NCERT MOST IMPORTANT QUESTIONS CLASS – 11 | PSYCHOLOGY | CHAPTER- 4 | HUMAN DEVELOPMENT | EDUGROWN |

In This Post we are  providing  CHAPTER 4 HUMAN DEVELOPMENT NCERT MOST IMPORTANT QUESTION for Class 11 PSYCHOLOGYwhich will be beneficial for students. These solutions are updated according to 2021-22 syllabus. These   can be really helpful in the preparation of Board exams and will provide you with a brief knowledge of the chapter.

NCERT MOST IMPORTANT QUESTION ON HUMAN DEVELOPMENT

Question 1.
Explain the meaning of the term ‘Development.
Answer:
The meaning of the concept of development is different for different people. One thing is definitely common that development means the diffusion of growth to all sections of the society to raise the standard of life of the people. The development conveys the ideas of improvement, progress well-being, and inspiration for a better life. Through the process of development, society seeks to achieve the vision of the future for the future generation.

The development has also been Understood and used in a narrow sense y understanding it related with limited goals such as increasing the .ate of economic growth or modernizing the society. In fact, the development is not concerned with just achieving the present targets or completing projects like dams and factories i.e. growth of infrastructure but it is more concerned with realizing the broader vision of society. We can say that development is a value ridden concept.

Question 2.
Explain various issues that are involved in the process of development.
Answer:
Since the concept of development is very wide, a number of issues are involved in it which are as under

1. The rights of the people should be taken into account during the course of development.
2. To make development more pervasive, there should be the democratization of the social, economic, and political environment.
3. The benefits of development should reach all sections of society.
4. There should be qualitative improvement in the lives of the people.

Question 3.
Explain socialist, communist, and capitalistic model of development.
Answer:
Every state has its own model of development. Every state is concerned with the welfare of its people and raising the standard of living of its people. Although the number of models has been evolved there have been three main models of development in prevalence. These models are as under

1. Socialistic model
2. Communistic model
3. Capitalist model

1. Socialistic model:- Socialist pattern of development prevailed in developing countries of Asia and Africa to make distribution of resources as per the reeds of the people and to exploit the potentialities of the people to the fullest.

2. Communist model:- Communist model of development initially started in the countries of Eastern Europe and then spread to some other countries. It was based on the principles of Marxism.

3. Capitalist model:- This model of development become popular in the USA. and European countries which are based on the principle of economic pursuits on competition basis and profit basis with the minimum role of the state.

Question 4.
What are the main targets of development?
Answer:
The process of development seeks to achieve positive changes and improvement in the following areas

1. Poverty
2. Unemployment
3. Illiteracy
4. Unexploited resources
5. Regional imbalances
6. Social backwardness.
7. Fatalism
8. Impact of colonialism.

Question 5.
Enumerate certain features of development undertaken in different parts of the world.
Answer:
The process of development has undergone many changes over the years in different countries as it is understood in its meaning. Initially, it was linked with the economic growth and social development with the purpose of modernization of societies. The main features and activities undertaken were as under:

1. Industrialization
2. Commercialization
3. Urbanization
4. Agrarian reforms
5. Use of science and technology
6. Educational development
7. Secularisation
8. Democratization.

In the process of development, the state was given a leading role to play in the above areas.

Question 6.
Explain the mode of development in India.
Answer:
After independence, India got the colonial legacy at the social, economic, and political levels. India adopted a mixed economy for its development. Planning Commission was set to start planned economic development. The first five-year plan was started in 1951-56. So far we have successfully completed the ten five years plan which has helped in transforming the Indian society and economy to an appreciable extent. Today India is on its way to being a modernized society. The process of liberalization, globalization, and privatization has fastened the pace of development. In India, the process of development is going in Libera secular democratic framework. All efforts are being made to take the benefits of development to all sections of the society through their participation at all levels.

Question 7.
What is the impact of development in India?
Answer:
India, through its planned socio-economic development, has achieved tremendous growth in different areas i.e. agriculture, roads, housing, industry, medicine, health, raising employment opportunities, education, and developing infrastructure. Through the doses of modernization, India has been able to transform Indian society in the last sixty years. In fact through the development face of India is changed from an agrarian, traditional and backward, and undeveloped society to a modem, secular, democratic, and developing society.

But still, we have not been able to achieve the goals of development in the real sense and as per the true meaning of development. We are still in grip of inequalities, disparities, and imbalance. Still, we have 26% of people who are yet to reach the level of subsistence needs. Still, we have situations of excess and deprivation. The ultimate objective of development is rational utilization of the resource and to take the fruits of development to the last man. We feel that we are far away from these two goals of development.

Question 8.
What are the main hindrances in achieving the goals of development in developing countries like India?
Answer:
Almost every society is in the process of development and is trying to get the goals of development. But there are certain structural hindrances in the path of development, particularly in developing countries. Some of the hindrances are as under:-

1. Lack of definite and relevant model of development.
2. Lack of political will.
3. Lack of people’s awareness.
4. Traditional social structure.
5. Traditional occupations.
6. Lack of people-oriented approach of bureaucracy.

Question 9.
What do you know about the social cost of development?
Answer:
The process of development involves a lot of desirable and undesirable activities with negative and positive consequences which can be called social costs. These social costs can be understood as under

1. Displacement of persons due to developmental projects like bridges and dams and other such projects.
2. Migration of people in search of better opportunities and better quality of life in which they lose their old identities and due course of time acquire new values and new identities.
3. Pressure on urban civic amenities due to the process of urbanization in the wake of development.
4. Loss of traditional skills acquired in a long time.
5. Loss of culture.
6. Regional and cultural confrontations.
7. Social agitations.
8. Unemployment and uncertainties.

Question 10.
Define development, its objective and suggest the best modes of development.
Answer:
Lucian Pye, a great politician scientist explained the idea of development in his famous book ‘Aspects of Development’ “as a process of rational utilization of the available resources to establish modern society. In the contemporary world, however, the word of development has been used for progress, change, modernization, and growth. In fact” Lucian Pye explained the concept of development in terms of socialization, modernization, democratization, secularisation, and people’s participation.

As far as the objectives are concerned, they are not just material progress in different fields like production, goods, amenities, dams, projects, and the well-being of a few. In fact, its objectives are wide. The ultimate objective of the development is as under:-

1. To make the best use of the resources by identifying them properly.
2. To ensure the fair distribution of fruits of development to all sections of society, particularly up to the underprivileged class.
3. To raise the standard of living of the people.
4. To achieve the common good of the people.

There have been different models of development in different parts of the world with democratic and dictatorial governmental structures In all these models of development, there has been the Top-down approach in decision making which prohibited the local initiative and participation in policymaking and decision-making process. To achieve the desired goals of development, there is a need to adopt such a system or model of development which ensure the people’s participation up to a desirable extent and recognizes their rights and claims.