A Tale of Valour • Somebody’s Mother • Verghese Kurien — I Too Had A Dream
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Major Somnath Sharma (1923–1947) — India’s first Param Vir Chakra recipient
Chapter 1 · Prose
A Tale of Valour
Major Somnath Sharma and the Battle of Badgam
🎖 Kumaon Regiment📅 3 November 1947⭐ Param Vir Chakra (Posthumous)
Jump to
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Before You Read — Let us do these activities
I. Work in pairs
1
What do you think about the Republic Day Parade on 26 January?
Answer
The Republic Day Parade on Kartavya Path in New Delhi is a magnificent display of India’s military strength, cultural diversity and national unity. It fills citizens with pride as the tricolour is unfurled, the armed forces march in perfect step, and the states present colourful tableaux celebrating our heritage. (Accept any thoughtful personal opinion in complete sentences.)
2
What are the highlights of this parade?
Answer
The chief highlights are the unfurling of the National Flag and the National Anthem, the march-past by the Army, Navy and Air Force, displays of tanks, missiles and military equipment, the fly-past by fighter jets and helicopters, colourful cultural tableaux of different states, performances by school children, the BSF camel contingent and the daredevil motorcycle stunts.
3
What bravery awards are given on this day, and who receives them?
Answer
Gallantry awards such as the Param Vir Chakra, Maha Vir Chakra and Vir Chakra (wartime) and the Ashoka Chakra, Kirti Chakra and Shaurya Chakra (peacetime) are conferred. Children receive the Pradhan Mantri Rashtriya Bal Puraskar. They are given to soldiers, police personnel, ordinary citizens and children who have shown exceptional courage, often risking their own lives.
II. Work in groups of four and discuss
1
What qualities do you think a soldier should have?
Answer
A soldier should possess courage, discipline, patriotism, physical and mental strength, loyalty, presence of mind, the spirit of sacrifice, leadership, teamwork and selflessness. Major Somnath Sharma’s story shows that determination and devotion to duty matter most of all.
2
If you had to share a message with a soldier, what would it be?
Answer
“Thank you for guarding our borders day and night so that we can live in peace and freedom. Your courage and sacrifice inspire us, and the whole nation stands proudly with you. Jai Hind!” (Accept any sincere, respectful message.)
📖 IN-TEXT QUESTIONS
🗣️
Let us discuss
I. Arrange the events in chronological order (events 1 and 8 are given)
•
Put the eight events in the correct time order.
Answer
The correct order is:
1→4→6→3→5→7→2→8
Order
Event (original number in brackets)
1
(1) Major Somnath Sharma was born in 1923 in Kangra, Himachal Pradesh.
2
(4) He underwent training at the Royal Military College, Sandhurst.
3
(6) He was commissioned into the 19th Hyderabad Regiment in 1942.
4
(3) The D Company, under his command, was flown into Srinagar.
5
(5) He requested air strikes to combat the enemy at Badgam.
6
(7) He was killed immediately after a mortar shell hit him.
7
(2) Even after losing him, the soldiers fought bravely to save Srinagar.
8
(8) He was the first recipient of the Param Vir Chakra.
Note: His Sandhurst training belonged to his early career, before his commissioning in 1942, so it comes first among the two early-life events.
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Let us think and reflect
Extract 1 — “Vastly outnumbered and facing devastating fire…”
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D Company fighting the invaders at Badgam“Vastly outnumbered and facing devastating fire, Major Somnath Sharma and his men stood resolute. The air was thick with the sound of gunfire and the cries of battle, but Major Somnath Sharma’s voice cut through the chaos, urging his men to fight with tenacity and valour…”
i
What can be inferred about the conditions from the line: ‘The air was thick with gunfire…’
AThe gunshots had stopped for a while.
BThere was intense fighting on the battlefield.✓
CThe invaders were retreating from the fight.
DThe Indian soldiers had achieved victory.
Answer
Correct option — B. The image ‘the air was thick with gunfire’ suggests bullets were being fired continuously from every direction — that is, the fighting on the battlefield was extremely fierce and intense.
ii
Complete the sentence with a suitable reason: Despite heavy casualties, Major Somnath Sharma continued to lead his men because…
Answer
… he knew that holding the position at Badgam was vital to protect the Srinagar airfield, and that his own courage and presence were needed to keep his outnumbered men motivated until reinforcements arrived. His sense of duty would not let him abandon his soldiers.
iii
Select the correct option for Assertion (A) and Reason (R). (A) Major Somnath Sharma moved fearlessly through the battlefield, even though he was injured. (R) He believed his courage was important to motivate the soldiers.
ABoth (A) and (R) are true, and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).✓
BBoth (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
C(A) is true, but (R) is false.
D(A) is false, but (R) is true.
Answer
Correct option — A. Both statements are true and the reason explains the assertion: he moved fearlessly precisely because he believed his courage would inspire his men to keep fighting.
iv
Fill in the blank: Major Somnath Sharma was filling magazines, and encouraging his men to hold their ground despite ____. (injuries / worry)
Answer
injuries — the extract states he showed bravery ‘despite… his own injuries.’
Extract 2 — “Born on 31 January 1923…”
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Commemorative postage stamp honouring Major Somnath Sharma, PVC“Born on 31 January 1923, in the picturesque town of Dadh in Kangra, Himachal Pradesh, Somnath Sharma belonged to a family with a rich military legacy. His father, Major General Amar Nath Sharma, had served the nation with distinction, and young Somnath was deeply inspired by the valorous tales of the Mahabharata, imparted to him by his grandfather.”
i
What can be inferred about Somnath Sharma’s early influences on his career?
AHe was primarily influenced by his father’s achievements in the military.
BHis inspiration came solely from the tales of the Mahabharata.
CHis family and heritage inspired his bravery and sense of duty.✓
DHe decided to join the military out of necessity rather than passion.
Answer
Correct option — C. Both his father’s distinguished service and the valorous Mahabharata tales told by his grandfather shaped him. Option C captures both influences; A and B are only partly true.
ii
True or False: Somnath Sharma belonged to a wealthy family.
Answer
False — the text says he belonged to a family with a rich military legacy, i.e. a proud tradition of army service, not riches.
iii
What does the phrase ‘served the nation with distinction’ tell us about Major General Amar Nath Sharma?
Answer
It tells us he performed his military duties with exceptional dedication, honour and excellence, and was highly respected for his outstanding contributions to the country.
iv
Replace the underlined phrase with a word from the extract that has a similar meaning: My family and I visited a popular hill station and stayed in an old but visually charming house surrounded by trees.
Answer
picturesque — … stayed in an old but picturesque house surrounded by trees.
II. Answer the following questions
1
‘Major Somnath’s legacy of courage and devotion to the nation remains forever alive, forever alive…’ What is the significance of the repetition?
Answer
The repetition of ‘forever alive’ stresses that his courage and sacrifice can never be forgotten. It creates a strong emotional, song-like rhythm — almost a tribute — and emphasises that his memory will live on permanently in every generation of Indians.
2
Why do you think Major Somnath’s leadership was critical during the Battle of Badgam?
Answer
His 90 men were outnumbered almost seven to one by about 500 invaders. He kept his nerve, correctly judged that the first attack was only a distraction, requested air strikes, bravely laid out ground panels to guide the aircraft, refilled magazines for his gunners and moved fearlessly to encourage his men. His calm, courageous example held the position long enough for reinforcements to arrive and save Srinagar. Without such leadership, his small company could have collapsed quickly.
3
What were Major Somnath’s last words? What do they reflect about his sense of duty?
Answer
His last message to Brigade Headquarters was: “The enemy is only 50 yards from us. We are heavily outnumbered. We are under devastating fire. I shall not withdraw an inch but will fight to the last man and the last round.” These words reflect his unshakeable devotion to duty, fearless courage and willingness to sacrifice his life rather than retreat — he put the safety of his country above his own life.
4
What might have been the outcome of the Battle of Badgam if Major Somnath and his company had not held their ground?
Answer
Had they not held on, the invaders would have captured Badgam and then the strategically vital Srinagar airfield. Reinforcements could not have been flown in, and Srinagar — and possibly the whole Kashmir Valley — might have fallen into enemy hands, dealing a severe blow to newly independent India.
5
Why do you think Major Somnath’s story continues to inspire soldiers and civilians today?
Answer
Because it embodies timeless values — courage, leadership, selfless sacrifice and putting the nation above oneself. His story reminds soldiers and civilians alike of the price paid for our freedom and inspires everyone to perform their duty with honour and dedication.
6
How can the values demonstrated by Major Somnath Sharma — courage, duty and self-sacrifice — be applied in our daily lives?
Answer
Courage: standing up for what is right, speaking the truth and facing difficulties without fear. Duty: sincerely doing our responsibilities — students studying well, helping at home, being honest and punctual. Self-sacrifice: putting the common good before selfish interests, helping the needy, sharing, and caring for our family, community and environment.
✏️ EXERCISE QUESTIONS
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Let us learn
I. Match the expressions (Column 1) with the situations (Column 2)
Expression
→
Best matching situation
1. Fight to the last man
(ii)
The soldiers fought valiantly until each one laid down his life for the nation.
2. Foil the plan
(iv)
A spy disrupts the enemy’s efforts to invade a country by intercepting their communications.
3. Deliver a blow
(i)
A sports team scores a last-minute goal, shaking the opponent’s confidence.
4. Hold their ground
(iii)
Soldiers stay in their position and fight back, even though the enemy is stronger.
Now complete the sentences using the expressions
#
Completed sentence
A
The detective managed to foil the plan by finding the hidden evidence before the culprit could get rid of it.
B
The company’s new advertising campaign was meant to deliver a blow to their competitors’ sales.
C
The hikers chose to hold their ground despite the heavy rain, refusing to turn back.
D
Despite being heavily outnumbered, the soldiers vowed to defend their homeland and fight to the last man, refusing to surrender.
II. Collective nouns — match Column 1 to Column 2
Collective noun
→
Meaning
1. regiment
(ii)
a permanent unit of an army, commanded by a lieutenant colonel/colonel and divided into several companies
2. squadron
(iii)
a small unit, typically 12–24 aircraft and their crews
3. fleet
(iv)
a group of ships sailing together under the same activity or ownership
4. battalion
(i)
a large body of troops ready for battle, especially an infantry unit
Now fill in the blanks with words from Column 1
#
Answer
A
The commanding officer addressed the entire regiment of soldiers during the morning assembly.
B
The admiral ordered the entire fleet to set sail for battle.
C
The battalion of infantry advanced slowly through the dense forest.
D
A squadron of fighter jets was sent to intercept the enemy planes.
III. Fill the blanks using the box (overwhelm / overthrow / overrun)
•
Match the ‘over-’ words to their meanings.
Answer
1. To take and seize control: overthrow 2. To invade or occupy an area in large numbers: overrun 3. To flood or overpower someone or something emotionally: overwhelm
•
Five more verbs beginning with ‘over’ (with sentences):
Answer
Verb
Sentence
overcome
She worked hard to overcome her fear of public speaking.
overlook
Please do not overlook the small mistakes in your essay.
overhear
I happened to overhear their conversation in the corridor.
overflow
The river began to overflow after the heavy rain.
overtake
The car tried to overtake the truck on the highway.
IV. ‘c’ for nouns, ‘s’ for verbs — fill in the blanks
#
(i) noun
(ii) verb
1
advice
advise
2
practice
practise
3
device
devise
4
council
counsel
Note: The teacher’s advice is always helpful, and she continues to advise students; daily practice helps, so she is ready to practise; the scientist uses a device and plans to devise new methods; the village council met and decided to counsel the villagers.
V. Subject–Verb Agreement — choose the correct verb
#
Sentence
Correct verb
1
The bouquet of flowers ____ beautiful.
is
2
Neither the teacher nor the students ____ aware of the change.
were
3
Each of the participants ____ submitted their projects on time.
has
4
The data collected by the researchers ____ significant trends.
shows
5
One of the players ____ injured during the match.
was
6
Either the children or their guardian ____ to attend the meeting.
has
7
A pair of shoes ____ missing from the rack.
is
8
Neither of the statements ____ true.
is
9
The members of the jury ____ their verdict to the court.
have delivered
10
Mathematics ____ an interesting subject for many students.
is
Note: In sentences 2 & 6 the verb agrees with the nearer subject (students → were; guardian → has). ‘Data’ is treated as a singular collective here (‘data…shows’); in strictly traditional grammar ‘data’ can also take ‘show’.
VI. Correct the incorrect verbs in the passage
•
Rewrite the passage with correct subject–verb agreement.
Answer
Each soldier salutes with pride while the commander and his assistants inspect the parade. The sound of marching feet echoes through the air as a group of cadets prepares for their drill. Meanwhile, a convoy of military vehicles passes by, drawing cheers from the gathered crowd.
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Let us listen
I. Talk about the Param Vir Chakra — fill in the blanks
#
Sentence
Answer
1
The Param Vir Chakra signifies the ‘Wheel of the Ultimate ____’.
Brave
2
… awarded to someone who shows exemplary bravery while fighting with the ____.
enemy
3
Introduced as a Gallantry Medal in 1947 by the ____.
President of India (Dr. Rajendra Prasad)
4
Its design is inspired by Sage Dadhichi, who was a ____.
Vedic rishi
5
The state emblem in the centre is surrounded by the Vajra and ____.
lotus flowers
Note: The medal was designed by Mrs. Savitri Khanolkar and is cast in bronze, with four replicas of Indra’s Vajra around the State Emblem.
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Let us speak
I. Speak about how you propose to serve your nation
•
Model response (using the given prompts).
Answer
“I believe one of the best ways to serve the nation is by saving the environment. A small change we can make is to plant trees and avoid plastic, and it will have a big impact because clean air and green cover protect everyone’s health. If everyone contributes by keeping their surroundings clean, it can lead to healthier cities. One of the biggest challenges we face is pollution, and I propose we address it by spreading awareness and practising the 3 R’s — Reduce, Reuse, Recycle. Serving the nation is not just about big actions; even small efforts like switching off unused lights matter.” (Speak on any one theme: environment, health, helping others or righteous conduct.)
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Let us write
I. Write a letter of enquiry about a school visit to a Memorial
•
Model letter (follow the given layout).
Answer
Sunrise Public School M.G. Road, Indore – 452001
20 January 20XX
The In-charge National War Memorial India Gate, New Delhi – 110001
Subject: Enquiry about a School Visit to a Memorial
Dear Sir,
This is to enquire about a visit by the students of our school to the National War Memorial. Could you please provide details about the available dates and timings for school groups?
Firstly, I request you to share the dates on which group visits are permitted. Secondly, I would appreciate it if you could explain the usual duration of the guided tour. I would also be grateful to get further details on the entry fees, if any. Lastly, could you clarify if there are special guidelines that student groups must follow?
An early reply will be greatly appreciated, as it will help us plan the trip well in advance. I look forward to your guidance and support for making this visit meaningful and memorable for our students.
Yours sincerely, Aarav Sharma (Head Boy, Class VIII)
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Let us explore
I. About Captain Vikram Batra (the last PVC awardee)
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Bust of Param Vir Chakra awardee Captain Vikram Batra at the National War Memorial, DelhiCaptain Vikram Batra, the ‘Shershah of Kargil’, gave the iconic success signal ‘Yeh Dil Mange More’.
•
Who was Captain Vikram Batra and why is he remembered?
Answer
Captain Vikram Batra of 13 JAK RIF was a hero of the 1999 Kargil War. As D Company commander, he captured Point 5140 on 20 June 1999, and later led the assault on Point 4875 on 7 July 1999. He killed enemy soldiers at point-blank range, was seriously injured, yet his dauntless leadership inspired his men to capture the peak. He later succumbed to his injuries and was awarded the Param Vir Chakra (Posthumously) — the last of the twenty-one PVC awardees in the chapter’s count.
II. Gallantry awards in India
•
Some major gallantry awards (find out more).
Answer
Award
Given for
Param Vir Chakra
The highest military award, for the most conspicuous bravery in the presence of the enemy.
Maha Vir Chakra
The second-highest military award, for acts of gallantry in the presence of the enemy.
Vir Chakra
Awarded for acts of gallantry in the presence of the enemy.
Peacetime equivalents are the Ashoka Chakra, Kirti Chakra and Shaurya Chakra.
III. Key roles of women in the Indian Army
•
Find out and share the roles of women in the Indian Army.
Answer
Women now serve as officers in combat support and combat roles — as doctors and nurses in the Army Medical Corps, as engineers, signals and intelligence officers, in the legal (JAG) and education branches, as fighter and helicopter pilots in the allied forces, and increasingly in command appointments. They also serve in the Corps of Military Police. Their selfless, proud service shows that women can shoulder every responsibility of national defence.
IV. Birsa Munda — A Saga of Courage and Sacrifice
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Commemorative stamp on the 150th birth anniversary of Birsa MundaA commemorative stamp by Shri Sankha Samanta captures Birsa Munda addressing his followers.
•
Who was Birsa Munda?
Answer
Birsa Munda was a revered tribal freedom fighter, spiritual leader and folk hero of the Munda tribe. A charismatic and valiant warrior, he became a powerful symbol of tribal resistance against British colonial rule. In Jharkhand he is lovingly called Dharti Aaba (Father of the Land) and honoured as a divine figure for his selfless dedication to his people and the protection of tribal rights.
V. Make a list of patriotic songs
•
Patriotic songs in any language (sample list).
Answer
Vande Mataram, Sare Jahan Se Achha, Ae Mere Watan Ke Logo, Maa Tujhe Salaam, Chak De! India, Rang De Basanti, Mile Sur Mera Tumhara and Jana Gana Mana (National Anthem). (Add songs from your own region/language and share them with your class.)
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A schoolboy kindly guides the old woman safely across the street
Chapter 2 · Poem
Somebody’s Mother
by Mary Dow Brine
❤️ Theme: Kindness & Empathy🎵 Couplets, rhyme AABB❄️ A cold winter’s day
Jump to
🧑🦺
Before You Read — Let us do these activities
I. Recall a time you helped someone
1
Two words describing your feelings after helping.
Answer
Happy and proud (also accept: satisfied, content, joyful). (Personal response.)
2
Two words for the feelings of the person you helped.
Answer
Grateful and relieved (also accept: thankful, happy, comforted). (Personal response.)
II. Circle words for an elderly person; underline words for a school student
•
Group the words.
Answer
Elderly person (circle)
School student (underline)
worried, trembling, bent, slow, grey
strong, firm, merry, hastening
Note: ‘Helpful’ and ‘guide’ can apply to either — an elder can guide with experience, and a student can be helpful, like the boy in the poem.
III. Select the suitable meaning of ‘ragged’
•
“The woman was old and ragged and grey…” — which meaning fits?
Answer
Meaning 1 — (of clothes) old and torn; shabby. Here ‘ragged’ describes the poor old woman’s worn-out, shabby clothing.
📖 IN-TEXT QUESTIONS
🗣️
Let us discuss
I. Arrange the events of the poem in the correct order
•
Correct order of events.
Answer
2→3→6→4→7→1→8→5
Order
Event (original number)
1
(2) The old woman stood alone at the crossing, hesitant to move.
2
(3) A group of schoolboys passed by, playing and laughing.
3
(6) The children hurried past the old woman without offering help.
4
(4) The boy offered to help the old woman cross the street.
5
(7) The woman placed her hand on the boy’s arm, and he guided her safely across.
6
(1) The boy returned to his friends, feeling proud of what he had done.
7
(8) The boy thought about his own mother and hoped someone would help her one day.
8
(5) The woman prayed for the boy who helped her.
II. Fill in the blanks (choose the correct option)
#
Sentence
Answer
1
The central theme of the poem is ____.
kindness and empathy
2
The tone of the poem is ____.
sympathetic and hopeful
3
The poem is written in couplets with ____ lines in each stanza.
two
4
The structure gives a rhythmic flow that reflects both the ____.
narrative and emotions
5
The poem follows a rhyme scheme of ____.
AABB
III. Pick examples of poetic devices from the poem
Device
Example from the poem
Simile
“Came the boys like a flock of sheep” (boys compared to sheep using ‘like’).
Alliteration
“without hurt or harm”; “His young heart happy”; “so meek, so timid”.
Repetition
“She’s somebody’s mother…” / “somebody’s son” — the phrase ‘somebody’s’ is repeated.
IV. Complete the sentences explaining the imagery
1
The poem uses imagery to describe scenes of a bustling street. We know this by the phrase ____.
Answer
… ‘amid the throng / Of human beings who passed her by’ — the ‘throng’ (crowd) shows a busy, crowded street.
2
The line ‘The street was wet with a recent snow’ suggests a cold and ____ weather.
Answer
… a cold and slippery (wet, harsh) weather, which emphasises the old woman’s helplessness.
V. Complete with a suitable reason
•
The poet repeats the phrase ‘Somebody’s mother’ because it ____.
Answer
… reminds the reader that the helpless old woman is someone’s dear mother — just like our own mothers — and so deserves love, care and respect. The repetition awakens empathy and makes the message universal.
VI. Complete the analogy
•
The old woman : vulnerable and neglected :: The young boy : ____
Answer
kind and helpful (also accept: compassionate and caring).
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Let us think and reflect
Extract 1 — “The woman was old and ragged and grey…”
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The old woman waits alone on a crowded, snowy street“The woman was old and ragged and grey / And bent with the chill of the Winter’s day. / The street was wet with a recent snow / And the woman’s feet were aged and slow.”
i
What does the phrase ‘ragged and grey’ refer to?
Athe woman’s emotional state that day
Bthe woman’s old and worn-out appearance✓
Cthe weather conditions of the particular day
Dthe colour of the street and the surroundings
Answer
Correct option — B. ‘Ragged’ (shabby, torn clothes) and ‘grey’ (grey hair) describe the old woman’s worn-out, aged appearance.
ii
Complete with a suitable reason: The woman was ‘bent’ with the chill of the Winter’s day because she was…
Answer
… old, frail and weak, and her aged body could not bear the bitter cold, so she stooped/bent under the chill.
iii
Identify the fact and the opinion.
Answer
A. “The street was wet with recent snow.” — Fact (it can be observed/proved).
B. “The woman was too weak to cross the street on her own.” — Opinion (it is a judgement/belief).
iv
Why do you think the woman’s feet were described as ‘aged and slow’?
Answer
Because she was very old. Her advanced age had weakened her body and legs, so she could move only slowly and unsteadily, especially on the wet, slippery street.
Extract 2 — “He guided the trembling feet along…”
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The boy returns to his cheerful group of friends“He guided the trembling feet along, / Proud that his own were firm and strong. / Then back again to his friends he went, / His young heart happy and well content.”
i
What does the contrast between the ‘trembling feet’ of the old woman and the ‘firm and strong’ feet of the boy emphasise?
Answer
It emphasises the contrast between the frailty and vulnerability of old age and the strength and energy of youth. It also gently reminds us that the young and strong should use their strength to help the weak and elderly.
ii
Fill in the blank: This tells us that the boy was ____. (arrogant about being strong / grateful for his ability to help)
Answer
grateful for his ability to help — he was thankful that his strong feet allowed him to help someone in need.
iii
What is the boy most likely to tell his friends on getting back?
AI’m so glad I could help her.✓
BI’m worried about her safety.
CI’m surprised she forgot to thank me.
DI’m thankful for all your support.
Answer
Correct option — A. The poem says his ‘young heart’ was ‘happy and well content’, so he would joyfully say he was glad he could help her.
iv
Rectify the false sentence: The young boy’s actions were driven by a logical decision.
Answer
Corrected: The young boy’s actions were driven by compassion / kindness / empathy — not by logic, but by a warm, caring heart.
II. Answer the following questions
1
What might be the old woman’s fears as she waited for a long time at the crossing?
Answer
She might have feared slipping and falling on the wet, snowy street, being knocked down by the carriage wheels or the horses’ feet, being unable to cross safely on her own, and being ignored and left uncared for by the hurrying crowd.
2
How does the poet show the helplessness of the old woman? Support with evidence.
Answer
The poet shows it through phrases like ‘her feet were aged and slow’, ‘She stood at the crossing and waited long, / Alone, uncared for, amid the throng’, and ‘So meek, so timid, afraid to stir / Lest the carriage wheels… should crowd her down’. These lines reveal that she was weak, frightened and unable to cross without help.
3
Why does the boy decide to help the old woman? What does this tell us about him?
Answer
He helps her out of kindness and empathy, and because he thinks of his own mother — he hopes someone would help her one day if she were old and alone. This tells us he is compassionate, caring, polite and well brought-up, with a noble heart.
4
How was the boy’s approach towards the old woman different from that of the other boys?
Answer
The other boys hastened past, laughing and playing, without offering any help. This boy, however, paused, spoke gently and softly, offered to help, and carefully guided her safely across the slippery street. His sensitivity and kindness set him apart.
5
Justify the appropriateness of the title of the poem.
Answer
The title ‘Somebody’s Mother’ is very fitting because it reminds us that the helpless old woman is someone’s beloved mother, just as our mothers are precious to us. It highlights the poem’s central message — that we should treat every elderly person with the same love, empathy and respect we would want for our own mother.
6
What does the poem suggest about the role of empathy and humanity in society?
Answer
The poem suggests that empathy and humanity are essential for a caring society. Small acts of kindness — like helping an old woman cross the street — can mean a great deal. It teaches us to notice those in need, to help the weak and elderly, and to treat everyone with compassion and dignity.
✏️ EXERCISE QUESTIONS
🎓
Let us learn
I. Word grid — find the antonyms of the words from the text
•
Antonyms hidden in the grid (horizontal, vertical, diagonal).
Answer
Word
Antonym (in grid)
firm
FRAGILE
meek
BOLD
merry
SAD
kind
CRUEL
anxious
CALM (also PEACEFUL)
bent
STRAIGHT (the given example)
II. Match the words (Column 1) with the underlined phrases (Column 2)
Word
→
Meaning of underlined phrase
1. hastened
(iii)
worked quickly
2. heeded
(vi)
paid attention to
3. stir
(i)
move slightly
4. lend
(ii)
give
5. piled
(iv)
kept in a heap
6. offered
(v)
came forward
III. Match the ‘hand’ idioms with their meanings
Idiom
→
Meaning
1. get out of hand
(iv)
become difficult to control
2. try your hand at something
(i)
do something new
3. give somebody a free hand
(vi)
allow somebody to do something with full freedom
4. give somebody a big hand
(ii)
applaud somebody
5. work hand in hand
(iii)
work together
6. have your hands full
(v)
be very busy
IV. Complete the analogies with words from the poem
#
Analogy
Answer
1
____ : winter :: heat : summer
chill (cold)
2
hurt : ____ :: old : aged
harm
3
whispered : shouted :: humble : ____
proud
4
eyes : ____ :: legs : walk
glance
5
having a lot of money : wealthy :: densely packed people : ____
throng
Note: ‘Lest’ is a conjunction meaning ‘to prevent something bad from happening’; it can be replaced with ‘just in case’ (e.g. ‘She showed the documents lest we doubt her’ = just in case we doubted her).
🎧
Let us listen
I. Arrange the pictures of the news broadcast in the correct sequence
•
The events of Rohan’s rescue, in order. (Picture numbers as printed in the book.)
Answer
1
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Picture 3: Rohan at the riverside near the woman
2
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Picture 6: The woman slips and falls into the river
3
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Picture 1: The woman struggles to stay afloat
4
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Picture 5: Rohan leaps into the river
5
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Picture 2: Rohan and others pull her to safety
6
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Picture 4: Rohan is honoured at Vigyan Bhawan
Correct sequence of pictures:
3→6→1→5→2→4
II. Complete the sentences with one to three exact words
#
Sentence
Answer
1
The woman was having a difficult time staying afloat due to the ____.
strong currents
2
Rohan leapt into the river to save the woman without any ____.
moment’s hesitation
3
Rohan’s act of bravery was witnessed by ____.
onlookers
4
Rohan was honoured at the Vigyan Bhawan for his incredible courage and ____.
bravery / selfless act
5
Rohan proved that when it comes to saving lives, age is ____.
no barrier
Note: Rohan Ramchandra Bahir (15) was honoured with the Pradhan Mantri Rashtriya Bal Puraskar 2023 by the President of India.
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Let us speak
I. Sort the ‘-ed’ words by their final sound
•
Place each word in the correct column.
Answer
/id/ sound
/d/ sound
/t/ sound
ragged, aged, waited, heeded, guided
offered, paused, whispered
–
Note: The base words in this list end in voiced sounds or in t/d, so none gives a true /t/ sound. Adjectives ending in ‘-ed’ before a noun (ragged, aged) take the /id/ sound. A real /t/ example would be a word like asked or watched.
II. Narrate an incident where you helped someone
•
Model opening (using the cue cards & prompts).
Answer
“It all started when I was walking home through the market. I saw an elderly man struggling to carry his heavy bags. At that moment, I realised he needed help, so I offered to carry the bags to his house. A wave of joy washed over me when he smiled and blessed me. This experience taught me the value of small acts of kindness, and from that day on, I always look out for those who need a helping hand.” (Narrate any real incident using the prompts.)
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Let us write
I. Write a diary entry about a day you helped someone in need
•
Model diary entry.
Answer
26 April 20XX, Saturday 8:00 p.m.
Dear Diary,
Today, I feel, was a special day. In the afternoon, while returning from the market near my house, I noticed an old woman standing nervously at a busy crossing, unable to cross because of the speeding traffic. She looked frightened and helpless.
I walked up to her, held her hand gently and guided her slowly across the road. She thanked me again and again, and her eyes filled with grateful tears. While helping her I felt a little nervous about the traffic, but afterwards a deep sense of happiness and pride filled my heart.
I would surely do something like this again, because helping others — especially the elderly — makes the world a kinder place and reminds me of the values my parents have taught me.
Goodnight, Riya
🔎
Let us explore
I. Earth as ‘mother’ in ancient Indian scriptures
•
What does the verse from the Atharva Veda say?
Answer
In the Pṛthvī-Sūkta of the Atharva Veda (12.1.12), Earth is addressed as our mother: “माता भूमि : पुत्रोऽहं पृथिव्याः” which means ‘Earth is my mother and I am her child.’ It teaches us to respect and protect the Earth as we would our own mother.
II. Countries that call their land ‘motherland’ or ‘fatherland’
•
Find out and share examples.
Answer
‘Motherland’
‘Fatherland’
India (Bharat Mata), Russia (Rodina-Mat), France, Bangladesh
Germany (Vaterland), Netherlands, parts of Eastern Europe
III. Read and enjoy — ‘A Nation’s Strength’ by Ralph Waldo Emerson
•
Brief appreciation.
Answer
The poem says that not gold but brave, truthful and hard-working people make a nation great and strong. Such people ‘build a nation’s pillars deep / And lift them to the sky.’ (Note: here ‘men’ refers to both men and women.)
IV. Make a gratitude card for your mother/grandmother
•
Sample message + two things you will do.
Answer
Message: “Dear Maa, thank you for cooking my favourite food, helping me with my studies, comforting me when I am sad, caring for me when I am ill, and loving me unconditionally.” I will regularly: (1) help her with household chores, and (2) spend quality time with her every day. (Make and decorate the card using recycled material.)
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Dr. Verghese Kurien (1921–2012), the ‘Milkman of India’
Chapter 3 · Letter / Memoir
Verghese Kurien
I Too Had A Dream — a letter ‘To My Grandson’
🥛 White Revolution🎓 Padma Vibhushan, 1999👩🍳 Anand, Gujarat
Jump to
🧐
Before You Read — Let us do these activities
I. Arrange the means of communication on a timeline (old → new)
Note: Approximate dates: carrier pigeons (ancient), telegraph (1830s), postcard (1860s), telephone (1876), email (1970s), mobile phone (1980s). If you treat hand-written postal mail in general as older, the postcard may be placed before the telegraph — either order is usually accepted.
II. Discuss
1
Reasons for the change in the means of communication over the years.
Answer
People wanted communication that was faster, cheaper, more reliable and able to reach farther. Advances in science and technology made instant, long-distance and even face-to-face communication possible, replacing slow, older methods.
2
The means of communication you prefer and why.
Answer
(Personal response.) Many prefer the mobile phone because it is instant, portable and combines calls, messages, video and the internet in one device.
3
Communication through social media — benefits and precautions.
Answer
Benefits: instant connection with people worldwide, sharing of information and ideas, learning and staying updated. Precautions: protect your privacy, do not share personal details, beware of fake news and strangers, avoid cyberbullying, and limit screen time.
📖 IN-TEXT QUESTIONS
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Let us discuss
I. Identify which statements are facts and which are opinions
#
Statement
Fact / Opinion
1
But speaking on the telephone only gives us an immediate but fleeting joy.
Opinion
2
I started my working life soon after our country became independent.
Fact
3
… service to our nation’s farmers was not the career I had envisioned for myself.
Fact
4
I knew I could make a more meaningful contribution by working here in Anand, Gujarat.
Opinion
5
… values that I saw in my mentor and supporter here in Anand — Tribhuvandas Patel.
Fact
6
Life is a privilege, and to waste it would be wrong.
Opinion
7
I hope that you, too, will discover … that failure is not about not succeeding.
Opinion
8
… the magnificent ceremony in which the President awarded me the Padma Vibhushan in 1999.
Fact
Note: A fact can be proven true or false; an opinion is a belief, feeling or judgement that varies from person to person. In #8 the award in 1999 is a fact; only the word ‘magnificent’ is a personal judgement.
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Let us think and reflect
Extract 1 — “In today’s fast-paced world…”
“In today’s fast-paced world we have become so addicted to instant communication that we prefer to use a telephone. But speaking on the telephone only gives us an immediate but fleeting joy. Writing is different. Writing—even if it is a letter—not only conveys our present concerns… but it becomes a possession that can be treasured and re-read over the years, with great, abiding pleasure.”
i
Fill in the blank: When the writer refers to a ‘fast-paced world’, he is speaking of a world where ____.
Answer
… communication happens quickly but lacks depth.
ii
Select the option for Assertion (A) and Reason (R). (A) Writing letters can be treasured and re-read over the years. (R) Speaking on the telephone provides long-lasting joy.
ABoth (A) and (R) are true, and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
BBoth (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
C(A) is true, but (R) is false.✓
DBoth (A) and (R) are false.
Answer
Correct option — C. (A) is true — letters can be treasured and re-read. But (R) is false — the writer clearly says the telephone gives only an ‘immediate but fleeting joy’, not long-lasting joy.
iii
True or False: The writer feels that letter-writing is a class apart from other kinds of writing.
Answer
True — he sees a letter as a special possession that can be treasured and re-read with abiding pleasure, unlike a fleeting phone call.
iv
Which is the most appropriate title for the extract?
AThe Rise of Instant Communication
BThe Fleeting Delight of Phone Calls
CThe Lasting Joy of Written Words✓
DLiving in a Fast-paced World
Answer
Correct option — C. The extract’s main idea is that written words (letters) give lasting, abiding pleasure — so ‘The Lasting Joy of Written Words’ fits best.
Extract 2 — “Your grandmother too made an important choice…”
“Your grandmother too made an important choice. She knew, in those early days, life in Anand could not offer even the simple comforts that we take for granted today. However, she ardently supported my choice to live and work in Anand. That choice of your grandmother to stand by me has given me an everlasting strength, always ensuring that I shouldered my responsibilities with poise.”
i
How can we say that the grandmother shared her husband’s dedication to a greater cause?
Answer
Although she knew that life in Anand lacked even simple comforts, she willingly gave them up and ardently supported his choice to live and work there, standing by him through all hardships. By sacrificing her own comfort for his mission to serve the dairy farmers, she showed that she shared his dedication to a greater cause.
ii
Fill in the blank: The fact that the writer praises his wife tells us that he ____ her role in his life. (truly values / quietly accepts)
Answer
truly values her role in his life.
iii
We can infer that the grandmother had all of the following traits EXCEPT ____.
Aencouraging
Bunderstanding
Ccomforting✓
Dthoughtful
Answer
Correct option — C. The extract shows her as encouraging (she ardently supported his choice), understanding (she knew Anand lacked comforts) and thoughtful (she made a considered, important choice). It does not specifically describe her as ‘comforting’ in the sense of soothing distress — so ‘comforting’ is the exception.
iv
Select the phrase that conveys — ‘showed grace under pressure and carried out my duties with dignity and confidence’.
Answer
‘shouldered my responsibilities with poise’
II. Answer the following questions
1
What event does Dr. Kurien refer to when he mentions receiving the Padma Vibhushan?
Answer
He refers to the magnificent ceremony in Delhi in 1999, where the President of India awarded him the Padma Vibhushan — a ceremony his grandson Siddharth attended, slipping the medal around his own neck.
2
How did Dr. Kurien’s decision to join the cooperative in Anand affect his life?
Answer
It completely transformed his life. Instead of becoming a metallurgist, an army general or a successful NRI, he devoted his life to serving a small cooperative of dairy farmers in Anand. This choice gave his life deep meaning and made him the ‘Milkman of India’ who led the White Revolution.
3
Dr. Kurien’s decision to work in Anand reveals his values and sense of duty. Explain.
Answer
His choice reveals his selflessness, integrity and commitment to the common good. He gave up a comfortable, lucrative career because he felt he could make a more meaningful contribution to the nation by empowering poor dairy farmers. He believed life is a privilege to be used for serving others — a true sense of duty towards his country.
4
Why did Dr. Kurien write the letter to his grandson?
Answer
He wrote it to share his memories, values and life lessons with his grandson Siddharth, so that one day Siddharth would understand why he chose a life of service. Through it he hoped to inspire Siddharth and the millions of children of his generation to work tirelessly for the larger good of the country and of humanity.
5
According to Dr. Kurien, ‘life is a privilege and it is wrong to waste it.’ What is your opinion?
Answer
(Personal response.) I agree. Life gives us a chance to learn, grow and help others. Wasting it in idleness or selfishness is a missed opportunity; using our talents to contribute to the common good — however modestly — makes life truly worthwhile.
6
What message does Dr. Kurien want to convey about selfless service and its long-term impact on society?
Answer
He conveys that selfless service to others is the truest reward of a well-spent life. One dedicated person can make a great difference (‘Who says one man cannot make a change?’). When we use our talents for the common good with integrity, we bring lasting positive change to society and inspire future generations.
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“Who says one man cannot make a change?” — Dr. Kurien and the women dairy farmers of Anand
✏️ EXERCISE QUESTIONS
🎓
Let us learn
I. Replace the underlined words with synonyms from the box
#
Underlined word
Synonym
1
magnificent
splendid
2
fleeting
momentary
3
instant
swift
4
core
essential
5
valuable
useful
6
abiding
lifelong
II. Match the expressions with their meanings
Expression
→
Meaning
1. in all humility
(iv)
being humble and having no feeling of self-importance
2. hold their heads high
(vi)
be confident and have a positive feeling
3. to be quite honest
(i)
to speak in a truthful way
4. to the best of your ability
(ii)
doing something using all your skills, talents and knowledge
5. looked at in awe
(iii)
observed with great respect and wonder
6. somewhere deep down
(v)
in the innermost part of the self
III. Make as many words as you can (sample lists)
Word
Words you can make
important
port, point, mart, paint, rain, art, ant, train, part, trim
magnificent
magic, magnet, ant, can, man, fine, nice, gain, name, ice, face
satisfied
set, sad, said, fast, side, ties, tide, fit, sit, fed
ache, achieve, eat, meat, mean, theme, heat, time, even, men
IV. Word game — antakshari (synonyms/clues)
#
Clue
Answer
i
major (synonym)
IMPORTANT
ii
problem (synonym)
TROUBLE
iii
uneven (antonym)
EVEN
iv
related to post office
ENVELOPE
v
our moral duty
RESPONSIBILITY (DUTY)
vi
related to time
TIMELY (HOUR)
vii
prosperous (synonym)
WEALTHY
viii
related to being alive
LIFE (ALIVE)
Note: In antakshari the last letter of one word begins the next. The first three are the book’s worked example: IMPORTANT → TROUBLE → EVEN. Accept any sensible synonyms that fit the clues.
V. Insert an em dash (—) or en dash (–) suitably
#
Sentence
Dash
i
The conference will be held from March 15–20.
en (range)
ii
I have lived in Kanpur–Raipur for five years now.
en (two places)
iii
The artist—known for her vibrant paintings—will be showcasing her work in Guwahati.
em (extra info)
iv
The scores for the final match were 2–3.
en (score)
v
My favourite snacks—samosas, pakoras and jalebis—are all from India.
em (extra info)
vi
The train journey from Belagavi–Bengaluru takes less than ten hours.
en (route)
vii
I just finished reading the book—it was absolutely amazing!
em (change of thought)
viii
The event will take place on September 1–5.
en (range)
VI. Choose the correct word (its/it’s, your/you’re, their/they’re)
#
Sentence
Answer
i
Please remember to bring ____ assignment book.
your
ii
The team celebrated ____ victory after the match.
their
iii
____ important to stay hydrated during the hot summer days.
It’s
iv
I can’t believe ____ going to the mango festival today.
you’re
v
The students said ____ excited for the field trip tomorrow.
they’re
vi
The tree lost ____ leaves in the winter.
its
VII. Complete the sentences with suitable prepositional phrases (sample answers)
#
Completed sentence
i
The children played happily in the park near the school.
ii
Nisha placed the vase on the wooden table.
iii
We discussed the project in great detail during the meeting.
iv
Preethi found the lost book under the pile of papers.
v
The cat slept on the warm windowsill.
VIII. Rearrange the jumbled words into meaningful sentences
#
Correct sentence
1
The dog barked loudly at the strangers walking by the house.
2
My classmate wrote a story during the summer vacations.
3
They enjoyed a picnic by the lake under the trees.
4
He hung the painting in his grandfather’s room.
5
The students studied for the exam with great determination.
🎧
Let us listen
I. Match the words with their meanings (after listening)
Word
→
Meaning
1. percussionist
(i)
a person who plays drums and similar instruments
2. impaired
(v)
damaged or weakened
3. vibrations
(iv)
physical sensations caused by sound
4. determination
(ii)
the ability to keep going despite difficulties
5. gradual
(iii)
slow and steady over time
II. State whether the statements are True or False
#
Statement
True / False
1
Evelyn Glennie became deaf suddenly.
False (it was gradual)
2
Her headmistress ignored the signs of her hearing loss.
False (she urged her parents to see a specialist)
3
Ron Forbes was a percussionist who helped Evelyn.
True
4
Evelyn used her skin and bones to sense music.
True
5
She gave up on music after her diagnosis.
False (she never gave up)
III. Answer in one or two words
1
How did Evelyn turn her disability into strength?
Answer
By sensing vibrations through her body (determination & hard work).
2
What role did Ron Forbes play in her life?
Answer
Her mentor / teacher — he spotted her potential.
3
What lessons can we learn about how to treat others with different abilities?
Answer
Empathy — encourage and support them; never judge by disability.
🗣️
Let us speak
I. Read aloud with correct syllable stress (noun vs verb)
Noun (stress on 1st syllable)
Verb (stress on 2nd syllable)
PRO·duce, CON·tract, PRO·ject, CON·tent, RE·fuse
pro·DUCE, con·TRACT, pro·JECT, con·TENT, re·FUSE
Note: Rule: many two-syllable words are stressed on the first syllable as nouns and on the second syllable as verbs.
II. Read aloud the ‘-sure’ words (‘zhuh’ or ‘shuh’ sound)
III. Chunking — read the stanza with pauses (sample)
•
Suggested chunking with short (/) and long (//) pauses.
Answer
Life is queer / with its twists and turns,//
As every one of us / sometimes learns.//
And many a fellow / turns about / when he might have won / had he stuck it out.//
Don’t give up / though the pace seems slow—/
you may succeed / with another blow.//
Often the goal / is nearer than it seems / to a faint and faltering man.//
✍️
Let us write
I. Write a letter to your grandparents thanking them for valuable lessons
•
Model letter.
Answer
14, Green Avenue Indore – 452001
5 June 20XX
Dear Dadaji and Dadiji,
I hope this letter finds you in the best of health. I am writing to thank you from the bottom of my heart for the wonderful lessons you have taught me. The stories you shared about honesty, hard work and helping others have shaped the way I think and behave.
I still remember how you always helped our neighbours in times of need, never expecting anything in return. Watching you, I have learnt that true happiness comes from serving others. Your wisdom inspires me to study sincerely and to contribute, in my own small way, to the betterment of society.
I promise to follow the values of integrity and kindness that you have given me. Please take care of your health. I look forward to meeting you soon.
With lots of love and respect, Your grandchild, Aanya
🔎
Let us explore
I. The White, Green and Blue Revolutions
•
Match each revolution with its leader and field.
Answer
Revolution
Field
Led by
White Revolution
Milk production
Dr. Verghese Kurien (the ‘Milkman of India’)
Green Revolution
High-yielding wheat & rice
Dr. M.S. Swaminathan (Bharat Ratna, 2024)
Blue Revolution
Fisheries production
Dr. Hiralal Chaudhuri
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White Revolution — milk
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Green Revolution — wheat & rice
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Blue Revolution — fisheries
II. Jan Shikshan Sansthan (JSS)
•
What is JSS?
Answer
The Jan Shikshan Sansthan (JSS), under the Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship, provides vocational and skill-based training to people in rural areas. It aims to economically uplift the rural population, help local trades grow and create new opportunities. (Find out more at jss.gov.in/staticPages.)
III. Financial Literacy — discuss in groups
1
Why learn about money and saving from a young age? Give an example.
Answer
It builds a habit of wise spending and saving for the future. Example: a child who saves a part of their pocket money learns the value of money and can buy something important later instead of wasting it.
2
If you received some money as a gift, how would you decide to save, spend or invest it?
Answer
I would save a part for the future, spend a little on a genuine need, and invest some (for example, in a savings account or to buy books that help me learn). Factors to consider: my needs vs wants, the importance of the purchase, and long-term benefit.
3
If you planned a small school event on a limited budget, how would you manage the money?
Answer
I would make a budget, list essential expenses first, compare prices, avoid unnecessary spending, look for low-cost or reusable materials, and keep a small amount aside for emergencies.
4
Why is financial literacy important for everyone?
Answer
Because everyone — whether running a household, a start-up or a cooperative — must manage money wisely. Financial literacy helps us save, budget, avoid debt, make smart decisions and live a secure, confident life.
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