prepared to ascertain the true financial position. Reliability It is based on estimates; hence, it It is based on sophisticated and well is less reliable. developed principles; hence, it is more reliable. Accounting Method It is prepared from incomplete records of business transactions under single entry system. It is prepared when accounts are maintained under double entry system. Omission Omission of assets and liabilities cannot be easily identified. Omission of assets and liabilities can be easily identified, as omission will lead to mismatch of either sides of the balance sheet
Q.4 What practical difficulties are encountered by a trader due to incompleteness of accounting records? Answer : The following are the difficulties that are encountered by a trader due to incompleteness of accounting records.
Accuracy of accounts: Arithmetical accuracy of accounts can not be ascertained, since proper records of accounts are not maintained. Consequently, Trial Balance cannot be prepared.
Encourages fraud: As the arithmetical accuracy cannot be determined; so, this encourages fraud and provides sufficient scope for bluffing and carelessness.
Difficult to ascertain correct profit or loss: Since all expenses and income are not recorded, true profit or losscannot be correctly ascertained.
Difficult to analyse the true financial position: As profit or loss cannot be ascertained easily, so the Balance Sheet cannot be easily prepared. Hence, the absence of Balance Sheet will not reflect the true financial position of the business.
Difficulty in comparison: Due to the incomplete records and non-availability of previous years’ data, comparison isnot possible. By the same token, comparisons with other firms are also not possible.
Unacceptable to tax authorities: It does not reflect the true and acceptable presentation of expenses and revenues. Hence, these are not acceptable by the tax authorities.
Raising funds: Since analysis of solvency, profitability and liquidity of business cannot be done, it is difficult to raise fund from outside.
Long Answer Type Question:
Q.1 What is meant by a ‘statement of affairs’? How can the profit or loss of a trader be ascertained with the help of a statement of affairs?
Answer:A Statement of Affairs resembles Balance Sheet; however, it is not called a Balance Sheet. The statement of affairs is a Statement of Assets and Liabilities. The main difference between a Statement of Affairs and a Balance Sheet is that while the former is prepared on the basis of physical counts and improper source documents, the latter is prepared purely on the basis of ledger accounts. Thus, the authentication and relevance of the latter is guaranteed. The excess of assets over liabilities (i.e., balancing figure) is denoted as the capital of the firm. The performa of the statement of affairs is presented below.
Statement of Affairs as on…
Liabilities
AmountRs
Assets
AmountRs
Bills Payable
–
Land and Building
–
Creditors
–
Plant and Machinery
–
Outstanding Expense
Furniture
Capital (Balancing Figure)@
Stock
–
Debtors
–
Cash and Bank
–
Prepaid Expenses
–
Capital-Deficiency (Balancing Figure, if any)*
* When liabilities are more than assets, then the balancing figure is denoted by Capital-Deficiency in the assets side of the statement of affairs.
@ When the assets’ balance exceeds liabilities’ balance, the balancing figure is denoted by Capital in the liabilities side of the statement of affairs.
For ascertaining profit or loss, if capital in the beginning is not given, then opening statement of affairs is prepared in order to calculate the capital in the beginning. Once the opening capital and closing capital is calculated, a Statement of Profit or Loss is prepared to determine the amount of profit earned or loss incurred during the accounting period.
Statement of Profit or Loss for the year ended………
Particulars
AmountRs
Closing capital at the end of the year
–
Add: Drawings made during the year
–
Less: Additional capital introduced during the year
–
Adjusted capital at the end of the year
–
Less: Capital in the beginning of the year
–
Profit (Loss) for the year
–
(Balancing figure)
Q.2 Is it possible to prepare the profit and loss account and the balance sheet from the incomplete book of accounts kept by a trader’? Do you agree? Explain.
ANSWER: The Profit and Loss Account and the Balance Sheet can be prepared from the incomplete book of accounts through Conversion Method. According to this method, incomplete records are converted into double entry records. In case of incomplete records, details of some transactions are easily available like cash sales, cash purchases, creditors, debtors; however, there are number of transactions, the details of which may not be available directly. Yet, these details can be found out indirectly or logically. Some of the important items that are vital for preparing Balance Sheet are given below.
1. Opening Capital
2. Closing Capital
3. Credit Purchases
4. Cash Purchases
5. Credit Sales
6. Cash Sales
7. Payment from Debtors
8. Payment to Creditors
9. Opening Stock
10. Closing Stock
Below given are the steps included in the conversion method in a chronological order.
1. If opening capital is not given, then the first step is to prepare opening Statement of Affairs that gives the Opening Capital.
2. The second step is to prepare Cash Book that gives the opening or the closing cash and bank balance.
3. The next step is to prepare Total Debtors Account. It is prepared in order to find out one of the missing figures, such ascredit sales, opening debtors, closing debtors and cash received from debtors.
4. The subsequent step is to prepare Total Creditors Account to ascertain one of the missing figures, such as credit sales, opening creditors, closing creditors and cash paid to the creditors.
5. The last step is to prepare final accounts. On the basis of the missing figures ascertained in each of the above steps, along with other mentioned information, Trading and Profit and Loss Account and Balance Sheet can be prepared.
Q.3 Explain how the following may be ascertained from incomplete records:
(a) Opening capital and closing capital
(b) Credit sales and credit purchases
(c) Payments to creditors and collection from debtors
(d) Closing balance of cash.
ANSWER:
1. Opening capital and closing capital: Opening capital can be ascertained by preparing opening statement of affairs at the beginning of the accounting period and closing capital can be ascertained by preparing closing Statement of Affairs at the end of the accounting period.
Statement of Affairs as on….
Liabilities
AmountRs
Assets
AmountRs
Bills Payable
–
Land and Building
–
Creditors
–
Machinery
–
Outstanding Expense
–
Furniture
–
Capital (Balancing Figure)@
–
Stock
–
Debtors
–
Cash and Bank
–
Prepaid Expenses
–
Capital-Deficiency (Balancing Figure)*
–
* When liabilities are more than assets, capital appears in assets side, as it is balancing figure.
@ When the assets’ balance exceeds liabilities’ balance, the balancing figure is denoted by capital in the Liabilities side of the Statement of Affairs.
2. Credit Sales and Credit Purchases: Credit sales are ascertained as the balancing figure of the Total Debtors Account and Credit Purchases are ascertained as the balancing figure of the Total Creditors Account.
Total Debtors Account
Dr.
Cr.
Particulars
J.F.
AmountRs
Particulars
J.F.
AmountRs
Balance b/d
–
Cash
–
Bills Receivable
–
Bank
–
(Bill Dishonoured)
Discount Allowed
–
Bank (Cheque Dishonoured)
–
Bad Debts
–
Credit Sales (Balancing Figure)
–
Sales Returns
–
Bills Receivable(Bill Drawn)
–
Balance c/d
–
Total Creditors Account
Dr.
Cr.
Particulars
J.F.
Amount Rs
Particulars
J.F.
AmountRs
Cash
–
Balance b/d
–
Bank
–
Bank(Cheque Dishonoured)
–
Bills Payable
–
Bills Payable (Bills Dishonoured)
–
Discount Received
–
Credit Purchases
–
Purchases Returns
–
(Balancing Figure )
–
Balance c/d
–
3. Payment to creditors and collection from debtors: Payment to the creditors are ascertained from the Total Creditors Account as a balancing figure and collection from debtors are ascertained from the Total Debtors Account as a balancing figure.
4. Closing balance of cash: Closing balance of cash is ascertained from the Cash Book, which shows all receipts in the debit side and all payments in the credit side during an accounting year and the balancing figure of the cash book is the closing balance of cash.
In This Post we are providing Chapter-2 Biological Classification NCERT MCQ for Class 11 Biology which will be beneficial for students. These solutions are updated according to 2021-22 syllabus. These MCQS can be really helpful in the preparation of Board exams and will provide you with a brief knowledge of the chapter.
NCERT MCQ ON BIOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION
Question 1. Sexual reproduction is by copulation of male and female followed by embryological development is characteristic feature of (a) Animalia (b) Fungi (c) Mucor (d) Plantae
Answer: (a) Animalia
Question 2. The blue-green algae are also referred as (a) Cyanobacteria (b) Eubacteria (c) Archaebacteria (d) Heterotrophic bacteria
Answer: (a) Cyanobacteria
Question 3. Antibiotics cure disease by (a) Competitive Inhibition (b) Fighting with the disease causing organism (c) Turning the pathogen out of the body (d) Removing the pain
Answer: (a) Competitive Inhibition
Question 4. The organism that completely lack a cell wall and are smallest living cell know, can survive without oxygen is (a) Bacteriophages (b) Yeast (c) Mycoplasmas (d) Virus
Answer: (c) Mycoplasmas
Question 5. Naked cytoplasm, multinucleated and saprophytic are the characteristics of (a) Monerans (b) Slime moulds (c) Fungi (d) Protists
Answer: (b) Slime moulds
Question 6. Wine turns sour because of (a) Heat (b) Aerobic bacteria (c) Anaerobic bacteria (d) Exposure to the light
Answer: (b) Aerobic bacteria
Question 7. Which among the following is not included in the three domains system? (a) Bacteria Domain (b) Archaea Domain (c) Viral Domain (d) Euskara Domain
Answer: (c) Viral Domain
Question 8. Which one of the following is true for fungi? (a) They are phototrophs (b) They lack a rigid cell wall (c) They are heterotrophs (d) They lack nuclear membrane
Answer: (c) They are heterotrophs
Question 9. Which Archaebacteria is present in the guts of ruminant animals such as cows and buffaloes? (a) Speculums (b) Methanogens (c) Heterogens (d) Halophiles
Answer: (b) Methanogens
Question 10. Which of the following is an exception of monera kingdom – (a) Bacteria (b) Virus (c) Cyanobacteria (d) Mycoplasma
Question 12. The main difference between Gram positive and gram negative resides in the composition of: (a) Cilia (b) Cell-wall (c) Cell-membrane (d) Cytoplasm
Answer: (b) Cell-wall
Question 13. Which of the following structure is not found in prokaryotic cells : (a) Plasma membrane (b) Ribosomes (c) Nuclear membrane and membranous cell organelles (d) Hereditary substance
Answer: (c) Nuclear membrane and membranous cell organelles
Question 14. Virus envelope is known as: (a) Capsid (b) Virion (c) Nucleoprotein (d) Core
Answer: (a) Capsid
Question 15. Moneran phylogeny is best evidenced by sequence of nucleotides in RNA of ribosomes. On the basis of this information, the most primitive monerans are :- (a) Archaebacteria (b) Eubacteria (c) Filamentous bacteria (d) Cyanobacteria
Q.1Why is it necessary to record the adjusting entries in the preparation of final accounts?
ANSWER: It is extremely important to record the adjusting entries in the preparation of final accounts.
1. This is done in order to assess the true net profit or net loss of the business organisation.
2. It helps us record those adjustments which were left or omitted and were not recorded in the accounts.
3. It assists us to separate all the financial transactions into a year-wise category. The financial statements include only those entries which belong to the current year. It rules out the previous and forthcoming years’ entries which are the basis for accrual basis of accounting.
4. Further, it provides us the room for making various provisions which are made at the end of the year, after assessing the entire year’s performance.
Q.2 What is meant by closing stock? Show its treatment in final accounts.
ANSWER: Closing stock implies the value of unsold goods at the end of an accounting period. The valuation of closing stock is done on the basis of its cost price or the realisable value, whichever of the two is lesser.
Example: If a good with the cost price of Rs 20,000 is purchased at the end of an accounting period and its realisable value is Rs 30,000, then the closing stock will be valued at Rs 20,000 not at Rs 30,000.
Treatment of closing stock
If closing stock is given in the adjustment, then there will be two postings.
Trading Account
Balance Sheet
Dr.
Cr.
Particulars
Amount
Particulars
Amount
Liabilities
Amount
Assets
Amount
Closing Stock
If closing stock is given in the trial balance, then it needs to be shown only in the assets side of the Balance Sheet.
Q.3 State the meaning of:
(a) Outstanding expenses
(b) Prepaid expenses
(c) Income received in advance
(d) Accrued income
ANSWER: (a) Outstanding Expenses: These refer to those expenses which belong to and are incurred in the current accounting period but are left unpaid. In other words, we can say that the services in exchange of these payments have been realised but the payments are not made. For example, if Rs 1000 wages are outstanding, then this means that labour worth Rs 1,000 has been used but has not been paid for till the end of the year.
(b) Prepaid Expenses: These refer to those expenses for which the benefits have not been realised but the payments have already been made in advance. These are basically the advance payments for the next year, which are made in the current accounting period.
Example: Prepaid insurance premium of Rs 1,000 means that the payment of Rs 1,000 is made in advance for the next accounting period.
(c) Income Received in Advance: This refers to the income received whose actual realisation of benefits will occur in the next accounting period. These are also called unearned incomes.
Example: Commission of Rs 1,200 for the year 2011-12 is received in 2010-11. This commission does not belong to the current year as it is related with the work to be done in the next accounting year i.e., 2011-12.
(d) Accrued Income: This refers to those incomes which have been earned during an accounting period but have not been actually realised in the current period. These are also called earned incomes.
Q.4 Why is it necessary to create a provision for doubtful-debts at the time of preparation of final accounts?
ANSWER: The provision for doubtful-debts is created with the motive of minimising the effect of actual loss caused by the bad-debts. The actual figure of the current year’s bad-debts will be known in the next year with the realisation of debtors. At that point of time, it will be known as to how many of the debtors have become bad. Thus, instead of waiting for the realisation of debtors, we create a provision for doubtful-debts in order to cover the expected future loss associated with the debtors becoming bad.
Q.5 What is meant by provision for discount on debtors?
ANSWER: The discount is allowed to those debtors who are ready to pay a huge amount in one shot. It is given in order to encourage them to repay the debt. The provision for discount on debtors is created on good debtors. The amount of good debtors is calculated by deducting the amount of Bad Debts, further Bad Debts and new provision for Doubtful Debts. The required percentage of the good debtors is calculated and the provision for discount on debtors is deducted from the Debtors’ amount in the Assets side of a Balance Sheet. As it is a loss for the business, it is shown in the Debit side of the Profit and Loss Account.
Long Answer type Question:
Q.1 What are adjusting entries? Why are they necessary for preparing the final accounts? ANSWER: Adjusting entries are the entries of those adjustments which are given outside the trial balance and which help us reflect the true financial position i.e., profit or loss of an organisation. According to the double-entry system, all the adjustments given outside the Trial Balance are posted at two places. The adjusting entries are necessary they enable us to post and take into account those items which are omitted or entered with the wrong amount and/or recorded under wrong heads. The treatment of adjusting entries is necessary. (i) It helps us assess the true financial position of an organisation based on accrual basis of accounting. (ii) It helps us know the actual figure of profit or loss. (iii) It records the omitted entries and rectifies the errors made. (iv) It helps in providing depreciation and making different provisions, such as Bad Debts and depreciation.
Q.2 What is meant by provision for doubtful-debts? How are the relevant accounts prepared and what journal entries are recorded in the final accounts? How is the amount for provision for doubtful-debts calculated? ANSWER: The provision for doubtful-debts is provided after deducting the amount of bad-debts from the debtors. The provision for doubtful-debts is provided because of the rationale that the actual amount of bad-debts will only be known in the next year, when the amount of debtors will get realised. Thus, it will only then be known as to how many of the debtors have become bad. Thus, in order to bridge-up the expected future loss, we create a provision for doubtful-debts. For the provision for doubtful-debts, we prepare debtors account and provision for doubtfuldebts account. For recording bad-debts, the following journal entry is passed. Profit and Loss A/c Dr. To Provision for Bad and Doubtful Debts A/c Example: An extract from a Trial Balance as on December 31, 2010. Debtors 10,500 Provision for Doubtful Debts as on January 01, 2010 1,000 Bad Debts Account 1,500 Adjustment: (i) Further bad-debts amount to Rs 500. (ii) Create a provision for doubtful-debts at 5% on debtors. Explanation The provision for Doubtful Debt as on January 01, 2010 was Rs 1,000 and the Bad Debts during the year were Rs 1,500. In addition to this, there was a further Bad Debt of Rs 500 which was known at the end of the year i.e., December 31, 2010. Now we need to create a provision for Doubtful Debts at 5% on debtors. Profit and Loss A/c Dr. Cr. Particulars AmountParticularsAmount Bad Debts 1,500 Add: Further Bad Debts 500 Add: New Provision for Doubtful Debts 500 Less: Old Provision (given in Trial Balance) 1,000 1,500 Balance Sheet Liabilities Amount Assets Amount Debtors 10,500 Less: Further Bad Debts 500 10,000 Less: New Provision for Doubtful Debts 500 9,500
The amount of provision for Doubtful Debts is calculated by debiting the amount of further Bad Debts from debtors and calculating the given percentage of provision on remaining debtors. This provision is added to the Bad Debts amount in the profit and loss account and deducted from debtors in the assets side of a Balance Sheet. Q.3 Show the treatment of prepaid expenses, depreciation and closing stock at the time of preparation of final accounts when they are given (a) inside the Trial Balance (b) outside the Trial Balance ANSWER: (i) Prepaid expenses (a) When given inside the Trial Balance: It will be posted only in the Assets side of the Balance Sheet. Balance Sheet Assets Amount Prepaid Expenses (b) When given outside the Trial Balance: Dr. Cr. Particulars Amoun t Particular s Amoun t Liabilitie s Amoun t Assets Amoun t Concerned Expenses Prepaid Expenses Less: Prepaid Expenses
(ii) Depreciation (a) If depreciation is given inside the Trial Balance, then it can be shown in the Debit side of the Profit and Loss A/c. It means that this depreciation amount has already been deducted from the concerned assets in the Balance Sheet. Profit and Loss Account Dr. Cr. Particulars Amount Particulars Amount Depreciation
(b) If depreciation is given outside the Trial Balance, i.e. in the adjustments, then it is shown in the debit side of the Profit and Loss Account and deducted from the concerned assets in the Assets side of Balance Sheet
